Chapter 8 1 PDF

BIOLOGY
TENTH EDITION
Global Edition
Campbell Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
8
Cell Membranes
Lecture Presentation by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
2015 Pearson Education Ltd
Life at the Edge
a) The plasma membrane is the boundary that separates

the living cell from its surroundings
b) The plasma membrane exhibits selective
permeability, allowing some substances to cross it
more easily than others
Figure 7.1
Figure 7.1a
Video: Structure of the Cell Membrane
Video: Water Movement Through an Aquaporin
Concept 8.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of

lipids and proteins
a) Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in the
plasma membrane
b) Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules,
containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
c) A phospholipid bilayer can exist as a stable boundary
between two aqueous compartments
Figure 7.2
Hydrophilic head
WATER
WATER
Hydrophobic tail
a) The fluid mosaic model states that a membrane is a

fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins
embedded in it
b) Proteins are not randomly distributed in the

membrane
Figure 7.3
Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM)
Glycoprotein
Carbohydrate
Glycolipid
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Cholesterol
Microfilaments
of cytoskeleton
Peripheral
proteins
Integral
protein CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Figure 7.3a
Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM)
Glycoprotein
Carbohydrate
Cholesterol
Microfilaments
of cytoskeleton
Figure 7.3b
Glycolipid
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Peripheral
proteins
Integral
protein
CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
The Fluidity of Membranes
a) Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move

within the bilayer
b) Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift laterally
c) Rarely, a lipid may flip-flop transversely across
the membrane
Figure 7.4-1
Membrane proteins
Mouse cell
Human cell
Figure 7.4-2
Membrane proteins
Mouse cell
Human cell
Hybrid cell
Figure 7.4-3
Membrane proteins
Mouse cell
Mixed proteins
after 1 hour
Human cell
Hybrid cell
a) As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid

state to a solid state
b) The temperature at which a membrane solidifies
depends on the types of lipids
c) Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more
fluid than those rich in saturated fatty acids
d) Membranes must be fluid to work properly; they are

usually about as fluid as salad oil
a) The steroid cholesterol has different effects on

membrane fluidity at different temperatures
b) At warm temperatures (such as 37C), cholesterol
restrains movement of phospholipids
c) At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by
preventing tight packing
Figure 7.5
(a) Unsaturated versus saturated hydrocarbon tails

Fluid
Unsaturated tails
prevent packing.
Viscous
Saturated tails pack

together.
(b) Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane

Cholesterol reduces
membrane fluidity at
moderate temperatures,
but at low temperatures
hinders solidification.
Cholesterol
Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid

Composition
a) Variations in lipid composition of cell membranes of
many species appear to be adaptations to specific
environmental conditions
b) Ability to change the lipid compositions in response to

temperature changes has evolved in organisms that
live where temperatures vary
Membrane Proteins and Their Functions
a) A membrane is a collage of different proteins, often

grouped together, embedded in the fluid matrix of the
lipid bilayer
b) Proteins determine most of the membranes specific

functions
a) Peripheral proteins are bound to the surface of the

membrane
b) Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core
c) Integral proteins that span the membrane are called
transmembrane proteins
d) The hydrophobic regions of an integral protein consist
of one or more stretches of nonpolar
amino acids, often coiled into alpha helices
Figure 7.6
N-terminus
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE
helix
C-terminus
CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE
a) Six major functions of membrane proteins

a)Transport
b)Enzymatic activity
c)Signal transduction
d)Cell-cell recognition
e)Intercellular joining
f) Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
(ECM)
Figure 7.7
Signaling
molecule
Enzymes
ATP
(a) Transport
Receptor
Signal transduction
(b) Enzymatic
activity
(c) Signal
transduction
(e) Intercellular
joining
(f) Attachment to
the cytoskeleton
and extracellular
matrix (ECM)
Glycoprotein
(d) Cell-cell
recognition
Figure 7.7a
Enzymes
ATP
(a) Transport
(b) Enzymatic
activity
Signaling
molecule
Receptor
Signal transduction
(c) Signal
transduction
Figure 7.7b
Glycoprotein
(d) Cell-cell
recognition
(e) Intercellular
joining
(f) Attachment to
the cytoskeleton
and extracellular
matrix (ECM)
a) HIV must bind to the immune cell surface protein CD4

and a co-receptor CCR5 in order to infect
a cell
b) HIV cannot enter the cells of resistant individuals that

lack CCR5
Figure 7.8
HIV
Receptor
(CD4)
Receptor (CD4)
but no CCR5
Co-receptor
(CCR5)
(a)
(b)
Plasma
membrane
The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell

Recognition
a) Cells recognize each other by binding to molecules,
often containing carbohydrates, on the extracellular
surface of the plasma membrane
b) Membrane carbohydrates may be covalently bonded

to lipids (forming glycolipids) or more commonly to
proteins (forming glycoproteins)
c) Carbohydrates on the external side of the plasma
membrane vary among species, individuals, and even
cell types in an individual
Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes
a) Membranes have distinct inside and outside faces

b) The asymmetrical distribution of proteins, lipids, and
associated carbohydrates in the plasma membrane is
determined when the membrane is built by the ER
and Golgi apparatus
Figure 7.9
Transmembrane
glycoproteins
Secretory
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Vesicle
Attached
carbohydrate
Glycolipid
ER
lumen
Plasma membrane:
Cytoplasmic face
Extracellular face
Transmembrane
glycoprotein
Membrane
glycolipid
Secreted
protein
Concept 8.2: Membrane structure results in selective

permeability
a) A cell must exchange materials with its surroundings,
a process controlled by the
plasma membrane
b) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable,

regulating the cells molecular traffic
The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer
a) Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules, such as

hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and
pass through the membrane rapidly
b) Hydrophilic molecules including ions and polar

molecules do not cross the membrane easily
Transport Proteins
a) Transport proteins allow passage of hydrophilic

substances across the membrane
b) Some transport proteins, called channel proteins,
have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or
ions can use as a tunnel
c) Channel proteins called aquaporins facilitate the
passage of water
a) Other transport proteins, called carrier proteins, bind

to molecules and change shape to shuttle them
across the membrane
b) A transport protein is specific for the substance

it moves
Concept 8.3: Passive transport is diffusion of a

substance across a membrane with no energy
investment
a) Diffusion is the tendency for molecules to spread out
evenly into the available space
b) Although each molecule moves randomly, diffusion of
a population of molecules may be directional
c) At dynamic equilibrium, as many molecules cross the
membrane in one direction as in the other
Figure 7.10
Molecules of dye
Membrane (cross section)
WATER
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
(a) Diffusion of one solute
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
(b) Diffusion of two solutes

Animation: Diffusion
Animation: Membrane Selectivity
a) Substances diffuse down their concentration

gradient, the region along which the density of a
chemical substance increases or decreases
b) No work must be done to move substances down the

concentration gradient
c) The diffusion of a substance across a biological
membrane is passive transport because no energy
is expended by the cell to make it happen
Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance
a) Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively

permeable membrane
b) Water diffuses across a membrane from the region of
lower solute concentration to the region of higher
solute concentration until the solute concentration is
equal on both sides
Figure 7.11
Lower concentration
of solute (sugar)
Sugar
molecule
Higher concentration
of solute
H2O
Selectively
permeable
membrane
Osmosis
More similar
concentrations of solute
Figure 7.11a
Water
molecules can
pass through
pores, but sugar
molecules
cannot.
This side has
fewer solute
molecules,
more free
water molecules.
Selectively
permeable
membrane
Water molecules
cluster around
sugar molecules.
Osmosis
This side has

more solute
molecules,
fewer free
water molecules.
Animation: Osmosis
Water Balance of Cells Without Cell Walls
a) Tonicity is the ability of a surrounding solution to

cause a cell to gain or lose water
b) Isotonic solution: Solute concentration is the same
as that inside the cell; no net water movement across
the plasma membrane
c) Hypertonic solution: Solute concentration is greater
than that inside the cell; cell loses water
d) Hypotonic solution: Solute concentration is less than
that inside the cell; cell gains water
Figure 7.12
Hypotonic
Isotonic
(a) Animal cell
H2O
H2O
Lysed
H2O
Shriveled
Normal
Cell
wall
H2O
H2O
H2O
Plasma
membrane
H2O
(b) Plant cell
Plasma
membrane
H2O
Hypertonic
Turgid (normal)
Flaccid
Plasmolyzed
Video: Plasmolysis
Video: Turgid Elodea
a) Hypertonic or hypotonic environments create osmotic

