CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

Module05
Lecture36:CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)
Keywords:CHP,SteamTurbine,Gasturbine,

Chemical processing sites require heat as well as power to heat process streams and drive
electrical machines /appliances /instruments such as electric motors, pumps, fans,
compressors,instrumentslighting,etc.Nearlyallprocessingsitesimportitfromgridandpayto
thesupplier.Inmostcases,powerisgeneratedfromheatenginesadevicewhichconvertsheat
intopower.Thehightemperatureheatrequiredforthispurposeisproducedbyburningcoal,
oil,naturalgas,biomassorotherfossilfuelsormaybesuppliedfromanuclearreaction.This
high temperature heat, in power stations, is used to evaporate water to make highpressure
steamwhichisthenpassedintoaturbinetoproduceshaftpower.Theexhauststeamemerges
at low pressure is often condensed (latent heat is thus lost) and recycled to the boilers for
reuse.Thethermalefficiencyoftheseheatengineisatthemost40%.Otherheatengineslike,
theinternalcombustionengineburnsnaturalgas,petrolordieseloilandproducespowerand
releases heat to atmosphere in terms of exhaust gas. Similarly, in gas turbine, fuel is mixed
with compressed air and burnt to produce hot gas at a high temperature and pressure. This
hotgasisthenpassedthroughaturbinetoproducespower.Thehotexhaust(450600C)at
lowpressureisventtoatmosphereorusedinrecuperatortopreheatair.Heattopowerratio
oftheseturbinesislittlelessthan1.5toabout5.Electricalefficiencyisintherangeof2040%
(50%fordesignswithcooledturbineblades).

Thelowefficiencyofheatenginesisduetothefactthatitrejectsalargeamountofheatto
atmosphereunutilized.Ifitcansomehowbeused,inprocessplantsthentheoverallefficiency
ofheatenginewillimprove.Further,chemicalprocessingsitesuseheataswellaspower.Thus,
itwillbeanexcellentideatouseheatenginesontheplantsitetoproducepowerandtouse
the available heat as hot utility for the process heating, thus improving the efficiency of the
system.ThisistheconceptofCombinedHeatandPower(CHP).Thus,CHP(alsoCogeneration)
istheuseofaheatengine orapowerstationtosimultaneouslygeneratebothelectricityand
usefulheatforprocess.CHPsystemsarehighlyefficient,makinguseoftheheatwhichwould
otherwise be wasted when generating electrical or mechanical power and typically has an
efficiency of over 80%. Such a system, however, must be tailored to ensure that the heat
producedisatausefullevelmeaningthatheatshouldbeatthetemperaturesthatisrequired
intheplant.

ThecogenerationpossibilityofaGasTurbineaswellassteamturbineisshowninFig.36.1

 CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

FUEL

Combustion
Chamber


Compre Gas

ssor Turbine

Shaftcoupling Power

HOTFLUEGAS
AmbientAIR ProcessHeat
HeatExchanger
ProcessHeat
Combustionair
Wasteheatboiler preheater

Processsteam (b)
(a)

Fig.36.1Cogeneration(a)usinggasturbine(b)UsingStreamturbine


Othersystemswhichlinkheatandpowerisaheatpumps.Theseworkinareversedorderin
comparisontoheatengine.Itusespowerasinputtoupgradeheatfromalowtemperaturetoa
highertemperature.Acommonexampleofheatpumpisavapourrecompressionsystemsand
refrigerator.


BasicsofHeatEngine
ThethermodynamicconceptoftheheatengineisshowninFig.36.2Itoperatesbetweentwo
levelsoftemperature,highertemperature(T1)thesourceandthelowertemperature(T2)the
sink.IttakesheatQ1fromthesource(T1),rejectsheatQ2tothesink(T2)anddoingsoproduces
workW.
(Source)
Temperature,T1

Heat,Q1


Heat

Engine

Work,W


T1>T2 Heat,Q 2

Temperature,T2
(sink)


Fig.36.2ThermodynamicconceptbehindHeatEngine


CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

BytheFirstLawofThermodynamics:
W=Q1Q2 (36.1)

TheSecondLawofThermodynamics(CarnotEquation)postulatesthatalltheheatcannotbe
convertedintowork,andthereisadefiniteupperlimitcontrolledbythetemperaturelimit
underwhichtheheatengineoperates:

