You are on page 1of 40

Southern Technical University

Technical Engineering College/Basra


Petrochemical Engineering
Department

Study the Dielectric Properties


Of FeCl3/Epoxy Mixture

Supervisor: Abdulrazzaq Saeed


Abdullah Hussain

Group Names:
1-Aseel Saad
2-Hussain Abdurrahman
3-Shaimaa Salim
4-Muna Safaa
5-Karrar Taha
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to acknowledgment my gratitude to my supervisor
Abdulrazzaq Saeed and Abdullah Hussain for them guidance, advice
and support.

My appreciation to head of Petrochemical Engineering Department


Fadhel I. Hamed for your encouragement and assistance.

I would like to acknowledgment my gratitude to Dr. Adnan A. Ateeq


(Dean of Technical Eng. College/Basra) for your encouragement and
assistance.

I would like to acknowledgment my gratitude to Dr. Muzaffar Zuhairi


(Dean of Southern Technical University) for continues encouragement
and assistance.

Finally, I extend my grateful to all who helped me in this field of


studying.

.
Abstract:
Dielectric behavior and ac conductivity measurements on epoxy resin
filled with (0.01 , 0.02) grams, micro sized particles of FeCl3 have been
studied.

The measurements were carried out in the frequency range (120Hz -


1KHz) and over a wide temperature (30 0C and 110oC). Different
dielectric behavior was observed depending , filler contact, frequency and
temperature Results show that dielectric permittivity (') and dielectric
loss (") increases with the addition of epoxy resin, which The value of
(') increased with increasing temperature, due to the greater freedom for
movement of the dipole molecular chains within the epoxy at high
temperature has been attributed to interfacial polarization.. The value of
(') decreases with increasing frequency, which indicates that the major
contribution to the polarization comes from orientation polarization
Interfacial relaxation is found to be strongly dependent on the presence of
micro-filler particles.The Alternating Current (AC) conductivity increases
as the temperature and frequency, because of the segmental mobility and
electrical conduction.
TABLE OF CONTANT

Title Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABSTRACT
GIFTING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE-INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General Introduction 2
1.2 Classification of polymers based on technological Aspects 3
1.3 Epoxy resin 6
1.4 fillers 8
1.5 FeCl3 filler 9
1.6 Electrical properties of polymer 11
CHAPTER TWO-EXIPERMENTAL WORK 15
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Tools and materials 16
2.3 Procedure 18
CHAPTER THREE-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19
3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 Effect of temperature on the capacity 20
3.3 Effect of frequency on the capacity 21
3.4 Effect of temperature on the permittivity 22
3.5 Effect of frequency on the permittivity 23
3.6 Effect of temperature on the impedance 24
3.7 Effect of frequency on the impedance 25
3.8 Effect of temperature on the conductivity 26
3.9 Effect of frequency on the conductivity 27
3.10 Effect of temperature on the loss tangent 28
3.11 Effect of frequency on the loss tangent 29
3.12 Effect of temperature on the dielectric loss 30
3.13 Effect of frequency on the dielectric loss 31
CHAPTER FOUR REFRENCE 32
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1Introduction
Polymer means "many parts" and designates a large molecule made up
of smaller repeating units. Polymers generally have molecular weights
greater than about 5000 but no firm lower limit need be defined since the
meaning of the word is nearly always clear from its use. The word
macromolecule is a synonym for polymer [1].

Polymers were originally classified by Carothers [1929] into


condensation and addition polymers on the basis of the compositional
difference between the polymer and the monomer(s) from which it was
synthesized. Condensation polymers were those polymers that were
formed from poly functional monomers by the various condensation
reactions of organic chemistry with the elimination of some small
molecule such as water. where R and R0 are aliphatic or aromatic
groupings. The unit in parentheses in the polyamide formula repeats itself
many times in the polymer chain and its termed the repeating unit .The
elemental composition of the repeating unit differs from that of the two
monomers by the elements of water. The polyamide synthesized from
hexa methylene demine,, and adipic acid, , is the extensively used fiber
and plastic known commonly as nylon 6/6 or poly(hexa methylene adip
amide). Other examples of condensation polymers are the polyesters
formed from decides and diols with the elimination of water and The
common condensation polymers and the reactions by which they are
formed .It should be noted that for many of the condensation polymers
there are different combinations of reactants that can be employed for
their synthesis.
Thus polyamides can be synthesized by the reactions of demines with
decides or di acyl chlorides and by the self-condensation of amino acids.
Similarly, polyesters can be synthesized from diols by certain
hypothetical reactants by the elimination of water. Thus cellulose can be
thought of as the polyether formed by the dehydration of glucose.
Carothers included such polymers by defining condensation polymers as
those in which the formula of the repeating unit lacks certain atoms that
are present in the monomer(s) from which it is formed or to which it may
be degraded [2].

