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ACPowerTransmission
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Contents
1Introduction
2PowerAngleRelationship
3SteadyStateVoltageStabilityLimits
4RelatedTopics
Introduction
ConsiderthefollowingmodeldepictingthetransferofACpowerbetweentwobusesacrossaline:
Figure1.SimpleACpowertransmissionmodel
Where isthevoltageandphaseangleatthesendingend
isthevoltageandphaseangleatthereceivingend
isthecompleximpedanceoftheline.
isthecurrentphasor
ThecomplexACpowertransmittedtothereceivingendbuscanbecalculatedasfollows:
Atthisstage,theimpedanceispurposelyundefinedandinthefollowingsections,twodifferentlineimpedance
modelswillbeintroducedtoillustratethefollowingfundamentalfeaturesofACpowertransmission:
Thepoweranglerelationship
PVcurvesandsteadystatevoltagestability
PowerAngleRelationship
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Initssimplestform,weneglectthelineresistanceandcapacitanceandrepresentthelineaspurelyinductive,i.e.
.Thepowertransferacrossthelineistherefore:
Where iscalledthepowerangle,whichisthephasedifferencebetweenthevoltagesonbus1and
bus2.
Wecanseethatactiveandreactivepowertransfercanbecharacterisedasfollows:
Plottingtheactivepowertransferforvariousvaluesof ,weget:
Figure2.Activepowertransfercharacteristicforalosslessline
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ThefigureaboveisoftenusedtoarticulatethePowerAngleRelationship.Wecanseethatinthissimplemodel,
powerwillonlyflowwhenthereisaphasedifferencebetweenthevoltagesatthesendingandreceivingends.
Moreover,thereisatheoreticallimittohowmuchpowercanbetransmittedthroughaline(shownherewhenthe
phasedifferenceis90o).Thislimitwillbearecurringthemeintheselinemodels,i.e.lineshavenaturalcapacity
limitsonhowmuchpowertheycantransmit.
SteadyStateVoltageStabilityLimits
Thelossless(L)linemodelcanbemademorerealisticbyaddingaresistivecomponent,i.e.
.Thepowertransferacrossthelineistherefore:
Fromtheaboveequation,theactiveandreactivepowertransfercanbeshowntobe:
Fromtheactivepowerequation,wecansolveforthevoltageatbus2usingthequadraticequation,i.e.:
Where
Bykeepingthevoltageatbus1,powerangleandlineimpedanceconstant,wecanplottheeffectofincreasingthe
activepoweronthevoltageatbus2onaPVcurve:
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Figure3.PVCurveatBus2foraRLline
ThePVcurveshowsthatthevoltageatbus2fallsastheactivepowerloadingincreases.Thevoltagefallsuntilit
hitsacriticalpoint(around2.7puloading)wherethequadraticequationisnolongersolvable.Thisisreferredtoas
the"nosepoint"or"pointofvoltagecollapse",andisthetheoreticalsteadystatestabilitylimitoftheline.
RelatedTopics
PowerFlow
SimplePowerFlowExample
OverheadLineModels
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