(36.2)

mechinEq.36.2isthemechanicalefficiencyforthermodynamicallyreversibleengines.Allreal
enginesreportanefficiencybelowthisidealefficiency.Thefactor(T1T2)/T1iscalledtheCarnot
efficiencyc,whichrepresentsthemaximumpossibleconversionofheattoworkandwhereT1
and T2 are in absolute temperatures. Carnot efficiency ( c ) is the maximum theoretical
efficiencyafrictionfreeheatenginecouldhave.Itisalwayslessthan100%andforrealheat
enginesmaybelessthan80%.Addfrictionandotherlossesandtheactualefficiencyistypically
lessthan50%.

FromCarnotequationitisobviousthatforagivenheatsourcetemperatureT1,iftheheatsink
temperatureT2isincreased,thedeliveredpowerfalls.Since,inaCHPsystem,T2 isthelevelat
whichthathotutility(Steam/Gasturbineexhaust)istobesupplied,thecorrectchoiceofT2is
vital.

Heat engines used in Industry

AnindustrialCHPusesaheatenginewhichburnsfuel(coal,oil,gas,biomass),generatesshaft
work(usingturbine)andproducesexhaustheatwhichcanbeusedintheprocesstomeetits
hotutilityrequirements.

Ingeneralthreetypesofmachinesareused:

(a) Steamturbines(Rankinecycle):Highpressuresteamisgeneratedinahighpressureboilerusinga
variety of fuels. This steam is passed through steam turbines to generate shaft work and
consequentlypowerwiththehelpofagenerator.Theexhauststeamfromtheturbineisusedfor
processheating.Figs.36.3&36.5showsuchanarrangement.

(b) Gas turbines: Fuel along with compressed air is burnt in a combustion chamber. The
resultinghotandhighpressuregases(10001500C)issenttoaturbinetogenerateshaft
workandsubsequentlypower.Insuchasystem,abouttwothirdofshaftworkproducedis
employedincompressingtheambientair.Theexhaustgasesataround450550Cisused
as hot utility to provide process heating or can be used for generating steam in a waste
heatboiler.Fig.36.1(a)showssuchanarrangement.

(c) Reciprocating engines: Fuel along with ambient air is burnt in an internal combustion
engine which generates shaft work and subsequently power. The hot exhaust gases, at

CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

around 300400C can be used as hot utility for process heating. Fig.36.4 shows such a
machine.

HPSteam HPSteam
Power

Power Condensate
Cooling (0.070.12bars)
LPSteam Water

(a) Backpressuresteamturbine (b) Condensingsteamturbine

HPSteam HPSteam
Power

Power
MPSteam MPSteam

LPSteam LPSteam

(c) Extractionsteamturbine (d) Inductionsteamturbine

Fig.36.3Differentconfigurationsofsteam

Exhaustgas Process
Air
Fuel
Heat InternalCombustion
Exchange

Air Engine

ShaftPower/
ElectricPower
Recirculatingcoolant

Fig.36.4Reciprocatingengine

The classic steam Rankine cycle is shown in Fig.35.5. This has been used in large numbers of
electricitygeneratingstations,whethercoalfired,oilfired,nuclearorotherfuelfired,andhas
beenrefinedtogivetheoptimallevelofpowerbyincreasingitscomplexity.

 CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36
T

P1 SuperHeatedSteam 5 P1
Superheater
ST 4 5

Boiler
ShaftPower Vaporizer 4
3
3
7
Preheater 8
MP 7 10 9 P2
Process1 8

2
LP 9 10
Process2
6 1 6
VLP P2 2
Condensate/feedwater
1 S
(b)
(a)
Fig.36.5Flowsheetof(a)steamRankineCyclewithMPandLPsteam(b)TemperatureEntropydiagramfor

Steam is produced at high pressure in a superheated state by the boiler, and then expanded
through a cascade of backpressure power turbine stages. From the turbine, Medium
Pressure(MP)andLowPressure(LP)steamistakenoutasnecessarytomeetsiteneeds.Fora
condensing steam turbine( Fig.36.3(b)), most of the steam is expanded to subatmospheric
pressure ( VLP), and then condensed using cooling water; these condensing turbines are
optionalforasiteCHPsystem.