1.2 Classification of polymers based on technological Aspects

Polymers are classified in several ways by how the molecules are


synthesized, by their molecular structure, or by their chemical family. For
example, linear polymers consist of long molecular chains, while the
branched polymers consist of primary long chains and secondary chains
that stem from these main chains. However, linear does not mean straight
lines. The better way to classify polymers is according to their
mechanical and thermal behavior. Industrially polymers are classified
into two main classes plastics and elastomers.

Plastics are moldable organic resins. These are either natural or


synthetic, and are processed by forming or molding into shapes. Plastics
are important engineering materials for many reasons. They have a wide
range of properties, some of which are unattainable from any other
materials, and in most cases they are relatively low in cost. Following is
the brief list of properties of plastics: light weight, wide range of colors,
low thermal and electrical conductivity, less brittle, good toughness, good
resistance to acids, bases and moisture, high dielectric strength (use in
electrical insulation), etc. Plastics are again classified in two groups
depending on their mechanical and thermal behavior as thermoplastics
(thermoplastic polymers) and thermosets (thermosetting polymers).

A-Thermoplastics:
These plastics soften when heated and harden when cooled processes
that are totally reversible and may be repeated. These materials are
normally fabricated by the simultaneous application of heat and pressure.
They are linear polymers without any cross-linking in structure where
long molecular chains are bonded to each other by secondary bonds
and/or inter-wined. They have the property of increasing plasticity with
increasing temperature which breaks the secondary bonds between
individual chains. Common thermoplastics are: acrylics, PVC, nylons,
polypropylene, polystyrene, poly methyl methacrylate (plastic lenses or
Perspex), etc.

Figure (1-1): example about thermoplastics.


B-Thermosets
These plastics require heat and pressure to mold them into shape. They
are formed into a permanent shape and cured or set by chemical
reactions such as extensive cross-linking. They cannot be re-melted or
reformed into another shape but decompose upon being heated to too
high a temperature. Thus thermosets cannot be recycled, whereas
thermoplastics can be recycled. The term thermoset implies that heat is
required to permanently set the plastic. Most thermosets composed of
long chains that are strongly cross-linked (and/or covalently bonded) to
one another to form 3-D network structures to form a rigid solid.
Thermosets are generally stronger, but more brittle than thermoplastics.
Advantages of thermosets for engineering design applications include one
or more of the following: high thermal stability, high dimensional
stability, high rigidity, light weight, high electrical and thermal insulating
properties and resistance to creep and deformation under load. There are
two methods whereby cross-linking reaction can be initiated cross-
linking can be accomplished by heating the resin in a suitable mold (e.g.
Bakelite), or resins such as epoxies (araldite) are cured at low temperature
by the addition of a suitable cross-linking agent, an amine. Epoxies,
vulcanized rubbers, phenolics, unsaturated polyester resins, and amino
resins (urea's and melamines) are examples of thermosets.
Figure (1-2) :example about thermosets.

C. Elastomers:

Also known as rubbers, these are polymers which can undergo large
elongations under load, at room temperature, and return to their original
shape when the load is released. There are number of man-made
elastomers in addition to natural rubber. These consist of coil-like
polymer chains those can reversibly stretch by applying a force.

Processing of polymers mainly involves preparing a particular polymer


by synthesis of available raw materials, followed by forming into various
shapes. Raw materials for polymerization are usually derived from coal
and petroleum products. The large molecules of many commercially
useful polymers must be synthesized from substances having smaller
molecules. The synthesis of the large molecule polymers is known as
polymerization in which monomer units are joined over and over to
become a large molecule. More upon, properties of a polymer can be
enhanced or modified with the addition of special materials. This is
followed by forming operation. Addition polymerization and
condensation polymerization are the two main ways of polymerization
[3].

