PHILOLOGY O--& ‘THE FORGOTTEN ORIGINS OF THE MODERN HUMANITIES James TurnerCong 20 by Pinon ey Ps bled by Pson Uivey Pm Wai Ste astm, Now ese O10 Inthe ed Kino into Unter ro 6 Os Stet ‘Wonlue Ouse O20 1TW resprnedonade cove dig by aot a. Kara ave dps: Mie tra fo Bed A Taber "eBags of th Grok and Ran Wert A Rh Ree th lath ping and fit ppc ing 205 ‘he ber of Comps aloe te th on flow “aoe an 46a Pig the gen gil he rer bass es Tre som onde big cera ide sane 0a i568 arnersae page) Plo ky. 2: Hira gutcn 3. mie THe it bry Cage Poblation Data iasble ‘rbok hn compe in Min Pro Pint one pe FOR MY DOKTORKINDER WITH THANKS FOR ALL THEY TAUGHT MEcontents Proleue Conventions Acker PART I FROM THE FIRST PHILOLOGISTS TO 1800 1. “Closred Bookworms, Qurring Bade inthe Muses Bid Cag From Gres Antiguo ie 00 2, "AComplete Mastery of Amiga”: Renaissance, Reformation, and Beyond 3. ‘A Voracious and Undistingushing Appetite Bish PPaology tothe Mi-Eighteeth Century 4, “Deep Erudton Ingenious Applied” Revolutions ofthe Later Fightenth Century PART IL ON THE BRINK OF THE MODERN. HUMANITIES. 1800 TO THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY S._ "The siniary of Stractar Which Prades Al Language From Philogy to Lng, 1601850, 6. "Genuinely National Poetry and Pros Literary Philology snd Leary Sti 100° 1860, 7. *An Boch in Historical Science’ The Cine Pas, I Anctoogy ry ns uw a 78, “Gramunatial and Exepetcal Ta’ Bibl Phillogy and Is thers, 180-860 PART II, THE MODERN HUMANITIES IN THE MODERN UNIVERSITY, THE MID-NINETEENTH TO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 9. “This Newly Opened Mine of Scientific Iquiy” Between itor and Nine: Lingus ae 1850 10, “Psnstaking Research Quite Equa to Mathers Phys Literate, 1850-820, 11, “No Tendency towed Dietantsn The Cz Paar 830 tae Beams Diciptne HL Ar isory 12, “the Feld Naural of Haman Nature Anthropology Congest «Discipline 1880-110 1B, “The iighest and Most Engaging ofthe Manifestations ‘ol umn Nature’ Bll Philology andthe Rise of Religion Stadies fer 1860 1 The Fat ia Posy TR Comparten Stes plague Notes Work Cited Ine ms 29 7 2 509 PROLOGUE pi as st) her uma sms Rater upped Te fax knows any thingy bt the hedgehog on big thing” Mig the tre a tals know the same sal? Could the beihog' one contain the fr acy? ‘The bok you are reading bean n my growing curios about whether ‘ankle scholashipis the West slums many or one have move oy Aout hoy I got curious, bu fist fe wards ae onder about wha tf and edeog comprehend ‘Stu mnaiats—hamansicstules—In one gue o aneter have or many seul atthe hes of Western earning In Bs shed ‘North American universities today. the oman make wpa ete tae of eching and rererch Dt ther present form rea madera nove. The ‘many humic depines that toy fox knoe dt nl rom the nine teen cenary. Tac heir several origins sp (athe edgchog reais) he tral ends bck onc ig, old thing poly the mulaeed tay teats, ange, and the phenomenon of nguage scl. Phology ha fallen on hard ines the English-speaking word (much less so in ootietal Erope. Many callge-educted Americans no loge recognize the word: Those who Goon tak it mens no mote tha seutny ‘of ancent Grok or Roman texts by ant picking class while Beis esd. ersmay taka referring ont technea starch nt langusges andl ‘zg omles. rofesoe feature we the term obelitle simpleinded Spprsch other subject, merely scrded lng ogo Inded, or most of ‘the wate century, pilelogy was put down, kicked aroun, abused. and Smickered tas the acherype of crab drys dus bate, and by and age pines: tademic knowledge Di! | nation mind-nambingly orig? ‘Whenever pillogy shows ace these ds in North Amercs oe Bris isnot len, osde of aes departments or Hingis fier cones conte with the dst ofthe irra nters long th riick net, One wld not bere to oe Haun rs dain foc coat,remedoe ci daing and chin gi Plog ema uh ences th pic oft Bt pen men eet ie sy el meso marten Ue Ses rend Rn he iar bre nh nl nee ‘ten telecon Aer ea me Sele Pig red a toi enna cae a ake) fe eet edo Sear ap some chan gies Sehcttan nnd reap eng oa een ee Th wl iy nnn cary oe! din mae cree te poy Gning eal en basse Reforestation Sehwag Shea the str an eral ea os uefa ess ny ha stringed eo OWE eet spect ngs pe sma tes ‘om Inno omen tcl sme of ipl hades i issih teeta mnt ht Spar tom te oer pet etcenbentary mod of Enid, Newt Ucn thy oe Cnty mesa ietoagl ate Sderot ng olen el cs rh ett ay ree el ‘retailer nomen ore Oy cg SESa0erar hepa San oo pcp ce i oq tnd cect ast She man td nh stl ce unig te “ar Sa ns ty arn roe rms eh SOE iy sR omen fer nee). Pe ‘Sept na ny ce aa gla etapa thks edte ‘eens ce algo en orm i (Staines otpeey ne rt ths ok eal ‘Shim cehisinsunct parm omaaype n ra i ice por of etn pg anima any Ste sth ees Ca et SLL Eied ete nia rt beech cena Spee ose nw neat ering he mes ise angola resonance of pialogy a a paradigm of kaowledge is much ess well now ‘today tha the paral inuence of natural cece because scence won and ‘hlology los Vicorsoften ese te footnote defeated. AS any mod ‘rastnent of sclent Carthage, T stumbled on some buried ruins byacident, over thirty ears ago tothe carly 1980 T set otto write Iife of Charles Et Norton Norton wa the ‘os pri beget ofthe hamantes the ime when modern American tigher education was taking of the decade fer 170 made ene to art ‘eterch fr baggy with ny subjects