In a CHP system there are cold streams such as boiler feed water and combustion air which
needtobeheatedupusingthesteamitselfratherthanusingprocesshotstreamssothatthese
become selfcontained. The fresh makeup water along with condensate is deareated using
lowestpressurebackpressuresteam,thenheatedbycondensateandboilerblowdownstream
followed by LP and MP steam and finally by hot flue gas. The schematic of a stream turbine
basedCHPisshowninFig.36.5(a)anditstemperatureentropyinFig.36.5(b).Insuchasystem
asthefluegastemperaturecantbebroughtdownbelow200theboilerfeedwatershouldbe
raised to temperature of about 200C using MP steam before entering to the economizer
sectionofboiler.After,givingheattoboilerfeedwater,enoughheatisretainedinthefluegas
which is used for air preheating. Finally the flue gas leaves at about 140C which provides a
boilerefficiencyofabout90%ormore.

CHP systems are highly efficient, making use of the heat which would otherwise be wasted
when generating electrical or mechanical power and typically has an efficiency of over 80%.
TheSankeydiagram,Fig.36.6doesntfeatureabsolutefigures,butflowsarescaledinrelationto
the baseline of 100 units energy generation in a power plant visvis a CHP unit. In a
cogenerationunit160unitsofheatenergywouldbeproducedfor100unitsofpowerandheat
lossesare65unitsintheCHP.Toproducetheequivalentenergy(100units)inaconventional
powerunitwouldcauselosses165units.Intheboilerprovidingheatof160unitsabout40units
are lost giving an efficiency of 25 % . Overall losses in conventional generating station are
205(165+40)unitscomparedto65unitsinaCHP.

CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

CHP Conventional
Losses Methods
Losses
40
65
160 Heat
160
Demand

Boiler

100 Power 100

Demand

165 Power
Station
Losses

Fig.36.6SankeyDiagramofaCHPsystemusingsteampowergeneration

Steam turbine CHP is usually the technology of choice when a cheap, nonpremium fuel (e.g.
wastematerial)isavailablethatcanonlybeusedoncetheenergyitcontainshasbeenreleased
andturnedintosteam.Itisalsoparticularlysuitedtositeswheretheheatrequirementishigh
inrelationtothepowerdemand.Thenumberofsuchsitesisdecliningastheuseofelectricity
increases.However,steamturbinescanbeusedinconjunctionwithagasturbinetoincrease
thetotaloutputofelectricity.Inthesecombinedcycleapplications,highgradeexhaustheat
from the gas turbine is fed to a heat recovery boiler, and the steam produced is passed to a
steam turbine to generate additional electricity. The lower pressure steam from the steam
turbineisthenavailableforsiteuse.

At moderate temperatures, steam turbine produce large amount of heat for process
consumption. It is a known fact that , very less amount of power is generated when high
pressure steam is expanded in a turbine up to 15 bar(corresponding saturation temperature
200 ). Thus, steam generators are not good choice for CHP when heat is demanded on or
above200C.However,inmostofthesiteswhereloadsaremorethan10MW,andtheload
demandsarefairlyconstantfrom100200C,thesteamturbinesaregoodchoice.

Regardlessallthisefforts,theefficiencyofstandalonesteampowergenerationrarelyexceeds
40%, as the majority of the heat ( about 60%) is being thrown away in cooling towers for
coolingthehotcoolingwaterwhichcondensesthesteam.Theoverallpowergenerationofa
steamturbineCHPsystemislower,aslesspowerisgeneratedfromMPandLPturbinesthan
condensing turbine, but this is compensated by the prospect to make better use of the
availableheatintheMPandLPsteamandreclaimingsomeamountofthelostheatequivalent
to60%.

Sizingagasturbinesystem

CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

Agasturbine(GT)hasafairlynarrowrangeofheattopowerratio(0.670.2)aswellasturn
downasaresultmatchingwithvariableheatandpowerneedsofsitebecomesdifficult.
Further,itrunsbestataboutfullloadconditions.Gasturbinescanbesizedeithertomeetthe
heatrequirementorthepowerrequirement.Ineffecttherearefouroptions:
1. MatchtheheatoutputofCHPsystemtoprocesswithoutconsideringpoweroutput.If
power output is less import the deficit power. If more export the power. For the last
caseeconomicsisdependentoncostofexport.
2. MatchpoweroutputofCHPtothesite.IfCHPheatoutputislessthansite,makeup
thedeficitheateitherwithaadditionalboilerorbysupplementaryfiringoftheexhaust
ofgasturbinetoincreaseheatoutput.
3. PoweroutputofCHPsystemmatchestothesite.However,CHPheatoutputisgreater
than the site requirement. This is an undesirable situation, as excess heat is to be
thrown.Iftheturbinedoesnothavearecuperator,addarecuperatorforairpreheating
tobringdowntheexcessheatavailable.

Thechoicebetweenthesealternativeswilldependonthesystemeconomics.Forsizingof
agasturbinepowergenerationefficiencycanbetakenas30%andtheexhaustgas
temperatureof500C.Thetemperatureentropydiagramforagasturbineisshownin
Fig.36.7
T
4 3 P1
Process

1 Heat OUT P2
P2
2 4
Comp. GT

Heat IN P1 1

2 Combustion 3
S
Chamber
(b)
(a)
Fig.36.7GasTurbine(a)Schematic(b)TemperatureEntropydiagram

Thetemperatureentropydiagramforagasturbinealongwithschematicisshownin
Fig.36.7.

Combined cycle systems are usually applied to gas turbine sets, as these producethe highest
grade heat. This heat allows steam to be generated at a pressure that is high enough to
optimize steam turbine power while still providing the site with lowpressure steam or its
equivalentintheformofhotwater.Combinedcyclesofthistypeconvert40%ormoreofthe
original fuel energy into electricity and, if supplementary firing is also employed, provide the
mostflexibleCHPsystemscurrentlyavailable.Theapplicationofcombinedcycletechnologyis
particularly suited to sites that require both low and highpressure steam, as the latter will

CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

dictatetheselectionofahighpressureboilerplantregardlessoftheCHPplant.Theillustration
shows a typical combined cycle plant in schematic and Sankey diagram form as shown in
Fig.36.8.

Fig.36.8AtypicalcombindCycleplantwithSankeydiagram
Exhaust gas release from Gas Turbine(GT) can be used as a hot utility for sensible high
temperatureheatingfrom550Corbelowinplaceslikehightemperaturereactorsandhotair
driers.ItisafactthatforsimilarprocessheatdutyGTproducemuchmorepowerthansteam
turbine.Gasturbinesarebrokenintothreemaincategories:heavyframe,aeroderivative,and
microturbineandareavailableintherageof27kWto250MW.

GTcanbeparticularlyefficientupto60%whenwasteheatfromthegasturbineisrecovered
byaheatrecoverysteamgeneratortopowerandaconventionalsteamturbineinacombined
cycleconfiguration.Alargesinglecyclegasturbinetypicallyproduces100to400megawattsof
powerandhas3540%thermalefficiency.

GasandDieselEnginesproducelargequantityofpowerbutrelativelylessheattobeusedin
processthoughitsexhaustcanreach400C.Further,fordieselengines,ithasbeenreported
thatacidgascorrosioncantakeplacebelow200Climitingitsuse.However,reciprocating
CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

enginescanbeusedtoprovideheattoprocesseslikespaceheatingforloadsin7090Crange
wheretheheatfromwaterjacketcanbeused.

HowtoselectaParticularEngineforCHP

1. Ifthesitepowerrequirementisbelow1MWgoforreciprocatingengineandifabove5
MWthengoforgasandsteamturbines
2. Checkforheattopowerratiois>5andheatingrangeis100200Cthenselectsteam
turbine,ifitis1.5to5andthetemperaturerangeisbetween100500CselectGas
turbineandifitisbetween0.8to2andtemperaturerangeis100300CgoforGas
andDieselEngines.
3. OneofthemostimportantpointismatchingofheatreleaseprofileoftheCHPsystem
withprocessGCCabovethepinch.TakethatenginewhichgivesbestmatchwithGCCof
theprocess.ThisfactisexplainedinFig.36.9
Particularlyiftheheatingloadisabove200Cselectgasturbine.Ifpinchtemperatureis
above70Cdonotgoforreciprocatingengines.

