GEOMETRY HAND OUTS
difference.
CHAPTER 2
ELEMENTS OF AXIOMATIC SYSTEM
Unlike dictionary definitions that is circular
Undefined terms-can be describe but cannot be given
precise definition
3 examples: point, line, plane
Point-circular dot that is shrunk until no size
Line-wire of points having no thickness stretch
infinitely in two directions
Plane a sheet of paper of points with no thickness
stretch infinitely in all directions
Space-set of all points
Geometric figure-any collection of points
Postulates-statements assumed to be true to established
first principles upon which geometry is based.
Theorem statements deduce from postulates
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG POINTS, LINE AND
PLANE
Postulate1 Every line contains at least two distinct
points. Figure 1.1
Ex. AB or BA or line a
Postulate2 Two points are contained in one and only
one line.Figure 1.2
Collinear points are points contained in one line.
Postulate3 If two points are in a plane, then the line
containing these points are also in the plane. Figure 1.3
Postulate4 Three non-collinear points are contained in
one and only one plane, and every plane contains at least
three non-collinear points. Figure 1.4
Coplanar points are points contained in one plane.
Postulate5 In space there exist at least four points that
are not all coplanar.
LINE SEGMENT AND THEIR MEASURE
Postulate6 The ruler postulate. Every line can be made
into an exact copy of the real number line with 1-1
correspondence
Coordinate- real number associated with a point in a
line
Distance between coordinate is the nonnegative
Line segment are points from one coordinate to another
coordinate with length as distance from the two
coordinate (endpoints).
Congruent means having the same measure.
Ray a portion of a line with one end point and extends
indefinitely in one direction.
ANGLES AND THEIR MEASURE
Angle two line segment or rays (sides) meeting at a
common endpoint (vertex). Named using the vertex or
its endpoints.
Measured in degrees or radian. One revolution is 360
degrees.
Postulate7 Protractor postulate. If we place one of an
angle at 0 degrees on a protractor and we place the
vertex at the midpoint of the bottom edge, then there is a
1-1 correspondence between all other rays that can serve
as the second side of the angle and the real numbers
between 0 and 180 inclusive as indicated by a protractor.
Acute angle measures less than 90 degrees
Right angle measures 90 degrees
Obtuse angle measures between 90 and 180 degrees
Straight angle measures exactly 180 degrees
Reflex angle measures between 180 and 360 degrees
Perpendicular are lines that form a right angle.
Complementary two angles whose sum is 90
Supplementary two angles whose sum is 180
Adjacent if they have a common vertex and a
common side.
POLYGONS AND CIRCLES
Triangles has three angles and three sides
Types of triangles
Equilateral all three sides are congruent
Isosceles at least two sides are congruent
Scalene no sides are congruent
Acute all interior three angles less than 90 degrees
Right one interior angle is right angle
Obtuse one interior angle is obtuse
Equiangular all three angles are congruent
Note: More than one type could describe a triangle.
Sides could also be called legs, base, and hypotenuse.
SIMPLE CLOSED CURVES Polygonal region is a polygon together with the
-is a figure that lies in a plane and can be traced so that portion of the plane that is enclosed by the polygon
the starting and endpoints are the same and no part of Tessellations arranging polygonal regions to cover a
the curve is crossed or retraced. plane, also called tilling.
ANGLE MEASURE IN TRIANGLE
Circle a simple closed curve with all points Theorem. The sum of the measures of the angles in a
equidistant from the center. triangle is 180 degrees.
Radius- a line connecting the center and a point in VERTEX ANGLE IN POLYGONS
circle. Vertex angle angles inside a polygon
Diameter a line segment containing the center and Diagonals line segment containing non-adjacent vertex
whose endpoints are on the circle. angles.
Theorem. The sum of the measures of the vertex angles
POLYGONS in a polygon with n sides is (n-2)180 degrees
-a simple closed curve composed of line segments. Regular polygon polygons with all sides and angles
Named by listing the vertices of the polygon. congruent.
Theorem. The measure of a vertex angle in a regular n-
Adjacent vertices endpoints of a side of a polygon gon is (n-2) 180 /n
Adjacent sides sides sharing a common vertex n Measure of a vertex angle in a regular n-gon
Types of Polygons Number of Sides 3 (3-2)180/3 =60
Triangle 3 4 (4-2)180/4=90
Quadrilateral 4 THREE DIMENSIONAL SHAPES
Pentagon 5 Polyhedron 3D shape composed of polygonal regions
Hexagon 6 (faces), without holes.
Octagon 8 Prisms a polyhedron with identical parallel polygonal
Decagon 10 region called bases. Other faces called lateral faces.
n-gon N Height is the perpendicular distance between bases.
Named from the shape of the bases.
Parallel lines are contained in the same plane and do Right prisms- have right angle lateral faces otherwise
not intersect. called oblique prisms. Ex. Right square prism
Types of Definition Pyramids a polyhedron with a polygonal region as a
Quadrilateral base and triangular region as lateral faces which meet at
Square All sides are congruent and all angles the apex. Height is the perpendicular distance from apex
are right angles to base. Named from the shape of the base.
Rectangle All angles are right angles Right Regular pyramid have isosceles triangles as
Rhombus All sides are congruent lateral faces.
Parallelogram Opposite sides are parallel Regular Polyhedra a polyhedron with all faces that
Trapezoid Exactly one pair of side is parallel are regular polygons of equal size and shape.
Polyhedron Shape of Number of Number of Number of
Isosceles A trapezoid whose non parallel sides face faces, F vertices, V Edges, E
Trapezoid are congruent Tetrahedron Triangle 4 4 6
Kite Two pairs of congruent adjacent side Hexahedron Square 6 8 12
which are not equal/congruent. Octahedron Triangle 8 6 12
SYMMETRY Eulers Formula F+V=E+2
Types of symmetry: 1. Reflection symmetry and 2. Cylinder formed by 2 identical circular regions in
Rotation symmetry. parallel planes together with the surface formed by line
segments joining the circles.
Reflection of Symmetry if there is a line (line of Cones formed by a circular region called the base
symmetry/axis of symmetry) along which the figure joined with the apex by line segments to every point in
maybe folded so that one half of the figure matches the circle.
exactly with the other half. Ex. Isosceles triangle, Right circular cone - with apex that is perpendicular
quadrilateral with center of the base, otherwise, it is oblique circular
Rotation of Symmetry if the figure can be rotated cone.
about a point (center of rotation of symmetry) less than a Sphere a set of points in space that are equidistant
full turn, so that the image is identical to the original from the center.
figure. Ex. Equilateral triangle\
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS