/ -

( )
Concrete Durability

_____
-

) ( .

Deterioration
.
.
.

__
_____ ___
____ -
Deterioration
:
-

) ( .
. :
- -
- -
-

-
-
-
-

 -

-
-
- ) (
-
-
-

__
__________
___ -

- . - .
- . - .
- . - .
- . - .

___________ _______ __
-

Absorption Permeability Porosity

.

.

.


.

 / -

.
.

).(-

:
-


.

- Gel Pores
- -
.
) (.

- Capillary Pores

Capillary Water
.
- - )
(.

) (- .

. .


.
.

- .
-
.
-
.
-
.
.

- )/( - / ) (-
.


.
- -

.
- -
:
- / .
- .
- CSH
.

 / -

, , , , , , ,
)/(

) (- )/( .

- - .

- -

.

- - Pozzolanic Materials

.
Silica Fume
) /(
Byproduet

) (-
) .(- Fly Ash
.Blast Furnace Slag

- -
.

) (- .

- .

- .

- /
Superplasticizer

- .

- .

-
.

- .

 / -

-


.
- :
- .
- :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
______

___
Steel Corrosion
________________ ___ -

.

.
- -
Spalling .

.

.


.

- ) (Passive Protection Layer

)(pH


- -
- Fe2 O3 -


.

-
.Cover

 / -

.


.
:

- .Carbonation
- .
.
-
- - -
.

@ Carbonation@@b@ia@zna@Zc
_____________________________

-
- :

water
Ca (OH) 2 + CO 2 CaCO 3 + H 2 O

) .(
.
) (

.

.
.

______________________________ @
;a@b@;n@;by@b;@c@;c@Zbbq

-
-
Permeability .
.
.

.

Chlorides@@pa;;a@Zbrbq
___________________

Chloride Ions
.
) (
) ( . -
- .

- -
.



.

.
.

 / -

@ b;bi@;@;;u@Zbia
___________________

.
.

.
.

.
. .

)(

.
- ).(-

- (Fe)++ :

2Fe + + + 4e -
2Fe

- ) (4e-
) (OH
:

2H 2O + O 2 + 4e -
4(OH) -

- - -
:

2Fe ++ + 4(OH) -
2Fe(OH) 2

- -
- ) ( :
O 2 + H 2O
2Fe(OH) 2 2Fe(OH) 3
Fe 2O 3 .H 2O

.


.

-:

-
) .(
- ) (
.
.
-
% -
.
- %
.
-
.
-
.
-
.

 / -

Fe2 O3 . H2O
) (

Fe (OH)3

H2 O O2

Fe (OH)2

OH
-

O2 + H2 O

Fe++ 4 e-

Oxide film Oxide film

2Fe 2Fe++ + 4e-

) (- .

Chemical Attack -
______________________________

.

.
.
:

Sulphates -1

) Ca(OH)2
( )(
:

Ca SO4 . 2H2O + 2 Na OH . 8H2O Ca (OH)2 + Na2 SO4 . 1OH2O

Calcium Sulphoaluminate
:Etringite

4CaO . Al2O3 . 19H2O + 3(CaSO4 . 2H2O) + 16H2O

( 3 CaO . A12O3 . 3CaSO4 . 32H2O ) + Ca(OH)2

.



.

.

 / -

Acids -2

)(Soft
.
.
- -
.
.

Chlorides -3

.
.

Fats -4

Lead -5

.


.
.

Sugar -6

Thermal Properties
_______________________________ -


.



. :

Thermal Expansion -1

.
.
= - ) ( .
= - .
- .
= 1 x 10-5 cm / cm . c o

) ( :
) = E . . ( T
( T) . E

:
t+20 t


/.

) = E ( T
= 200 (10) 3 x 1x10-5 x 20
= 40 kg / cm2

 / -

Thermal Conductivity (k) -2

.
/
.

/

/ .

Thermal Conductance (C) -3

.
)(C = k/L
/ .

Thermal Resistance (R) -4

) (L
) .(K ) (C /.

Specific Heat (Cp) -5

.
/ . / .

Volumetric Heat Capacity (CV) -6

/ . ) (
).(Cp

)(CV) = (Cp

Thermal Diffusivity () -7

.
/.

= k / CV

) (k

:
- .
- .
- .

) (-

.
.

 / -

) (- .

/ / /

- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -

Fire Resistance
_______________________ -


:
- :
.
Pre-Stressed
.
- ) ( :
.


.
.

- :
) - - ...(
.

- : ) (
- -

.


.
.
.
.

.

.

 / -

Guaranty & Insurance

___________________________________
-

.

:

: -1

).(-

) (- .



)(T.D.S.
Cl-
So3

-2

)
( ).(-

) (- .



. ,
. ,

-3

%
.

-4

/

.

/ & & -5

) (- .

) (- .

/*
)( /
/
:

.
:


.
:


....
*
/ ) (.
**
.
*** .

 / -

-6

)
(
) (-
.

) (- .

-/ ) (


)(

/


/ : %/
- > , > , > ,

, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, , ,
,
,
, , ,
,
,
, , ,
,
:
* ).. (//
.
**
.
***
/ .

-7

.

) .(-

.
% %
.
.

-8

.

.
.
.

Alkali - Aggregate Reaction -9

.


.
) (
:

 / -

Alkali - Silica Reaction -

) (Na2O ) .(K2O

. :

- %
).(Na2O
- ) (Na2O
/.
-
.
- .

Alkali - Carbonate Reaction -

) (Dolomitic limestone
- -
.
.%

.

***********

***********