rpclarke1

GENERALPRINCIPLESOFSEISMICDESIGN
Structuraldesignisthecontrolofphenomenabythederivationofstructuralsystemswith
appropriateproperties,suchthatthedemandsonthesystem(i.e.loadsandclimaticconditions)are
justoutweighedbytherelevantcapacitiesofthesystem.Therefore,itisimportanttobethoroughly
familiarwiththequalitativebehaviourofthestructuralsystemunderearthquakeloading.

Inthefollowing,thetypicalbehaviorofbuildingsunderearthquakesisdiscussed,usingaframed
buildingasanexample,andfromtheperspectiveofthemaximumdesignactionsanddisplacement
inducedandwhichareofprimeconcerntothedesigner.Thegeneralprinciplesapplytoothertypes
ofbuildingconstructionaswell.

TypicalResponsestoEarthquakesforanApproximatelyRegularBuilding

TheinertiaforceactingonafloorisappliedthroughtheCGofthefloor(Fig1).However,theCGof
thefloordoesnotcoincidewiththecentreofstiffnessorrigidity,CR,ofthefloor(Fig2).Hencethis
causestorsionofthefloor,inadditiontothedirectinertiaforces(Fig3).

RoofslabCG

Inertiaforceat

eachflooralways
actsthroughCG

ofthatfloor

Fig.1DistributionofInertiaForcestofloors

RoofslabCR,Centreof
Rigidity

Eachfloorhasacentreof

rigidityorstiffness,

(CR),relativetoa
CGandCRdo

horizontal(lateral)load
notcoincide

actingatrightanglesto
(duetoasymmetry,

thefloor.
inplanview,ofthe

location,

Thisisbecauseeachfloor
dimensions,and

issupportedbyframes
materialsofthe
and/orwallsthatresist

frameand/orwalls)
thelateralload.

Fig.2Thecentreofrigidityconcept

rpclarke2

e,eccentricity

Inertiaforceplus

torsion

Fig.3Thegenerationoftorsiononafloor

Thebuildingistypicallymodeledasaspaceframe,thereforetoanalysethebuilding,theinertiaand
torsionforcesareconvertedtopointloadsontheframes(Fig.4).

F4
F1 F2 F3
F2
F1
F3 F4

Fig.4HorizontalDistributionofInertialandTorsionalforcestoIndividualFramesorWalls

Analysisofaframeundertheearthquakeloadsgivescertaintypicalpatternsofthedesignactions
(moments,shearsandaxialloads)forthestructuralelements.

Figs.5to7showstypicalbendingmomentandshearingforcediagramsforbeams.Fig8shows
typicalaxialloadandbendingmomentdiagramsforcolumns.

rpclarke3

Eright

Negativemoment

Positivemoment

Fig.5BeamMomentsUnderE

Moments
Moments
Moments
under
D+L
under E right

under D+L+
i ht

Fig.6BeamMomentsUnderD+L+Eright atthesametime

=M/L

Shear under
Shear under E
Shear under

D+L
D+L+ E

Eright

Eleft
Fig.7BeamShearUnderD+L+E

Eleft

rpclarke4

Typicalcolumn
axialload(P)
envelope

Typicalcolumn
moment(M)
envelopeunderE

P/bh

Overreinforced
behaviour

Balancepoint

Underreinforced
behaviour
M/bh2

Fig.8Columnstrengthinteractioncurve(forsectionxx)

rpclarke5

TheEffectofIrregularity
Theaboveconsiderationofthebehaviourofaframedstructureunderearthquakeloadsiswith
respecttoanapproximatelyregularbuilding.Aregularstructureisonewhosedistributionofmass,
stiffness,andstrength,isuniformineachdirectionofthestructure.Asignificantdifferenceinany
ofthesepropertiesresultsinasignificantchangeinthedistributionoftheappliedearthquakeload
onthestructure,andthemagnitudeoftheresultantoftheforceaswell.
ThefollowingistheASCE705classificationofirregularities.TheASCE705alsoquantifiesthe
degreeofseverityoftheirregularityintermsofwhatisallowedfordesign.Eachtypeofirregularity
isallowedonlyundercertainconditions.Thetypeandextentoftheirregularityalsoaffectthetype
ofearthquakeloadanalysisthatisallowedforthestructure.Thisisdiscussedingreaterdetailin
subsequentsections.
VerticalIrregularities:

Type1a,b

Type2

Type3

SoftStorey MassIrregularity GeometryIrregularity

andextremesoft
story

Type4

Type5a,b

InplaneOffset

ofsomeelement(s)

WeakStoreyand
ExtremeWeakStory

rpclarke6

PlanIrregularities:

Type1a,b

Type2

Torsional

ReentrantCorners
Irregularityand
Extremetorsionalirregularity

Type3

DiaphragmDiscontinuity

Type4

Type5

OutofPlaneOffset
(fromfloortofloor
hencefordiscontinuous
elements;sideview)

NonParallelSystems

EarthquakeResistantDesignPhilosophy

Thegeneralphilosophyofearthquakeresistantbuildingdesignisthat:

(a) Forminorearthquakesthereshouldbenodamage
(b) Formoderateearthquakestheremaybeminor,repairable,structuraldamageandsomenon
structuraldamage
(c) Formajorearthquakestheremaybemajor,unrepairable,structuralandnonstructural
damagebutwithoutcollapseofthebuilding.

