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The Black Books oJElverum
o Copyright 1999 by Mary S. Rustad
All rights reserved.
Printed in Canada.
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner what-
soever without written permission from the publishers except in the
case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

First Edition
First Printing, 1999

The two Svartebsker from Rustad were first translated from Gothic hand-
writing into modern typescript by Per Sande. The two books were then
translated from Old Norwegian into modern Norwegian by Per Holck,
M.D., Ph.D. Finally, Mary S. Rustad translated the nvo books from Nor-
wegian to English with the helpful guidance of the late Oskar Garstein,
Doctor of Theolory and Philosophy.

Illustrations of ;esus and Lucifer by E. T. Rustad

Illustrations by Theodor Kittelsen from Anon. Theodor Kittelsen. Oslo:


Gyldendal Norsk F orlag, 19 45.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data


Svartebsker. English.
The black books of Elverum / Mary S. Rustad, editor and
translator.
p. cm.
Includes index.
rsBN 1-880090-75-9
1. Magic-Norway-Elverum. 2. Manuscripts, Norwegian
Facsimiles. I. Rustad, Mary S., 7952- II. Title.
8F1622.N67583t3 1999
133.4'3'O9481-dc2l 99-30145
CIP

Galde Press, Inc.


PO Box 460
Lakeville, Minnesota 55044-0460
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sa^lesuaql r{aql 'arg ,{q pagradu4 s8upgnq 4eIP 'srPeq puP sanlo^\
,(q paueleaJlp {rotsenll rleqt-p^lnrns roJ a133ru1s ,srorureJ aql
3o 8uryar ,{q auo8 arull e ruo4 sn ol rleods s{oog r1celg tunrellg
aql 'r{ems pleq ,(p"t1g p;n1eu;adns eql Jo suollPlsaJluPlu reqlo
pue 'slsoq8 'seqrlp{ lnoqe sJalloq oreq^\ Suqulqt 3o ,,(em ryaqt
o1u1 qq31su1a43 oslp lnq-rem Sufem '3u11unq '8uqsg '3u1u;e;
,{ervr pJPAAlnO ,slueseod aseql ,(po 1ou IPaAeJ s{ooq aql
-aJII;o
3up1u1qg.1ucpery
'uone4lelnsnpul So e8e aqt aroJoq sluesead uet8arrttoSl
paqsrranodul Jo plrolv\ eqt otul asdrulS elprullq ue aprno"rd (araq
olloJ ot esoql pue) so8ed reql ulqll^\ peuletuoJ suoltetuerul
^
pue 'sro.derd 'ar4pe 'soJm aq1 'a8e Jeqloue olun l\opuwr e 8ut
-uado r{q repear uJapou p pJelv\eJ r{aq1 'suracuoc,,{gep Surssarppe
roJ s{ooqpupq lelrtrp.rd aq ot tno urnl ,{lpnsn r{aqt '3u1pue1s
-qtlrluou uoltBtndar 8up!pra1 rleql 'uslueles pue Uerltlllllv\
;o sa8eurr dn sarnfuof, erueu aqr r{epol uala-{oog l]elg aql
'o8elrraq uef
-e^\roN eqlJo toJeJ u^\ou{ epry e;o Sulpuqsrapun rno o1 uoltnq
-lJluor lueilodul pue SurleurJseJ e sleoleJ eqs-tuoql e1ec11dxa
o1 (au1clpeu {loJ uo selllJoqlnp lsolueJo; s,.,{ervuoN Jo euo pue
ropop lplrpau e) r1c1o11red Jo dloq aqt 8ut1st1uo pue-ruaqt Fur
-qqlqnd q 's{oog {Jelg uatlrr!\pupq o1v\l uodn aurec t,{t,e
l\
'JIllB plo ,{tsnp e q 'puu InJrapuor\ , P opEtu seq
pelsnu trc\rlJ
Qro(uar05
xll Cbe Black Book of luerum

menaced by snakes and the fearful prospect of going to war. While


finding tremendous consolation in their Christian faith, despera-
tion drove many to seek protection in Black Book incantations
such as those presented here.
Just as fishing and hunting augmented the meager food sup-
ply these farms could muster, the Black Books offer incantations
to magically increase the yield derived from these activities: what
if one could find a bottomless huldrepond teamingwith unlim-
ited fish or bewitch bullets to unfailingly seek their target?
On Norway's subsistence farms, butter was one of the few
commodities whose production exceeded immediate nutritional
need. It could therefore be used to pay taxes (old documents com-
monly express land values in measures of butter) and to barter
for needed goods. Much could go wrong during the churning
process, however, and rather than ascribing a poor yield to the
cream's deficient butterfatcontent or improper temperature, they
blamed it on envious witches or evil spirits, whose existence they
did not doubt. Witches could cast a spell over the livestock, too.
It therefore behooved one to discover who among the neighbors
possessed such powers, and the Black Book provided incanta-
tions for this purpose as well.
The Elverum Black Books also reveal much about the clean-
liness-or lack thereoF-during pre-industrial times, when prim-
itive facilities prevented all but occasional bathing, house cleaning,
and clothes washing (all limited to about four times ayear), while
necessitating close contact with soil and soot as well as human
and animal wastes. No wonder these pages abound with reme-
dies for bedbugs, body lice, and infections. Equally strongly they
reflect a fear of drifters and thieverl; the peasants' impoverish-
ment meantthatlost property could likely never be replaced, even
as the danger of theft constantly loomed and demanded recourse.
Sqlerus-pr4nd,{1.repu4s ro) sacag u1o[suralt asaqt Jaleq {loJ leuop
-euJalul o1 Sulproccy '(asoou s,ueu8ueq e) au4rc ro '(qrrnqc
uI uaaq e^Pq plnoqs euo ueq { r(epun5 uo peluroJrad spaep) u1s
'(rpool s,ueru peep e'gos prer{ale;8) qleap qlIA\ pelellosse stuell
aqucsard r{eqt,{cuanbar; Suqrts qllm ,{paurer e puu o1uollerad
-sop ,sJosn Jleql Jo lseol lou 'satunlon >1eods osp s{oog {lPIg
rurua^Ig aql,{q par{oidrua spoqlau rglcads pue slPueleul Pfire aq;
sueaw lecpeq
'qtlue^\ trzatB;o sadoq 8ullpsq,(q dlqspreq 3u1pn
-ard aqt aruepq Jo 'tuslloqocle erm la8ue uler q tq8nos suollel
-uerul euos 'pcysdqd se IIa^4. sP qlleeq pofoloqrr{sd ssarppe o1
3u1u4y 'secrnosar petlrul,{1puno;ord Jo ou4t slql q &tunruruor
eql pue 'pilqr aqt 'sellesuraqt Buorue dqspreq tq8norq osp lnq
luslJeJlso lerJos esuelul peJeJJns ,{1uo 1ou slaqlou a18uts 'sa1d
-noc Surunoc Suoure e8eunut ol roud q4q popualle eur311s ap11
a|!tIA,\ 'uoliloqe uo allApe loJ uIeA ul {ool JepeoJ e soop JoN
'{lru tseorq Jo aql e8ernolue pue 'qillqpuql;o upd
^/\oU
eql asee 'Joqpl eJnpu 'lueu8a;d Sunuocaq Jo sppo eql aseoJJu!
'^{cualod a1eu elueque q Surra;;o suolleluelq pulJ eA/\ 'Ippoq
anrpnpordeJ s,uaruo/v\ JoJ uJocuoc letceds pol{oqs s{oog {Jelg
'uopereue8 xeu eqt uo Surpuadep uJeJ aqlJo errunJ aql qly!\
'seulrloeu;o a8e
oql eroJaq lunrq s,roqel aJoq solpoq esoq^4, sra{ro^4,llPJaq r{1ern
-tpu plno^4, suolpluJe qcng 'Suypeelq allsselxa pue 'saun[u1 :o^aJ
'squvro.r8 's1oq JoJ oJaI{ palutrd seJnJ aIIl ol oluelquosal elq?
-{JeueJ e reeqpue 'oo1 'te1ler6lrpeq oF qlpeq puosrad Supre8a.t
suopelusJur IPuollPuralut r{ueyl's{oog {Jelg unJe^lg aql DIIIUn
lou salpeuer Jo runlpuaduroo e'u,lde1 pcfery aqt u1 s.readde 1r
oraq^t '1dd8g luelJue ot {cpq sao3,{1en1lp Jelql e;o ar{a eql lno
8up1od JoJ plnuJoJ ,s{oog {tplg aql 'uoueuouaqd luaf,al oN
IIIX Q,lodra,l05
xlv Cbe Black Book ofluerum

substances known as "devil's dreck"), bones, urine, and breast


milk in lending extra power to accomplishing the words of the
incantation. Evil spirits (thought to have caused the disorder)
would find these items repulsive, so the thinking went, and there-
fore be warded off. Items associated with the Christian religion
had a similar effect, so making the sign of the cross, reciting the
Lord's Prayer, and singing a hymn also empowered these incan-
tations, as did repeating the prescribed magical act three times
and performing it on Thursday.
Though a few incantations do urge renouncing God and swear-
ing allegiance to Lucifer, far more often they invoke Christ, St.
Peter, the Virgin Mary, or the Ttinity. Several of the Elverum Black
Book's incantations employ the well known pattern from other
Black Books of portraying one of these Christian figures suffer-
ing from, then ultimately prevailing over the same affliction the
incantation aims to cure. Folklorists call the kind of wizardry that
underlies such formulas "sympathetic magic." Resting on the con-
ceptthat "like influences like," the idea was that the image of
Christ or St. Peter overcoming the afflicfion would help the affliAed
person overcome it as well.
The concept of like influences like also underlies formulas for
curing fever or toothache that begin by writing avery long word,
then repeatedly rewriting it, each time removing one letter, until
only one letter remains. The fever or toothache, so the thinking
goes, thereby also diminishes. In a largely illiterate society, words
in themselves seemed magical, and this way of thinking also sur-
faces in the Black Books' instructions for making amulets bywrit-
ing certain words on paper, which would protect their wearer from
bullet wounds and other dangers.
By no means unique to Norway, the international pedigree of
the means employed by these Black Book incantations reminds
eA\oI'r{PJOJeO
a8a1o3 raqln'I
uer8arvr-to1r1 Jo Jos s eJoJd
uevxors NeelHrvu-
ieJIJeIuv uI osp 'sf,llle plo rfisnp ut
rlrnl deul ruls s{oog {Jelg dueu s^4,ou{ oq a 't'ntqllsnerd
^4,oq
s,a8a1o3 Jeqtn'I Jo tuoor {ooq orer eql u1 punoJ ,{epo1 sr pue .Q1
-.re1ndod snouroue pa,(o[ua '2681q o8ecq3 q paqs[qnd'1oog
{Jelg p qrns lsnf'eclraurv ot aIuPJ,{aqt uaqm puqeq erol slql
erreel (sdno.6 tue.flultul relpo .to) suefam;oN eID plp roN 'suul.{q
ueraqln'I eql pue (ultq Jo esn luanba-r; pue) s;ar{erd ctloqteJ
,(ueur eql se qrns 'soJnllnc JaIPI ruoq sluauela alerod.tocur r{aql
sp ue^e 'sarull luelrue uoJJ sn 01 u1v\op eluof, aneq r{aqt lPql sn
qrocra,roJ
unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)
IIAX
JepuO$ o
OBY .
(ssaupeururralop telol r(poqq8rau
'ssouJe8pe 'suoll"padxa'dnua 'eleq) eprulne Ipuorlowa o{I .
(uor1lpe.r1Jo e8pollv\ou{ eqt) atueraJer Jo euerJ e{I .
elPJlS IsIJos a{I .
punor8{rPq letlrolsl{ e{I .
uolsfs ImFoloJe er{I .
:sropeJ eseql uo luopuadap
^(lupuat sl lI 'slxeluol
snolrP^ slr q pelprus aq 01 serl rlSew 'uorlelueuo Jo apou p 'aJII
Surzue8ro;o z{em e q 1l 'ilp aloqv ' \eln plJol,\ uleilat e ,{ool
-lno urpilor e luasard sarnpacord prpeur aql'sdrqspreqJo sruroJ
snolren eAIAJns ol sueeu e selJnluec aql tnoq8noJql ueaq spq
cr8eur 'tte4uot oql uO 'esolJnt So wrysodwu tanjxtw e lou sr
rt8eru teql pereqrueruer aq 01 sr 1I 'proua8 u1 cpeul;o ,{pn1s aqt
JoJ Srseq luefle]xa ue se a^las 1am, r{eru s{oog {Jelg o/vu eseql
'aalDadsred raplnr. e u1 ^{ueur ol ul\ou{un osJallun pnpafiolur
ue qlr^\ palurenbce ta8 ot ,{llungoddo ue uonr8 aq III^{ tuatsop
uerFem;o61Jo suetlJeuv 'suospeJ snolJpl JoJ .S.n aql ul oJol
-{loJJo fprus eqt ul luale rofeur e eq ol tno urnt IIr1r,\ ruruellg
ur pelsnu wory s{oog {relg o^u esoql Jo uorterrlqnd aqJ
1
axlargl
xviii Cbe Black Book of locrum

. Profession (the knowledge of magic varies from one pro-


fession to another)
. The victim (whether the victim is a human being, an ani-
mal, or a supranormal being)
. Value

. The literary influence

Of course, not all forms of magic contain all these factors. There
are nevertheless certain constant factors; namely, b,d, and j.
This shows that magic is never done in a social vacuum. By
reading the charms and the recipes presented here, one under-
stands that behind all these forms of magic there are certain resis-
tant mental structures. With closer scrutiny, we will detect cer[ain
permanent patterns.
Many charms in this publication are to be found elsewhere in
Europe and even in the U.S., brought there by immigrants.
The Black Books contain not only magical procedures, but
medical recipes as well. They have served as medical handbooks
in former times. They have been found not only at the farms in
Norway, but at several vicarages as well! The clerrymen used
them when the cattle were attacked by more or less mysterious
ailments or when people visited the local clergrrnen to seek advice
for their illnesses. In former times, there were very few educated
doctors in Norway. One had recourse to the clerrymen or wise
women or men well versed in the esoteric mysteries of magic. To
cure illnesses by means of charms was considered legal because
it was white magic, while using magic to hurt people was black
magic. This is a distinction dating back to c. 1,400. However, the
authorities did not look at itthatway. Many a wise man or woman
olso Jo ,{lrsrelrun eqt rc orol{loJ Jo rosseJord ;aurog
osr Mug oTVNou-
'c;1qnd Surpeer lepl!\
p ol ulvlou{ s{oog
{lplg asaql Surrleru loJ ssord eplp9 "raqqlqnd
eql puP pelsnu 's ,fiew or qloq 1n;a1er3,ftan aq lsnlu ouo
'adorng u pue 'S'O aql ul qloq selplf,ua polelosr ur papalep
aq,.{eu leql lnq etull Jno ul seaJp Ipulsnpur ur lsol /v\ou lt\ell
plro/r/\ eolul 1q31sur ue anrS f,rqt .Surleurcse; pup a^rleluasoJ
-dar ,tran oJe oJOr{ peluasa.rd s{oog {Jelg eql Jo sluoluol oq1,
'rr8eru pacrperd 8ur
-Aeq JoJ r(em-lo61ur rfinluar-qluaeuu ur arr{d aq1 uo pouJnq sp1!\
XIx arvlr(
unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)
IXx
'selllt{ 'sluared lalsrs pue sJarnoJq slq laqtespuer8 lear8 rerl Jo
SOJPJ1 aas usJ Oqs uJpJ aql JeAo IIV'sloot laq 01pouJrueJ spq 'uoll
-eraua8 rnrnoJ eqlJo ,fteW '6LgI ur eJrJaruv o1pa1er81uur pup
trrrpJ arues oql uro4 sp^A reqtpJpuer8 rcat8 roH 'rureJ aqt lpaqu1
ol sel!\ oq1!\ 'ulsnoJ pJlql Jeq perJJru aqs reer( NLIL'LL6I ul aAU
-dtuarrl;o a8e eql le 'pelsnu rDJoN uJeJ oqt ot eruef, ,{rew
'ul{ req;o ,fio1qq 3upr11 e
eraqrrf,;ang 'elpq pue 'ano1 'adoq 'sso1 's/v1oJyos :1sed saurl luo{
selJoueuJo eJuaprla lerlJo1slq sl?eAOJ suado eqs xoq.ftarrg 'rfinl
-uar srql ur olul pa{ool,{1areq ueeq eAPq soxoq erllJo lera^as
'mou SurqoteweJe r{aq1aqdeyq irap
-lnoqs Jeq JaAo 3urr1oo1 pup Jeeu ,(aqt arv 'suolleJeua8 lsed 1o
acuaso.rd eqt sleeJ lsorup r{rew ueql pue 'sJaqteJeJoJ Jar{ 01
^roN
rpeu os oq pue,fiorqq qSnorql rapue^4, o18ury1rqt q 1I 'qlpep pup
sseuTrls 8u1pre8o.r punoJ uaeq eleq sranal plo 'sossouilr snorras
JOJ SaJnr ou pue sprurue pllr\4. eJeq 4, eJaql 'ssau{tls Jo esnpJeq
pup ueJplrqr iletus pup s1eturup roJ Surrec e8e ,(1.rea ue le lno
urol!\ oro1r4. sraqlo 'wrlqpuqJ ul pelp dueyl 'lqnop e lnoqlr^\ 'eJrl
preq e peq ueruol|a{eu ol elqp eq 01ppq,(eqt teqm pue'tfttet
01 peq .,{aqt reqm-uaruol\ r(leroedse 'sr{ep plo oql u1 panq a1d
-oed moq sploJun 1l pue araqm,(rena q rfio1s111 'turpJ eql uo sruool
plo aql a;o1dxa ot selol6n[eqs 1nq 'sdrunq asoo8 slaag freyl
lalnb sr lr osrr!\Jar{lo lnq '{eeJf, spJeoqJoou
oqJ. 'eroJeq ,{ep aql lsn(tl posn e^pq plnoJ auoeruos y se Sururaes
'ruool plo ue spuels JauJot e ul JaAo 'araqrvrr{rano eJp sexoq plo
'slo{uelq roqtpoJ urot pup 'sqderSoloqd r{gulq plo 'seqlolr plo
arp slle^\ aqt 3uo1y 'sragpr eql wou u^4,op ,{psoq8 Sueq sqa^r
I
-raprds Jo suollereua9 'rrge plo eql ur dn dtsnp pue rlrep q t I
)vtu Arsnq alo uv
XXlI Cbe Black Book of luerum

and children. It is strange to think that after three generations in


the United States, she would return here. It is both her husband's
heritage and her own that she is surveying.
In one of the old boxes she finds two strange books. At first
she thinks that she has found diaries, but quickly realizes that
something is completely different. One of the books seems empty,
but the middle pages are full of writing. It appears as if this script
was meant to be kept a secret and is now long forgotten. She can-
not help but notice that the pages in the middle are worn and
have been used a good deal. After thumbing through the first
blank pages, she comes to some pages that are handwritten in
Old Norwegian and Gothic lettering. It is clear that not just any-
one will be able to read what has been written here. The other
book is bigger, with the title written on the cover. The pages are
handsewn together. The paper is thick, almost like parchment.
"A little book of skills," it says on the cover. All at once it hits
Mary that she has found Black Books. They are Black Books! And
there are two of them! In older times, a person could be punished
for possessing occult literature. People were burned at the stake
for the slightest suspicion of black magic or witchcraft. As amat-
ter of fact, one of the last witches burned in Norway was one of
Mary's ancestors.
Even if it was difficult to read what was written, Mary under-
stood all the same that her discovery was a small historical sen-
sation. This was a find that sent chills up the spine. The fewwords
she could decipher revealed magic and incantations from a dif-
ferent time than the present. Nevertheless her curiosity was greater
than her fear, and she took the books down from the attic. That
first night, Mary dared not read the books while in bed. She walked
drrrurld the house going through the incantations again and again
rrying to understand what could be written on these old pages.
ovrsnu'H s'rrN-
(lramod Jel\ol
p pue raq81q e 'aJOr{ qlrm Furpap aJaA,\ nor{ oqm 1sn[ raquraueg)
'salnr eql n\olloJ o1 turod lspl oql uo luBl.rodu! sp1r4, 1I 'tl roJ
prcd peq aq lerl \ ueql rolvlol spl!\ leqt arr.rd p {se 01 ppq reu^\o
aqt 'plos spll\ {ooq aql Jl '{oog {Jelg e dorlsap tou plnoJ errJ
'Jau^,ro Jrarp qlrl{ pelJnq aq^(eu ro ,{eme u/!\oJr{l
^{1qeqo.rd arom,
lsow ,{em-roN ur s{oog {lplg Surureurar l!\eJ aJp oJOqI .lueJeJ
-JIp q rlooq,fiana asnetoq anbrun pup s{oog {telg uurSarvr.rop
raqto eql q pareduroc poilelep erp pelsng uo4 s{ooq eql
'qqpug o1u1,,{1eug ueql 'uey8a^{roN uropotu otur
Jelel 'pJo1r^ JoJ pJoI\ polplsueJl oJaA,\ s{ooq aql pue palJsluol se \
pueqsnq req Jo puel4 plo uV 's{ooq asoql Jo uorlu1aldralur eql
qlnt dlaq ol pepeeu are slradxa sepnep ,{reW euparu ilp 1l seop
lPqx\ :qnqeslag 'geaq s,A\ollPr!\S e 'Osl1v\{f,olJJalunoJ 'lpllluoJ
ISOUqP SJarnO 'rfiUCS arafl\ IuaroJo aruos 'suollelusJul ar{lJo IeJaAes
q8norqt pelqurus r{pro1s ^&an aqs pueqsnq rarl qlr^\ reqte8o1
IIIXX rpyfusng QIO uV
unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)
nxx
oJeI\ s{ooq qlrnql s,lJlJlslp aql Jo lsou uaqa 'uolleluJoJou
arp Jo asnpteq s00gl arfl eroJoq erup eql lnoqe aplll eA/\
^\ou{
'turPJ p4snu aql Sulpnltul
'soogl erD Jo alpptu aql uI pareelt sel!\ puPI Jo Ieap rcera P 'lsa
-roJ sll roJ u^\ou{ ,{1upru q qllq^{ '(,{a1en u.ralseg) ualepralso
',{em;o51;o ged rno uI 'ure8e puel eqt 8ulur.re; peuqs aydoad
pue 'pareap selt{ pupl 'FruJou ol peuJnlal eJll 'ollry f,qery
'lueprf,ur srql JauP suolle
-;aue8,{ueur IIea qcJnqr eql uo Sunq reaq aql luo4 JnJ eql pue
Tpads sH qll^\ reeq aql pom{ ralunq aqJ. 'relle Oql puHoq perel
-ulr!\ pPq JPaq eql 'JPeq snolJnJ P lalu oq 'JP{P eql pJP1r4,ol dn pue
qJrnqr aql q po{lP^{ eq sv'saerl qll^{ pare^oc 1e 'qrrnrlJ uappu
'plo ueJo IIeq eql t1q peq s1q teqt aq;funs sH ol punoJ pue
^\oue
punos eqlJo uorporrp aqt q tseroJ aqr q8no;qr pe{p { aH'pepuel
spl eror!\{ aslou Sur8uelc pnol e preoq tnq pJIq eqt passru
^\orr
'asno.6 poonl. e 1e 8ulup Jelunq e erun euo '$seJoJ ulrro.frerro;o
eppru aql q sureJ pue sSuplnq peuosap ssolre euoJ ol uolu
-spootv\ pue srelunq JoJ uoluluoJun lou se^ .1l Jelel sepeJoo 'lsa
-.rog ,{q peJaAoJ eJefi\ pue lno palp sa8ulln fielus pue SIUJPC
'ue8eq an8eld erll oroJaq s le^ol otups aqt peule8ar
uoltelndod eql aroJoq srea,{ 0gI tnoqe {oot 1l pue 'atse^\ plel
ere^\ suueJ snorounN 'Ippeo 1celg eqlJo osne)eq pap uopepdod
eql Jo prrql auo lPql sn sflal ,{.rotrsrH'6vg,l rear( aql ut uaSrag ut
pe{rop dqs e uoq^4, dBmroN o1 peards sgogl eqt Jo olppltu
q
1
eql ado.rng pue ersv q8no.rqt pa8ene;
pqr an8e1a }I]elg at4J
uorDnqorru[ r)porslg
XXVI Cbe Black Book ofluerum

burned. However, Rustad must have been an area where some


Vikings lived, because artifacts were found in a burial mound in
one of the fields just north of the present farmhouse. Objects,
mostly weapons, can be seen in the National Museum of History
in Oslo.
The name Rustad is a derivative of the Old Norwegian word
ruthrstadir or clearing place. Many of the farmers who lived on
the farm took the name Rustad.
The first farmers, however, from the middle of the 1SOOs, did
not live on the Rustad farm, which was at that time not a farm
but was used as a forest pasture. Grass was harvested and then
transported back to the main farm, in this case thirteen miles
away. The first farmer on record is Bottolv Rustad in 1528. Bjorn
Grundset started to use the farm in the 1500s. He was one of our
forefathers, and died on Rustad in 1664.

Norway was unified with Denmark as far back as 1J80 (Den-


mark-Norway). This union lasted until 1814. Much of the Nor-
wegian culture during this period shows signs of Danish influence.
Most of the governmental posts were filled by elite men from Den-
mark. They were here to protect the Danish king's interests. These
men were officers of the crown. They were given large pieces of
land, usually places where farms were few andfar between. The
Black Books found at Rustad could have been brought here by
one of these high officials, or by a minister. Norway, atthattime,
did not have its own university. Norwegians had to study in Den-
mark in order to obtain degrees in higher education.
ln 1709, Denmark-Norway was pulled into a Nordic war with
the Swedish king, Karl XII. King Karl had lost large areas in
Poland and Germany and wanted to take Norway as a replace-
ment for what he had lost. The war lasted for twenfy years and
'JaAIJ arp tuou fel!\P leqileJ pa^olu
ere^\ sesnoqurrPJ pe$nu aqllPql poolJ slql Jeue se^4,1I 'sesnoq
pup {rolsa^Il se [e \ se 'puel SuIurPJ elqenp^ lsol sreurE aql Jo
,{ueru uaq 6gLI rrl poog 8yq e se \ erel{I 'slq8norp raruruns pue
^
spoou eJea eJarD salull lv'eulualullv\ orD u1r{1p1cadse ,{puep;un
eq plnor aleurp aql 'r{sea lou se/v\ pelsnu uo aJII IUJeJ
,{grueg p.{or rlaqt;o pnord ,{ran ueaq sz{emp aneq oldoad
uer8aru;og1 aql tprll ppp ot a^pq I 'r{ervr-rog go 3u1r1 eqt ,l\ou sl pF
-rpH uos slH't66l ul pa1p rc19 3u1y'sOg6I aID ul rolo {ool AelO
uos srq plun 3ulr1poo8 u se derra.rog palru pue 'ILA uo{wH eueu
eql{oo1 lrey arupd qslupo aq1 '(o1sg pelpl ralel) eruepspy ul
eJoqsp aruec fervuoNlgo r{[.nl'reg pr{or nreu aI0 '906I Jeque^oN ul
'acuapuadapq puu rlaqt Supra8 aro;aq srear{ perpunq
euo tsorulp .ro; e133nr1s ol ppq aldoad uet8errLtog aq1. 'uapa^\S
qll1v\ UOrun A,leU e O1UI rfilUnOl aql pOsJOJ pUe r(err-loN ol sJolplos
puesnoqt flro; lues 3up1 aqt 'brgl Jo IIeJ eID uI 'pelpaJep ueeq
peq uoelodpN leql r{ddeq sem '3u11qslpo^\s aqt 'ueqof lruy
,{ueuuag ur 31zd1a1Jo elneq eqt roge 1so1 uoalodeN 'uope^4'S
ol derr,uogl epoc ol peq ^,{p s,uoalodegl uaaq ppq oq^\ '[A {lrparJ
'Surl qsrueo aq1. 'uepall,S IDIlr\
uolun l\ou e olu! Jeluo or peq rfit
-unoJ oql eroJaq acuepuadapqJo sqtuolu P,{po peq r{eruog
^4,eJ
'LLLI ul uroq 'pelsualg uosslg a31ag 'sJaIDeJaJoJ s,Joqlne oql
\ elo 'uorlnlllsuol s,r{ervuo61 raqteSol tnd
JO aUO JO Jar.OoJq Oq1 Se
padleq oqltr ueu ZII Jo euo se^\ pelsua^g plo
'plo^splg te 8ut
-leeru e ur aledlctiled ol uesoqf, eJe/v\ ualu lelluanlJul r(uey1 'r{em
-JoN JoJ etep luvllodrur ^{-ran e selr,l 'vlgr ,{ery;o LDLI aqJ-
'sJerplos srq Jo auo
,{q paraprnu spd\ eq pIPs sJolunu 'glLI'0t JaqIueAoN 'r{ervuoN
'uopleH ur tJoJ uet$lrrparJ le pall{ sp^\ IJe}I3u1y uaqm pepua
IIAXX uolpnQouul lvrporslf
)o(vilr Cbe Black Eook ofluerum

Before 1850 the farming in Norway was more or less non-


monetary. Everything was grown, made, and stored atthe farm.
In newer times, sugar and salt were boughtby trading in hides
and dairy products. Hunting was important, and traps (large holes)
were made in the mountains, where moose, reindeer, and bears
were caught.
In ear$ times, the forest was used basically for firewood. Later
there were sawmills along the creeks, and log buildings were
replaced by plank buildings. Flax was grown and spun into linen,
and clothing was made from cloth woven on looms. Iron ore and
blacksmiths played an important role on farms.
Most of the time there were fifteen to twenty-five people work-
ing on the Rustad farm. Some people were born there and many
died there. The farm also served as a nursing home. When peo-
ple became old, handicapped, or sick, they were taken care of and
did not have to starve.
The potato was imported to Norway in 1750. Many ministers
explained to their congregations on Sunday how to plant and care
for potatoes and how to prepare them for eating. Around 1810
Norway had a hunger period, and the potato helped save the pop-
ulation from a major starvation catastrophe.