pavets. The mathe, Caarne lot Norton, le behind only scraps of correspondence. healer, Andres "Norton, «Bie schol supped ot ore posthumous debris The oven luded notes for is Harvard Univers lectures o liar. In pos Ingthes, learned that covesionlt theory of language nore aout hie In chapter) unerided th elder Noon understanding of he Eble ae theology: He even bleed that ote philosophies of language threatened ligous ath nthe 1805 Andrews Norton got no a public argument with his sometime tent Rap Waldo Emerson over the liters heterodox relon, In plowing throagh the printed and pete records oftheir covered ‘that Emerton ens bout anguge frightened and angered Norton amc his igo doctrine: Emersons gust herey, Norton nied unde. lapis elo indy. I the spring of 95th istry department fhe University of Michigan sovedmetodaver hat wein tetrad cll jb uk took he oppor to decipher farther the Norton-Emereon rhubarb poking around a ote “American writing bout guage nthe period. found mel tying to con ‘ince my Aan Aor Istnes tht a pecularly American sve of Magus ‘heorzng, no largely fargo, outed in Norton dy and might hlp 0 explain thinkers a infant as the phlosopher hares Pic ad the an thropologist Lewis Henry Morgan. 1 gt the by at east. A few years tran sequaintance Pans found thee musings curious enough to pablish Ina Journal there The bal wo ling "ut Andrews Norton sil tered to me mostly for shaping hie sn. As ‘ical crite Andrews made the Gospel hi pec. To expo sich an ‘ent tet he taught one ha ost ther nhs cote. Thee inter. preter acded tok theidioms af the rt centary Greskn which the Gos Pols were writes leary ors then erent the mind at of Jews othe re {nd ofthelr Roman alr customs governing eeltions between he sexe sad aly i; elgous practices economic activites: lel codes det the wel terof deta that enabled modern reader to decode the texte shee weer Intended, To amass this expertise, the cic ad to hing to bea 0 the Gos pos her ets ofthe er these cst ght on nt only ngulstc an erry problems bat more brow the eur spect to he time ad place, thet orm the Gospels’ authors They ould no more escape it than & medieval pestant eld expe his clare or Madame de Mainenon bers: And errytex ofthe ceed someting soa thc came fom and othe ‘Copel te slr udesand te conepory tet at Tepe tig on te Cones Each ext might prode a spp ‘ncaa nade something cenerin the ler By cngback and tba rwcen the bo etl concer re th Gospe) and texts ‘endig tethered et ecules word hat re “Ran het Heth made the oil sean of the Gop lee thmodern eae Andrews ws short xt plop. {eerie son Cha Norton Rae hiv ebay mack by ae nog Desa eating loa sls ke thse ew os ‘kena Ltr nih edited eves etary Engl pot an ‘hereof plllogy Bal he younger Norton neve iedhinsel oy ‘ari if tcme bet Known ea hirano atte fist rok ees set inthe United Stes He sso ote about clase! ‘eitlogyant funded the ArlogalIatte of Ameri, which ‘etme te oar pasos grup fr tht new sade in AS SSK hs carr of tnova inthe mane, ed on me that Gave Nonon sed Grek eps met cet Reasance tg al a tex Me pt te py ls past wos no the Fisoral etext comping them wh other texto he ines Ber ‘tour nodro coer ter anngto the people wio ade them Hen mtr wd fr nstane the Parente cater of Sermo iit on he ng deniers hat proce the being ‘Wivinano tore than aye snd Bea Toudng tbe of Pe aodershumnies i Unite tered the sae storing, ‘Seupregeelopal piso tod wheter he sued poor ‘Ringo ces’ And dob th Nos was geri Hees no Hiri scolar fs ral woa, Colleges where ne marth on vt Whe nptangontrcnrs hey sonctines ‘sed papers rom neonate tpi Sa we ring Norton oer fy. the chance ote sy unces aout the isp af ploy and IRE node bumaney Sampler cased om ther sches eal {ered my gus noe working hypotens When Norn rethed hiss 1358 re seo te, ot un aout a ear bw farthing doy extended nto rn aman ning By then Til not el say only an in 9 Mor and mere ere dtecing traces of log nwo es of ors. swe ar only egnnng fo corer Bowe naguage tn is yay forma the selon ef mode econ sd gave any dpe tat todey ma pte hues even sol sence Hiern a ex vated pligy ren the ogo sthopeogy, of elses (stint om her tenhingof Govan Latif campus of igen of they hola nrd f ceran Kins ofa esac, We hve so tee inesngy sve tha vo ter ned ect, ated np pet and atid, ental pil for mos of ng sor ee nce wing i umn ‘siren vs on pe ede yf mong at dn a wate sith ak pce ho henge humana the Eg {Seking wd oh wo ply Cglapeing eapaned ‘tthe"Eomenn ston i ook ory Tamfrfom sear nowt ef Sabre acted ith ance Grek nd Here fini amon tng ne ‘@inp ore rot whl ping th eae rst of ploy aay spe Sli wl happy pnt a My exe for anering te expe Sinpc nn oe cb ee nes my en prove nie Seca ed muments ttn ct rnc of oy donot tert Fda fap pogo uinaher dona crn soa he ogi oT rem othe enc ntl hy fh it he ceva Sor any hina sai am apt toi usin hut ad Infuse fos th fr ta ease my yeep on ys at el ea tnd oa ‘tye te een teen of dopennce—thoagh ‘have also had to hack my own way through ltte-explored thickets. ay erally snes mye ne ad oe oye cocrton ft poles ecm antares one fist on Stctonnd penta sandeeaning When nes er or oss timings mga isto cy Scere beth abd ew he plop Sica wes ae its lc ues ae ap res cy ope rime The rcs rhea of Lng cv pst hy ned tig vette vanced ins Once dein wa shame [Mitton enter Hts ft wet cary ny ed he Fron een ont Latin tnt aban aces ae Stet hstry conn th bakes nthe ra Ha fence On he ber hnd peterpan earth he al ‘ih Chora ofthe anny the Say and hanes fo er {it abplnn do clube o eastside se tics stm-diciity proms ke Ameren Sh. Te Aer erie! Ravina, dom tin eee So swt trad iter depatinets hous gua fey pasa os ols 1nd ec sto aon cos, We sri wnt beter fe Kno how tose When err ‘eg mtr wd nwt woe Wa gine ec etd {Sonepat Sanyo br sony sl ch wotc sl evel we humais grasped moe ily how we cae 0 be ao dene ben anh ec fal ok cw wht wen and wha elo ying pe vara ope los expecta ec cents, ton might ean someting bout anne fon te htery of humanist schlaip,Refltion could Sea ty sand aon other lds of cg. A say tte acto ed to et cag pi intra sel-andertendings of teeseting: We uf earch ow conceptions foo work by ping ot of cnt sin "fi oti sence asan example coventional splint two broad sill end ene a ld ese TEEPE anges comparative plc, polis i deen inal on Ta conor etn Sonne pli scent wear bt at bt he ‘ea cer Te bt igbrane pl hay comes ot ofthe Wester riucptet ton Fer many enue ging kt Pato) pilsopy rae ates oppose of pig ands cuanto eh ha ended ony in teeth centr then. More aout is “Stn wil cme) Beis tory il aries eden honed by Stason prs! dition of he mere pio hat pilgy and et wee eed to oe Tse cade ening Loar ekg cr ‘SiS pcp and bn foward precio aber han description Tes Si emai stra nig why polka thers ae eared “NOG fo the humans than the empl inde clea, st he ‘eae the ears that emp pla cles apy in hb Tal vote mst nore ste compartir those ceeseotane oo The se of comparing sites nd alr SeeeSiject af stady very cet a perhaps over. ut the st ‘tera, ots thotoghgsingpraconers of congrats melodia ‘he lathve ben plop ren sig ight nthe moder period ‘Boon elsal cite formed st dpe, When pil ems and TRE Sen icma bepin to make we the compare metho inthe Sthtenthcetry. thy were Borrowing frm ulogy. » Hose 00 Tae by the quant dta commonly ompard. “Ashe ke poli sen shoe vided and infeed with pie ieee hss hort sd an emp is wo Fel aclu and ops sie The ne betwen ther 6 eee lel anthopees, working wih boner and DNA. lily INN pl section, Cultel ntroplgis uss cbs So dengue hropelgs out oman ames of human curs agg, aFhass panic bass Achcsops i ahopology dprtmentthe {Pele pest class department, work wither east tv {0 ‘25, Foss hem etl ncaning Catal anthropology texters ery cloet0 ‘he hunts nfs metho and tans to histor ke Thomas Tut vacate Barons chs by now econ 0s in pul I ‘contrast archaeologists and lngulti anthropologists today ook ore ke ‘elit chan humans. Yet as we shall lear, they fo. uimatly derive from the polos tradion nd line of assole wid especially uring the ero betwen the Renae and 1600 Inshort the bis into wich we today srt academic knowledges the humanities snd sol scene hse labels ave cere mean prodice nortan outcomss- Our aegis equipping apart modes of Enowledge and methods of acquiring i tbat wee once connected. Se {rene about thse matters wl all all fu nuns see more ‘3cry wat our acples mean, where they te nto each the how we an tow elite cooperate wh each ther ang howe we can mast sen sd ‘fly organize knows. Thee ae hinge det, professors, deans and provost need to koow. “Tey at alk things ckinens ned to know. Higher education may be pe peti crit ut today prestres on a Amerie and Europe ae exp Tra eeletes Some ae Snencal x sate support es and tltion cose sarge, Some ae econo, t demands ese for cllees and universes 0 fockt on practi lds Hk ence, chnolgy or bn. Some ae cr "cul ager oferings grow more dfs abd stdenteaaing more di ‘us: Higher education nvede reconstruction from the general education Component, tothe suture of socal propras othe aye of grade “runing othe coniguring of Knowledge fl beyond the present dep ty setup at obliga only proceed ntligetly we anderstand bow iowa is evolved ove tne Otherwise we wll miss important pices of the pul lent inthe stractre of knoe ody. pieces 0 50 ‘uth taken for granted that we ovedook them "Welack much of this needed istorcal understanding The sor of natu ralsclece lea mate fla The history ofthe social scenes toddler. the ‘story ofthe humanities an nf. Lookin any walstoced ary you wil fin les of hitrkl monographs on special apts finda dsepines allacross the map of know. You wl nd many broad Mocca surveys ‘frat scenes a whole. You wil iad afew such books about the social SGencesclectvely You wil indo general history ofthe humanities writen in English -the ot of work that would show how diferent humanistic es ‘of acy ge overtime, changing elaloaship to each othe and other reas of knowledge To lense connections and dsunctons requires a wie vita ofthe de velopment eran. Thisbook reso fer one readers Wing {nthe eductlona and research nso of the English-speaking wo “Toensure resdth of vee the fit four chapter are devted wo the formative “posto of nincteem entry phology ads partes catia an ‘igure, fom ancient Grek to the end of the gent entry, Bat "he bmanitieg are knoe ther ame nto existence aly nthe ninetenth enwirys and ao the book reaches focs fe D0 on the English speaking 2Landing the north antic. Pilg ine nineteenth century pra ern tery county noe sd th Amer nd aE secre cere Bt pe tet te End So Rea tne sees and pre hed than ight deren COLE'S) ty bene loon scondary crore ad arches Sent Ome sc ep cree orn so SRETSAGEE Cag apening nuh vs Treen mst ey ee acre rene dent ids of koi cacao i try at segue some eet. aed ry nd mtd pre ‘emg eang sls sos te ne hey ke he aa eta ne any habe dated ey hard nc wh Sumer renzo Chl to pursed oly nasi nde ts ineran wp ne POA nc many, Geman pips are the pls TOES ny fain ely redtchsemace: "rrp cers codut in apt Bt peti od aan ee aotckn Wsenehor Excel and Mato of Feet desig pestuy lhl x7 By then ey se cat kn Pos puesing Sosa er ner 8D) ama i Egle he abl Eo of areca hs Empeprte und atoll wet nate Sea 2 an leaned y Eolahapsingpasops een se Sa eens in arma tended the estes tha ae op he TSP Hs acon inf th herman cology SRtctmiberhonant wtp ny ce wiepane logs bored Hey fm en wok, Gee no unneeded he aston te te ec he aut ef the mente Sens Enlspesing Sas SES Ger wg nd penal coca eat for he eon Retehi toread arman pe te cormon Geman pigs ‘pp ent lowing gg bcd oan etn FETE apeting ely To ewer cnet 0 do srs om SMe tatoter non Ealsapeting an Ba eas cen when [sag ecrsrsy ain techy oe esc to sopeehoy ans ating te Agphone nr lic "ete action boston ns ham ier ic cat ie the humans fof ete wl Ty cold etn ec nats a wel cops dunes see erie She ny anton Tie peace oat nw Teel SMap dos taunted ee ony hoped Bh Ha the hn Wag en Got Ss semi aad aie sich evidence fom tine tin. at knowledgable beer on oth ads tthe Alani rengnized anthropology as scoly acing wel before Int even though iver courtesan ly ppottnet i the sabject ‘opera only ree wey Js ene on chars ied Tati Bp Dicsions of higheelcaon sce suber the lop ie ‘nk he emergence of he hans a sade cpines. Reader who id tele a Ntory as undergraduates may fn ep {ul an explanation of croolgl abs ee, fey by torneo the ‘Wet ining me ‘Anigty means the psn ble oun the veh entry Ck Late antigay ater impor ino Engh rn Geran lingongeschnieship in 97) rans fen about he forth cetarytotheend of Anu. The Mie ge bein when sige cd, ond 70 Cad Sop ith or ost before he Prtestant Reformat, shorty ale 150. Aer {ha bal oder modern Mor ke ani did in She ry ms pnd wah hae ery aly sth hc eure ofthe Bench Relation 89s pr om then oom eeeses ‘ne word commonly ud In the tlowng pages maya ne leting pte vet publi A werk publahed when made publ Wh reference to ‘cient Rome, pblaton might simpy mean tht a aubor gathered ‘palaces Bometo hear him ead ew composition in thes of man. SEs work i tobe bled en made valle to De copied for wier cult th andr mete method of pblton. Be ftthor might also cole copes of « mans wit» sal group tending oe he work sempre. Prey uch the same ition per fisted afer M50 when pring ade coping Books eae A printed works tot publ when comes ef the pst whe goes om slo ther tit becomes re orp dsrtion A fanos exampl the Co Fistenan Pog ible Cs in hr the printers deal by Bitte tsps wd forthe popes OK in Tn heath entry schol autor wilh enngh ey Oe had raf work pened ‘Snead around or com we do the sun nm, wit eel ih ‘mony thanks sr pers and mal etachente nthe ae the ‘rok publ in both, he autor gies selected ade Paps the Sesto cae ofp cultionin Amerie erry bry The ican of anya, ately printed 9 197, no poised hl Ad sem dt 8, bt meteor ty ead. Pablo Hn ways cearct. Trasatons io Engh are my own wks there Indated inthe reference note hace words in Goons were emphasized i the cg Dalle stherwte noted. Dele quotation make nga) atrial quoted frm another work Sle gutaton sas ae cre tes ning temo pate have og out becouse eds nan nepetain or ‘slit,Sources appa in eno, whee nator sarpame aya of pb tional ate worsted Some endnotes io pve sppeentty Miron fr pcs he otntes contain expananas or ie thal thnk incest all ender. More specie borat of omen 0 {tna an sorcs fr tem somtns spp inte date forthe resp “Te silnding ders inaoraof penal names have deploy sma mnber of eprsentve gre ometies repel Naveen ny hw he ling eit compres and snp Squesng nite sharpest pangs inthe i p= seeherceturs am no pga To ic bt one nace, by ‘ips ch trred eons betwen hse ial plop and tha fewish cumeparte A bok sould be wren about what Cheistan ‘Piueeared aout th O1 Tesora fom tone medal ay he {Ehime andl commentator cil as nace te ool fs Swit’ Other fsnstng wate of nip dopo even gt ire nt ou il nd no uss muscle TA ply. oof many ‘ihe horny Isai, huanic acpi, Febloe sas could Si hw lle spe betwen anthropology and leat. Sach net preys me nntaory however prin aly over oceans ofr SRO plumbing ie depo mec doping down » tahoe see dat th book tom few hundred pages 1 few ha ‘anes fers ur doricon not an enclopdia Sie dee may oh forenoon of er chokes ve mad satis nding yer ngge, dats egal ames he Te" Ton can be und in th settled “Conventions medal Towing thst. The et of oud ave gt nt the Sry. sanction en et Anon moses eis abn ‘Conventions ain ent years become a convention a works by profesnal iar [nsw ay out atlas in veerence nots, ones agreements abd sages ‘ments wah he historias ess the Wend. Experts wl se whet stand in ‘elation to thers Nonexperts wl ot care Besdes, in abook ofthis brewdth, ‘arkng every specialist qurel woud maketh ents explode “Thegender neutral language expected in schol works wal oes ising Inthlsane. Absence ste from crs rom neler ells i ‘ea rey Un the ate intent centr the eared pple dacs were ‘Smo nl, This ston may now per drut al he eerie logit of 150 or 0 Rim or er merely es the dgrce ‘Chronological clr i metal, et oo many dates fo the windhid Most sep ine by giving year of publation when mentioning book [a ‘he ear chapter, which cover lng sete of me, bith nd deat yeas to appa n pareathese for inde who lo ge, wel afr es romney ature persons wot licen tie thay otherwise be unter Teaattes of Boks frelgn langues unless ble the pp nate meaning obvious to readers. Thus Lsone Modena Ii dp bre ets "Engle as Te fits of the Hebrews, wheres Ihannes Bustos Sages Judaic appr nl Lata. ‘CE (Common Era apd BCE (before the Common Er) replace the vee ‘le AD (anno Demin, ear ofthe Lord) and BC (before Chris). The ole “eae imply tht everyone recognises at Lard or a asta the ecm figure in inory Foon Christians who wish hs were rac know iis ot The -Moption of Christian time reckoning as the nternatonl standard has made itty Common: no lnger distinctly Christan, And ‘Common Ee 0 fecel pact of policlcrectes I spearel ia the til ofthe get a ‘wonamar Johannes KeplersEcone cniae (68), whe the fist valune of ndovico Marates Amal a (1744) begun as ts tie page procaine, “DalfAnno pin dla vogue'—fom the fist ya ofthe common cr. ‘Both ae an ante astonomer and a «teensy hitoran raning on the ‘Soules of lant ie Marator happy flow tet ead "Mach event sora wrtng abou ploy ocser on its poll pn lubes place in the genealogy of ant Sema for example o vl Insniper knowledge sytem generally vol such issues. Tis not because {yoo atthe ater grey bot Danse have los nahlng © dw what thes ave ala sh Moreover, in my vw, ic tors vated the wes othe opie of ploy rater than sed ( {not evays) Thole strctral mates—~intrmal to scholarship {ped the meders uma splnes and vo wt my atentin, ‘No universal ated abel exist for those books a the Bibl origialy svete in Hebrew (aoe pases in Arama). Tanah of ss common ig dente th erson wed evs worsip. Christians cal he gu en the Ol Testoment acallacton dering somewhat for difevent Chr ths groups). Hebrew Bibl: moder cna. fin spear in academic vering ava betta genetic subsite, Because most ibe polos who Type hlsbook started fom a Christan point of ie most fen se he ‘Sm Old Temes they dd. On occasions where OM Testament sina have peared Hebve Bible eters general to scred writings ow ‘red reef Chisns a ews without ear to he speci books inte cllecton ‘Some arorapicnames need elaciation From 1707 Seotnd and England uted te Great Bota (the kngdom of England having long. lng before herbed Wales). People sometimes ald ths new ent the United Kig fmm and at times do the sme From 101 unl the xl twenteth century, ‘hr kngdom also inert the formerly separate Kingdom of lela (a ey governed by Grest iain and Unie Kingdon Doane oficial, {although ow he Unite Kingdom of Great Brain and Northern Ie End) So fram 107 unt about 1920 United Kingdom supplies abel for he ‘ite "Bh ey? Ths lat eran understandasly makes rsh people wince ‘Sher ured an soetband for Br land and she sales sano th re [on or ore ecnt nevi labele~Brtai and Ireland the North Ati Jichipelge have ther own problems 1 sick with Desh des ba we “puringlyand oly when United Kino does ot py. Flowing rors FMecaoy, use Nvin Ameria to ment the United Sites and Canad and Treslnial ntacedot alu Meco labs the sume continent Can el ot estan etity uni the 140 Act of Union create the Unie Province of Cada and id not bia to rsembie ts moder form unt he ea flowing coferation In 167. Likewise, “aly aequred police ‘Resning nly p16, Gexmany’ in 1871 These waits do not top me om {hing Canad Hay ad Germany to mean the respective reins rezaes ‘ofthe patial status the ine ‘iy erences tothe Englsspeaking north Alani counts may rate speaks of Sst, Th, rth, Peach, oF oer langage spoken 28 other seas rte Meta eh Sphere ec teen tongues North America and (gulp the Bish ses. use the tern Engl ‘pening in asense speci to my ste. Almost ll cos between he [ter egheenh apd eal twentieth centuries nese lands appeared in Eng Hah (Beore the, Latin provided a medi for eaition an il id for lasses aferward) The English-speaking worl ofthis book spoke English intissemeACKNOWLEDGMENTS Arrieta hrf tins atta 50 may cars amass dt of rtd too extensive to cones fll o even 10 {eal eal The Univers of Note Dune repeatedly gave te of fo ‘earch and weting a well ier funding to use the ne efficent The former Max-Planck fir Geschichte in Gtagen and the John W ‘Kluge Centr for Seba a the Libary of Congres spb hosed ny ‘escrch natu 208 and sein 2004, respective Lowe special thanks "rut Lehmann in Gottingen and Peg Christo n Washington, The Sp ‘ce Foundatlon and the National Endowanen forthe Humane: generous ported yar of wring in 2007-8 hat produce a rt da of hs Doo, "Euhat Foundation with sql generosity made posse Tesve in 201-12 ‘hatred in theft one “Te thing more need even than money and ime in wing book Uke this one hep people Llrarans athe Univestyof Note Dame and, bot that the Uniretyof Michigan bore the rant of my research, Nancy DMichell wesmy checfl ud eae tine othe Notre De baie dr Sng the at yeas of strc and wrlbg Tam grateful soo archivists and Htrarians atthe American Phlosopical Solely Library Beney Historie “Library, Uniesty of Michigan: Bodleian Library, Oxfoed Unversity: sh “Library Cand Univers Lbrary eater for America sory. Univer sy of Txas-Ausin: Courtauld Istte DeGolyer Libary, Sothern Me ‘let Univerty De Willams Library Edinburgh Univers Library: Gould {ray Carton College; Harry Ransom Humans Research Cente, Ua ‘erty of Teas Austin Exenhower ibrar es Hopins Univers Hoole bray Univer of Alabama Houghton Library, Harvard Unive Lt brary of Congress National Litrary of Scand: Nedrsicsische Stet ue Universiteibothels Queers University Bali; Regensein Lira, Uni tery of Chicago: Wien Library, Tnlty Cllege Cambie; Ticity College Duliasand University Cole London greta cy ine tneearned mach rom aiences who over the yar responded to my deve ‘oping ess tthe Fens den Hautes Exes en Scleoes Soils (Paris) 00 ‘lpi ocasonhe Liat of Congreae Onegin tate Unversity; Pamany Peter University (Budapest) Piacoa Theclogeal Seminary: rincton Un ‘ety Sopang Univer (Seoul andthe Universes of Caleta, Michigan, Nowe Dame and Tors. ‘My eu thoughts about rmiations of poly geminated in aks with Torn Tastann when we worked togeter at the Unversity of Michigan ‘tween 198 and 1995. The research assistance of Siobhan Donnelly many Yes ago at Michigan aided my fit invertgnons. Among scholas who aly ped went pestered ther for advice were Margzet ADrura Steve ‘lier Mary Ellen Bro, Erwin Cok, Tony Gratton, Paul Gu, Sean Har ‘ey. Ten esi Wolfgang Kalan, Ulrich Leer the at Sabine MacCor snack Jon McGseery Margaret Mesrve, Mark Nol, Mike OBrien, Jon Rob ‘ts, Bob Slant ate Frank Tune, and Caaine Wintere There a Sov oterswhote names [cannot now reall but or whose aid Tam pone Thee thank, Steve Aer, Kt rade, Bead Geer, vi asi Sabine acCortack John lcGren, Magus Mesrve, atk Nol fin VandrKamn, thd fot Van Engen rend ra chapers and gave ell ave: Ces Stay Supplied yerywscul comments on cle paper Carin Winerer ea he Faleserinal version with er shar eye forse spdorganization. Tony Ga ton nd Frank Turner contented shrew om an enie Gist deat oth the reader nd ome a lrge debt 0 Brian Beni or is meticulous ‘dng ofthe manuscript The ediorl tsa Princeton Unies Press including Beth Clevenger, Rob Tempin, Marta Lindenflda, and Alison ‘Anunsit~-abepheded the boo fto pat with care and grace that let me esting grate Tere Prey crf onersa teenie proces of po ‘action. Peter Danger ian editor of exeardnary kl shrewdness and ‘ven wadom excep where cailge footballs concetned and give thnks {hat he tok thir wre in ad “The ute death of Frank Tune o 2010 an Sabine MacCormac in 22 re et loses to ne ad tothe republic of eters This ook sands 5 tne among many monet to thee eon snd genes. PART I o--e& FROM THE FIRST PHILOLOGISTS TO 1800 anguage nits prodacs enthral human beings Our enduring love lr pit word shold not surprite. AReral he expanding capac af Homo “plo to ws language never more ite ways pal powered our ev ton, gre wan edge over ole nina, deepened the interdependence basi to humanity, The ere schol, sn Mesoptamis, taught pot agua ‘prot heart of war bu ow to handle ween language When serie ‘rudton emerged in ancient ciation, I often made inguage is subject In Shao We eZ (a1 CE) the Han dynasty scholar Xo Shen svete the ‘Mategy a indxing Chise characters bythe oo elements they aed st ‘baie to Chinese dlctonaes, But lady some four centres eae in preent.dy Pakistan, Panibad compose his daunting terse rama the _haiyay in be set xt role covering Senet syn, morphology and ‘Sematice~arguably the fontanhead of the science oingustis. Here fan ‘er tn th bones ep hl Mingo te fies f Wester cation “Tis ook mae provincial tory hep inthe Medleranean basin wih Grek speaker who ven Papin era Some ofthese Hees iveted the Tinguage centered nsracion at supped the basis of European schooling for many cents to conned In some tes sill oes Others heat ‘Sovned methods for suticulou ngiy into questions more oes related Sch etstion thi to probleme posed hy language. Where did words ‘Some from Haw do they funtion together” How does he Grek tongue spe ‘ely work How ought net ntrpret ets wherein wren words weave ince net of meaning (Engh text and ext share the same Lath ot, ‘caning something wore) lve could one keep txts under contd when ‘hel numbers mpeg vay? In dig al hese things ches teaches andthese scholars together mined the ater wins born of language: he Pract tof toric andthe eae scence of ploy (he ter then Ttokding grammar other sorts o linge theorising abd the malusided study of ex) ‘either child enjoyed an untroubled if, When the Roman Empire gb bed up the Hellenic word aborbed Greek rhetoric and phllogy. Learned Romans took yea terest n both honed them complicated ther. Bat the {ope pl in nd western bal won algsed into chatic centuries ftonous to any frm oflearing The shards ofthe western emt eve tyre formed as Lain Chritendom (he inmate ancestor of Europe). Butts etude eit had tings on its mind oer than plgy. Not unc ‘cary thowsand years the dintegration ofthe western Roman Empite (iba chitin intellectual inate—conventonal called he Repalsance—r ‘re piolgy and set by then, caching nd scholarship had eveved vastly mote lore inst tugs T the old Greeks and Romana choo! waa goggle of pups and tenchr who met nan space at hand--cven otdoors, A with ae cep ton aint scholarship went on in the houses of whichever rich, lesured fen happened to cae aboot sch things. Bat medical monsteres and ci thera ited schools with an aiding estence bythe ne Mile Ages Some even go thir ow bulge Afr 20, rmivers emerged. These provided homes for erulton, though racy phillies eadton Io thelr Envy centarie, inthe sistent and seventeenth centuries, cademey began {o spread. etlament for advanod learaing separate om universes, tien patronized by royal or noble our. Alter perhaps 1500, mprowed com ‘munication aad the new tosology of pening increasingly ted together ‘hols ced in univers academio or esewbere—even suit isin "Sein Chinaint am ternational Repco eters thi wordwide we flaring, pilology and rhetoric tod ox. They were ofen cory led with an sniguarianism tat delighted in atrial {els of the pas--fom pecitric stone monuments oman coins (Scholars inthe ancient Meiteranean worl! had shown this same ses iy) Earp modern pilologits sil stud with the energy. creat, and diverse curios: Our purposes require looking especialy lose inthe Inter eventceath ad eighteenth centuries, athe heterogeneous Stew of Bri {th plead erudon. Our trie subject the modern humanities in the ng speaking wold, grew right oat of “CLOISTERED BOOKWORMS, QUARRELING ENDLESSLY IN THE MUSES’ BIRD-CAGE” FROM GREEK ANTIQUITY TO CIRCA 1400 he mtaphorical bookworm ike its ie cousin the earthworm oes Irv Imagine weveral bookworm patenytunnling dwn through ‘he roo of each modern Wester humanistic discipline ur nly coming to helt, most deeply buried tends. When bookworm reached boo, ‘hey woul nd threes together nthe ancent Mediterranean woe tenn to Grek "rst this journo follow upward in time the rots from which the smodeen Weer hunni sprouted milennia ter—requizes starting ner these Bookwor ended, Ancient Gree didnot devise he burma ‘er Euopeane and American know thems: todays notions of aman learning inthe Wet he years rm Grek thinking. But Creeks di beget the primeval ancestors of todays humanisie scholarsip. Geeks Began 95- tematic petlton abo guage they iveated seco dey commenced ‘method seat of ets and ot ofall these mati they then fabricated {grammar Ancien! Gress ge birth othe European tradition of pioogy. 9 {every bond sense wed in this book And phology eventual gave ws our mane. Pillgy’ is the ony label lage enough to cove al sch sais of la guage. Inguages and texts. The noun self (ooyi, poo) and the pal adjective st appern Plato, wih meanings mined s thos of ele {ot ioc (Uo fone of talking hove of argument love of reason. But the ‘word phllgy soon became asacintedspeialy withthe study of lan [usge— vith roading, rhetoric erature, textual scholarship. Eratostenes of {Gjeneinth third entry BCE may have ben sto ag hse pAdoyos— _hllogas, phils By gdAoyos he most ky meant, boy, etmelove ofthe writen wor, Later Romans woud cll sich sn ll-ound scolar cof ingoge and erate grammes ete, ing olga mote oF Test imaginative iteratre and ts study Dsptesuch unstable connotations ‘sometimes anon ploy ove the ony adoqut portmantens ‘wor: Even the tetra sume close enough in spr and mater 5 ine! “To understand moe eal the growth of ancient philology eeguessub- Aiding tpl ut dion Fiske tron. Grek plogy became owl ater Grsk speakers engineered her om alphabet fom the Poon ns pertup inthe in ceatury BCE. Mow people cote tive ves ‘onched bythe new eters But however limited the alee ngues fot langage ad ets mulled daring the fist several centres of Greek literacy Tae came to lean enduring and evoleing scholar caro sot lenguoge and products Ensulng stules ovelpped or int eachother Sovmuch eto rst any temp to her them ta cer defied el But for crit one can spl ancient phology int four ares: guise specu Into, shen, textaal phlogy, and grammar appearing more o es that der Sich partition dos not do viene to the ac but sees ees tn conveience more han ert aint practice. Ta pois understood Dlllogycrer canbe tacked by starting ih Gre cea then Dlocing ws! Roman and theirseeesors dd wt Hellenic enon "To egin, eal the you of languages sound the ancient Mediercanean. “Today Grose const the southern Balkan penis an ner blancs But ancient Greek spears (Hells they calle themselves) —teaborne people and avd colonzersranged much farther. Inthe seventh cenary ECE, Grek cts slay stretched fom Sly sh sother aly cro he Balkan peninsula and the bland ofthe stern Mediteranean, long the ‘western coast of Anatolia (modern Trke) tothe shores the ck Sa The ones of Alexander the Grest betwen 36 apd 325 made Grek also the lings franc ofan arc of and rrning fom Anatolia ough yi to Egypt ‘Non- Greek peplesin this Hellenistic world spoke varius termaculas~Ar ‘meni, Sync Aramis, Egy, pd sofort. But Grek supplied the jt igo of commerce aed government. The dilec was not the Ate Greek of Demosthenes snd Plt uta implied form, sed o pact us aba se nd language, ald ow} (ang, common, shared). Christians know its, ‘he lo a the New Testament. "Cee Grek, particular —pe td in euaion and high clr, lke Latin in medieval nd ea modern Europe ‘Mesnshle «new people coming ont of central Ray spread asia an sage na eles of wes, Lain speaking Romans Bi gated peony ove "of ly ad then the thin entry BCE, ee armies beyond i Can een et Gs he Raman re nie ein wa conan ma cre ‘gust proved as Body and ical twas protracted. Bat by 100 BCE ome’ onto the Iberian Penne, mach of north Ac, mails Gece, and chunks of Aste Minor A hundred yar ter, Romans ol oni Inkl sway over ands washed by the Mediterranean. They hd alo expanded ‘theirempir northward abr what ae ave France andthe Low Counts (aking England iter Roughly speaking, wher the Greek language hada Feadytken boli the easter half the Meieranean—i remained the ‘ommon tongue. Around he western half ofthe Mediterranean tnd (1 the ‘orth inthe continent west ofthe Rhine, Latin played the role of Greek nthe ‘as the language of uses of edministraton of schoelng of the etn the ant of Alexandra or Ephesus taveler bear Greek inthe one of Hippo or Hardon, Latin? ‘emmy be no accident that Halles started ploy on its long European creer The ancient Grek language conssed of acuster regional dats Situation no ns a such, ln Grek, however unusually clear boundaries ‘vided the dla et Grek speakers who could and rely i ale ‘scrossdaleets—dre a balght lie Between Greck and other (harbaran) longue. Peshap this dversty-withincmity was what paced some Grek ‘petkers to ponder language. tn any event they did apd thee recon 08 guage and on wren procs pve the Wes ploy ‘Gresk philosophers wonder abo the sours and nature of language Pythagoras, inthe second al ofthe ith entry, apparel gave ought to ‘hee the ames of things came fom: Heraclitus of pens aroun the cen ‘uryend, bleed that words sormchow elt the inner essence ofthe things ‘hey mame. Hie approninate contemperary Heese of Nits arued that, historical vents ete behind personal ames apd placenames Mere saps ‘rive of tach ery conjectures But in the Sst Bal ofthe fourth century Plt dilogue Cras sad out thee postions disincy () anguage i = conventional: words mean what thy do any Beause people age Tose ‘her in that way, (2) language nara words exes the nae of the ‘hing they tame (or they aze meanings); 3) language is both: words are tas on nature but aero by convention. The last posison—spoken by Socrates Chaylee Plat own, Wor, he belived, em to mime srl objets vocal but age changed thi forms, and cstom ued thelr meininge raya etre antasi eymolopes, possibly mean ‘parody, Bt it alo made the Bt serious stab at aalying langage 1 sa tees f a ton compl i tu Mea oun Ra Ma sre iss ny Gi ets ssid te‘ire fom these Gres wor Plato an his pup Aisle sorted ot {one slings concep that ater cboars woul develop forte, soda, ian non pss cn! ‘ “Another sca fading into pllogy also arose in ext Geese—an rch asl gay eng tn re uses abut ture and history of lnguage- Hllenes ded on pu dbs: think ofthe uorrgome ancien he Id ofthe skews Couetron, oun a that ody tours nds in every ruled Greek ity Sal won Aer that here pow nto sora sty. Around 500 BCE, Athens Pt Place pital and juialrpmes based on zen puttin Tn he make [ite damocatt eons, certain sopbi gannstacting talents how {argue cay in public (Sophs derives rm aogoc~epts, wise but in ay Geek oogec so meant lll) Toone ey ach sewngled teaching scorned spe to tah or tain in favor a these power of| tmanputing opin, This lege! amoralty bro down on the sophists Teds the wrth of Po Paradoxical Pat own Soca dct ave teal fective example of tear, though one supposed to ech cer tun ether than refrenceo ato. Pato connected det (pio topic argent to ssued Knowledge oft ni ted tort option Umer probaly, The nkages proved enduring, So dd the oienation | helo oc Pack pop Ars engrosed by acta poles un Ike torspected retorie oe than bis ase Bad, Whete Pato epee as Knog ony grup of univer mde mene, Arse teed that swarees of partials and of rough gmerairatons als gual feds knowledge Where dk proceeded fom inven cepted opin- fons he retorted fom vidual oes. He stressed he = portance kong he to cave and reasoning lg trom them “Tirogh he cents to come ths dichotomy appensagun ad gin cone form or another piosopy res a wivenay val generations ‘theres ploy interprets indvdal aes, Here es ia embryo the modern {sinc between lnwsceing(hemotetic) satura slencs tke pis Sind chemiry and interpretive Chermenetc) sins ike erate and iso "ht ern now to agi, when Arse Roi pled in impact be side the wings of sorts (06-338 hoctats di mich to rescue the fencing of public see rom he calumny of his contemporary Pat. Iocrats insted that speakers mst never make the wos ab appear the eters se only for pbligod even that ay se Would cee caters moral The ste night hg ompston In'alancel pets, equal in kenghy achieving egies throng (i “Thomas Conley word) paras and sens every leer hat of {ion to that age ants of compostion? I ocean ye sounds is feral rogue, thnk of Edin Berke o Dil Webs, andthe poplar tyofluocrats intraton may Become cleser? FROM GREEK ANTIQUITY TO.EIRCA 409 = 7 But crates did no aly snovatein retrial theory: athe he became ‘ast nent because he made tre the heat a advanced edcton. "efore bi, Gree eduction beyond teaching sone bays how to ead and ‘wrke—warseatersot. No deta formation survives about ores ‘vn schoo jt it fame and fe of elite ple Even ls extent ste ‘ments on teaching tll ws ite except that e stressed deberatve dicouse, Seren at wel ar spoken. Yet casa Giso-Roman education se higher [evel was setrical schooling descended fom his practices. These spread "tvough te Mediterranean nthe wake of Alecaner® conquest. Rome In turn opted Hele hetorieal edacation, implanted it everywhere. ad psc iton, much modified, to the Middle Ages Tis endaring lsoraean heiage kept retorc prominent inthe fami paso, Rbtoric elation to pllogcl scholarship alway proved skier fe learned men die Poe rhea. Many mere hud schools onl dried pupa * "Te first choles actual to cll themselves pillogSstsstod ats dstance | from rhetri They worked in ibary rier han nthe ple squat. They