Intermsofobjective(c),thoughthebuildingcanbedesignedtoremainintheelasticrangeof
materialbehaviour,byinternationalconsensusitisagreedthatallowingunrepairabledamageis
mosteconomicalforthemajorityofstructures.Thisapproachiscalleddesignbyhysteretic
damping.Theobjectiveistoallowthestructuretoentertheinelasticrangeatcertainpoints,and
maximisetheenergyabsorbedbyplasticflow.Toachievethis,anytypeofpossiblebrittlefailure
(e.g.shearfailure,bondfailure,slip,etc)mustbesuppressedasmuchaspossible.

rpclarke7

Thisapproachisthereforebasedontheneedforductilityinthestructuralsystemchosentoresist
theearthquake.Somesystems(materialsplusgeometricconfiguration)arenaturallymoreductile
thanothers.Eachsystemhasaductilitycapacity.Thiscapacityisdetermined,inthecaseof
reinforcedconcreteandreinforcedmasonry,bythearrangementofthereinforcement.Inthecase
ofstructuralsteeltheductilitycapacityisdeterminedbythearrangementoftheconnections,and
selectionofthesectiontypes.Sincetheductilitydemandonthestructureistypicallynotcalculated,
itisimportantthatthedetailingbeconsistentwiththeresponsemodificationfactorusedto
determinethebaseshear.

Otherapproachestoearthquakeresistantincludebaseisolation,andtheuseofsupplemental
dampingdevices.

Intermsofobjectives(a)and(b),undermorefrequentbutlesssevereearthquakes,excessive
damagetothesecondaryelementssuchaspartitions,iscontrolledbyspecifyinglimitsonthe
horizontaldisplacementofthefloors,calledtheinterstoreydrifttheratioofthestorysinelastic
lateraldisplacementtothestoryheight.Controllingthelateraldisplacementisalsoneededto
minimizeinstabilityduetothePeffect.

EarthquakeResistingStructuralSystems

Anearthquakeresistantstructuralsystemisastructuralsystemwithpropertiesandbehaviourthat
arefavourabletowardstheobjectiveofadequatelyresistingearthquakes.Momentresisting
frames,bracedframes,walls,andcombinationsofthese(calleddualandbuildingframesystems),
aretypicallyused.

Giventhatthemainearthquakeresistantdesignphilosophyistheuseofthephenomenonof
hystereticdampingtoresistearthquakes,thisimpliesthatamaindesirablepropertyofthesystemis
highductility.Systemscomprisedofcertainmaterialsandmethodsofconstruction,naturally
possessbettersystemductilitiesthanothers.Anoverallmeasureofthesystemallowableor
ultimateductilityistheIBC2009(ASCE705)responsemodificationfactor,R.

Theotherdesirablepropertiesofearthquakeresistantstructuralsystemswhichpromotehigh
ductilityandoverallfavourableseismicresponseare:

regularitylittlechangeinstiffness,mass,andstrengthfromfloortofloor,andinthetwo
dimensionsinplanaswell
continuousloadpaththeabsenceofgapsbetweenmemberssothattheforceis
effectivelytransferredfromeachmembertoitssuccessivememberormembersonitsway
fromthediaphragmstothefoundation
shortloadpathsmall(ifany)offsetsofbeams,columnsandwalls
multipleloadpaths(i.e.redundancy)thepresenceofseveralroutesthattheforcecantake
onitswayfromthediaphragmstothefoundation;inthiswayifamemberisstressedtoits
capacity,theothermemberscanbereliedontoabsorbtheenergy
strongconnections.toensurethattheloadpathisnotbrokenbyexcessivedeformationor
ruptureofaconnection.

Whenthesefactorsaremaximized,thesequenceoftheformationofthehingesandtheir
distributionaresuchthattheenergyabsorptioninthesystemasawholeismaximized.

Thefollowingisanexampleofthedesirablehingemechanismforductilemomentresistingframes.

rpclarke8

Ductility,=(uy)/y

u=Ultimatedeflection(whenallhingeshaveformed)
Plastichinge
y=Yielddeflection(whenthefirstfewhingesformed)

Fig.9Exampleofsuitableplastichingeformationinaframe

Thoughductilityistypicallystatedasthekeyrequirementforearthquakeresistantstructural
systems,itmustbeemphasizedthatthisisduetothehighenergyabsorptionunderdynamic
conditionsthatresultswhenthesystemhashighductility.Thereforetobemorespecific,the
primaryparameteristheenergyabsorption.Thisisdisplayedbytheloaddisplacementhysteresis
loopsofthestructuralsystemasitundergoesthedynamicmotionintotheinelasticrange.A
typicalexampleforregularstructuralsteelworkductilemomentresistingspaceframesisas
follows.Thissystemdisplaysthemaximumpossibleenergyabsorptionofallpresentavailable
earthquakeresistantstructuralsystems.Theenergyabsorptionisequivalenttothetotalareaof
allthehysteresisloops.Theshapeofthetypicalloopshowniscalledthespindleshape,andis
consideredtheidealloopshape.Duringtheearthquake,thehysteresisloopsoftheplastichinge
change,andthisaffectsthesubsequentbehaviouroftheentirestructure,duringthesame
earthquake.

rpclarke9

GeneralComments:

Allframeelementsmustbedetailedsothattheycanrespondtostrongearthquakesinaductile
fashion.Anyelementswhicharenecessarilyincapableofductilebehaviourmustbedesignedto
remainelasticatultimateloadconditions.
Nonductilemodessuchasshearandbondfailuresmustbeavoided.Thisimpliesthat
anchorageandsplicesofrebarsshouldnotbedoneinareasofhighconcretestress,andahigh
resistancetoshearshouldbeprovided.
Rigidelementsshouldbeattachedtothestructurewithductileorflexiblefixings.
Asmanyzonesofenergyabsorbingductilityaspossibleshouldbeprovidedbeforeafailure
mechanismiscreated.Forframedstructuresthismeansthattheyieldingshouldoccurfirstin
thebeams,theninthecolumns(weakbeamstrongcolumn).
Movementjointsshouldbeprovidedatdiscontinuitiessothatpoundingisavoided.

OverallProcessfortheSeismicDesignofaNewBuilding

Thefollowingpointssummarizethephenomenaassociatedwithbuildingsunderearthquake
loading:

1. TheloadingisbasedonNewtonsSecondLawhenceisinherentlytimevaryingordynamic.
Engineersdesignthestructuretoaccommodatethepeakresponsequantities.However,the
loadingisalsoinherentlyrandomsothereisconsiderableuncertaintyinthequantitiesused
fordesign.
2. Themostcommondesignapproachistoinduceplasticfailureatpredeterminedlocations.
Howeverduringtheearthquake,thehysteresisloopsoftheplastichingechange,andthis
affectssubsequentbehaviourduringthesameearthquake.
3. Therefore,themostimportantpropertyofaseismicstructuralsystemforfavourable
performanceisitsoveralldynamicdisplacementcapacity.
4. Successfuldesign(apartfromeconomicandaestheticconsiderations)requiresthatthe
structurenotcollapseunderasevereearthquake,andthatthepartitions,glazing,ceilings,
andothernonstructuralelements,notcollapseunderamoderateearthquake.

Thesephenomenaandoverallrequirementsmakeseismicdesignadistinctdiscipline.Itcannotbe
consideredanextensionofwindloaddesignwithwhichitsharesonlythefactthatbothloadsare
predominantlylateralloads.
Theoverallprocessfortheseismicdesignofanewbuildingisasindicatedonthefollowingsheet.Of
noteisthattheseismicloadingmustbeestimatedearlyon,asthebaseshearV,inorderto
determineifahighertypeofanalysisisrequired,andfordeterminingifthestructureisirregular.
ThedeterminationofthebaseshearVbyuseofthecodeequationforViscalledtheequivalent
lateralforce(ELF)methodandisonlyvalidforregularorapproximatelyregularbuildings.

OVERALLPROCESSFORTHESEISMICDESIGNOFANEWBUILDING

rpclarke10

1.ChooseStructuralSystem

2.ChooseEarthquakeDirection

3.DetermineBaseShear,V,byELF

4.DistributeVandanalysestructure

5.Checkresultsanddetermineifanalysis
otherthanELFisrequired

Ishigheranalysis
reqd?

5a. Performhigheranalysis(Response
Spectrum,Modal,NonlinearTime
History)

n
6.Foreachfloor,distributeinertiaforces
horizontallytoeachsystemincludingtorsion

All directions
considered ?

6a. Considernextearthquake
direction

Changesystempropertiesor
chooseanothersystem
y
7.Applyloadcombinations

8.Analysestructuretogetmemberdesign
actions(M,V,P)

9.Modifydesignactionsasrequiredfor
irregularityeffects

10.Checkstructureforifdriftis
withinlimits.

Drift OK?

y
11.Designanddetaileachmember;
applyductilityandanchoragerules

END

rpclarke11

SEISMICDESIGNOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEBEAMSANDCOLUMNSOF
SPECIALDUCTILEMOMENTRESISTINGFRAMES
FactorsAffectingBehaviour

Forpracticalvaluesofsectionsizeandreinforcement:

Sectionductilitycapacityisincreasedfor:

Anincreaseinthecompressionreinforcement
Anincreaseinconcretecompressivestrength
Anincreaseinultimateconcretestrain

Sectionductilitycapacityisdecreasedfor:

Anincreaseintensilesteelreinforcement
Anincreaseinsteelyieldstrength
Anincreaseinaxialload

GeneralMaterialsRequirements

ConcreteQuality:

Theminimumrecommendedcharacteristiccylindercrushingstrengthis20MPabutlessthan27
MPaforlightweightconcrete

ReinforcementQuality:

Suitablequalitymustbeensuredbybothspecificationandtesting.
Anadequateminimumyieldstressmaybeensuredbyspecifyingsteeltoanappropriate
standard,suchasBS4449orASTMA615orA706.
Theactualyieldstressshouldnotexceedtheminimumspecifiedyieldstressbymorethan124
MPa.
Gradesofsteelwithcharacteristicstrengthinexcessof415MPashouldnotbeused.

EmpiricalBeamDesignRules(ACI31802Ch.21)

1. b/hshallnotbelessthan0.3(b,totalbeamwidth;h,totalbeamdepth).
2. bshallnotbelessthan250mm.
3. bshallnotbegreaterthecolumnwidthplus0.75honeachside.
4. Theminimumlongitudinalsteelcontentasafractionofthegrosscrosssectionalareaoftheweb
shallbe1.4/fy(N/mm2)or200/fy(psi).
5. Themaximumlongitudinalsteelcontentasafractionofthegrosscrosssectionalareaofthe
webshallbe0.025.
6. Thepositivemomentstrengthatthebeamcolumnjointfaceshallnotbelessthanonehalfof
thenegativemomentstrengthprovided.
7. Atanysectioninthebeamspan,neitherthenegativenorthepositivemomentstrengthshallbe
lessthanaquarterofthemaximummomentprovidedatthefaceofeitherbeamcolumnjoint.

rpclarke12

8. Lapsplicesshallnotbeused:withinjoints;within2hfromthefaceofthebeamcolumnjoint,at
locationsofpotentialplastichinging.
9. Lapspliceswhereusedshallbeconfinedbyhoopsorspiralreinforcementwithamaximum
spacingorpitchofd/4or100mm(d,effectivedepthtomainsteel).
10. Transversereinforcementinbeamsmustsatisfyrequirementsassociatedwiththeirdual
functionasconfinementreinforcementandshearreinforcement.
11. Confinementreinforcementintheformofhoopsisrequired:overadistance2dfromthe
columnface,overdistances2donbothsidesofsectionswithinthespanwhereflexuralyielding
mayoccurduetoearthquakeloading.
12. Thefirsthoopshallbe50mmfromthecolumnfaceandthemaximumhoopspacingshallbethe
smallestofd/4;8timesthediameterofthesmallestlongitudinalbar;24timesthediameterof
thehoopbar,or300mm.
13. Wherehoopsarenotrequired,thehoopspacingshallbelessthand/2.
14. Shearreinforcementistobeprovidedsoastoprecludeshearfailurepriortothedevelopment
ofplastichingesatthebeamends.Designshearsfordeterminingshearreinforcementaretobe
basedonaconditionwhereplastichingesoccuratbeamendsduetothecombinedeffectsof
lateraldisplacementandfactoredgravityloads.Theprobableflexuralstrengthassociatedwitha
plastichingeistobecomputedusingastrengthreductionfactorof1.0andassumingastressin
thetensilereinforcementof1.25fy.Notethatthehoopreinforcementmaysatisfytheshear
steelrequirementsandviceversa.
15. Indeterminingtherequiredshearreinforcement,thecontributionoftheconcreteistobe
neglectediftheshearassociatedwiththeprobableflexuralstrengthsatthebeamendsis
greaterthanonehalfthetotaldesignshear,andthefactoredaxialcompressiveforceincluding
earthquakeeffects,islessthanAgfc/20.

SeismicRCBeamandColumnDesignSteps

DriftLimits

Limitationofthestoreydriftisamajordesignrequirementasindicatedintheflowchart.Thisis
requiredinordertolimitdamagetononstructuralcomponentsaswellasreducethelikelihoodof
instabilityduetoPeffects.

Forconcreteframestructuresthedriftofeachstoreyshallnotexceed0.02hsx,0.015hsx,0.01hsx,for
structuresinOccupancyCategoriesIandII,III,IV,respectively,wherehsxisthestoreyheightbelow
levelx.

Thedesignstorydriftforastoreyiscalculatedasthedifferenceofthedeflectionsatthetopand
bottomofthestoreyunderconsideration.Thedeflectionisdeterminedfromtheresultsofa
structuralanalysisofthemodelunderthedesignseismicforces,butincreasedtocaterforthe
amplificationofthegroundmotion.Thestiffnesspropertiesofreinforcedconcreteelementsshall
considertheeffectsofcrackedsections.ThespecificvaluesarenotstatedintherelevantU.S
documentsbutthefollowingisrecommended.Considertheeffectofcrackingasareducedmoment
ofinertiaofthesectionsuchthatforbeams,useavalueof0.35Igandforcolumns,useavalueof
0.5Ig,whereIgisthemomentofinertiaofthegrosssection.

Thedeflectionatlevelxatthecentreofthemass,x=Cdxe/I,wherexeisthedeflection
determinedbyanelasticanalysis,andIistheimportancefactorforthestructure.

rpclarke13

BeamDesignProcedure

Thisprocedureisusedifthefactoredaxialcompressiveforceonthemember<Agfc/10,otherwise,
thememberisdesignedasacolumn.Thefollowingprocedureisfortheendspanofacontinuous
beam,butisalsoapplicabletointernalspans(withsomestepsunnecessary).Thenumbersinsketch
aboverefertothestepnumbersbelow.

1.
Checkproposedbeamdimensionslimits:

2.

Clearspan>4d;d=effectivedepth
b/D0.3
b>250mm
b<columnwidth+1.5D

CalculateAs(TopMainRebar)atInternalSupports(i.e.SectionatInnerendof
BeamSpan):

a=Asfy/(0.85fcb);a=depthofcompressionblock;fy=rebaryieldstress;fc=28day
compressivestrengthofconcretecylinder

Mu<Mn=Asfy(da/2);=0.9
Mu=appliednegativemomentfromstructuralanalysismomentenvelope;=strength
reductionorconstructionqualityfactor=0.9;d=effectivedepthtorebar(orcentroidofa
groupofrebars).

YoumaysubstituteainMuandsolvethequadraticequationforAs.

rpclarke14

3.

4.

CheckLimitsontheAscalculatedinstep2:
=As/bd>min=200/fy;fyinpsiunits,or1.4/fyiffyinMPa
>3fc/fy;psiunits
<0.025

Calculate,AsatExternalSupportsandCheckLimits:
Sameassteps2and3butwithMuforexternalsupports.

5.

CalculatetheMinimumPositiveMomentStrengthsthatmustexistattheInternal
andExternalSupports:
Ineachcase,substitutetheAsprovidedfromsteps2and4,inthemomentequationofstep
2togetthenegativemomentstrength.

Ineachcase,theminimumpositivemomentstrengththatmustexistatthesection,+Mn=
Mn/2

6.

7.

8.

Calculate+As(BottomMainRebar)NearBeamsMidSpan:

Sameassteps2and3butwithMuasappliedpositivemomentfromthestructural
analysisresults.SubstitutetheAsprovidedinthemomentequationtogetthepositive
momentstrengthnearmidspan,+Mn,midspan.

Comparewithresultsofstep5;if+Mn,midspan>themomentscalculatedinstep5,then
simplyextendthe+As(bottonrebar)atmidspantotheinternalandexternalsupports.If
not,additionalbottomrebarwillbeneededatanysupportthathastoosmalla+Mn.

CalculateandChecktheRequiredAnchorageLengthsfortheMainRebarsthat
EndintheExternalColumns,ldh:

Forstandard90deghooks,andforboththetopandbottombars,ldhisthelargerof:

ldh>fydb/(65fc)
;psiunits;dbistherebardiameter
ldh>8db
ldh>150mm

Checkthelengthoftherebarintheproposedbeamcolumnjointzone(frominsideedgeof
columntoendofbarincludingcurvedpart)andensurethatthislength>ldh.

CalculateSeismicShearRebar:
Theseismicshearistheshearinthehingesandistypicallyhigherthanthe
elasticshearofthestructuralanalysisresults.

Calculatethegravityloadwhentheearthquakeoccurs,wu=1.2wD+1.6wL
wherewDisthedeadloadinforceperunitlengththatthebeamcarries,and
wListheliveload(inforceperunitlength).

rpclarke15

Calculatetheseismicshear:
Vu=wul/2(Mpr1+Mpr2)/l

Mpr1,Mpr2aretherelevantworstcasepairofMnstrengthsattheleftandright
endsofthebeamconsideringwhentheearthquakeispushingtotherightthento
theleft.Theyarecalculatedasdonebeforebutwith=1andfyis25%higherthat
theoneusedbefore,alongwiththeactualAsprovided.listhebeamslength.

CalculateVc:
If(Mpr1+Mpr2)/l>Vu/2andPu<Agfc/20,thenVc=0

If(MpL+MpR)/lVu/2orPuAgfc/20,thenVc=2fcbwd;bwisthewidthofthe
beamsweb.

CalculateVs:

Vs=VuVc;=0.75

Calculatethestirrupspacing,s:
Selectastirruprebarsizeandfyandcalculateitscrosssectionalareafor2legs,Av

s=Avfyvd/Vs

9.
CheckStirrupSpacing:
Intheconfinementzone(2hfromthecolumnfaceandwheretheseismicshear
steelmustbeplaced):

s<smaxwhichisthesmallestof:
=d/4
=8xdiameterofsmallestmainrebar
=24xstirrupdiameter
=300mm

Outsidetheconfinementzone,<smax=d/2

rpclarke16

EmpiricalColumnDesignRules

1. Theshortercrosssectionaldimensionshallbegreaterthanorequalto300mm.
2. Theratioofshorterdimensiontotheperpendiculardimensionshallbegreaterthanorequalto
0.4.
3. Themaximumandminimumlongitudinalsteelcontentasafractionofthegrosscrosssectional
areashallbe0.06and0.01.
4. Forallmembersframingintoabeamcolumnjoint,thesumoftheflexuralstrengthofthe
columns(fortherelevantaxialloadlevel)mustbegreaterthan1.2timesthesumoftheflexural
strengthofthebeams.
5. Lapsplicesaretobeusedonlyinthemiddlehalfofthecolumn.
6. Asinbeams,transversereinforcementincolumnsmustbeprovideconfinementtotheconcrete
coreandlateralsupporttothelongitudinalbars,aswellasshearresistance.Incolumns
however,thetransversereinforcementmustallbeintheformofclosedhoopsorcontinuous
spiralreinforcement.Sufficientreinforcementshouldbeprovidedtosatisfytherequirements
forconfinementorshear,whicheverislarger.
7. Confinementrequirements:

Forspiralreinforcementorcircularhoopreinforcement,thevolumetricratiomustbegreater
than,

0.12fc/fyhor

0.45[(Ag/Ach)1](fc/fyh)

fyhisthespecifiedyieldstrengthoftransversereinforcement,Achisthecoreareaofcolumn
sectionmeasuredtotheoutsideoftransversethetransversereinforcementinin2.

Forrectangularhoopreinforcementtotalcrosssectionalareawithinspacings,mustbegreater
than,

0.09shcfc/fyhor

0.3shc[(Ag/Ach)1](fc/fyh),

hc=crosssectionaldimensionofcolumncore,measuredcentretocentreofconfining
reinforcement.

8. Themaximumhoopspacingshallbethesmallestof:quarterthesmallercrosssectional
dimension,or100mm.
9. Thehoopreinforcementistobeprovidedoveralengthl0fromeachjointface,wherel0isthe
largestof:d,onesixththeclearspanofthemember,or450mm
10. Transversereinforcementforshearincolumnsistobebasedontheshearassociatedwiththe
largestnominalmomentstrengthsatthecolumnends(usingfyand=1)correspondingtothe
factoredaxialcompressiveforceresultingfromthelargestmomentstrengths.
11. Generally,itwillbenecessarytoprovidemultiplestirrups,orstirrupsandcrossties,inorderto
givesatisfactoryconfinementandrestrainttomaincolumnreinforcement.Generally,
overlappinghoopsaretobepreferred.Ineithercase,onestirrupshouldsurroundthewholeof

rpclarke17

themainreinforcement.Whererestrainedbarsarelessthan200mmapart,itisnotnecessary
torestrainintermediatebars.

ColumnDesignProcedure

1.
Calculatethecolumnsmainrebarasusual,usingtheactions(M,V,P)fromthe
structuralanalysisofthestructureincludingtheearthquakeloadcombinations.

Ifthefactoredaxialforceinthecolumn,Pmax>Agfc/10thenthememberisclassifiedas
acolumnandthefollowingseismicrequirementsarenecessary(Agisthegrosscross
sectionalarea).Ifnot,thenthemembershouldbedesignedasabeam.