The Rustad farm went out of the family for several genera-
tions, but was bought back by Helge Tollefson Kitde in 18J8. He
was born in 1796 and was married to Ingebor Helgesdatter Mel-
hagen, born in 1805. Helge bought the farm because his wife did
not get along with his sisters who lived on the farm that he had
inherited in Rena. Helge and Ingeborg had six children: Tollef,
Helge, Gotmar, Johan, Ola, and Pernille. It is interesting to note
that they were all scared of wolves, which were sometimes so
hungry that they took farm dogs tied up by the farmhouse. The
'snuerJdfJ qslueo oql ol
ssoJre peq aleq plnoll. oqlv\'{Jeuuoo IuoU aldoed palecnpe 'allla
rIIt\ petuot q eruor 01 seltpr4roddo aqt peq sureJ es0q1 uo pe^ll
'ssan8 e
oqm aldoed aql pue sureJ a3;e1 arorvr sureJ osaql Jo IDog
dpo sl s1ql rng 'uue; ua8eqlew eql ruo4 eluel Sroqa8ul puu ep[y
'ureJ eql luorJ servr e31ag ,(a1en eql ul lprou dn raque; epu e
suJeJ omtJo ouo tuo4 paleuflro e^eq plnoJ s{oog 1rPIg eql
'pJeq ol pPq euorfiala pu lurJ
{Jo1v\
aql punore s{sel eql ul atedtctiled 01
peq ,(aqt 'lse;rleorq reUV
'[p1\4, aql u1 s3o1 eqt uae^Alaq srets oql eos plnm uerplq] aqt tq8lu
lV 'uolllpuoc ;ood tf;ett.e ul sel\ 0tul1 leql le esnoquJeJ pelsnu
xxx uou)nQouu[ lvtuotslQ
unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)
IXrx
oYISnU 'S l-
^uvl
i,{o[ug'ladrer aql
rapun tdams ueoq seq 1eqt,fiots1q rno;o uollrod e lnoq suEll
-reruv uer8arvuog ualqFlpa ol sl eunlo^ sID reqtaFot Suptnd u1
uopuelul,{1uo,{y1 '{ooq slqr ul suollsluelul aql p due ruroJrad
ot ldruaue slpnp4lpul tpql pueuuolar ro &lgqlsuodsa; "{ue arlet
lou op oslp I 'ct8eru {relq aclpe-rd Jo uI eAeIIaq ^(em due u1 1ou
op I 'p1p I se lsnf '8u11eupse; ra4oqailDts lnoqP lelJaleu Jellllu
I
-eJun sHl puu I[1v\ sue]lJeruy uet8aruoN rew a'ralaq
f
^\ollaJ,{ul
alou s,aoltQ:)
unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)
IIIXrx
'uo ue11rrr!\ se8ed opp1ru aql
Jo eruos ,,{1uo qtrm
.qooqts ur pasn ad& oql
{ooq punoq '{JIrIl p sr raqlo eql lanoc
AetB e qll^\ {ooq 3u11pm e41-talqdrued ,eldruls p sl ouo .uoltlp
-uoc poo8 ul eJp pup lualuot m qlrJ qloq aJp s{ooq o^u aql
's{oog
{Jelg o1r,u Jaqlo eql ssoJJe eruef, pplsnu ,{reyg leql ,{ooq lsJrJ
Mqt roJ Surqool osp pue 'rrrp aqt q sluounrop pup $looq plo Jo
raqunu e q8norql Sufeururnr olrq^\ se^\ tI .euo8 Buo1,(1qeqo.rd
sr pup poqsrue^ atqs seq lpql re^or {Jlq e qll^A {oog
{lelg e
ssorle euet eq o8e s;ear{ r{ueru lpql sJequaueJ pulsnu .H sllN
'reqleJ slq tuoq etuqlraqur slq go ged
se s{ooq eql ua{31a^eq plnor 0H .p4snu ur u1v\op palnes oq^
rreq lsrlJ pue uos lsaplo s,Jellol se^\ lI .epily JOIIoI u^\ou{ ilo1r,r
oql q raqlpJ splvl' pup ZLLI q uroq se^\ eH .s{ooq oqr Jo ef,rnos
eql se popadsns aq sdeqrad uer aplry Jellol .aer1
^{11ulq aulv
aql Jo qruprq p sr pue louly q aply ruo{ sr ,{11ue1 eq,L.LggI
eroJaq z(guel aqt r{q peul/\o eJaA\ Jo sJeu^,\o snonord s,uJeJ oql
uory aJ? $looq eql Jaqleq { uJguoJ pue ,Lggl
o1 alqrssod 1ou $ 1l
arurs z{yure; elups oql q ueaq spq pelsnu qtJoN Jo luleJ eql
'euo prlql e punoJ
eq ol fl eJeql ruJeJ eql uo eJeq^,raruos leql pue ,r{ervr_roN ,lunJa^Ig
ur pplsng qiloN te p$eJtns aleq s{oog {telg omt dltuatar
1
tpql uollesuas leJrJolsrq 'leJol .fietus p paJeprsuo] aq tsnru t J
rtvouoq ul QvtsnU ruorJ
qoog )[)vlg aq)
XXXlV Cbe Black Book of luerum

The two books are difficult to date accurately, but both the
handwriting and content indicate that they are around the same
age and from 1790 to 1,820.
They also are in agreement with many of the other Black Books
that are known from the same time period.
The books do not contain any names, initials, or dates that
can help us to identiff them. There are thirry-nvo incantations in
one book and sevenfy-elght in the other. They are not numbered
like many other Black Books.
Assistant Professor Per sande of the public archives in Hamar
interpreted and typed the books for the owner.
It is difficult to estimate how many Black Books there are to
be found in Norway. Some of them are publicly owned by muse-
ums, in the public archives, and in teaching and research insti-
tutions, while others are privately owned. The number of books
is probably between 100 and 150. There are a couple of private
owners who own several books, but it is a rarity to find fwo or
three books on the same property. Here in Elverum, we previ-
ously knew of only fwo other Black Books, one from Stenham-
mer and one from Findstad.

Svartebska
Many have heard about Svartebska, or the Black Book, but few
have held one in their hands. The name alone gives many peo-
ple chills up the back. I know one owner of such a book who dares
not sleep in the room where it is kept. Not everyone can overlook
completely that special texts or rituals can free dark powers.
One of the myrhs surrounding the Black Book was that it was
written in blood, as a link in an agreement with the devil. But
after the witch-burning era, this idea was toned down, and the
books we know of from Norway were written with pen and ink'
ro{lg uro;; dlanrtcadse; s{ooq o,lu teql Buruorluaru quo^r JaAO
-^\oq sr ll 'lpuelpu eqlJo uollelueserd relndod B ur BurlsaJelurun
d1an1le1a.r q s1qt lnq 'tuaql uae^i$eq uollJauuoJ reep e aas sdeq
-.rad prvr laqlleoseJ aug 'ur8r.ro uoturuoJ e ol lurod d1"rea1c leqt
sellrJelrurs rlllr\{ s{ooq oslp ere eJaql 'slualuoJ luolaJJrp .,{Fee1c
II1rl\{
s{ooq pnpwpu! Jo requnu p uaeq spq llnser eqlJr ua^g
'sralard;atul {oog
{Jelg s,r{epo1
JoJ ualqord e osle q slql '^\arqeH pue urle1 pu {ear9 ul uol
-lIJl,\ aJeA\ suolleluecul u8raro; eql uaqfi\ srualqord pasnel d1p1c
-adsa seq ll 'sardoc Surleru ur sertlnJIJJIp pue sJoJJe Burlrrrvr o1
pal e^pq sa8en8uel u8garo; pup spro/yr uallp tnoqp a8palmou4 3o
{rpl e pue dqderSoquo.roo4 '.raqdrrop ot llnrrrnp uaeq o^eq tpql
${ooq lno-uJo1v\ pue Supr.rmpueq dddols aq upl uoseeJ .reqlouv
,uol
'uorlrpprl leqre^ pue lprol qlr^4 1uaql pesl^Or z(pq311s pup
-urdo lurol Jo rulpoJ eql uqlll{ lueJlnt uolluau ol lou ,lnJasn lsou
0q1 0q ot paueas leqt suoltptuerur 1no pa1cld f1aa.r; uosrad leqt
'{ooq aioq /\ e aqdeur .ro 'leranas Jo 'uolleluef,ur ue Jo ploq 1o3 uos
-rad e uor{r!\ ter{t pauaddeq tt 'pro1r,t uanlrd\ eqt qtp{ lalered panrl
8qilrl e1el qtnou-Jo-pro /\ uerld\ porrad e u1 papuplro s{ooq aql Jo
lsolu lpql sr seJuaJeJJIp elqpJaprsuo, eql JoJ uoseeJ roleur aug
'lualuol Olues eql a^pq leql punoJ aJe
$looq orvr1.,{1ac;ecs pup 'uanlJd\pueq aJp s{ooq eql .esel aql lou
q slqt tng 'rer{toue e{ll sr alduexe euo teqt pue slualuoc rgnads
,,fian qtyvr {ooq p lnoqp 3urr1p1 aJe ell\ leql aleleq r{ueur ,alqlg
aql sp z(e,l eures oql q 'etueu rado.rd e spq {ooq eql osnetog
'rolplv\ r{tpq eql qll^{
tno ud\orql se,r' ^{qeq aql 'qilru e spll\ Jlasll {ooq aql lprp d\ol^
aql q peel dpsea plnol ;eneur pafqns p q)ns e^pq plnot {ooq ou
1eq1 uorurdo leraue8 aql pup 'selnuJoJ cl8eur w pale11aq ra8uol
ou aldoed asnplaq aq plnot srql .aluetsrye ,s{ooq eql porqnop
ro peruap teqt aldoed .rap1o dueu are/!\ aroql qlno,,{,(ur u1
trtouoil ul QyFnU uro,{ qoog )t)vlg r(D
XXXVl Cbe Bleck Books ofluerum

andlelaya have the most in common with the books from Rus-
tad. However, there are only a few parallels with the other Black
Books from the district.
Ttaditions with magic books are known from as far back as
Babylon and Egzpt. The Black Books' roots possibly come from
Erypt, where in the first hundred years after the birth of christ a
number of books were written that represented mixed compila-
tions of Egrptian and Greek philologz, religion, and mythologr'
together with the Jewish cabala. and Christian superstition'
The tradition was further passed down by the scholars of the
Middle Ages, who in the name of religion and philosophy were
absorbed in classical magic. The study of the secret knowledge
culminated in the 1500s and 1600s, the same titne as the witch
burnings. The Germans were industrious authors of magic liter-
ature, and many of the myths that surround the Black Book are
built up around the theological faculry of the LJniversity of Wit-
tenberg. Both magic books and the witch burnings found their
way into Norway, where foreign and local traditions were blended
together.
The book that has left the most impression on the Norwegian
Black Book tradition is recognized as Danish. It is probably from
1608 and was written by a Lutheran minister and spread both in
Denmark and Norway by the clergz' It was dedicated to the famous
magician Cyprianus, who around the year 500 was the Bishop of
Antioch and a Roman Catholic martyr and saint' Other: known
names that are associated with the book are Albertus Magnus,
Paracelsus, Agrippa of Nettesheim, the German Dr. Faust, and

.The cabala is a system used by the


Jews of the late Middle Ages in an endeavor
to interpret and illuminate the Talmud. They were particularly interested in mag-
ical words and the numerical values of letters of the alphabet.
'sraqlo Sqdlaq r(q 8urar1e
opeu tfprcd;o z(1arr1ua oqm 'aldood osuvr o1r(8.ra1c aqt ruo4 'snl
-Pls lellos luereJJlp ,{1epuw;o aldoed ,(q pesn a.rall. daq; dem"rog
ur uorlplnlrrJ ur eJaft\ s{ooq peJpunq etuos 'sOOg1 aqt;o Suru
-ufeq eqite'leql parunssp sl 1I 'uortelm;ro ra3;e1 p peq rl o11rl 4 p
raup lng 'aurl leql tp sapuqp Surpea.r Jo {Jel aql Jo asnecaq ,(po
JI '^{oJ ,{q pasn servr s8uruul8aq dFea s11 ur '{oog {relg eql
'anylcadsrad ra8rel e ur
8uo1aq petsnu ruor; s{ooq ollr1 oseqt orarllv\ tnoqp eroru lno pulJ
01 qsr^ oq/v\ esoql JoJuels InJesn p eJp slulelt aeJql eseqJ
'sppleq uraquou luer]up Oql ul pszlu
-8ocar eq um slql 'seun Jlloqlpf, ruo4 eJp ,{aqt ued tsoru aql JoJ
lnq 'uopuauleaq uorJ 3JP se3Jnos Jreql lpql plo os seullotuos eJp
Ioog slJV rpelg ruerrd,.(3 oql ul punoJ aJe lpql suolteluetul oseql
:leql Jeqruerueu
'luaruqcred uo uelllJr\{ 'lsaqJ elqJpur elqlv\ p u1 1691 rcat
aql uI allseJ ua8equedo3 le punoJ raupeJeqt pue 6z9l rear{8requa1
-llla Jo zfirsranrun eql lp uenrr^\ 'Iooq {tplg Iprute arD Jo ,{doc y
7gg1 rcatpuq8ug ul/proJxg tuo{ IIaS sauueqofidoqsrg,{q uo1lpl!\
semlpqtlsnueudfyar4go z{reununs le Jo/sue {Jplg Jo loog eln{ V
:epeu aJe slulelt aaJrll'pPl
-snu uo4 s{ooq aql Jo ouo uI 'alqellor ,(pressacau 8ulaq lnoqlrA\
sut8r.ro rraql lnoqe suorleJrpur allF s{oog {telg aqt Jo eruos
'sasow s{oog qlue^es
Jo
pup qxls eqt tuo4 uo{e1 er suorletuerul tFeur eql Jo suorlrod
e8rc1rctp urelurcru osle ilrlllr{uew 'wnlJowug pailet {ooq uorlet
-ueJul uP Jo sroqlnp eql aq 01 po^arlaq oJe ,{aq1 'snolrouog ado4
IINXXX Avouoll ul QqsnU uro,rJ qoog )pqg aCI
xxxvlll Cbe Bhck Books of luerum