problems for organisms
b) Osmoregulation, the control of solute concentrations
and water balance, is a necessary adaptation for life
in such environments
c) The protist Paramecium, which is hypertonic to its
pond water environment, has a contractile vacuole
that acts as a pump
Figure 7.13
Contractile vacuole
50 m
Video: Chlamydomonas
Video: Paramecium Vacuole
Water Balance of Cells with Cell Walls
a) Cell walls help maintain water balance

b) A plant cell in a hypotonic solution swells until the wall
opposes uptake; the cell is now turgid (firm)
c) If a plant cell and its surroundings are isotonic, there
is no net movement of water into the cell;
the cell becomes flaccid (limp)
a) In a hypertonic environment, plant cells lose water

b) The membrane pulls away from the cell wall causing
the plant to wilt, a usually lethal effect called
plasmolysis
Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by

Proteins
a) In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins speed the
passive movement of molecules across the plasma
membrane
b) Transport proteins include channel proteins and

carrier proteins
a) Channel proteins provide corridors that allow a

specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane
b) Aquaporins facilitate the diffusion of water
c) Ion channels facilitate the diffusion of ions
a)Some ion channels, called gated channels, open or
close in response to a stimulus
Figure 7.14
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
(a) A channel
protein
Channel protein
Solute
CYTOPLASM
Carrier protein
(b) A carrier protein

Solute
a) Carrier proteins undergo a subtle change in shape

that translocates the solute-binding site across the
membrane
Concept 8.4: Active transport uses energy to move

solutes against their gradients
a) Facilitated diffusion is still passive because the solute
moves down its concentration gradient, and the
transport requires no energy
b) Some transport proteins, however, can move solutes

against their concentration gradients
The Need for Energy in Active Transport
a) Active transport moves substances against their

concentration gradients
b) Active transport requires energy, usually in the form
of ATP
c) Active transport is performed by specific proteins
embedded in the membranes
a) Active transport allows cells to maintain concentration

gradients that differ from their surroundings
b) The sodium-potassium pump is one type of active
transport system
Figure 7.15
EXTRACELLULAR [Na+] high

FLUID
[K+] low
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
CYTOPLASM
Na+
ATP
ADP
K+
[Na+] low
[K+] high
K+
Na+
Na+
Na+
K+
K+
K+
K+
Pi
Figure 7.15a
EXTRACELLULAR [Na+] high

FLUID
[K+] low
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
CYTOPLASM
Na+
[Na+] low
[K+] high
ADP
1 Cytoplasmic Na+
2 Na+ binding
binds to the sodiumpotassium pump. The

affinity for Na+ is high
when the protein
has this shape.
stimulates
phosphorylation
by ATP.
ATP
Figure 7.15b
Na+
Na+
K+
Na+
K+
P
3 Phosphorylation
leads to a change in
protein shape, reducing
its affinity for Na+, which
is released outside.
Pi
4 The new shape has a
high affinity for K+, which

binds on the extracellular
side and triggers release
of the phosphate group.
Figure 7.15c
5 Loss of the
phosphate group
restores the proteins
original shape, which
has a lower affinity
for K+.
6 K+ is released;
affinity for Na+ is

high again, and the
cycle repeats.
Animation: Active Transport
Video: Na+/K+ ATPase Cycle
Figure 7.16
Passive transport
Diffusion
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
ATP
BioFlix: Membrane Transport
How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane Potential
a) Membrane potential is the voltage difference across

a membrane
b) Voltage is created by differences in the distribution of
positive and negative ions across a membrane
a) Two combined forces, collectively called the

electrochemical gradient, drive the diffusion of ions
across a membrane
a)A chemical force (the ions concentration gradient)
b)An electrical force (the effect of the membrane potential
on the ions movement)
a) An electrogenic pump is a transport protein that

generates voltage across a membrane
b) The sodium-potassium pump is the major
electrogenic pump of animal cells
c) The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and
bacteria is a proton pump
d) Electrogenic pumps help store energy that can be

used for cellular work
Figure 7.17
ATP
H+
Proton pump
CYTOPLASM
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
+
H
H+
H+
H+
+
+
H+
Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane

Protein
a) Cotransport occurs when active transport of a solute
indirectly drives transport of other substances
b) Plants commonly use the gradient of hydrogen ions
generated by proton pumps to drive active transport
of nutrients into the cell
Figure 7.18
Sucrose
Sucrose
H+
Sucrose-H+
cotransporter
Diffusion of H+
+
H+
H+
+
H+
H+
H+
H+
Proton pump
ATP
H+
+
H+
Concept 8.5: Bulk transport across the

plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and
endocytosis
a) Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell
through the lipid bilayer or via transport proteins
b) Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and
proteins, cross the membrane in bulk via vesicles
c) Bulk transport requires energy
Exocytosis
a) In exocytosis, transport vesicles migrate to the

membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents
outside the cell
b) Many secretory cells use exocytosis to export

their products
Endocytosis
a) In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules by

forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
b) Endocytosis is a reversal of exocytosis, involving
different proteins
c) There are three types of endocytosis
a)Phagocytosis (cellular eating)
b)Pinocytosis (cellular drinking)
c)Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Figure 7.19
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-Mediated
Endocytosis
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
Solutes
Pseudopodium
Receptor
Plasma
membrane
Coat
protein
Food
or
other
particle
Coated
pit
Coated
vesicle
Food
vacuole
CYTOPLASM
Animation: Exocytosis
Animation: Exocytosis and Endocytosis Introduction
Figure 7.19a
Phagocytosis
Bacterium
Food vacuole
Pseudopodium
1 m
Pseudopodium
of amoeba
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
Solutes
An amoeba engulfing a
bacterium via phagocytosis (TEM)
Food
or
other
particle
Food
vacuole
CYTOPLASM
Animation: Phagocytosis
Video: Phagocytosis in Action
Figure 7.19aa
Bacterium
Food vacuole
An amoeba engulfing a
bacterium via phagocytosis (TEM)
1 m
Pseudopodium
of amoeba
Figure 7.19b
Pinocytosis
0.25 m
Pinocytotic vesicles
forming (TEMs)
Plasma
membrane
Coat
protein
Coated
pit
Coated
vesicle
Animation: Pinocytosis
Pinocytotic vesicles
forming (TEMs)
0.25 m
Figure 7.19ba
Figure 7.19c
Receptor-Mediated
Endocytosis
Plasma
membrane
0.25 m
Coat
protein
Top: A coated pit.

Bottom: A coated vesicle
forming during receptormediated endocytosis (TEMs)
Receptor
Animation: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Figure 7.19ca
Plasma
membrane
0.25 m
Coat
protein
Top: A coated pit.

Bottom: A coated vesicle
forming during receptormediated endocytosis (TEMs)
a) In phagocytosis a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole

b) The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the
particle
a) In pinocytosis, molecules dissolved in droplets are

taken up when extracellular fluid is gulped into tiny
vesicles
a) In receptor-mediated endocytosis, binding of

ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation
b) A ligand is any molecule that binds specifically
to a receptor site of another molecule

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BIOLOGY

Campbell Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

Life at the Edge

a) The plasma membrane is the boundary that separates

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

Video: Structure of the Cell Membrane

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

Video: Water Movement Through an Aquaporin

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

Concept 8.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

a) The fluid mosaic model states that a membrane is a

b) Proteins are not randomly distributed in the

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM)

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM)

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

The Fluidity of Membranes

a) Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

a) As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid

d) Membranes must be fluid to work properly; they are

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

a) The steroid cholesterol has different effects on

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

(a) Unsaturated versus saturated hydrocarbon tails

Saturated tails pack

(b) Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane

Evolution of Differences in Membrane Lipid

b) Ability to change the lipid compositions in response to

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

Membrane Proteins and Their Functions

a) A membrane is a collage of different proteins, often

b) Proteins determine most of the membranes specific

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

a) Peripheral proteins are bound to the surface of the

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

a) Six major functions of membrane proteins

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

a) HIV must bind to the immune cell surface protein CD4

b) HIV cannot enter the cells of resistant individuals that

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell

b) Membrane carbohydrates may be covalently bonded

Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes

a) Membranes have distinct inside and outside faces

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

Concept 8.2: Membrane structure results in selective

b) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable,

2015 Pearson Education Ltd

The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer