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TRAINING

Lightning Studies

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Overview of Presenters

Dharshana Muthumuni, Managing Director

Lalin Kothalawala, Manager: Simulation & Design Analysis

Arash Darbandi, Power System Simulation & Design Engineer


Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Background

BACKGROUND:

Lightning induced over voltage can be a result of a direct strike to a


phase conductor (shielding failure) or due to back flashover resulting
from a lightning strike on a shielding (ground wire) wire. Both events
would cause transient voltage escalations at the terminals of station
equipment. The study will identify the severity of such transients. It
will also identify the required rating and location of surge arresters to
ensure that such over voltages do not exceed the insulation strength
of the main equipment.
A lightning overvoltage study requires the detailed modeling of the
substation equipment (including natural or stray capacitance of
equipment), the station bus bars, and a few spans of the adjacent
transmission towers.

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Background

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Lightning Studies

Direct strike on a phase


conductor:
This is due to smaller lightning
strokes that escape the shielding.
Typically, the magnitude of the
lightning current surge is in the 8 kA
12 kA peak.
Back Flash over:
Lightning strikes (surge current) the
ground wires. The current discharges
to ground through the tower and the
tower footing resistance. The
resulting potential rise of the tower
stresses the line insulation. If the
voltage stress exceeds thresholds,
flash over happens.

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Vt Vsys > gap flashover voltage?


Vt = f(Ix,Zt,Zg)

Lightning Studies

Why perform Lightning studies?


How often will a line flashover per year?
Do we need Transmission Line Surge Arresters (TLSAs)?
At the end of the line, what overvoltage levels are
experienced by the station equipment?
How to choose an adequate surge arrester and where
should it be located?

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Lightning Studies

PSCAD Model Developments

Phase
phase

418.0
= 380*1.1

Mag

Voltage
Generator

616.5 [ohm]

Mid-span representation (Total span length = 188 m)


188 m

Source to represent power


frequency bias

188 m

188 m

G1

C
B
A

T5_T6

530.6 [ohm]

530.6 [ohm]
530.6 [ohm]

Station ground resistance

T5_T6

G2

T5_T6

T3_T4

B
1

94 m

G1
C

BRKs

T3_T4

G2

T3_T4
A

BRKs
Tower 4

T2_T3

B
1

T2_T3

G2

60 m

T2_T3

G1
C

T1_T2b
T1_T2b
T1_T2b

B
1

BRKs
Tower 3

94 m

G1
C

10 [ohm]

Line surge impedance


for line termination

Lightning
Impulse

10 [ohm]

616.5 [ohm]

Impulse magnitude and the shape


can be set by multiple run.

T1_T2a
1

G2

T1_T2a
T1_T2a

BRKs
Tower 2

T1_G

B
1

Tower 1

T1_G

T1_G

Eentrance
1

Represents the last 'gantry


section'.

GIS representation

BUST771

Power Transformer
ETF

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

300[pF]

0.2 2[uH] 2.6[nF]

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

40 m

Lightning Studies

How do we represent the lightning stroke in a simulation study:


Typically modeled as an injection of a current impulse.
Impulse magnitude will impact the over voltage experiences at station
transformers and other equipment.
Impulse rise time (di/dt) will impact the over voltage impressed at
station transformers and other equipment.
Thus, it is important to judiciously select the impulse parameters for the
study.
- IEEE and CIGRE guidelines

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Lightning Studies

How do we represent the lightning stroke


in a simulation study:

Lightning
Impulse

Direct strike 8 -15 kA peak impulse current


Strike on ground wires- 80kA 200 kA
- 200 kA is considered highly unlikely.
In a study, the Lightning impulse is modelled as
a current source with a typical wave shape.

Impulse
magnitude and
the shape can be

Sky1
Sky2
A

B
C
T1_T2

For direct stroke and back flashover, the peak


current is estimated based on guidelines
provided in IEEE/CIGRE documents.
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

A
B
C

T1_G

Lightning Studies

How do we represent the lines and towers:

Typically only a few tower spans needs to be included in a lightning


over voltage study model
- The tower sections are represented as traveling wave line sections
(surge impedance based on tower type 150 Ohms for 380 kV
typical)
- Tower spans modeled based on tower/conductor geometry/data.
- Insulators represented by an equivalent capacitance
- Tower footing resistance is a important parameter for the study
- Sensitivity check for 5 Ohm 25 Ohm typical.