Sickness flourished in the paths of undernourishment, unclean-


liness, and unscientific reasoning. Skilled medical help was not
to be found. Concerning medical questions, people therefore had
to choose between the usual folk remedies that most people knew
themselves or take the advice that could be gotten from someone
who knew more than just the Lord's Prayer.
The following pages contain the complete incantations of the
Black Books from Rustad. The contents vary from well meant and
innocent folk remedies to the blackest devil conjuring.
The contents of the two books, like many other Black Books,
is a fine blending of Norwegian and foreign folklore. One book
is especially extensive and rich in contents.
The most extraordinary feature about these books is the almost
total lack of advice concerning sicknesses caused by evil spirits,
although Norwegian folklore is usually full of it. The explanation
could bethatthe author lived at a time when the belief that sick-
ness was caused by spirits was beginning to lose its hold. Belief
in the other evil powers was clearly enough.
You are invited on an exciting walk through our forefathers'
ways of thinking and living around two hundred years ago, in a
domain that very little is written about in the history books.
Er,nNsEn
-Orran
I
dlsnon
-ard paranorsrp uaaq a^pq 1pql s{oog {Jplg eql ul lpqrvrauos saIJeA elep slql+
'qJJnqf, JIIoqIPJ ueuou aql uI lulPs pue r,$reur e ff psJo
-uoq relq splvr pup doqslq e aupraq snuepdr{3 ,91ue11suq3 o1 Suprarruoc pue
ssoJl eqt go uF'1s aqt Surrleru ,{q prap aq1 pu suouap go sramod oql uo{ JIas
-ulq ea{ 01 alq s^r eH :adtqsron ilAOp pue JaJaJros P se/vl snuelJd.,(f, 'rfiruual
qunoJ er{l ur farlrql ul pa^ll oq { 'qlopuv 3o snueud,{3 snouals,{ur aql 'sloog
Irplg eql go roleufpo pa8alp aqt qlla sleap qllqd\ 'uoudtS lutog paqxlqnd
eH'Lggl ul araql doqslq p aIupJOq eH 'pJoJXO ur a8e11o3 qrrnql $lJqf, lP rel
-spulppoq ralul pue II salrpqJ roJ rolprnr arepd aql se t IIaJ '(sest-gzsi) flas
uqof'ueur.{3relJ pup 'raqqlqnd ']oqtnu qsg8ug aqt,(1enpe se/n [aS doqstg.-
'$looq il-{3Plq roJ eluPu uoluluoJ v*
+zggl ree(
puPFug ul
pJoJxo ruorJ ..llos sauuPqo[
doqqg r(q uailrrm sed\ leql
.snuPIJdfJ
eql Jo rfieururns
eto
suv {relg Jo {oog 0p1ll v
'sa8y a1pp11,g oql uorJ spplleg :speleg uraqtJoN.
'uorlp8or8uot oql ot uorures slq Sulre^ilep lldlnd eql
ur sr Jelsruur aql uaqr\ eJIAres rlJrnql aql Suunp depun5 e uo
IPIurue aql JeAo uraql peards pue saqse tuJel!\ a)lel plnoqs nof
'slulturen Joqlo Jo errl qlrfi\ polseJur sr FruruP Jllseuop P uor.I/v\
"'alqrsuas aJe nodJI
:ollow
o q ue,,,u, ,;;f;'5;,;j'ffixTl:n'fi ,11""T, ffi;
-uaqlPeq ruo{ sr af,rnos Jreql lPql plo os sorulleluos eJp {ooq
suv {relg luelrdfJ aql ul punoJ ere lpql suolleluetur eseql
:lerll Jaquaueu
'pelJ"ls uollruJoJeU erll eJeqfi\ sI 'furuJet 'StaqualllA Jo dllsranlun eq1-
,,'r{ervr a1q
-rssod rfiazra ul onJl pue ulelJet aq q sHI 'poolq ul!\o fu t{llfi\
pue pueq u^\o flu qll^/\ u8ls 1 uodna;aql puv 'u4q Jo pueuluoJ
Jo 'JOpJo '{se I leql\ saop oq;l dlprala [e ]oJ ynos pue ,(poq
rllllvr urlq ot eru saJnsq qq1 'a8pa1d e pue aluernsul se poolq
umo,{ur a43 pm l e8ueqcxa u1'uUJo {se I leqlv\ op pue etu
e^ras lleqs eq pue 'olnr slq q ree^\s I puv 'ssdqe {rep aql Jo
JelnJ 'JeJlrnl ol JPaA4,s ,(1a1a1dUroc l puu dep slql laue nor{ altas
ro drqsrom leleu lilr\4.I 'otu passelq seq lpql tplds ,{1og aql 'no'{
af,unoueJ 'ew eplu seq leql JarlleJ eql poc 'no.( acunouel L,
I
:sl{l2{es aslr nor{ uoqA\ Sululoru eql ul
plnoqs no,{'1ag ruo{ sleFue eqf aseelal 01luP1v\ no^( uaqfil
'lueurqc.red uo uaupm
pue '1saqc elqreu ellq^{ e q 169I rea.{ aql ul allsef, ua8eq
-uado3 le punoJ teqeeJeql pue' 6Z9I reaz{ .'8;aquepllA uI
,(trsranrun eqlle ueilrJrv\ '{ooq silV {relg lenpe oql Jo ,{doc y
"'stueruolo aqt [e qtl^ Suole 'tlrlds,{1og aqt pue 'uog
JeI{lpJ eqr pot qlm'slt.ttds IIAa 'noz( uodn IIPJ pu qlaaseq
1 '[aureu] ruorJ uelols spq aq Suqiltana paurntoJ seq eq
eJoJaq quPe slql uo lsoJ e^eq Ja^eu lul14 aq leql 'tulq uo asJnf,
slqt snqr '8uplrp rou Surpp '3u1pue1s .rou 8ur41ervr
^{orqlI
'3up{1rou 8urills '3u11em rou Surdaals raqttau '1ser ro fiqltnb
-uprl uosJad s1qr Arofie lou op nor{ ter{t 'slllap 'nor{ arnfuoc 1
'ule8e aJuo '[aureu] ruo4 ualols seq oql uosJed reqt dots nor{
lPql 'r{lJPa uo pue uo^eaq ul 'sIAOp 'noz{ arnfuoc faureu] I 'lleH
ut se IIaA\ sp qilee uo s;arvrod alq lpql 'slllap 'nor( ro; IIPf, L,
uelols ffq eq qrIII
'\
leql urntar ol Jalqt e erroJ ol stglds 11^eeql dn arn[uoc og.
I'ON
.Kep
rcqt
erueu s,llloo aql q uaddeq fleqs a{euapun no,{ leqt Sult{t
-.&ang 'eueu s,llleo aqt u1 lno oB pue 'JIeLI rnor{ quror 'qseil\
ise,1'arueu s,llleo aql ul passerp la8 'aruBu s,lllao oql ul aslJ
plnoqs nor( 'raycnl J' /ue pue aseeloJ IIIIV\ nor( dep aql
^\olloJ
TO aJP \e 0g
6
't,(eW uo palPJqelal ueaq asuls spq
ssoJl aql Jo sselu aqtr 'aulluelsuo:) Joradug er{lJo reqiou ,eualeH ssatdug 3rD
.{q,,{rnluar qilnoJ aqt q paralmsrpeJ sp.ry\ ssorc ,(1oq aqt ,pua8el o1 Bulproccy_
"'auop e^eq
not :eqe.(1a1e1paurur1'rerlerds,pJo'I eql ellJal uaql .leoJ Jnof
JOJ OUO pue 'lseolq lno^,{ loJ euo ,peaq Jnof JoJ euo :JIasJno,,{
uo selull aetql ssoJs aqr Jo uSrs aql uJoJJed nof sp spJpr!\{teq
sdols ooJql oB 'slurds ilAa aql dn parnfuot lsJrJ aneq nor( uer{M
s114ds Ine aql lorluoJ ol1!\oH
'u31s e nor( 3u4f ere pup
pueluluoJ rnor{ lno palJJpJ aneq s11-uds IrAO aqllpql aSPssaur
P se slql a{e} 'plog uado ue uo lno are no.,{ ueq1/\ Jre aql ur
I toq pue alquru o1 sur8aq 1l aJarlfi\ eJupqJnlsrp e eJrlou nor(;t
x oJeu
x leeJtlo x Iellag x ueueroN
x 3rua6 x laqcef x rproJ
x qnqeslag x ler{3lu x unapolusv
are deql pue
'llaH ul emteqt sl^op lsro^\ aql ruor; dlaq r{tt6 .[arueu] uror;
ualols seq eq Surql,ftana qll^{ {teq uosrad sqt peal nor{ teqt
'llaH ul sl^op aqlilp 'noz{ uodn IIpr I .uos req roJ [asroq e rol]
llq pue u^4,oJf, p apsu peq aqs ,ssoJJ aql ruo4lleu pup ssoJf,
slql tuo4 pue *'eualag ssardurg eql r{q ule8e punoJ servr r{trq,ll
lPql 'pel?u sp^/\ Jnor^es eql qtrql\ uo ,r{rerr1e3
Jo ulplunou
eql uo pools leql ssort,{1oq no1 iqo .nor( dlaq pqs uotuolos
pue qocef pup 'rpesl 'rupqe]qv .spoo8 uolols aql ouroq
suJnloJ eq eJoJaq lsar ,{ue eAIeJeJ Jalql leql lol la^eu nor( leqt...
II
'aulslpau u luarpalSur JrFeru
p sp pesn eq plnoJ peeq s,l!ro[u.r\s p eprsul sauols eql lpql 1q3noq1 sp.r
]I..
'raqln'I ulupw dq uallurvr servr uru,{q sq1.
""eulJn
u \o Jno^,{Jo ITUOOdS e pue '{Fu FeeJq s,uetuo^{ pJo Iryuoods
e 'pe^Im ,(puacar seq lql e uro{ {nu Jo Iryuoods e a{q[
^\or
EPruIup s.reqlou perlrllAeq seq oqm 8u1aas Jo ile aqJ.
'daa1s touueo ll q sell ro^a
-oq { lql os paq e ur tr t\oJrll pue A{ollelrrs E tuo4 a.{a aqt ar1el
sseussaldaels esnJ oI
'nor{ qtpn sluerpar8ur
esaql tfirct pue.{rnrrelu Jo quolr/r s8urgqs o^4l pue ptetfatvt? e
ruoJJ ql.rpe a{% 'ppeq sll uI Ouols e sr oJeql ...^4.ollp1!\s e e{q[
(3uo4s) prpq Jlasrnou( arleur og.
*"'po9 Jno sl ssorlJoJ rfiqSlu y,, :urudq qql Fuls toUV
,l.ualuv
'{rlds i{1og aql pue ,uos leqleg erllJo orueu oqt q .ruo{
aurec no'( ereld erues eql q uJnlal 01 SJO^{OIIoJ rnor{
1e qlrrvr
leJIJn-I 'no'{ uodn 1ec 1 'uodn puels 1leLqeceld qqt ssalq
IIII!\
aq leql po0 01r(erd aro;aroq1 1 'r{e6 prvr srnor{ puu nor( eJeq l
ss^{qe eql q
pre au^top tues aq eroJeJaql gm no^( ,pnba srq
eq ot p01up1v\ pup pog lsureSe Ieqor plp sraqlorq rnor{ pue no,{
osnereg 'urc8e areqt {Jeq pel eq pqs r{aqt teqt pueruruor arueu
s,usles q IIaH ruo4 sll ap asaqt pospeleJ spq elueu osoq.rv\ L,
:8ulmoiloJ aql fes'sHt"'
91
.sr{em1e ,nor(
qlpr srqt r{.rreJ
,,'snuarop c lenuelug J splseupH ouod,,
:spJofi\ Surrvroyo; aqt
reded;o acord ? uo elrJ^\
peqrllaeq 8ulaq lsule8e uolpelord
'Aeilre ue{el ale
qloot pue ar(a aql Ipun daals uaqt IIr^r esnoq teql q aldoad aq;
'Joop JolJpd aql rano ulaqt Sueq pueqlool s,uetu peap p pup
slPolJ leql euo eql e{ql '{uls IIr^\ raqlo aql lnq 'leolJ IIr^{ euo
'Jelell/\ ur uoql u{e1 pue
I/!\o up Jo ppeq aql luoJJ sa,,{a eq1 aqql
daals 11qs asnoq e u1 auofrela uaqll
'srnor{ rno;-,(luarq ro3 daals ueql
IIr^{ aH qullp 01 rooq Jo
sselF e u1 'daa1s ot qsr^\ nod uos;ed eql q t1 a43 uaql .raprvrod
p 01 ulseJ eql qsnJJ pue ,fip 'aa.Il auld e tuo{ ursoJ eql e{ql
sJnoq rno;-u$uerrrl daals ol euoaruos JoJ qsl4t noz( uaq6
'e^eel ol ulq luem nor{ uar{M 1no z(ervr aql
ulrl ^,{1uo
:rurq ot tl o^l3 tou op lng '{uFp ol Surqlauros
^4,oqs
Jo pooJ &1es raqlra JoJ {sp pup qill^d. e Jo Jete)tos e ouoJ III/V\
erarll rnorl euo raUV 'elqul er{t uo sse13 aqt eceld pue roped
eql olul {lel!\ ueql ,,'plJolv\ slq q qnqasleg JeAo salnJ oq r
eq ueql ^.ou
og, :serull oeJr{l slql des 'arn1xltu eql Sunaular JeUV
,,'PFng elserq el?soH,,
:uaop Sullrs a;e nod alq a 'serull
aeJrll spJolr,l asoql z{es uaql 'lqSrurano deaq arnueu e q u^\op
ll rfinq pue sse13 p ur arnlxllu eql1n4 :aqla8ot ueql puolg...
gI
'pepetord oq ot Sop orll roJ rapro ul Sop eqt ol lseJ punoq
aq lsnru spJo1r4, aues oql :Jequouer lng 'lsJU 8op e uo lr r{.rl '8ur
-{ro^{ slql lnoqe slqnop aneq nor{;I 'no.{ qlvrt Surlrrvr qql da4l
,,'UflO sule IauV,, :SpJo^/vt Fuprollo; aql JOdPd;o acald e uo aIIJA\
;oord1a11nq aq oI
'nor{ anlacap 01 alqe eq ruAl auo oN ,(auour rnor( qllm
Suop as;nd tnor{ ur 1l tnd pue (p.r1fl tlmaad p Jo peer{ eql qI
Sulperl ueq r ulllr oI
'uaql nod M
uec 8op oN 'nor{ qtl^/\ JIol!\ e go ada ar{t
'lteq
ro ilee\ eql raqlla [,xe)
not fe {req t.uo1n sFop rcqt os
'nor( qlrll' spJolv\ esaql ftrcX
,,'snuPalseJ lotuPlqoJ PIodL
uaour ta uapn rwn) IpJIIp Ieuo eqerv,,
:raded go arard e uo spJon,\ eseql atlJ A
s1v\oJJe ruory uollJelotd
'p0ls4lla.r\ ueeq sPq lerll ernl
-4tu e q s1ql 'un8 aqt ur ;apmodun8 Jo puelq srql esn .;apmod
-un8 u1
tl puelq pue 'rop^4,od ot ll qsnrt 'auoq upunq p e{q[
3u11ooqs ueqa sslru l.uolv\ nof og
noz{ qlvr,r, sderrle qqt rfiref,
'":JJJ serle :J :n :q :q e1eile pge,{J olp-I gg,,
:oded 3o ecold e uo spro^\ asaql ellr6
re.&r q parnlder 3u1aq lsule8e uolpelord
LI
'a{pus p 01 ua^rF aruPu{rp plo up q uuerulaSully uol.-
'uollstupJul aqt Fullep ol alnqlruol dlaq ueo qrrqrr,r'f8rnlq
lloqteJ uorJ uallel oq 01 suees ..tlJIdS r(1og pue 'uos :oqlpJ,, pauolsrp srql*
,,(lalegparuul tno tnd oq IIIr\{ ezelqeq1. ,gluUl flog eql Jo erueu
eql q sHl oO 'oru oI{1 rano s33e lelJads oseql Jo eerql morl{I '1or
ro^eu z(epsrnql,{puney11p uo plel eletetp,ua{rlql p uorJ s33a aq;
aJU llueplJlp ue Jo erusu lno lnd oI
"
'sotull eoJr.Il JOdeJd s,ptoT eql elltou
,,'r{qu1tr1 dlog aql Jo erueu oql q , ,{puelsur papeq aq leqs no,{
pue dn puets, 'pps snsa['ueu ppap aqt palldar ,'oru paqqels
seq **uueru1a8u1ry uo[, 'pps snsa[ ,ino,l. peru{ seq leq6, 'uetu
pPOp e lau r{aqt arar{I 'peore u^\op pe{lP1r,\ ralad 'ls pue snsa[,,
a{eus ruor; uoslod aql ua{ee,r. oI
"
'8up;oru r(epsrnq; e uo elner aqt ot pelps s1qt o^l9 'sacard
[plus olul lueql qsnr] 'rPeq pue JIo^4 3 Jo souoq aql a{q[
enleJ ilnq louuf, sJsaq pue saalollr leql os
'not N aJIJ louueJ sun8 'fem
sqt se[ pos aql se 3uo1 sV 'u^/rop aprs uaar8 aqt Aelpup 1r urr[
toog tq8p rno,( rapun pos eql dn lnd 'a;gun8 reaq nor{ ueq6
slafinq pIoA oJ.
'qsluP^ ilrl!\ epPru r(lasrrvrun an,noz{
sospuord palupl\4,un asoql uaql 'nor( qlrrr.raded qqt rfireJ
*,,'alf,ups 'snltrds 'snl1g 'slrd 'xeurn 'xpqd 'xe141,, :spJolr
esaqt Sop r1ce1q p Jo poolq oql qll^\.raded 3o acard p uo ellr A
apetu flaqmun an,nor( saqruord ruor; JlasJnof aar; o;
6I
'sIIri{J aql
qll^A ue8aq 1ql sossou{3rs re^al IIp 01 ue^r8 olupu splr{ le^eJ-plol ro llof,.
snJod snxe ISeN
'la{Jod oprs rnod ur sfppuns eerql
qJrnqr 01 nof qtl^r tl e{e1 pup elSee up Jo an8uol eqt alouog
s8ulpaacord 1e1r1pn[ u1 upr o1
,,'snJod snxe IsN, tale spJoa aql
'ur^\ ueql ruA{ no 'pueq;nor( u1 spJPl
eql e{el 'poolq ulro ;nor{ qlF{ pupq;nor{ uo spJoM esaql ollJ A
sarueF eJIp pue pmJ le ulllr oJ.
'auo8 eq ill^{ ra^al ar{t 'srqt Burop reUV
x3'xoJ'xloJ
'x eloJ 'x ueloJ 'x atueloJ 'x raruelo3 'x lJeruploJ 'x slJetuelo3
'x 3 sl rlJlq 'acald lspl aql
^
urnq fep qlulu eql uo pue .,{ep qcea arard e,(1ec1g1cads 's,(ep
t{31a .rog
luaned eql q 11 a43 pup peerq go acard e uo slql etlr {
-(e11or) raleJ erno oI
ur glas;noz( pu1; feur nof 'arg oql uo peel aql
lou eJe
^rr';tir'lr?J
nor{;r esneJeq 'arrJ oql uo 11 1v\oJql 01 olqp a;e nor( Jr eos
01 pel eql sp erues aqt sqFlam leql auols e qll^r tsrlJ f{t :aloN
,,'ueleN 'uPauPlug 'ule3ouy,, :eJe sptolv\ eql 'oJIJ aql uo
ppel aq1 pup ppol;o acerd e uo sprolta Surmolo; aql ellJM
^\orr{t
etJe lno lnd ol tleueqtouv
IZ
'qsu Jo sepltupnb a8rel dlrelnrrlred
are.ry\ aJeqt eiaq.,rr ruonoq elqnop p qll^/\ puod e peq Japlnq e teql rq8noqt e1d
-oad 'llPl P pPq aqs lnq 'lnJllneoq ,fian sem aq5 ,{4e3 poIJI^\ P se,/!t raplnq v*
'Je,,(eJd s,pJo'I oID fes uoql ,,'ltllul.l1
flog aqt Jo eueu aql uI ,'[a^{ safo raq op?u nof lreqtou
poo8 Jnod sP ilaft\ se sefa r{ru arleyg, :pIPs uelu eql 'uelu
pu[q e laur r(aqt aJaql 'peoJ e ufi\op po{lP^/\ relad ls pue snsa[,,
uollJeJul afa ue laq oJ.
'selllluenb q qslJ qtlPr 111m no.{
lpql reuv 'ralel!\ eql q punore p.redone.rS P ruo4 rrlp aql apupdS
.puod s.replnq uI qsu oI
"
,,'uatuv eue8os {oJpeH uorlpJglilow pue uoll
-ys8eg rlceq elsn8nv Jo orueu eqt uI 'oSeluenpe oql e^eq ileqs
I pue a8quenpesrp oqt a^pq ileqs no1'qlnoru pue spueq rno.,{
pulq Wqs sureqr s,reJlrn1 'rleeds rcqs I 'tue1s eq fieqs no1
'o.{41
s,llleq eql pue 'orr,rl.rnoz( 'odq fW 'ser{e xs qlrrvr no.,( ees [,,
glas.rnod 01 spJoll osaql r{es 'druaua ;nod le
,{lsnoalq8yr 3uyr1oo1 e11tl A 'prp^\ur tueq qunql rnor{ qtpu pueq
1q31r.rno,{ ur 8er eql ploq 'unof, orll oroJeq puels nod uaq44
,,'lqoePlsv aluoN,,
:fes pue 'setult aeJr{t 1l uo tlds '8er gerus e qlF/\ roop s,.{rueuo
rnof, ot oF 'sasp uns eqt eJoJaq '8uluoru aql ul SuHr lsrg eql
olllo
gz
'dsdapda sl sseu{rls 3u11eg..
'eJeq pellluo 0q lou lsnu ,,lou,, pro,ry\ eql.
'r(ervr r{rane ut nod elol JaLI
e{plu III^4, '143 e ss!{ nof ueq/v\ qlnou rnof q ouots poJ eq1
Suyreq dq puV 's1soq8,{q patuneq Suraq ruo4 pales are no,(
pue euo poJ eql 1.J.rcx **'ssou{Jls 8uryeJ oql lo uPIuol\ , r{ue r(q
panrerep 3u1aq .lou luor; aer; oq Jeleu pm nor{ pue {oPIq eql
d;.rec lsmoJJos eleq JOAau g,nor{ pue nod qllll\ auots ellgd\ aql
fl.rc1'por p4qr oql pue '{lelq reqlo er1t 'elII!\{ $ auo 'urv\op
auo8 seq uns eqt rage 1q31u ^,{epsrnql e uo pepelloJ aq ppotls
sauots aql 'lsau sll w sauols ealql seq /!\olle^4,s e leql ples sl lI
seuols /rroilefi\s ulor; cl8eul aqg
'ro^pJ rnor{ u1 oB prt affl aLII 'an8uol rnor{ rapun an8uol
s,.ry\ollel\s e areld 's8ulpeecord p1c1pn[8ulpua11e are nor( uotllA
ilnoJ uI uyvl oI
'do1s pm ra8ue s111 'tul{ ol rleads pue an8uol rnor( Japun
an8uol s,pJlq aqt aceld uoql 'ileaq s,rv\o[e,r\s aql r(eldsrp 'nor{
le At8ue sl euoeuos uoq \ 'ilaq s,A/lolle,l\s aqt r(e1dqp uaql
'an8uol rno,( rapun r1 eceld pup .olprr\s erll Jo an8uol oqt a{el
^
uaqtr '{rlts p uo 1l reads pue e uorJ ueoq aqt a{q[
^\o[e^\s
raFue rulpJ oI
9Z
'derr,uo61 ur pesn.{paruro; ulor raddoc e sr Bugprls y..
u1_
'rnos .,(psee plnot pup panrasard dpeq se.t{ raeq palsea,{-Je^o eql s.,(ep pyo
'leql Jeue JoJ {Jpl Je^eu III/1. no1\ ,,.xlleo sseppoS eql
'{ouour
noz{ 'nof oAIS I g!3 s1q1,, :.,{es pue qlJou eql pJe4{ol ..3ur1r1s
P 1[OJql lsnru nof '(depunS lso]alued pue .Jelspg ,seulsrJqJ
'sI lpql) Suruaaa,(ep1oq ^(razra oJoJaq JoUpeJeH
.ure8e eloql
.JepuoM
Jo lno 1l e{el Je^eu pue asrnd rnor{ u1 uroJ eql etpld
e ees [r/\4 no,( pue ure8p osJnd oql elalJleg .s8uruala,,(epsrnql
aarql aroql aI ll lal pue ale.r8 e uo esrnd eql fl r(1taDa5
'esrnd eql lsurp8e peqqnr eq tsnu raueeJarlt
la8 nof uro3
tsrrJ aql 'apq aql uro;; asrnd e e{ew .lerres w tm {tplq e ul{S
z(auoru qrlllr {rnl Suyreq pue Suplaf,erJo IIHS aq;.
'qlnou
s1q ul pa;nod sl oJnlx1u loeq rnos eql Ulun ro s.,(ep aulu
;og daals uoqt ru^{ uos;ad leql 'peoq s,uosrod aql rapun Bunl
s,eJeq aqr de'I .'Jaaq Jnos pup Ioqotlp rlll,l\ Jeqlo8oi tl elles
pue 'll qsnrr 'polrp uoeq seq lP-rlt erer4e woJJ la^rl eql o{ql
sfep aulu ro; daals o1
'sJnoq euru JoJ alqrsr^ur
aq g,nor{ 'slqt Fur{urJp pup 8ur1ea JOUV .{Uu tea^\s uI lr
{oof,
'ler {relq e ;o a,(a oql o{e1 ueqJ 'poolq s,lpq qtrnr;1asrno.,{
reerus 'loqcod rnor{ ur uaqt tnd pue leq e go sor{a aql lno o{od
elqlsnul ;lasrnoz( e{eu oI
LZ
.uorlPluElul srql
8ur1ep ol alnqlJtuol upl pue salrlJas r{JJnqJ trloqlpf, uor;,{1sno4qo sr srqJ.
'Suruana
z{epstnq; e uo 00:6lp ernxlru slqt qryvl.(1a1a1druoc ssel8
eill reeus pue JorJnu e a{e1 uoql .sluo1par8u1 eseql Jo lno
q8nop e a{ew 'pllqr Koqe pere^rlop seq oq^\ ueruo^\ p ruo4
{Iru lseeJq pue .'Jalpd\ z{Ioq 'rue;ofreu ;o selpup] Jalspg pue
esuof,ur ar1e1 'noz{ uoq uelols seq oqd\ A4ou{ 01 luel\A nor(
3t
Jelqr P lno tulod oI
:a.,(er4 s,plo'I oql.(ps uaql ,,.,,fi1ugt r{loH oql Jo arupu oql
uI 'pog Jo erupu passelq pue z{1oq eql q ,pueq,{ul qrpr spooS
asaqt e{el.ry\ou I 'po9 Jo etueu pessolq pue dloq oqt ul spoo8
eseql e{el ol a8e;noc r{ur uaqfueJls I 'uos s,r(reyq pue s,poc
sr orl^\ lsnse[ '1oo;,(ru druets I ,slql3u1,{es JaUV .spueq upunq
olul euoJ spoo8 aseql lo1 rnor{ ile qllra aJeq uor;
'{ueduroc
pedap pt4'lellag'sne{eJg,snuelDFJO,saqnuy,seuuleg
no t(.
'lqoJplsv 'qnqeslag Ia;rcn1 :eJp oqnr 'sacupd lqfira s,1ag
'nor{ goqxe pue leduroc I .pog Jo pJolv\ oql qlllr{ "ronod aql
a^pq I isal'lrrrdg dlog aqt pup ,uos JeqlpC eql :seueu earql
a^pq teqt spueq eerqt qtl^{ ueqt turelt 1 ,a1doad,{q uapprq are
lqt pue peleaJuol eloq orl teqt spoo8 eseqJ iarupu ,snsof u1,,
spoo8 uapplq palord oI
6Z
's,plo"I aql-'N'N'o.
"'qtnos eqt ro qlrou eql fq 'sauoq qsrJ ro p4q 3u1sn 'saqclm
fq peuro;rad uaeq seq Surqclr^\eq JaAaJaq^/\ ol turod I 'ra8
-ulJ s,lsrJqS snsa[ qlrlr/\ pue t{31ur pue rarvrod s,po9 qlr^t spJol\
0s0q1 peoJ I 'ruopuelsrJqf, IIe rano z{ep .'N'N'o sl qJlql\ z(epo1,,
:Suluala ,(epsrnql
e uo uolleluelq slql uJoJJad 'peqJlllv\aq uaeq sPq oq^{ lo '1sef,
uaaq spq
I^e uoql\ uodn uos.rad e o1 uanr8 eq ol sr ol sUI
relelll8u1uuru pup llps relo peeJ eq ol lads y
'lq8nec eq uet pue
ure8e {Jeq euoJ IIrl!\Jelql eql'saturl eoJrlt spJo.{A asaqt
allJ6
v-nv_-rnv
Jnv qelpl nv-n qele Jnv-ln qete J nv
-eJnv-le -eleJnv-
'pa18rnq seq Jolql
aql qrlqM asnoq eqt Jo roop aql re^o splolv\ 3uyrrro11o1 aql ollrl^
Jelql e uo gads e lnd oI
'punoJ aq uel aq Olaq { pue auPu
sJelql eql pulJ uoqr ru^/\ noz( pue urc8e lorr[u eqt q o3 uaq;
'slq8ru eeJql JoJ ruooJ
{rep e ul JolJItu eql epq 'euop slqJ
'reads e qlll/r ruPqlqPsv ile0q
IiI
q8norqt ewe-I I!I pue aprs
pocrald e;am I s,lslrqJ snsa{
:slt oqs arn8rJ 3urmo1103 eql s 'l! punote
spro^\ aseql ellrlK pue rorrltrr eql Jo OlppIIu aql q ileaq p
^\pJo
l?,
'sra^.\od
[^e eq1 ,{q toqs s^roJJp 01 anp araa suolpaJur cmraprda tq8noqt a1doa4.-
('c1e 'sqearq 'surcrds) saunfur auoq pue tulo[go spul{ 11u sueeu araq ,,'fin[u1,,-
"'puP
qslJ ? sP role^A aql Jo lno dn eluPr lPql 3u1oq olqrrr4 P lau
,{aqt e.raq; 'JaArJ aIIl Suole ul/rop pue dn pe{lefi\ 'soldllslp raqto
eql qrld\ Suop 'ls pue ralad 'ls pue snsef pro'I rno,
^\erpuv
..suollJeJul Jlruaplda auJoqJIP JoJ
'pue eql ol Jafpld s,pro'I aql allJeJ uaq; ,,'filuul eql
Jo alueu eql ul pauroJred 8ulaq qq1 'u1e3u tulof lelu 1u1o[pue
'ulp8 leru seuoq looJ pue 3a1aq1 ,{rn[u1 ue pepeq pu u1v\op
tlaurl pue sluds I^o aqt fq parlpm snsof 'sturds {rep II^a eql
a.ram qled aql uo 3u11qerr aJeql 'a8puq daals e lalo apoJ snsa[,,
.r{rn[u1ue I"eq oI
'saull aarql rar{e;d s,pJo'I oql ueql ,,'uotuv
'Jelelv\ 8u1uuru aqt JoJ lles se sprol\ asaql o1;1es.rnor( l1uoJ
[eqs no1 {ttut.tt oqt Jo erueu oql ul l{31ru pue ;amod 1saq31q
aqlq1l4/\ slqt des 1 'uos;ad,'{ue ol uJeq eJoru op Je^eu Ipqs no
'slooJ s,ileeq pasJnl ;nod pue laeJ pue spupq rnor( 'an8uol pue
ilpeq rno,{ 's8unl pup re^ll.lnor{ r(epol ploq I '3u41tp .ro 3u1p1r
'3u{1ro Surnrs '{ulJp ur Jo pooJ ul 'eplslno.ro ur 'luoplcce r{q
;o esodrnd uo 'algrds ralel\ Jo ulu1unoru ^,{q ro gos ,,{q 'pul1!\"'
2t
'euo Ina eql-epe'I-
''JO SISTSUOf, 'pesn UaUO Sr qrrql\A '{3lrl SIqI
sleulue Jo
sprlq pl1,t\ tp fleletntte 3u11ooqs alqnort Fu4eq are noz(gI
>? ,,'ratleJduolDalo.rd,, e pelpr q slqJ
rer{er4 s,pJo'I eql seull eeJql ueql puv ,,'r{lluul aql Jo otuPu
eql uI ,'laal pesJnc rno,( uI pup ileeq rnor(go sloo.r rfian aql
ur lsrnq [eqs no '{oo]q slql JaAo '8eq elqtrroq no,'( ,{erre oB
leqs no,{, 'ples snse{ ,'oN, ,'uoltereue8 qlqu eql q alDeJ pue
sesJoq 'daaqs pue sleo8 'aldoad a.rn[u1 pue rutpJ e o1 3ulo8 ru,1,
'pe{se snsaf ,iSuro8 nor( are aJaqlA, .'apaT 'q]llr!,r. aqt tau daql
erer.{I 'e8ppq opLv\ p.ro^o pa{lprvr rfiew up.r6 eqt pup snse[,,
seqJ4/v\ tsule8e uollrelord ro; raz(erd y
'selurl aarql rar{erd s,pJoT ellJOJ ueqJ.
,,'eorql aql Jo elueu aql uI ,'sl eJaql {ldap
lsalear8 aql 01 pue 'ure8e JeArJ eql ur ulv\op 'lno nor{ lal alpq
oq^/\ ueql ol {Jeq uJu IIPqs no , 'pps snsaf ,'1ou leqs nor(
ioN, ,'{ulJp ol poolq pue 'lPe ollPatu '{eaJq 01 seuoq eJeI{I
'daaqs pue 's1eo8 'aul&\s 'sas:oq tuJpq ol uJeJ leuruu] of oB
Ilpqs L :paJal{sue 1p1ds ilAa oql ,io8 nor{ [eqs oJeq6, :po{se
pup uer oql r{q rl paqqe;8 snse[ 'dn uaqt 01perJl"'
^\o[P1v\s
It
leqlluprdpuorr,,,,1ilTil^:;";:;";)'fr;:lgilJT:il,lr,Tn:l$i:
'uollarsas Jleql puE re^eaq aql uorJ spwF lPeulJed pstJp Jo slslsuoJ
leql aJuqsqns u.roJq-a8uJo ,{rueaJr '8q11aus-8uors :e1rq e sI uneJolsp3*
""ran\sue lou op 'dnor8 Jeqloup Iuo]J
euo,(ue Jo dnoJ8 euo ruo4 Jeqlle 'nod ot s{lel auofuu JI 'peqsl
-urJ uaaq seq sserord aqt gtun 8up eqt ur puets 'lq8gupru 71
raUV ,,'uoruv 'llJIdS z(1og aqt pup 'uos :aqtpJ aql Jo auu eql
ul 'a;aq puels I arueu ,snsaf uL, :r{es 'punote dyvtols 8up aqf
.r,rerp nor{ aull elues eqlrc pue '{rlls P qll^/\ nod punore Fuu
e e{pw'{ooq qlrnqJ plo ue uror; a8ed e pue 'lpru pue ure;8
..'lalps1ar(p *'runeJolsec nor{ qlln{ enpq pup qtJnqt p eprslno
puels '8uluana aql ul qoJnrlr e ul punore {le,l seqrllv\ ees ol
elqrssod sl lI 'tq8lu s,Jetutunsplw eql uo pue 'lsoJelued lalseg
'sPrulslJq] 1e ,{larueu :r{rJnqr eql q -readde o1;amod aql
enpq saqllmr fear{ e s1q31u JnoJ 'ele1s 1?q1 solsl plo eJp aJOqI
saqJll/r4, eas ol qspr nou( I
'11 qllzlt
prurup aqllp looqs uaql 'un8 eqt q uaqt tnd pue 'araqrvr,{ue
acelda.rg e uo;; ro 'uoqrtl{ eql ul acelda.rr; aql ruo4 sauols loq
e{el osp upr no 'un8 aqt uo Jo le[nq eql uo sso]f, e Sur1nc"'
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"'relo uroql UIs pup sroqlua alil SupvtolS er1q1
frelSrnq e tno
palrrPf, sq eq reue uH pulqeq pru slq se^?el Jelqr P JI
'pua aql o1.rar{erd s,pJoT
aql ,{es uaqJ. ,, ,'dtlul,trI, olp Jo eueu aqt uI 'lq8tut s,po9 qllM
Jarvrod s,pog lo dlaq eql qtp\ luas qsg 1o dtuald qttet ru^{ pue
qrlpr I 'ozrs ilerus pue 31q Jol4ue) ileqs no,,{ qs1; q8noug,
^\ou
:prcs snsaf 'JOleA{ eql uo lno spl/r leoq aq1. 'pe{sp sell aq teql\
plp reted 'teoq p pulJ or reted perlse 'pupl uo Surpuels 'snse[,,
rcdetdFulqsg aq1
'luoJ P qJns seq
qrrnr.lJ ar1l JI 'r{JrnqJ orp ur uolnalo.rd tsaq eql q tuoJ lplusll
-deqe r{q Sulpuas tng '8urr aqt ur puets 01 paeu 1,uop no,{
pue 'nor{ qlr^\ uorpalord.raqlo ou aAPq paau no 'qJJnqs al{l
eprslno Jo aprsq pupts uer no1 'peaq rnod uo paceld sr dunlc
pos eql Jl rlslr nor( a;eq.vr Puels 01 alqe aq [,no 'uoseas 1q3lr
eql q sl tl Jl ,,(1uo 1nq 'prer{ qcrnqr e IuoU pos Jo durnlc e trr)
saqrtllv\ Suluasqo agq r uollcatord ro; dem reqlouv
'qlael rleql qll^\ s[eq oql uo mBuS
or a{[ r{aql asneraq aJeql pe^Jesqo oq ueJ sor{Jlr/!\ teqt r{1ar1q
,fion sr 1l eJurs 's[eq q]JnqJ aql fq pupls osl upr no1 :aloN"'
6'
'OroJaq pesn uoaq JaAOu O^eq leql sOAIu{
fi\eu qlw\ sr{ervrle 'sSulurour ,{epun5 olvu uo Alaue lnJ oq lsnlu
{JI$ aq;. 'dn souroc uns oql aJoJeq s^{emp pue ,{ep s,Jetutuns
-PIW uo pue ,{epunsllq^/\'deq uotsuacsy ,{epun5 ralseg ,(ep
-lu poo9 uo tnr eq lsnlu por 3u1uyr1p aqt :{tlls peuoltueu eql
por Suluplp e{etu oI
(,,'alu ruo{ uelols
aneq nor{ asnpleq 'nor( ol pues I IIAO0 aqJ.,) 'ued lslu aql uI
pelels ale leq), spJolv\ eues eql ,{es 'a;g eql q adld aql ,{e1 nor{
uarl A 'aJII slq rele^\oq a;eds lnq 'slleJ Jelql eql p1, ,{po 'eroql
all adld eqt tol uec nor{.ra8uo1 aqt :eqt eql orurol o1 qsmt nod
orolu aql 'so 'erlJ eql ul adrd 1a1snu oql Jo pua auo aceld uaql
'srtep euos sluouJal pue seslJ eJruxlru aql os luouuoJlAue
ue u! prru eql aceld pue q8noprnos ro lsear{ ar1el 'ad1d tarl
-snu plo up ul 1l JJrus 'pulqeq ual ueeq seq lPql prru aqr e{ql
euo Jaqlouv
,,'eru ruo{ uelols eneq nor{ osneloq 'nod ol pues I
OqL, :SpJOA,\ esaql8u1r(eS e[q^r\'epelu SP 4 qJIq \ pJru Oql"'
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,{ep aqt uo lpqt punos s,ledrurul pnol eqlqll^/\ pup 'luetueuguol
pue IIeJuArop s,ilneo eql 'sililetu eql 'sla8ue eql qtllr'p.rorlr
z(1oq qg '1adso8.(1oq s,pog qll1^ 'papuputuol are nor{ ueq \
Sullool enultuoJ 'slplotu Jo slpleuru Joqlo due lou pue 'ueur r{q
ueppq ere qrrqr\ sarnseel plo tno tulod ouole nor( teqt '{t!ls
'noz{ qcaasaq I 'alqrunq lsoru tueql epetu pue slurds IAa ilp pue
IAaO oql paranbuoo snsaf se romod pue 1q31u rnor{ qtr.r'r '{JIls
'noz( qlaasoq I 'Jor^s s,pulTueu [p sl pue suls s.ueu JoJ palp
uos s{pog sp enJl pup urzuel os pup 'pog Jo uos 0q1 q FIJrlf,
se OnD pup ursilOJ os .'tspqJ Jo qlrlq eql reue pup aroJaq
'u13r4 arnd e sezlt.,fieyl ufrn aql se erul se ag 'qilee eql
q ueppq sr pup spupq uelunq r(q aperu uoeq seq qtlq^\ ,{auour
ro lozrls 'p1o8 sr eJaqt elarl^{ ereld aqt ol etu epln8 pue 'lno
tulod 'aru rvroqs z{1ryqlrut nor( teqt '1p1d5 ,(1og aqt pue 'uos aql
leqled aql Jo eueu aql q '{rrls elqou 'nor{ qlaesaq 'faureu] '1,,
por 3u1u4lp P relo Fupeamg
2b
'uluust Jo aJJnos FuluJoJ
puP salrspJed Dasul Jo !8ury q anp d[ensn anssrt lwldJo Suqe^rs p-lnu II?g.
'otult sJnoq JnoJ-/gualu Jeue Jeded luou sJead
-deqp tpql {q ue se{ptu erruxlru srrll'pruouwe pup lrqpre
uln8 aln[ qll^\ reqlaSol oteJlns uorr ppe uaqt toloc ul {rep sl
uorlnlos eql llun prlp trJlru qlll\ JoqlaSol looc .1nu 1eF e 1e1
srnoq rnoJ-z(1uaml roJ s1se1z(po qtlq^\ {u! e{plu oI
'qooq Sursn uar{A slaS;q lp looqs lalau lng .spJlq Jo slptu
-lue le r{pce;roc Surlooqs sruelqo.rd a^eq Je^au plnoqs nor{ ,s1ql
3ulop raUV 'loqs eql pue rep^\od aql uearueq ro ,uodeervr aql
Jo reppol-elzznw eql Jo iled lsourralno oql uo {ooq aql eteld
'pesn uoeq lou e^eq lpql s{ooq esn ,lseq
[eA{ uec nor{ lnq
are r{eq1 'saqlolJ s,uetuor\ p tuo4 {ooq Iaels e laJles ul a{ql
z(lparrotul looqs IUr!\ Jaaeu nof leqt os
,:H :C :g .[ .erqurocqef prqoJ urJllg
:JeFlaJ,, :nor( qlprr ueql filpJ pue spJorr{ 8uyvro11o; oql elp4\
furoq ;1asrno,r( e{eu oI
'uetuv &Utff
aql Jo Orupu Oql ul polrJeJ 0q lsntu sul IIP puv ,,.paluEu e^pq
I sernspoll aql otu 1v\oqs ileqs pup '{JIls eugnue8 ,aup.rp nor{
leql onJl pue urelJac os ,(lenbo 'sr!\olloJ lueurSpnf e lpql pu?
'erlJ rl1l1r4 qq;ad fleqs qlrea pue ue^eor{ e{[ rpqt sHl sl enrl
pu uleuet os puv '\lrce eql uo ueaq e^eq lpql soJrueaJJ...
th
isnoJeSupp dran-a1eg1ns raddo3.-
^(r1su se polprurlsa q sqtuolu aeJql legp uollJoqp ue ,(epol uang_
a
'erlml ro eJuo Ioqorlp qlr^\ tseelq lreppn eql qse
ueuo/lr P Jo 1tloJ e Jo Jeppn eql ruo{ {uur acJoJ oI
'seullsalu! eul^rs qseu llaus Orelu aql le-I
IsoJ sll ol qulq anf leqs eteut e teql os
,{puo4s serroJ Ior{orle qluory Jo {ulJp p ur paxrru uoUJeS
auo Jerllouv
'elne) pue oldoad uo{ srueJ e lodxa osle uet tuneJolspJ 8uorls
auo Jerllouv
'uoqe u0q1 ill^,t aqs 'selurl IpJeAes lr 8ur{urJo .lspt sr
Jo
**Jolof, ouols onlq e uloJeq^\ dnos srql;o sdnc {ulJp plnoqs eqs
.sqluou e^g lsru eql uI sl rI JI ,uaprnq raq
Jo plr aq ueJ eqs lpql os pp p ol e^lF ol ro snleJ ladxe oI
/,
"'luarlPd eql la'I .si{ep uaol
-rnoJ loJ lor{olp Jo luld e JIeq ur weql ,{e1 :a3[u ,(qeq aa.rqr a4q1
Ioqorle tuplupp dn anp 11eqs re{ulrp p tpql os
,,:nlsJaf,oJo3 'uoled
'ileg,, :{urJp Jo puH z{ue .raq e^Jes pup dnc e uo spJol!\ eseql ellJ /\
nof mo11og pue noz( e^ol ilqs 143 e leql os
'lsealq oql q spJo/v\ eseql pqg :aloN ,,'uaruv :e{ps s8ulJeJJns
s,tslrq3 snsaf pue luaur8pnlslq fg :p1rom errlue eqt pue quea
puP ue^Par{ peleaJJ lpqi aH JoJ 'e{es slH JoJ IIIIS puels ,1a[n9,,
reilnq e aJnpua oI
(:a1e1arec rraql 011oeq z{em rleql puu mou plnorls s^,rol
'{gsea
erll 'ueql Jo arpJ soqel oqd\ ueuo^\ Oql Jo luels eql spq tles
arll 'tea ot lps eql uanr8 ere s^AoJ oql
tpql ereq pools.rapun sr u)
,,'uotuv snpues snlurd5 p e\tled sneq lultuoq uul,
:spro^\ esaql8up(es ellq^{,(poq parleu eql pue tuaure8rapun
eslueqr erlt ueemtaq saurl aorqt ll sse4 .8er p ur lles o{q[
lq4u 13 saales
-ueql fq rauruns eql Sugnp auoq auoc g/vr sfiroJ leql os
6b
'en8Prd Jo II JIopnE
roadug uerrrog dyog aqt rog sr(ep q)ns petlnJler oq^\ ' jOSt-gVSt) aqerg
oqc^,fi rauouoJlse qslupq aql dq parueu s^,(ep snora8uep ro.'{1cn1un dletcadsg.
.'si{ep oqerg oqr4[ uo euoq eql o{el l,uop lnq
'saqlolr rnof olul111v\os puP pJPfa^e.r8 e uro.r; auoq uerunq P o{q[
nof uo e^lrql lou fleqs erll lql os
,{ervre seo8 filensn SuIIaeJ peqrlyv\eq
'lernleuun aqJ 'elull e JoJ 1l uo {le^ . pue eoqs uel lnof
ur rrpq aql lnd 'peeq roq ro slq uro4 rleq d1p ro e{el 'lelf,as ul
e^ol olul
perlrllaeq tulaq reue uIeSP lPuuou IaaJ q uosrad e rod
'{ulrp ol loqorp q lnd'{ulrp IIAep 'unarolsE]
sueJ req ledxa ur IrlS leql os
'auo8 aq uoos 11yvr s8nq eq1. 'orp s8nq aqt oroql!\ {reJJ IIe^\
eql q ll les pue (luaurnrlsur orrurol) Ieoq.{ P ruo{ JeAIIs e a{ql
stnqpaq delrre a^Up oJ.
'dn lt {upp"'
ts
'.,{lngssoccns parJl uaeq seq lads aqt tpql supow 'ualoJd-tunlpqoJd-
"''urJo^/vr eqlluo4 snJnu pefeJop ees
,{po no.,( JI 'luoroqof,ur Jo {Jls f1ureJ Jnod q euoeuos sr eJoql
leql sueeu 1l 'ssalJel od s1 urorr eql JI 'lle^\ eJP se^llelal rnof
leql suPeu ll fqlpeq puu,{1e41 sl 1l JI 'rurolv\ e aas prvr no'{
auols eql rapun 'sr euols raqlo ou aJeq^\ quee aql uI sa[ lPql
auols e111[ e dn 319 'reuuns eql q paruro;.rad eq dpo uer srr.Il
psap ere {IoJsuI{ pue sa^Ileler
rnor{;1 /!\ou{ 01 luulv\ nod pup z{rlunoc eql Jo lno eJe noz( I
.'unleqoJd'{leep 01 ueleaq
ueaq sPq uJo1r4 e qlulv\ qll^\ ouPJ Jo {Jrls e 8ulsn ur{s eql
Jo {lpq eqt uo satull aarql req 11q r(13u11o[pue r(puepq]uou
'leql Jaq l!\ollp nor{ pue lueuSard aq ol ueruorvr ;nod luem nor(;I
pIIqJ qll^r lou q pup esrnorrelul seq z(11ensn oqrvr pI.6 p rog
.'tunlpqord 'qJpruols ,{tdula p uo {urJp ot luarled eql ol
slqt an13 pue r(1a1e1peuul ueql {oor pup saureq.radpnfreqlC
ueruo.o\ e wor1 snleJ e ladxa og.
t9
'IJeq s,ueu aql 01 /!\olq euo pelro[P sP.t\ uPlu q3eg 'sdlq,t\
qtl^4 panulno sJepllos Jo fudulol aloq^r 3 Jo seull olvq uee^Alaq llullt o1
pq upru e aJeq.ry\ luauqsrund ,tralgu p sp,r lapun8 aql unr ol-lepunpC-
'un8 rnof uo xeq oqt lnd seq oqlv\
urq alulol ol qsr^\ nor( se 3uo1se un8 aql FulddlqA anulluoJ
's8lry raplp rlllr\ un8 aqt dgqm pue erlJ e,{q un8 aqt dn ture^\
ule8e Agtauoc urro;rad un5 paxul[ e aqeul o1
'reu(er6 s,pJo'I aqt ollJOJ ueql ,,'eeJqt eqlJo alueu eql q Jelqtspr
s,ll^eo eql plp pJo^4s slq qll^{ Jelod ,'uelu Jou uPluo^4. Jeqlleu
'a;n[ul touupJ daql os 'a8pa pue lurod uraql ruo4 e{el L 'ples
0q ,'Splolv\s u1\{eJp IIV, 'spJo^rs u.ry\PJp aql IIE pallnp aH 'uoll
-lpadxa s,ueurapuo8 e uo 1ua.44. eH 'pJo'I Jno,, :spJo.ry\ esaql peeu
Jelv\ uI druaua rnod;o pJolrls aql ilnp oI
('sdrqm aqt ruo4 s1v\olq aql tsule8u uolnolo.rd
8u1ppe '{ruq eqt ot z{purg {3lls ueql ilI1v\ lens aqfl 'seu1t oarql
ro orq oJrJ aql prPlvrol ur dals ulq e^eq puP 1l qllA\ {cPq s,uelu
aql rpeus pue raqtaSor slqt llew 'lens pue sallq.ry\ 33a .tre"r aqel
.laltune8 eql uru o13u1o8 sl oq^/$. uIu JoJ
,,'alueu S,IIAOO aql ul sselpeeH,, :SpJOlv\ asaql r(es pue
sl\olq pur,4/\aql ueq^4, Jer.llo qrea lsure8P qnJ seeJl odu eJeI{M
arllarr lrlSlt e ur tr uelspJ pup peeq slq urorJ 4erl ouos tec
erlJepeq luplsuoc e uosrad asnef, oI
'pep sl ileoq rnof ut
lnoqp lsoru {urql no,,{,,{pue; ;nor( u1 uos;ad eql leql supatu ll"'
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irNo voog Jo oNlI
'elpJlns uoJr IDLV\ sqIroJS lo sloq eqllPof,
lseJ tno {erq aldoad uo sq1rtror8 pue sgoq lq1.
'ute8B luneq l,uo^rv\ uosrad teql
pernssp oq 01 eJP no^ 'pesealop 0q1 qlIA{ uI.JJOl eql ul spaes
-url peards asIA{e{II uel no1 ''(ervre oF uaqt gm lsoq8 s111 'pel[
aluo poseoJop eql eleq^/\ uJeJ eql punoJe speosull peardg
qleep reqe stunq uosrad u 3I
Surpulq P seq re^lls :e^lesqo '8ury,qs rr^rrr'il;l
Surqtou s,ll'uo.tls
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JI uola 'uJnqf, Jornq oql olul JaAIIS 3o alerd e
^\oJqJ
JeDnq a{elu l.uo1v\ Suprnqr rnor( uaq^A
'rer{er6 s,pJo'I aqt des uaql ,,'&lul11 aql Jo atuu
eql uI lernfur louueJ no,\ iezee{ 'puq s,lned pue s,lslJqf, qllAA
'ure8B nor( asealar I lllun aru roJ pazflemd a11 ileqs no,( teqt
'lnJrarvrod os spJolv\ S,Po9 {ll^rr 'nOf dOtS I 'O{PuS IpUPTUTUOJ
I 'lleJ lllun uI peas aql elPus 'paJql ileqs pees eql uPluoM,,
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lPrD raprsuot o1vl uaqil\ a8uerls os lou sl sul 'sJaueq a41p4rd
eseql ol tseJ plaq eldoad uouuot aq; 'crFeul ruro;red ol,(I[qe eql
roJ uJnlar ul Inep aql q lnos rno,{ [as q alqssod se^4,1r rcrq,pue
,{racros lnoqp Aleu{ spnplllpul aruos teql peJurluoc r{1daep servr
c11qnd p.reua8 eq11qt DeJ er+ o1 s1ulod Sulqfrana 'lle Jo tsrrd
ispuno.6 qJns uo papnuoc pF
uosrad e ol ^{sea os 11 semr{ry\rr
,{err'r-roN ro3 3u1r1poo8 e 3u1eq
se .,{rolsrq ,{q uaas asrfi\Jeqlo sr oqll\ ht ueltslry sel aurl lpql
1p Lltreuou aql 'rfeu pacrperd oq.rvr eldoad pue saqltr^4, pelleJ
-os 8u11eulruJalxe ut palsaralul ,,{lercedsa sel{ leql fqtJeuotu e Jo
asnmeq uaaq o^pr{ z(eu qq1 's00gl eql sp \ zftm-rog-r1-rpuuao JoJ
porrad lsro^,r aql 'adorng Jo eloqA\ aqt re^o a{sls eqlrc peurnq
era.l{seqrllw'ooLI aroJeq 6n[ pue sa8y a1pplw aqt Fupnq
'req aroJaq sqtuoru p 6n[ep;
Irypearp arues fian leqt poreJJns
^\eJ
peq uos req tpqt uJeel osle elA 'UeJtqaL!\ pue.,{racros roJ e{sls
eql te uJnq q paruelues splv\ oq^,r ?B/s\O Sroqa8ul tsuyeBel;r
essJ p saqrJJsep gzgl teatl.eql ruou lueumop ilnof, r{q]5uat v
',(ouaat1 mo1ncqp4t/b spunot?atll uo
fiuo pasvq tlpap 01
pnuailDs Qln[un aJaM oq/vt awu Jaq wo4l'uawoa t(unw atqrt
auo aq o1 pauaddotl ln{fuoqaFut 'r,^ty Dtuolg atq p 2p!s r2u10
aqt uo uo{?uuoqt1?tau D uo pa^ll at1g 'QTtuafpusny atq oj roj
-snul tm n 'q&toua fiEupsanlu! ?asq7 Froqa?ul 'gzgI u! ayrys
aqtp pazunq svtut oqlw aDwolut nfi runocca up st Eutuollo{aq1
gagl u] lv!.r) {rrtrn v
t22 Cbe Black Book dluerum

the thinking of the enlightened few atthattime-the clergz serv-


ing as royal officials, bailiffs, and sheriffs-did not differ from
that of the general public. Incredible as it might seem, all witches
were judged according to the old Norwegian laws, royal decrees,
and often by "God's own law," the law of Moses.
The maximum punishment under the official law was given
to individuals who had magic skills. Bishops, ministers, bailiffs
and others had a special responsibility to perform these duties.
This law came into effect only eight years before the case against
Ingeborg 6kset.In order to getsome insight into her case, we will
take alook at the most important "evidence" that was submitted
against her.
In the first place, it has been documented that Ingeborg was
turned in by her own sister, Gulluf Krogsti of Lsten. Gulluf was
executed some time before Ingeborg was accused and pronounced
guilty of practicing witchcraft. It was assumed that witches were
in league with one another. In such cases, the accused had to
inform on others whom they knew to be witches. We must remem-
ber here that the accused were tortured in the most beastly ways.
This was all,legalized by statute in 1.677.
Something that proved to be much more serious for Ingeborg
was being "exposed" by her oldest son, Peder Lassesen. He was
condemned to burn at the stake on January 72, 1625. The charges
against him must have been especially grave in the eyes of the
authorities because it was not very usual to condemn a man in
this way. A man's life was viewed as being worth more than a
woman's. And should a man be punished in such a manner, he
was often handled in a more "humane" way. He would often be
beheaded before being burned at the stake, just like Peder
Lassesen. The thought behind burning at the stake was that the
'sill{s rloql Surorperd lnoqe pue tno aro^l saqolllvr
'seulslrql eroJeQ le8tu aqt pup ang sprulslrqJ uo ^(gulradsa
'fetql penerleq spl\ lI 'uorssassod raq ut peq Sroqa8ul leql luau
-lulo rlSBru p qll^{ u/!\op paqqru ueeq lsru peq slplulup eqr '31d u
3u1pp repad pue rpo8 e Supp Sroqa8ul Talseg eroJeq tq31u aqt
elourg 01 raqlaSol uepplr peq ,(aqt r.ll reqtouv 'ru1q ol lenrJ
ueeq s^{emp peq reqlou sH teql peluauuor aH 'rennq Sulurnqr
eng selulslJtlJ uo reqlou slq ssorJe euoJ ppq aq leqt palets
Japad 'seull lpJenes peJnlJol dltuaredde sBrvr aH 'lprrl s,Jeqlou
slq ul paleadar sp/vr roJ pelrl uaeq ppq reped tprlla Jo ued
'ruop8urrl r{panueq eql
JoJ penps eq ueql plnol,r Inos eql 'peJJa SursueelJ e ppq seuU
uoslollr) ropoor.ll Aqspsloy p4
l\t\
.1 I
gZI SaqLu;! 1v1.r2 {pr16,{
124 Cbe Bhck Book of lperum

GMola was the local version of Brocken, the highest peak of


theHarz Mountains in Germany, where it was said that witches
would meet with the devil and hold their revels.
Furthermore, Peder stated that he had used witchcraft atthe
BAnerud farm, after taking advice from his mother on how to
destroy Peder BAnerud's beer in the process of brewing.
Ingeborg had supposedly once interfered in what seems to
have been a small disagreement befween her two daughters-in-
law. Gunnor Ingulsdatter (Peder's wife) came to her mother-in-
law concerning a half pound of goat cheese that was owed her by
Sigrid Rolfsdatter. Ingeborg was so offended that she threatened
that it would be lean in the future with goat cheese. That very
same year Gunnor had lost all of her goats, an accident that was
supposedly due to Ingeborg's witchcraft.
Another charge that was disclosed against Ingeborg involved
a previous minister, Lawrits Kristensen. The clergyman had
accused her of having bewitched his son, Morten. The minister
died around 1610. The rumors surrounding Ingeborg must have
circulated some time before a public case was put into motion
against her. The minister's son had probably suffered from one
or another physical ailment-or more likely from some mental
defect. It was believed that such problems were due to witchcraft
being used on the afflicted individual.
It appears that Ingeborg's husband, Lasse Gudmundsen, tried
to free his wife from these false charges of witchcraft when the
rumors began circulating. He had sent the Swedish-born Oluf VAI
from Amot to Sweden to get truthful evidence from a wise woman.
She was supposed to clarify Ingeborg's innocence. But Oluf came
back with the message that Ingeborg not only knew about the
Black Arts but was in factthe shrewdest of them all. Lasse @xset
was so furious that he took back a brass kettle with copper handles
.Burl aqt
ol potreJroJ eq Ipqs elplso Ipar pue 's8ur8uolaq ,{tradord raq pue
'e{pr aql te 8u1urnq,{q afi roq q1r^r 8up(ed,{q paqsrund aq ilpqs aqs
'JEI paleJ-oMl e aq ol punoJ ueeq spq aqs asnptag 'speap aTlupll
-slJqJun pue arre.6 Jaq JoJ Jenppqnull Sroqa8uy e)ueluas dqareq e6
:spPor 1p/s4g ranepslnuy 8toqa8u11surc8e eser
aql ul lueunrop unot eql Jo ged 1se1 eqt uor; ldrrcsuerl y
'tgn8 s,Sroqe8ul lnoqp lqnop r{ue peq ueur papadsar
IIa^A eseqlJo
auou 'ues{lJg sllN 'uelepn$o pup {rptupaH JoJJJIrer{s
"(lsnonqo
s,dlsafew p,{oU s1q pup :apapuelddg ro; ueur,{rn['1lreDIp{S uaqrol
ltunrallg Jo JJIrar{s uaql 'uraleg p;enpa[ papnlcur tuasatd asoql
'uaru ,,peJqlle/!\ pue elqpJnouoq,, oseql 01 uorlrppp uI 'pelsJp^H
lnuy pue ';a8rag uolJow'ra8;ag punupng 'ualag slrN 'uo{o-I
sJOpuV ';a8reg aury '1aso[g p.renpa['ua8neg raddag 'pe1sfgw
Japad 'ulloH pJoI 'ulnoH sllJne'I 'SuWantJoAIeH tes ,trnf aql uO
'gZgI qlrew ul 0I# turpJ uo unoJ aql lp aceld r1oo1 Ielrl aql
'rll pateJ
-o^u e pelaqq sp1vl er{s 'stqt poruop JF/rcleqs uoq^{ puv'I^ep eql
qll^{ dlqsuollplar e 1o .&1nB se^{ oqs teqt 8uiles se poo8 se serv\
qql 'o8e arur13uo1 p ueeq per{ 1l teqt pere^tsue S;oqa8q 'il^ap
eql qll^A s8urleap ppq peq aqs oruls aurr13uo1rfian e uooq peq
1r Jr palsp eg 'uorle8orretq sU qlld\ {tlJt urelret e pprl 'uos{lrg
slrN JJrraqs espr srqt ul ';olncasord eqt teqt sreadde osle tI
'raqloue 3u1d1aq qlllr\{ auo Jo espf, e 3u1eq se parrlacred
eq plnoJ II^ep aql ot Inos rloqt plos peq oq^{ uosrad pesnlJ? ue
3u1d1ag &UnB aq ot pa8pnf.(pearle se^r pesn]le oql sar(a s,auo
-rtrana u1 'd1aq oAIaJeJ ot pasnlJp aql JoJ llnJrJJrp ,(laruerlxa se,l
ll reql filou{ a^\ '0sl1v\-raqlo 'u1v\ourl lou sr Jlaslr lprJl eql Surrnp
pa^Pqaq asse'I A/\oH 'etupgodrur rcataJo 8ulaq se pazrseqdrua
dpealc sel\ pue Ielrl eql Surrnp setull IpJeAas pauolluau splr/\
lurod srql 'uepo/r S 01 dgt aqt 8ugr1ut loJ JnlO uanr8 peq aq tpql
9ZI 9a9t ul lvl.l) qrrtdi\ v
726 C}'eblack Book of luerum

En Rddslagning i Kvinne-Foreningen by Theodor Kittelsen

Her last chance for being acquitted was for twelve appointed
"honest, respectable, well-bred" women to take an oath together
with Ingeborg statin g that she was innocent. This was to have
taken place ten weeks later, when the case was scheduled to come
before the court.
The court assembled again on May 19, 1625. None of the named
women (Marit Strand, Sigurd Strand, Gjertrud Strand, Anne Grund-
set, Ase GArder, Anne Skulstad, Anne Hovin, Gro Opsal, Gro Lille-
hov, Oulo Loken, Tiora @sterhaug, and Bodil Skjefstad) were willing
to take the oath with Ingeborg. On the contrary, they emphasized
that they had always heard thatlngeborg was known for her witch-
craft, and this was also well known in Elverum's congregation.
II Yoqap&(g wruaLlg'usNsrs nNrvw-
'o8e srear{ 0/t sa^lasruaql punoJ sreqleJoroJ Jno rlJlrl 4, ur sseu{Jep
pnlrnds aql Jo uorlplaner Ipursp e sl tunomp eloq \ slql 'asec due
ul lng ',,(epot auruJalep o1 alqlssodur sr repod uos Jeq pue lrrs\O
Sroqa8ul;o Sunualuas pue slplr1 eqt puqaq arro;8up1rp or{I
'euu e se 3u1r1
oqt ot palleJroJ aq plno^{ seylredo.rd aseql 'eupu s,3u11 aql ul
s,rurpJ e Supracuoc rne8req p a{UN ol dlunuoddo aqr
-ele1se [sa]
a4os plnol {aqt uaq1v\ ssaura8ea leer8 qlrrvr seseJ qcns a8eueur o1
SJJIIIUq puP sll.lreqs
eql JoJ Insn rfia,r se.n 1l 'puPq reqlo eql uo
'8roqa8u1 lsurc8e sa8;eqc sno
-lJas lsolu aql pelnporlul aH 'uesuelslJy slllnel pueJeleu qq;ed
oq1 q.rel-ur-uos aql se /\ uJols prenpaf leql elou ol8ut]saralut
osp sr ll 'uorsnlluol snol^qo ue ot etuor sasod.rnd pcynerd IIe JoJ
uef, o/vr 'uto(g;o ralq8nep eql ol palJreu spln orll\4 uos e ppq 'lplr
oql ul requeu e oslp se^\ oq^\ 'urelP5 prenpa[ JJIJeqs lql
'lsn[
am uaq,\\ ('laspurug unfgol pa1r.reu sem aqg)
^tou{ ^apl-u1-re6ls
s,essp'I sp^\ Jalsrs snl Jr 'peJougg Japad ,{pug puP 1d\el-ul-sJal
-q8nep o,tu s,8roqa8u1 uaqt :raq InJTqBIJ eql 'uos JOr{ selvr lsotu
-aJoJ puP lsnJ 'pe^Io^ul are^/\ sJequeru r{lueJ leJe^es leql ees uel
a.vr,'8;oqa8ul tsule8e eser slql 8u1u.racuo3 i,l11we1 a3rc1 e uFlllr\A
selndsrp eqt ur sloor str aneq Ipopro aloq,t.{ sql plnof, 'ureles
prenpaf ]aue JJrJaqs aql sPlv\ 'laspunrc u-rofg 'JaqloJq s,asse'I
'lplr eqrJo atlds ur sgogl aqt Supnp arueuruord str uretar ol pa8e
-uPru /{guq les{o eq; 's.ree,{,(ueu roJ JJpeqs eql uaeq pPq rewPJ
slq lpqt peJ arll,{q palerlsuouep sI eruenlJul s,r(11ureg eqJ 'los{@
'luu.re18rq aqt Jo rau^\o pup neq ppq81.r eqt se/v\ ossp'I pupqsnq
s,Sroqa8ul alrlrlslp eql ul soluurpJ 1n;ramod tsoru eql Jo auo Jo
Jaqueu e lsure8e espf, e rpns pnpuor 01 alqrssod lr servr rvroH
'arlsls eql le pournq oq plno^\ pesncre eq1. 'eruatuas Sulssed ut
eleilsaq lou plp a8pn[eqt 1UnF 11e papap 8;oqa8ul q8noqt uenfl
LZt 9z9r u! ly!.rl qrrtA\ V
unrao12 Jo qoog >pvlg aq)
6Zt
IZ uolpoJul a.,{a ue FOq oI'82
TZ puod s,raplnq P q r4stJ oL'LZ
IZ s8ulpaeco.td pplpn[ UIM oL' 9Z
6l s8ulpaarord pycpn[ul^4, oI '92
6I soue8 aJIp pue spJeJ le ul^\ oL'bZ
6I JaAaJ U err].) oL'rz
6t eJU e tno lnd oL'zz
LI eJU ? tno tnd oL'IZ
LI arleus p IuoU uostod aql uarlean4' oL'OZ
LI alDet ilnq louueJ srPeq pue se^Iolr{ leql os '6I
LT slailnq plo^e oI '8I
LI saslurord uorJ JlesJnor{ aer; oL'LI
9l goordlallnq aq oI '9I
9I Sulperl uaq^\ ul^\ oI 'gI
9I no.( le {Jeq l,uo1r^ sSop og '71
9I s1r,loJJP luoJJ uollJaloJd 'tI
9T 8uo;m loot{s lou oL'zI
9I rplt\ q parnldec 3u1eq tsup8e uolpetora 'I I
gt peqotlr\4.aq 3u1aq lsule8u uolpatord '0I
esnoq e ut daals ol auor{rana JoJ '6
'Ig,t sJnor{ rno;-&uaru daals ol auoeuos JoJ '8
g,l'rl splurue s,Jeqloue paqllyv\aq sq oq/v\ aas oI '/
II sseussaldaels esnel oI'g
II qt8uarts ro; dleg'9
TT,6 stutds I^a erp 3u1go.t1uo3 '7
6,L Jalql p q)tw ol slt.uds il^e eql ruor; d1ap1
'g
L,9
t "l:,"fflTiJlliiilHil ;
a8e4
suorlvluv)ul Io ts77
t30 Cbe Black Book ofluerum

29.To calm anger 23


50. To win in court 23
31. The magic from swallow stones 25
32. Make yourself invisible 25
33. To sleep for nine days 25
34. The skill of receiving and having luck with money 25
35. To protect hidden goods 27
36. To point out a thief 27 , 29
37 . To put a spell on a thief 29
38. Help for someone who is bewitched 29,31
39.To heal an injury 3l
40. Infections 37,33
41. Protection against witches 33
42. To shoot accurately 33, 35
43. To see witches 35
44.Protection while observing witches 35,37
45. A fishing prayer 37
46. To get even with a thief 37 , 39
47. To get even with a thief 39
48. To make a divining rod 39
49. Casting a spell over a divining rod 41, 43
50. To be horny 43
51. Help to not shoot incorrectly 43
52. An ink that only lasts twenty-four hours 43
53. Abortion 45
54. Abortion 45
55. Abortion 45
56. For a mare to give birfh 45
57 . To start milk production after giving birth 45
58. For the cows to come home at night 47
59. To survive a bullet 47
t8 3u1paa1q dots oJ,'06
I8 oJIJ P dols oI '68
18,6L 3u1poo1q dots oI '88
6L lxat alaldurcoul'L8
,LL nor{ anol ol uPtuo^A P JoJ '98
6L
LL,9L Jalql P Altuept oI '98
9L,gL Jalql e lsute8e a8ualar aneq oI 't8
IL,69,L9 {rPq etuor J0lq1e e{PIu oI 't8
L9'99't9 uolols spr{ JOIqI e tpq^4, rlceq ta8 oL'Zg
99'19 Jalql e IPeAar or dtag'I8
I9 osnoq e q oruPp auor{rana e{Pru oI'08
19'69 pe{Jere 8ulaq tsule8e uoln)etord' 6L
69 selru{ pue sexe tsure8e qfuens 'sz
99 sqlvro;8 ro slroq rc1 dpg'11
99 Surluneq uro.r; t14ds s,uostad e dols oL'gL
99 {rrrD r011nq e{eul oL'9L
99 sa{eus luou uollla]otd'v L
99 Sugueau ul\ou{un'tl
9,9 un8 paxulf e xU oL'ZL
t9 druaua rnor{ 3o pJolv\s oql ilnp oL'l L
9,9 taltune8 aql SutuunJ ueql{ uon)aloJa'oL
t9 eqJepPeq e asnPr oL'69
t9'19 qlFaq s,oArlPIaJ ;nor{;o olels oql A4ou{ oI '89
I9 lueu8ard euoraq ot dpyl'79
I9 uoruoqY'99
6h mrl tuo4 uorpelord '99
6V a^ol ur peqJlrlv\oq sl oqA\ uos;ad e toJ'v9
6V uoluoqv't9
6V s8nqpag'79
6h'LV rlloqorle ue roJ 'I9
Lh no,( anol ot roJ '09
1.43 P
Itr suorlvtuvrulJo ts13
732 Cbe Black Book of luerum

9l.To bleeding
stop gs
92.Toothache g5
93. Toothache gT
94. Toothache gT
95. To win when playing cards or dice 89
96. To win when playing cards or dice I 89
97 . To win when playing cards or dice 97
98. To win when playing cards or dice 9I,95
99.To win when playing cards or dice 95
100. To win when playing cards or dice 95
101. To make birds or animals stand still gS, gT, gg, 101
702. To stop a drifter 10J, 105
103. For a girl to love you IOT, lO9
104. Protection for your cows this summer l7l, 1,1J
105. For an alcoholic I1S
106. To drive away bedbugs l1,s
707 . So lice will never thrive on you I1S, 717
108. For growths and boils llT
109. Abortion I1T
110. Help for a woman who is having a difficult childbirth 1lg
ttl
6I 'SJeAaJ
II '6 'SuUIoJluoJ 'slIJIds IIAg
901't}l'sragug
th'rb'6f 'Pot Eutu4lq
6' L'g'arn[uol 01'llleq
g1 's8og
I9'a3UPO
g'snuePdr(3
96'96'16'69'61 'seule8 eJIp Jo spJPJ
gg '8utr1eur Jeilng
lz'ernseen pelJng
gL'Lb 'Ll 'gI'uolpalord 'sloilng
LII 'gg'SqUvrOrS JO SIIOg
,B
,Ig ,62 ,Fulpael8
6Il' 'gb'slerulu pue aldoad 'squlg
6h' I t' 67' aldoad peqtlln/\ag
tI'uo]lJolord'paqclunag
,l' ll'slPlulue paqJllrv\eg
gII'6h's8nqpag
Ig '69'8uraq lsute8e uoucalord 'pa88nur 'peIJenV
gI 'uolpalord'smouy
' tll' III' Lb'9h' LI'all^pP IPluluV
?,2'wleJ ot JaFUV
9II' 6h'l,t'lusloqollv
LII '19 '6h '9h 'uoProqv
sllads Jo xaqul
734 Cbe Black Book ofloerum

Fire, 17, 19, B1


Fishing, 21,37

Gauntlet, running the, 55

Haunting,55
Headaches, 53
Hulder,2l
Hunting, 13

Incomplete text,79
Infection, 21, 31, 33
Injuries,3l
Invisible, tobe,25
Invisible ink,43

Jinxed gun, 53
|udicial proceedings, 19, 21, 25

Lice and other varmints, 3, 49, ll5, llZ


Love, 47, 77 , 79, 107, 109

Milk, in connection with nursing, 45


Money,25

Poison, 17
Pregnanry, help to achieve, 51
Promises, to free yourself from, lT

Relatives, to know their state of health, Sl, Ss

Sexual arcusal,43
Shooting, 15,33,35,45
Sleep, 11, 13,25
,soqrrlM
L9,gr,.tt
69 'gI 'I I 'uolpeloJd 'JPM
99 'Sulueelu u^^ou{un
9I '8ulp{l
LB'98'eqlPqlool
/t '9! ',r! 'l/ '69 'L9 '99 'tg 'lg'6t 'Lr,'62'LZ'6'2'['nna1tlJ-
t9 'llnp 01 'spJo.4{s
tz 'seuols 1v\oilP1v\s
69'll'ql8uarls
99'SsIPUS
9tl s1ad5 Jo xaqul
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