Figure (1-3): example about elastomer.

1.3 Epoxy resin


The large family of epoxy resins represents some of the highest
performance resins of those available at this time. Epoxies generally out-
perform most other resin types in terms of mechanical properties and
resistance to environmental degradation, which leads to their almost
exclusive use in aircraft components. As a laminating resin their
increased adhesive properties and resistance to water degradation make
these resins ideal for use in applications such as boat building. Here
epoxies are widely used as a primary construction material for high-
performance boats or as a secondary application to sheath a hull or
replace water-degraded polyester resins and gel coats The term 'epoxy'
refers to a chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to two
carbon atoms that are already bonded in some way. The simplest epoxy is
a three-member ring structure known by the term 'alpha-epoxy' or '1,2-
epoxy'. The idealized chemical structure is shown in the figure below and
is the most easily identified characteristic of any more complex epoxy
molecule.

Usually identifiable by their characteristic amber or brown coloring,


epoxy resins have a number of useful properties. Both the liquid resin and
the curing agents form low viscosity easily processed systems. Epoxy
resins are easily and quickly cured at any temperature from 5C to 150C,
depending on the choice of curing agent. One of the most advantageous
properties of epoxies is their low shrinkage during cure which minimizes
fabric 'print-through' and internal stresses. High adhesive strength and
high mechanical properties are also enhanced by high electrical insulation
and good chemical resistance. Epoxies find uses as adhesives, or a variety
of industrial applications caulking compounds, casting compounds,
sealants, varnishes and paints, as well as laminating resins Epoxy resins
are formed from a long chain molecular structure similar to vinyl ester
with reactive sites at either end. In the epoxy resin, however, these
reactive sites are formed by epoxy groups instead of ester groups. The
absence of ester groups means that the epoxy resin has particularly good
water resistance. The epoxy molecule also contains two ring groups at its
center which are able to absorb both mechanical and thermal stresses
better than linear groups and therefore give the epoxy resin very good
stiffness, toughness and heat resistant properties.

The idealized chemical structure of a typical epoxy. The absence of the


ester groups within the molecular chain Epoxies differ from polyester
resins in that they are cured by a 'hardener' rather than a catalyst. The
hardener, often an amine, is used to cure the epoxy by an 'addition
reaction' where both materials take place in the chemical reaction. The
chemistry of this reaction means that there are usually two epoxy sites
binding to each amine site. This forms a complex three-dimensional
molecular structure.

Since the amine molecules 'co-react' with the epoxy molecules in a


fixed ratio, it is essential that the correct mix ratio is obtained between
resin and hardener to ensure that a complete reaction takes place. If amine
and epoxy are not mixed in the correct ratios, unreached resin or hardener
will remain within the matrix which will affect the final properties after
cure. To assist with the accurate mixing of the resin and hardener,
manufacturers usually formulate the components to give a simple mix
ratio which is easily achieved by measuring out by weight or volume
Epoxy is a plastic=like resin used in the manufacturing of surfboards
Epoxy is fast becoming as popular as polyurethane resin as it is lighter
and stronger. Epoxy has been used by surfboard shapers for decades, but
not until the untimely closing of Clark Foam did epoxy become a budding
industry standard. Some come plaints about epoxy use is that it "yellows
faster" and lacks some of the flex/energy of its polyurethane counterparts.

An epoxy coating is the use of epoxy compounds as coatings or paints.


It is generally two parts, which are mixed prior to application and consist
of an epoxy resin that is cross-linked with a co reactant or hardener

Epoxy coatings are formulated based on the end product's performance


requirements. When properly catalyzed and applied, epoxies produce a
hard, chemical and solvent resistant finish. It is the specific selection and
combination of the epoxy and hardener components that determine the
final char act ting eristic and suitability of the epoxy coating for a given
environment.
Figure (1-4): picture about epoxy resin.

1.4 Fillers

Fillers tend to be regarded merely as bulking agents, but their roles


cannot be neglected due to the fact that increasingly rigorous properties
are required of epoxy resin. It is therefore necessary to select and add
appropriate fillers. The effects of fillers include the following:

1) Improvements in mechanical strength


2) Reduction in thermal distortion and dimensional change
3) Improvements in electrical properties, particularly insulating and
dielectric properties
4) Cost reduction due to the increase in weight
5) Improvements in fire retardancy. [4]

1.5 FeCl3 filler


Iron (III) chloride, also called ferric chloride, is an industrial scale
commodity chemical compound, with the formula FeCl3 and with iron in
the +3 oxidation state. The colour of iron (III) chloride crystals depends
on the viewing angle: by reflected light the crystals appear dark green,
but by transmitted light they appear purple-red. Anhydrous iron (III)
chloride is deliquescent, forming hydrated hydrogen mists in moist air. It is
rarely observed in its natural form, mineral moly site, known mainly from
some fumaroles.

When dissolved in water, iron (III) chloride undergoes hydrolysis and


gives off heat in an exothermic reaction. The resulting brown, acidic,
and corrosive solution is used as a flocculants in sewage
treatment and drinking water production, and as an etchant for copper-
based metals in printed circuit boards. Anhydrous iron (III) chloride is a
fairly strong Lewis acid, and it is used as a catalyst inorganic synthesis
[5].
Table( 1-1): physical properties of filler (FeCl3 )

Property Value

Melting point 304 C (lit)

Boiling point 316

Density 2,804 g/cm3

Vapor density 5.61(vs air)

Vapor pressure 1 mm Hg (194 C )

Ep 316 C

Storage temp 2-8 C

Solubility H2O: Soluble

Water solubility 920 g/L (20 C )

Sensitive Hygroscopic

Stability Stable. Very sensitive to moisture. Incompatible


with strong oxidizing agents, forms explosive
mixture with sodium, potassium Hygroscopic
1.5.1 Uses:

1. Industrial and sanitary wastewater treatment

2. Inks, food, metals, and oily wastes

3. Blood removal

4. Chelate destruct

5. Sludge dewatering

6. Metals precipitation

7. TSS, FOG, BOD, and COD removal [6].

1.6. Electrical Properties of Polymers

Materials such as glass, ceramics, polymers and bio composites are non
Conducting materials. They prevent flow of current through them. When
these types of non-conducting materials are placed in an electric field,
they modify the electric field and they themselves undergo appreciable
changes as a result of which they act as stores of electrical charges. When
charge storage is the main function, the materials are called dielectrics.
For a material to be a good dielectric, it must be an insulator. As good
insulators, polymers possess excellent dielectric properties. Many authors
have reported theoretical and experimental work related to these
properties .The common electrical properties of interest are discussed
below:

1.6.1 Dielectric polarization


Polarization with the application of an electric field, due to the
displacement of charge particles inside the material forming dipoles, is
known as internal polarization. Some of the internal polarizations are
electronic, orientation (dipolar), space charge and barrier polarization.
Dielectric can also be charged by direct injection of charge carriers, when
high electric field (10^5 V/cm) is applied between the electrodes in
intimate contact with it. Charges get sprayed or deposited due to corona
discharge or dielectric breakdown in the thin air gap between the
electrode and the dielectric. If the injected charge in the surface is of
same sign as that of electrode in contact, it is called homo-charge; if it is
opposite in sign then it is called hetero-charge.
The total polarization is the resultant of both internal and external
polarization.
P = Pint + Pexit
Polymers as dielectrics are known to store charge permanently when
subjected field - temperature treatment; such quasi permanently charged
dielectrics are to known as Electrets.

1.6.2 Dielectric strength

It measures the highest current that can be applied to a plastic before it


allows current to pass. It is expressed as the voltage just before this
happens divided by the thickness of the sample (in volts/m). It is affected
by temperature, thickness, how the sample was conditioned, rate of
voltage increase, test duration and contamination etc.

1.6.3 Electrical conduction

The electrical conductivity of polymer, x, measures the presence of


free ions not connected chemically with the macromolecules. It also
depends on presence of low molecular weight impurities that can serve as
source of ions. The chemical constitution has only an indirect effect on
the mobility of the ions. In glassy state the conductivity of the polymer is
approximately 1013 to 1019 ohm 1.With increasing temperature, the
conductivity of polymer increases according to the exponential law as,

Where, A is a Coefficient mainly dependent on temperature, R is


Universal gas constant, and U is the Activation energy.

1.6.4 Dielectric constant (or permittivity)

Dielectric constant, , indicates how easily a polymer/plastic can be


polarized relative to vacuum. It is defined as the ratio of the capacity of
an electric capacitor filled with the substance to that of the same capacitor
in vacuum, at a definite external field frequency. This dimensionless
number which is important in high frequency applications varies with
temperature, moisture, frequency and thickness.[dielectric].
The relationship between capacitance, C and the dielectric constant () of
the ferrite sample calculated using the formula (Tataroget al. 2005,
Permittivity, d is the distance between the plates,
A is the area of a plate
Co is the capacitance of the empty cell
Co = o A / d.. (1)
The dielectric permittivity is given by o
The imaginary part of the complex permittivity can be expressed as:
" = 1/( Co Rp2 f) ...(2)

C = o A / D .. (3)

where o (permittivity of vacuum) is the dielectric constant of the free

space(8.85410-12F/m), C is the capacitance in farads, the area A is in


square meters and it represents the distance between electrodes and D

the thickness of the insulator is in meters. The ac. conductivity ac for an

ionic electrolyte material is calculated from the relation

a.c = o.... (4)

Where D is the angular frequency, equation (4) is often called '' The ac

universality law ''.


Chapter Two
Experimental work
2.1 Introduction:

This chapter contains material and tools which are used as well way to
work.

2.2 Tools and Materials

Epoxy resin Hardener

FeCl3
Sensitive Balance Watch glass

Aluminum pieces Oven (300 C)

Device Metra point (S3) Digital RCL bridge type


2.3: Procedure

1. We weighting (4 gram) from epoxy by sensitive balance and we


putting it in watch glass.

2. We adding (0.01 gram) from Fe2Cl3 as filler to epoxy and work


on mixing the component together.

3. We adding to the mixture (1 gram) from hardener and we continue


mixing until became homogeneous and it color slant to black.

4. We cutting tablets of aluminum to small pieces square shape with


dimensions are (2.5cm * 2.5cm) approximation.

5. We molding the mixture on the pieces of aluminum and should be


very slowly to avoid the formation of bubbles in the sample.

6. We leave the sample 1 day to dry.

7. After sample dry we put it in the device measure (R.L.C) and put
the device in electrical oven.

8. We take the reading by device multi meter each an interval

(30 minute) start from (30 C to 110 C) with an increase the

for temperature (10 C) at we take each reading.

9. The sample capacitance and loss tangent (tan ) of blends were

measured by Digital (R.L.C) with frequency range (0 to 2000) kHz


Chapter Three
Results and Discussion
3.1 Introduction
This chapter contians the results obtained from the
experimental in lab.
3.2 Effect of temperature on the capacity :
Figure (3-2). It can be seen that, capacity increases as the temperature
increases. This is due to the increase in segmental mobility of the dipoles
in the matrix (greater freedom of movement of dipole molecular chain of
polymer at high temperature), and change in the dielectric response of the
filler particles with temperature.[4]

10 0.01 wt of FeCl3

9 0.02 wt of FeCl3

7
Capacity F

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature ( oC)

Figure (3-2) Capacity as a function of temperature for content of FeCl3- epoxy


composite.
3.3 Effect of frequency on the capacity:
Figure (3-3) shows the dielectric capacity decreases with increasing
frequency for all of the filler contents. It is believed that a decrease in the
dipolar polarization of the matrix and the accumulation of charges at the
interface between filler particles and polymers result in a large scale field
distortion (Selah et al. 2010). After about 100 kHz, the changes become
smaller. [5]

2.5
0.01 wt of FeCl3

2 0.02 wt of FeCl3

1.5
Capacity F

0.5

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Frequency ( KHz)

Figure (3-3) Capacity as a function of frequency for content of FeCl3- epoxy


composite.
3.4 Effect of temperature on the permittivity :
Figure (3-4). It can be seen that, permittivity increases as the
temperature increases. This is due to the increase in segmental mobility of
the dipoles in the matrix (greater freedom of movement of dipole
molecular chain of polymer at high temperature), and change in the
dielectric response of the filler particles with temperature.[4]

7
0.01 wt of FeCl3
6
0.02 wt of FeCl3

5
Permittivity

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (oC)

Figure (3-4) Permittivity as a function of temperature for content FeCl3- epoxy


composite.
3.5 Effect of frequency on the permittivity:
Figure (3-5) shows the dielectric permittivity decreases with increasing
frequency for all of the filler contents. It is believed that a decrease in the
dipolar polarization of the matrix and the accumulation of charges at the
interface between filler particles and polymers result in a large scale field
distortion (Selah et al. 2010). After about 100 kHz, the changes become
smaller. [5]

2.5
0.01 wt of FeCl3

2 0.02 wt of FeCl3
Permittivity

1.5

0.5

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Frequency ( KHz)

Figure (3-5) Permittivity as a function of frequency for content of FeCl3- epoxy


composite.
3.6 Effect of temperature on the impedance:
Figure (3-6) shows the impedance Z (real component) temperature
dependence for epoxy/ Fecl3 blends. There is an obvious decrease in Z,
with the increasing of filler content due to the increased interfacial
polarization, with the rise in temperature. [8]

14
0.01 wt of FeCl3
12
0.02 wt of FeCl3
10
Impedance(K)

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Temperature (oC)

Figure (3-6) Impedance as a function of temperature for content of FeCl3- epoxy


composite.

3.7 Effect of frequency on the impedance:


Figure (3-7) shows the variation of impedance Z with frequency for
Fecl3 filled epoxy composites. It was noticed that the phase angle was
always negative, indicating that the blends were capacitive and could be
represented by parallel RC net- works (lumped circuit) connected in
series. Impedance values decrease with increasing frequency.

The observed decrease in impedance with Fecl 3 content is due to the


protonic migration transporting and impurities existing in the Fe 2cl3 filler.
This motion leads to higher electrical conduction in the filled blends. As
can be seen, there is an exponential decrease in the impedance with the
increase in frequency for all filler weight fractions, and the decrease is
greater for high filler contents composites. [8]

0.01 wt of FeCl3
2.5
0.02 wt of FeCl3

2
Impedance(K)

1.5

0.5

0
0 100 200 300 400 500

Frequency (KHz)

Figure (3-7) Impedance as a function of frequency for content of FeCl3- epoxy


composite.
3.8 Effect of temperature on the conductivity:
Figure (3-8). Show that the ac conductivity increases with the
increasing of filler content for the same temperature circumstances. The
observed increase in ac conductivity with temperature is due to the
mobility of the charge carriers which is responsible for hopping. As the
temperature increases the mobility of hopping ions also increases thereby
increasing the conductivity. The electrons which are involved in hopping
are responsible for electronic polarization in these composites [6].

3.5 0.01 wt o f FeCl3

0.02 wt o f FeCl3
3

2.5
S.a.c (S/M)*10-7

1.5

0.5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Temperature ( oC)

Figure (3-8) Ac conductivity as a function of temperature for content of FeCl3-


epoxy composite
3.9 Effect of frequency on the conductivity:

AC conductivity as a function of frequency for Fe 2Cl3 filled epoxy


composites and unfilled epoxy is presented in figure (3-9). It was obvious
that the ac conductivity increases for all cases in which filler were added.
This increase in ac conductivity may relate to the interfacial polarization
and electrical conduction [7].

16 0.01 wt o f FeCl3

14 0.02 wt o f FeCl3

12
S.a.c (S/M)*10_7

10

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Frequency ( KHz)

Figure (3-9) AC conductivity as a function of frequency for content of FeCl3


epoxy composite.
3.10 Effect of temperature on the loss tangent:
Figure (3-10) shows variation of loss tangent as a function of filler
content and temperature, at a constant frequency (1 kHz) applied field for
(Fecl3 /Epoxy composites. The increases in is loss tangent general as the
filler contents and temperature increase. The increase in loss tangent with
the increase of filler contents are related to the interfacial polarization.
The increase of wit loss tangent with temperature can be explained by
dividing the relaxation phenomenon into three parts: (i) conduction
At low .]23, 24[losses, (ii) dipole losses, and (iii) vibration losses
temperature condition, losses are minimum as they depend on the product
of a resistivity and frequency. As the temperature increases, the ac
resistivity increases and so the conduction losses increase. [9].