2.
ChecktheLimitsonthecolumnsdimensionsandontheMainRebar:
bisthesmallestcrosssectionaldimensionmeasuredonastraightlinepassingthroughthe
geometriccentroidofthesection,andhisthedimensionperpendiculartob.

bandh>300mm
b/h>0.4

=As/Ag>1%
<6%

3.
CheckforStrongColumnWeakBeamBehaviour:

Ineachdirectionatthecolumnsjointswiththebeams:

Mc>(6/5)Mg

WhereMcisacolumnsmomentstrength,andMgisabeamsmomentstrength.
Acolumncanhave2beamsatthejointinthecaseofaninternalcolumn,or1beamasin
thecaseofasidecolumn.

Thecolumnstrengthinteractioncurvecanbeusedtodeterminethecolumnsmoment
strengthatthesectioninquestion.

4.
CalculatetheTransverseRebarforConfinementHoops:
Thisrequirementisbasedonthefactthataconcretecoreconfinedbyrebarincreasesthe
ultimatecompressivestrainoftheconcrete,henceincreasingtheductilityofthesection.

- Determinethelengthoftheconfinementzone,l0fromthebottomofthecolumnwhere
itmeetstheslab,andfromthetopofthecolumnbutbeginningfromthebeamssoffit.If
thelengthofthecolumnbetweenthesesections(i.e.theclearheight)ish,

l0isthelargerofh/6,thedepthofthememberatthejointface,or450mm.

Carrytheconfinementrebarthroughthebeamregionandthebeamcolumnjoint.

- Calculatethecrosssectionalareaofconfinementrebarrequired:

Ifrectangularconfinementrebaroftotalcrosssectionalarea,Ash,istobeusedthenfor
eachdirectionofthecolumn:

rpclarke18

Assumeabarsizeandlongitudinalspacing,s.Checkthatitiswithinthefollowinglimits:

smaxisthesmallestof:
=b/4
=6xdiameterofsmallestlongitudinalrebar
sx=100+((350hx)/3)and100mm<sx<150mm

wherehxisthemaximumhorizontalspacingofhooporcrosstielegsonall
facesofthecolumn.

Trydifferentcombinationsofconfinementrebarsizeandlongitudinalspacing,s,untilthe
followingequationsaresatisfied.Notethatadditionalcrosstiesaretypicallyrequiredto
satisfytheequations.

Usethelargerof:

Ash=0.3shc((Ag/Ach)1)(fc/fyh)

Ash=0.09shc(fc/fyh)

where,
Ach=crosssectionalareaofthecolumncoremeasuredouttooutofthe
transversereinforcement
hc=crosssectionaldimensionofthecolumncoremeasuredcentretocentre
oftheconfiningreinforcement
fyh=yieldstrengthoftheconfinementrebar

Placetheconfinementrebarisaccordancewiththefollowingwhere
X<350mm.

rpclarke19

6db extension

6db>75mm

Crossties

5.

CalculatetheTransverseRebarforShear:

Calculatetheultimateseismicshearinthehinge,Vu:

Vu=Ve=(Mpr1+Mpr2)/Lu

Mpr1=max.momentstrengthattopofcolumnconsideringrangeofaxialloadsand
1.25fy
Mpr2=max.momentstrengthatbottomofcolumnconsideringrangeofaxialloads
and1.25fy
Lu=columnclearheight

However,Mpr1+Mpr2neednotbegreaterthanthecorrespondingmomentstrengths
ofthegirdersframingintothejoints.Henceforsideswaytotheleftandassuming
+
identicalbeamsatthetopandbottomjointsthenMpr1+Mpr2isreplacedbyML +

MR (andviceversaforsideswaytotheright),where"L"and"R"refertotheleftand
rightbeamsrespectively.ThisisexpectedtobelowerastheSCWBdesignwillhave
beenapplied.
CalculateVs:

Vs=VuVc
whereVc=2fcbd
Calculatethestirrupspacing,s:
Selectastirruprebarsizeandfyandcalculateitscrosssectionalareafor
2legs,Av

s=Avfyd/Vs

Thesameconfinementrebartypicallyexceedstheshearresistancerequirement.Butareas
outsidetheconfinementmayrequirechecking.

rpclarke20

SEISMICDESIGNOFSTEELSPECIALMOMENTRESISTINGFRAMES

Thefollowingcalculationsaresuitableinthecasewhere:
(1)thebeamsandcolumnsareofhotrolledIsectionmembers
(2)thecolumnsarelaterallybracedbybeamswithendplates
(3)thesectionsareuniformalongthebeamslength
(4)therearenotanycolumnorsimilarloadswithinthebeamsspan

Step1.SelectBeamSizes:
Thisstepistypicallycontrolledbythedrift(i.e.stiffness)requirements.Nevertheless,also
compareagainstsizesobtainedasyouwouldinthenonseismiccasebutincludingtheM
andVfromtheseismicloadcases.Usethelargerofthetwo.

Step2. CheckBeamforLocalBucklingStability:
Beamflangesb/t,maxps=0.3(E/Fy);beamswebh/tw,maxps=2.45(E/Fy).Note:b/t=
bflange/(2tflange);redostep1ifcheckfails.