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Lightning Studies

How do we represent the lines and towers:


Sky1
INSULATOR CAPACITANCE
0.476 [pF] uF

Sky2

400 [mohm] 400 [mohm]

Vstring_4

BRK1

Vline_4

Vstring_2

Vstring_5

BRK2

Vline_5

Vstring_3

Vstring_6

B2in

0.476 [pF]

BRK6

BRK3

Lightning
Impulse

Impulse
magnitude and
the shape can be

Vline_2

0.476 [pF]

A2in

Note: Back flashover is modeled by


closing the (fictitious) circuit breaker
when the voltage across the insulator
crosses a threshold.

0.476 [pF]

0.476 [pF]

Vline_1

BRK5

Bin

0.476 [pF]

Ain

BRK4

0.476 [pF]

Vstring_1

Sky1

Sky2
A
B
C

T
T1_T2

A
T2_T3

Cin

Vline_3

Vline_6

T
T4

Line model to represent tower vertical

B
C

Rft

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

1082 [ohm]
1082 [ohm]

A
T1_T2

T1_T2

B
C

T1_G
T1_G

T
T1_G

Represents the last 'gantry section'.

Zsurge = 150 , = 3.448 x103 s/m


section
Rfoot = 3 20
C-ins = 0.476pF

This should be a variable study parameter


(through multiple run / variable resistor)

T2_T3

C2in

Tower Representation

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

Sky1

Sky2
A
B
C

T
T2_T3

Tower spans

Lightning Studies

How do we represent the lines and towers:


1
1082
1082

T
T5_T6

300
300
300
300

T5_T6

300
300
Ph
F
0.00001

Ph
60.0

Note: After about 5 spans, the rest of the


line is represented by a resistance
approximately equal to the surge
impedance of the conductors (phase and
ground).

420.0

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Lightning Studies

Volt-Time Method:
If the voltage across the
insulator exceeds the insulator
voltage withstand capability,
back flashover occurs (simulated
by closing the parallel switch).
Breakdown of air as an insulator
is mostly a function of
environmental conditions, in
addition to the fast-front voltage
build-up.
An expression for the insulator
voltage withstand capability:

K2

Vf0 = K1 +
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

t 0.75
|

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Lead Progression Method:


Back flashover occurs when a
leader propagating from one
electrode reaches the other, or
when leaders propagating from
both electrodes meet in the
middle of the air gap.

v(t )

dl
k v(t )
E0
dt
dG l

Lightning Studies

Station and equipment representation:


a1

25 [pF]

a2

T
T
T
D30R D30Y D30B

T
T
T
D28R D28Y D28B

DISCONNECTOR

25 [pF]

DISCONNECTOR

EARTHING SWITCH

25 [pF]

25 [pF]

25 [pF]

25 [pF]

25 [pF]

25 [pF]

25 [pF]

2.4 [pF]

2.4 [pF]

EARTHING SWITCH

2.4 [pF]

EARTHING SWITCH

BREAKER

OPEN DISCONNECTOR

CB10R
T
CB10Y
T
CB10B

b1

Station model top level view

Station model Model details

Sub station buses and equipment should be represented in a manner


suitable for this high frequency phenomena
- Bus sections represented by traveling wave line models
- Equipment represented by respective stray/bushing
capacitances
- Typical values available in IEEE publications.

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Lightning Studies

Station and equipment representation:

Sub station buses and equipment should be represented in a manner


suitable for this high frequency phenomena
- Transformer represented by respective stray/bushing capacitances
- Surge Arrester V-I characteristics and lead inductances

x
0.2

ETF

300[pF]

2[uH] 2.6[nF]

MOV
Power
Transformer

Alternative representation of station


transformer

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Lightning Studies

Study Outcomes:

Critical Backflashover Current.

Surge arresters location and energy capability.

Transient induced overvoltage at the transformer and other


major equipment.

Adequacy of tower design (i.e. clearance, grounding, etc.)

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Lightning Studies

PSCAD Simulation Example

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Thank you

Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

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