0.08 0.01 wt of FeCl3

0.07 0.02 wt of FeCl3

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Temperature (oC)

Figure (3-10) Loss tangent as a function of temperature for content of FeCl3-


epoxy composite.
3.11 Effect of frequency on the loss tangent:
Figure (3-11) shows the frequency dependence of loss tangent at a
constant temperature for (FeCl3 /Epoxy) composites. It was observed that
in Closs tangent increases as the frequency increases and reaches a
maximum and there after decreases for composites. As the temperature
increases the frequency at which loss tangent reaches a maximum shifted
towards higher frequencies. The increase in loss tangent is attributed to
interfacial relaxation process known as Maxwell-Wagner Sillars (MWS)
effect. In fact, epoxy resin networks present a lacunar structure with
micro spherical voids produced during mixing process when air liberation
is restricted due to the system viscosity [10].

0.12

0.1 0.01 wt of FeCl3

0.02 wt of FeCl3
0.08
Tan

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Frequency (KHz)

Figure (3-11) Loss tangent as a function of frequency for content of FeCl3- epoxy
composite.
3.12 Effect of temperature on the dielectric loss:
Figure (3-12) shows variation of dielectric loss ('') as a function of
filler content and temperature, at a constant frequency (1 kHz) applied
field for (Fecl3 /Epoxy composites. The dielectric loss increases in is
general as the filler contents and temperature increase. The increase in
('') with the increase of filler contents are related to the interfacial
polarization. The increase of ('') with temperature can be explained by
dividing the relaxation phenomenon into three parts: (i) conduction
At low .] 4,5[losses, (ii) dipole losses, and (iii) vibration losses
temperature condition, losses are minimum as they depend on the product
of a resistivity and frequency. As the temperature increases, the ac
resistivity increases and so the conduction losses increase. [9]

0.06
0.01 wt of FeCl3

0.05 0.02 wt of FeCl3

0.04
Dielectric loss

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (oC)

Figure (3-12) Dielectric loss as a function of temperature for content of FeCl3-


epoxy composite.
3.13 Effect of frequency on the dielectric loss:

Figure (3-13) shows the frequency dependence of dielectric loss ('') at


a constant temperature for (FeCl3 /Epoxy) composites. It was observed
that ('') increases as the frequency increases and reaches a maximum and
thereafter decreases for composites. As the temperature increases the
frequency at which ('') reaches a maximum shifted towards higher
frequencies. The increase in '' is attributed to interfacial relaxation
process known as Maxwell-Wagner Sillars (MWS) effect. In fact, epoxy
resin networks present a lacunar structure with micro spherical voids
produced during mixing process when air liberation is restricted due to
the system viscosity [10].

0.14
0.01 wt of FeCl3

0.12 0.02 wt of FeCl3

0.1
Dielectric loss

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Frequency ( KHz)

Figure (3-13) Dielectric Loss as a function of frequency for content of FeCl3-


epoxy composite.
Chapter four
Reference
References:

[1]-http://en.wikipedia.org

[2]-http://www.chemicalbook.com

[3]-http://www.beckart.com/

[4]- D. K. Pradhan, R.N.P. Choundhary, B.K. Samantaray, "Int. J. Electro. Sci,", 3,


597-608,(2008).

[5] -C.C. Cheng, C. M. Lin, S.F. Wang and S.T. Lin, "Matt. Lett.", 61, 757-760,
(2007).

[6]- J. P. Lei, Y. Li and K S. Zhao, "Chin. Chem. Lett.", 11, 8, 739-724, (2000).

[7]- S.Singha and M. J. Thomas, "IEEE Trans. Dielect. Elect. Ins.", 15, 1, (2008).

[8]- D. K. Pradhan, R.N.P. Choundhary, B.K. Samantaray, "Int. J. Electro. Sci,", 3,


597-608,(2008).

[9] -G. G. Raju, "Dielectric in Electric Field", Marcel Dekker, Inc,USA, (2003).

[10]- A. A. Hussain and W. A. Hussain " J.Basrah Res. (Sci.)",36, 13, (2010).

You might also like