Step3.CheckUnbracedLengthofBeamFlanges:
Theunbracedlengthofthebeammustbe0.086ryE/Fy.
Note:Itistypicaltousecompositedeckflooringinwhichcasetheunbracedbeamlengthis
thespacingofthesecondarybeamssupportingthefloor.

Step4.ChecktheStrongColumnWeakBeamBehaviour:

UsefactoredloadsoranalysisresultsfortheD+L+Eloadcase.

(1)
M*pc/M*pb1
M*pb=(1.1RyMp+Mv)

(2)

Ry=1.5forASTMA36Mbut1.1forASTMA572M;Mp=plasticmomentofbeam=ZxFy
Mv=Vpx
Vp=2Mp/(Ldbdc)+0.5w(Ldbdc)
whereListhebeamslengthtothecolumnscenterlines,andwisthefactoredgravityload
onthebeam(forceperunitlength),anddisthememberdepth.
M*pc=(ZcFycPuc/Ag),wherecreferstothecolumn.

(3)

Equation(3)ismultipliedbyanadjustmentfactorastheratioofaveragecenterlineto
averageclearcolumnheights.

Ifequation(1)isnotsatisfied,alternativebeamand/orcolumnsizesmustbeuseduntilthe
equationissatisfied.

Step5.Checkthecolumnforlocalbuckingstability:
Columnflangesb/t,maxps=0.3(E/Fy)
Columnwebh/t,maxps=3.14(E/Fy)(11.54Ca);Ca=Pu/Py

Step6.CheckcolumnstrengthundereachoffactoredD+L+E,andD+Lloadcases:
Typically,thebeamhencecolumnsizesarecontrolledbythedriftrequirementsratherthan
thedemandtocapacityratiosforthedesignactionsM,P,V.Nevertheless,stillcheckthe
unityequationsatcriticalsections.c=0.85;b=0.90

rpclarke21

Calculatec=1.1L(Fy/E)/(ry)2,Listhecolumnlengthbetweenthebeams,andletY=c2.
CalculateFcr=0.658YxFy
cPn=cFcrA
P/cPn0.4,theninthefollowing,usetheoverstrengthfactor0inthedeterminationof
thedesignP.
IfP/cPn<0.2:
CheckP/(2cPn)+(Mz/bMnz)+(My/bMny)whichmustbe1.Ifnot,chooseacolumn
sectionwithlargerZ.
IfP/Pn0.2
CheckP/(cPn)+8/9[(Mz/bMnz)+(My/bMny)]whichmustbe1

IntheseequationsPistheappliedfactoredaxialload,Mzistheappliedfactoredmomentin
thecolumnmajoraxisdirection,andMnzisthecolumnmomentstrength=ZcFyc.

Step7.Checkthebeamcolumnpanelzone:

Assumingthatthecolumnaxialload,P0.75Pc(=FyAgg),calculatethepanelzonenominal
shearstrength,Rvas(imperialunits)

Lc

Mp

Mf

Rv=0.6Fydctp[1+3bcftcf2/(dbdctp)]wheredcistheoverallcolumndepth,tpisthe
thicknessofthepanelzoneincludingdoublerplates,
bcfisthewidthofthecolumnflange,tcfisthe
thicknessofthecolumnflange,anddbistheoverall
beamdepth.

Selecttpsothat
Rv=Ru
whereRuistheultimateappliedpanelshear
determinedasfollows:

Ru=Mf/(dbtfb)
whereMfisthemomentatthecolumnface
determinedbyprojectingtheexpectedmomentatthe
plastichingepointstothecolumnfaces.HenceMf=
RyFyZ[Lc/(Lcdb)]

rpclarke22

NoteonBoltedSeismicConnectionConfiguration

Beamtocolumnconnectionsusedintheseismiclateralloadresistingsystemshallsatisfythe
following3requirements:

1. Theconnectionshallbecapableofsustaininganinterstorydriftangle(interstorylateral
displacementdividedbystoryheight)of0.04radians.
2. Themeasuredflexuralresistanceoftheconnection,determinedatthecolumnface,shall
equalatleast0.8Mpoftheconnectedbeamataninterstorydriftangleof0.04radians.
3. Therequiredshearstrengthoftheconnectionshallbedeterminedusingthefollowing
quantityfortheearthquakeloadeffect:E=2(1.1RyMp/Lh);Ryistheratioofexpectedto
minimumspecifiedyieldstress,andLhisthedistancebetweenthebeamsplastichinges.

ThefollowingisafreewebsitewithcomprehensivedataonAmericansteelsections
http://www.structuraldraftingnetexpert.com/steelbeam.html.