https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/236982507_The_Awareness_About_the_Benefits_
and_Practice_of_Breastfeeding_Among_Mothers_in_Pioneer_Technology_Malaysia_Sdn_
Bhd_Ledang_Johor_Malaysia

The Awareness About the Benefits and Practice of Breastfeeding Among Mothers in
Pioneer Technology Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Ledang, Johor, Malaysia.

Breastfeeding for all infants is strongly supported by both governmental and medical
professional organization because of its acknowledged benefits with respect to nutrition,
gastrointestinal function, host defense and psychological well -being. In addition to these
direct short-term benefits, breastfeeding is associated with long-term benefits to the infant and
benefits to the mother.
Unfortunately, not every woman or mother aware about the benefits of breastfeeding
to their infants as well as to the mothers. Breastfeeding is the optimal method of infant
nutrition. Short-term and long-term health benefits of breastfeeding for both mother and infant
have been well established. Improvement in the infants immune system and protection
against infections of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems are some of the positive
impacts of breastfeeding among others. Breastfeeding has also been found to be associated
with various positive on maternal health, including decreased
postpartum bleeding, facilitated postpartum weight loss, and decreased risk of postpartum
depression and osteoporosis, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer in later life.
Breastfeeding yields health care saving by reducing illness events ( Ahluwalia et al, 2000 :
85 ).Breastfeeding was linked to improved cognitive development in children, research even
suggested that the emotional development and attachment demonstrate improved psychosocial
stability as an adult ( Lawrence & Lawrence, 2005 ).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139994/
Knowledge about breastfeeding
Several studies over the world have shown that breastfeeding is the universal practice. It seems
that mothers don't even consider alternative to this.[15,16,17] In the present study also, all the
mothers knew that breastfeeding is the best nutritional source for baby. In a study conducted on
Egyptian mothers in Assiut City, about 79% of the participants knew that breast milk promoted
bonding between mothers and child and protects child from diseases (Safaa et al., 2012) in
comparison to 76.8% and 97.7% of mothers in the present study knew that respectively.[18] It
was found that nearly 80% of the mothers were aware that the time of initiation of breastfeeding
should be within12 hour after labor and 87.6% of the participants knew that colostrum feeding is
very nutrient for baby, but these figures were much higher than those reported by Chaudhary et
al. (2011) who found that only 10% and 25% of mothers knew they had to start breastfeeding
within12 - 1 hour after birth and knew the benefits of colostrum, and this difference could be
explained by valuable effort of health professionals who provide advice and support to mothers
during antenatal care visits.[19]
https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/16/2/143/505783/Breastfeeding-beliefs-and-practices-
among-migrant

Mothers squeeze their breast to get rid of this first milk until white milk is produced and then
they place a clean white piece of cloth on their breast. Mothers made correlations between
meconium and colostrum, indicating they were similar in their unwanted characteristics because
both of them lasted around the same time.

Some other mothers believed that milk produced while the mother was still pregnant, because it
stayed in the breast for a long time, was stale and dirty. Besides these beliefs, mothers also cited
religious leaders' opinions which reportedly indicated that for the first 3 days the yellowish milk
coming from the mother's breast should not be given to newborns.

On the other hand, most of the mothers had a positive attitude towards breastfeeding if the milk
was white and mature. They called mature milk clean milk or legitimate milk. Almost all
mothers considered human milk to be the best nutrient for the growth, development, and health
of a child. One woman said, Breast milk prevents diseases . Breastfed babies grow rapidly
and they are healthier. Breast milk contains vitamins and good substances. Mothers were
found to breastfeed for a long time, and the median duration of breastfeeding was found to be 18
months. According to mothers, if the growth, development, and health of the child went well,
initiation of solid foods could be delayed until the complete cessation of breastfeeding.

http://journals.rcni.com/doi/full/10.7748/ncyp.
26.10.5.s1
https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/growth-
curve/why-breast-feeding-really-can-be-
easier-second-time-around
Why breast-feeding really can be easier the
second time around
a new study in mice hints at another reason why breast-feeding the second baby could be easier:
Our bodies seem to remember how to make milk. After a first pregnancy, milk-producing
mammary glands remain in a state of preparedness, ready to quickly spring into action and feed
subsequent babies, Camila dos Santos of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York and
colleagues write May 19 in Cell Reports.

In response to hormones circulating during pregnancy, DNA in mammary gland cells loses
certain marks called methyl groups, the team found. Before pregnancy, these methyl groups seem
to act like brakes that prevent certain milk-making proteins from being made. But once those
brakes are gone, the milk machinery is free to kick into gear as mammary tissue undergoes a
massive expansion (not surprising to any new mother), new ducts are formed and milk gets
made.

Particular methyl groups removed by proteins during the first pregnancy stay off for subsequent
pregnancies too, the researchers found. In this way, the mammary gland remembers the first
pregnancy and starts preparing to make milk more quickly the second time around.

The researchers also found that in response to pregnancy hormones, the mammary glands of
mice that had been pregnant before also grew more treelike branches of milk-moving ducts than
mice who had not been pregnant before. Those results may help explain why some women make
more milk for their second kid, an observation thats backed up by a 2001 Lancet study of 22
mothers. One week after birth, these mothers produced about 30 percent more milk the second
time around than the first. And second babies spent less time nursing, too.

That second babys speed was definitely true for us. In her early days, my second babe spent no
more than five minutes nursing at a time. She was so fast that I was worried she wasnt getting
enough, but her chubby little body helped convinced me otherwise.

Its a fantastically efficient system: By the time a second baby arrives, a mother no longer has the
luxury (ok, probably not the right word) of never-ending nursing sessions. Shes got other little
ones to chase. And so her body helps out the best way it can, by making plentiful and speedy
meals for the new arrival.

https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=L9BsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&dq=why+educational+attainment+is+
considered+factors+in+breastfeeding&source=bl&ots=u56xzrfSpg&sig=bPUscClFM
65nKYIumXj4D9TE82E&hl=en&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwiLx4vugfvRAhXFU7wKH
XwfBSYQ6AEIMDAD#v=onepage&q=why%20educational%20attainment%20is
%20considered%20factors%20in%20breastfeeding&f=false
http://thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(15)70002-1/fulltext
Association between breastfeeding and intelligence, educational attainment, and
income at 30 years of age: a prospective birth cohort study from Brazil

Evidence from observational studies from high-income countries has been criticised because of
the social patterning of breastfeeding. In particular, longer durations for mothers with high
socioeconomic position than for those with low position might positively confound, and thus
overestimate, the benefit of breastfeeding. Comparison of observational studies with different
confounding structures has been used to improve causal inference. Brion and colleagues8
reported that breastfeeding was positively associated with performance in intelligence tests in the
1993 Pelotas (Brazil) and ALSPAC (UK) birth cohorts. Because breastfeeding was positively
associated with family income in ALSPAC but not in Pelotas, the positive association in Brazil
was probably not caused by residual confounding.

Whether or not apparently small IQ gains affect real life achievementeg, educational
attainmentis debatable. In the 1946 British Births cohort,6 the probability of participants
obtaining advanced educational qualifications was 158 (95% CI 115218) times higher in
participants who had been breastfed for more than 7 months than in those who had never been
breastfed. In New Zealand, breastfeeding duration was positively associated with performance in
secondary school tests in students aged 18 years.9 However, the results of a pooled analysis10 of
four cohort studies from low-income and middle-income countries (including data from the 23-
year-follow-up visit to the 1982 Pelotas cohort) did not show consistent associations between
breastfeeding duration and number of school years completed, although associations were
present in two of the sites.

Because of the association between intelligence and educational attainment, the notion that
breastfeeding can also increase individual income, and thus contribute to economic productivity,
has been postulated.11, 12 However, our systematic review of the literature did not reveal any
studies with results showing that breastfeeding was associated with income in adults.

We aimed to assess the associations between infant feeding and IQ, educational attainment, and
income in participants aged 30 years in a large population-based birth cohort, in a setting where
no strong social patterning of breastfeeding exists.

http://www.llli.org/nb/nbjulaug02p124.html

Mothers' intention, age, education and the duration and management of

breastfeeding.
An older mother with a low milk supply may wonder if her age is the cause, particularly if she
did not encounter this problem when nursing babies to whom she gave birth when she was
younger. According to Lisa Marasco, IBCLC, a La Leche League Leader and Assistant Area
Professional Liaison who has done research on insufficient milk supply, "It is not known for sure
that advancing age can impact milk supply, though some lactation professionals believe that they
see this happening."

Many factors can affect milk supply, including conditions such as hypertension, anemia, and
severe postpartum bleeding. Nonetheless, with hard work, good guidance and support, and lots
of patience, an older mother will, in most cases, be able to build up her milk supply. Ann Conlon-
Smith, a mother in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA who lost a lot of blood after her cesarean
delivery of twins at the age of 47, found herself with a low milk supply that lagged for three
months. "It was an awful time and I was terrified-I didn't know if I was 'too old to breastfeed' or
just what had happened. I used lots of milk bank milk, pumped continuously, and put the babies
to breast all day and all night." Determined for her twins to receive no less than their singleton
siblings did, Ann persevered and her milk supply did improve.

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0103-
21002011000100008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

Studies have indicated an underestimated ability of the adolescent to care for the child. It
should be considered that, regardless of age, becoming a mother requires new adaptations,
interpersonal and intrapsychic readjustments. Adaptation to the maternal condition involves
developing the capacity to provide care to the fragile and dependent child which, for the
adolescent, can become a more complex process when they do not obtain the appropriate
support in their relational environment. Among the capabilities to care for the child, is
feeding, which includes breastfeeding. It is known that breastfeeding is an important
component of adequate infant feeding and that the feeding, from birth and in the early
years of the life of the child, has repercussions throughout the life of the individual(1).

The process of establishment of breastfeeding includes the learning of the practice by the
women(2). Facing this, the author emphasizes the important role of the health professional in
the prevention and management of common difficulties during breastfeeding, among them,
breast engorgement, nipple trauma, breast infections and low milk production. Poor
breastfeeding technique, infrequent feeds and feeds at predetermined times, the use of
pacifiers and of food complements constitute important factors that may predispose to the
appearance of complications of lactation that often lead to weaning. In this sense, the
knowledge of the mother regarding the nutritional aspect is one of many factors that
interfere in the decisions of breastfeeding, weaning and infant feeding(3). Regardless of
being an adolescent or not, mothers need information and support to develop skills to
breastfeed.

http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mothers-guilt-women-feel-shame-stigma-about-
breastfeeding-well-formula-feeding-1592072
Women feel shame and stigma whether they breastfeed or bottle feed
Women feel bad about how they feed their child whether they breastfeed, use formula or a
combination of the two, a pair of studies on mothers' emotional experience of feeding their
babies has found.

Breastfeeding mothers felt guilt, stigma and the need to defend their method of feeding.
Formula-feeding mothers reported exactly the same negative feelings, but in greater numbers.

One of the studies, published in Maternal and Child Nutrition, looked at the emotional
experiences of 845 mothers who only breastfed or who combined breastfeeding with formula.
The second study, published in the same journal, surveyed 890 mothers who used formula for
part or all of their child's feeding.

http://mashable.com/2015/08/06/breastfeeding-viral-
photos/#qJTdA2zgxuqG -------7 times women powerfully
challenged breastfeeding stigma