Figure 36.9 shows all the above three system matched with the process heat requirement
through GCC. Once, dominant CHP system, steam turbine are now not used for CHP due to
theirlowpowerproductioncapabilityandadvancesthattakenplaceinGasTurbinesystem.A
large number of process plant have a pinch temperature little more than 100C and Gas
Turbinesarethepreferredchoicefortheseplants.Further,ifsteamisusedasaprocessheating
mediumintheindustry,thenitcanbegeneratedfromtheexhaustgasesofGasTurbineusinga
waste heat boiler thus cutting down the need for a steam turbine exhaust. For a gas turbine
system if process requirements are higher than normal heat to power ratio then using
supplementary firing ( a temperature up to 850C can be obtained) the requirement can be
satisfied.Ifthepinchoftheprocessisnearambienttemperatureandheatloadsaretypically
lessthan1MW,thereciprocatingenginesarepreferredonesforCHP.ContrarytoCHPconcept
itisnotalwaysnecessarythatoneshouldgenerateelectricityfromtheshaftworkproducedby
a machine. This can be used to drive compressor, pumps or other equipment which requires
shaftwork.Inthiswayefficiencywillbeslightlyhigherthanifoneproduceselectricityandthen
usingitdrivescompressorandpumps,etc.However,electricalenergyprovidedmoreflexibility
inusethanshaftworkormechanicalcoupling.

EconomicsofCHP

TheeconomicevaluationCHPsystemsisnoteasy.TheCHPeconomicsdependsignificantlyon
thecostofheat,thecostofpower,andtheratiobetweenthemwhichisafunctionoftimeand
changesubstantially.Thuslongtermpredictions,basedoneconomics,foraCHPsystemis
difficultasfuelandthuspowercostshavefluctuateddrastically.

CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

ShiftedTemperature,C

HPSteam

LPSteam MPSteam

Pinchat120C

(a) ShiftedTemperature,C H,MW

GasTurbine

Exhaust

Stack
Loss Pinchat120C

AmbientTemperature

H,MW
(b)
ShiftedTemperature,C

DieselExhaust

JacketCooling

Pinchnearambient

H,MW
(c)

Fig.36.9WellmatchedheatreleaseprofilesofdifferentengineswithsuitableprocessGCCs

CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

IllustrativeExample

ThestreamdataforaheatrecoveryproblemaregiveninTable36.1below:

Table36.1Streamtabledataforexample1

Stream Ts TT HeatCapacityFlowrate

No. Type (0C) (0C) (MW.K1)

1 Hot 425 45 0.25

2 Hot 40 30 1.4

3 Cold 20 375 0.20

4 Cold 20 380 0.05

5 Cold 119 120 21

Compute the heatcascade &hot utility requirement of the above process for a Tmin = 20 0C.
The process also has a requirement of 6 MW of power. Two alternative options for
cogenerationareavailable:

a) Asteamturbinewithitsexhaustsaturatedat1500Cisoneoftheoptionstobeconsideredfor
process heating. Superheated steam is generated in the central boiler house at 40 bar and
2900C. The superheated steam can be expanded in a singlestage turbine with an isentropic
efficiencyof90%.Calculatethemaximumpowergenerationpossiblebymatchingtheexhaust
streamagainsttheprocess.
b) Asecondpossibleoptionmaybeagasturbinewithanairflowrateof93Kg.s1,whichhasan
exhaust temperature of 390 0C. Calculate the power generation if the gas turbine has an
efficiencyof28%.Ambienttemperature=120C.
c) Thecostofheatfromfuelforthegasturbineis$4.4GW1.Thecostofimportedelectricityis
$18.8GW1. Electricitycanbeexported with a value of $13.4 GW1.Thecost of fuel for steam
generation is $ 3.1 GW1. The overall efficiency of steam generation and distribution is 85 %.
Whichoptionismoreeconomical?

Solution:

ThegriddiagramfortheaboveproblemisshowninFig.36.10.Thecorrespondingheatcascade
isshownintable36.2.Fromtheheatcascade,itisevidentthattheaboveprocesshasahot
utilityrequirementof15MW.

CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

0
C]

Fig.36.10GriddiagramofprobleminTable36.1

Table36.2HeatflowcascadeforproblemgiveninTable 36.1

T*(0C) Cascadeheatflow(MW)

415 15

390 21.25

385 22.25

130 22.25

129 1.25

35 1.25

30 0

20 14

ThegrandcompositecurvefortheproblemisshowninFig.36.11
CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

0
( C)

Fig.36.11Grandcompositecurve ofprobleminTable36.1

a) ThisoptionisshowninFig.36.12.Thesteamcondensingintervaltemperatureis1400C.

0
( C)

HPSteam
Steam Turbine

Fig.36.12Grandcompositecurve ofprobleminTable36.1

Now,Heatflowrequiredformtheturbineexhaust=15MW

Also,fromsteamtables,inletconditionsatT1=2900Cand40barsare:

CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

H1=2933kJ/kg
S1=6.32kJ/kg/K

Therefore,turbineoutletconditionconsideringisentropicexpansionto1500Cusingsteamtable
is:
P2=4.761bars
S2=6.32kJ/kg/K

Thewetnessfraction(X)cannowbecalculatedusingequation:

S2=X*SL+(1X)*Sv
Where,
SLandSvaresaturatedliquidandvaporentropiestakenfromsteamtable
Thus,

6.32=1.842*X+6.838*(1X)
Or,
X=0.103683
Now,

Theturbineoutletenthalpyforanisentropicexpansioncannowbecalculatedfrom:
H2=X*HL+(1X)*HV
Where,
HL and HV are the saturated liquid and vapor enthalpies. Taking saturated liquid and vapor
enthalpiesfromsteamtablesat150Cand4.761bars:

H2=0.103683*632.16+0.896317*2745.9
=2526.74kJ/kg

Now,ifweconsiderasinglestageexpansionwithisentropicefficiencyof90%,then

H2=H1IS(H1H2)

=29330.9*(29332526.74)
=2933365.634=2567.26kJ/kg


Theactualwetnessfractioncannowbecalculatedas:


H2=X*HL+(1X)*HV

2567.26=X*632.16+(1X)*2745.9

X=(178.64/2113.74)=0.0845

CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

Now,ifweassumethatthesaturatedsteamandcondensateareseparatedaftertheturbineand
theonlythesaturatedsteamisusedforprocessingheating.

Steamflowtoprocess=15000/(2745.9632.16)=15000/2113.74=7.096kg/s

Therefore,thestreamflowthroughtheturbine=7.096/(10.0845)=7.75kg/s

Powergenerated=7.75*(H1H2)=7.75*(29332567.26)=2.835MW

b) ThisoptionisshowninFig.36.13

0
( C)

GasTurbine
Exhaust

Fig.36.13HeatreleasecurvewithprocessGCCforoptionb

ofprobleminTable36.1


The exhaust from the gas turbine is can be considered to be primarily air with a small amount of
combustiongases.Hence,wecanassumetheCPoftheexhausttobethatoftheairflow.
Now,CPforair=1.03kJ/kg/K.

Therefore,CPforexhaust=93*1.03=95.79kW/K

Also,weknowthat,

QEX=CPEX*(TEXT0)=95.79*(39012)=36.208MW

Now,

QFUEL=QEX/(1GT)=26.63/(10.28)=36.208/0.72=50.3MW
CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

Thus,

W=QFUELQEX=50.336.208=14.08MW

c) Now,wewillconsidertheeconomicsofthetwooptions:

Steamturbineeconomics:

Heat from steam turbine exhaust Power generated cost of fuel for steam turbine per GW
Cost of Fuel
&

Where
& =Steamgenerationanddistributionefficiency

Hence,
Costoffuel=(((15+2.835)*103)*3.1)/0.85=$0.065/s

Also,
Costofimportedelectricity=((62.835)*103)*18.8=$0.0595/s

Hence,
Netcost=$0.1245/s

Gasturbineeconomics:

Costoffuel=(50.3*103)*4.4=$0.2213/s

Electricitycredit=(((14.086)*103)*13.4)=$0.1082/s

Hence,
NetCost=$0.1131/s

Hence, gas turbine is most economical in terms of energy costs. However, capital cost of the
twomustalsobeconsideredbeforecomingtoanyfinalconclusion.

References
1. http://www.sankeydiagrams.com/combinedheatpowerchpsankey/
2. http://chp.decc.gov.uk/cms/combinedcycle
3. http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ch5/turbines.html
4. JoeL.DavisJr&NicolaKnight,Integratingprocessunitenergymetricsintoplantenergy
managementsystems,KBCAdvancedTechnologies,Inc,Houston,Texas