Times New Roman

Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype.[1] It

Size and spacing comparisons of the Georgia and Times New
Roman typefaces.
was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an
article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and
typographically antiquated.[2] The font was supervised by
Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from
the advertising department of The Times. Morison used
an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design,
but made revisions for legibility and economy of space.
Morisons revision became known as Times New Roman
and made its debut in the 3 October 1932 issue of The
Times newspaper.[3] After one year, the design was re-
leased for commercial sale. The Times stayed with Times
New Roman for 40 years, but new production techniques
and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004
have caused the newspaper to switch font ve times since
1972. However, all the new fonts have been variants of
the original New Roman font.
Some experts believe that the design was based on an
earlier original work of William Starling Burgess.[4] This
theory remains controversial.[5]
Because of its popularity, the typeface has been inuen-
tial in the subsequent development of a number of serif
typefaces both before and after the start of the digital-font
era. One notable example is Georgia, shown below on the
right, which has very similar stroke shapes to Times New
Roman but wider serifs.
Although no longer used by The Times, Times New Ro-
man is still frequent in book typography, particularly in
mass-market paperbacks in the United States. Especially
because of its adoption in Microsoft products, it has be-
come one of the most widely used typefaces in history.

1 Monotype/Linotype retail ver-

sions

1.1 Times New Roman

This family includes Times New Roman (roman, bold),

Times New Roman Medium (roman, bold), Times New
Roman Semi Bold (roman, bold), Times New Roman
Bold (roman, bold), Times New Roman Extra Bold,
Sample of Times Roman typeface. Times New Roman PS (roman, bold, italics), Times New
Roman Condensed (roman, bold, italic), Times New Ro-
Times New Roman is a serif typeface commissioned man Small Text (roman, bold, italic), Times New Seven
by the British newspaper The Times in 1931, created by (roman, bold, italics).

1
2 2 VARIANTS

1.2 Times New Roman World Monotype shelved the sketches, until decades later when
Canadian printer Gerald Giampa stumbled upon them in
This is a version based on Windows Vista fonts. It in- 1987, after he had purchased Lanston Monotype.[8] Gi-
cludes fonts in WGL character sets, Hebrew and Arabic ampa then asked Mike Parker to complete the type which
characters. Similar to Helvetica World, Arabic in italic was issued in June 2009.[8]
fonts are in roman positions.
Although Times and Times New Roman are variations on
a theme from the Times family, various dierences de-
veloped between the versions marketed by Linotype and
2 Variants Monotype when the master fonts were transferred from
metal to photo and digital media. For example, Linotype
2.1 Times Roman and Times New Roman has slanted serifs on the capital S, while Monotypes[9]are
vertical, and the addition of a serif on the number 5 in
Linotypes that is absent in Monotypes. Most of these
dierences are invisible in body text at normal reading
distances, or 10pts at 300 dpi. (Vivid dierences be-
tween the two versions do occur in the lowercase z in the
italic weight and in the percent sign in all weights.) Subtle
competition grew between the two foundries, as the pro-
portions and details as well as the width metrics for their
version of Times grew apart.[7]
Microsofts version of Times New Roman licensed from
Monotype matches the widths from the Adobe/Linotype
version (a PostScript core font by Linotype). It has the
lighter capitals that were originally developed for printing
German (where all nouns begin with a capital letter). Ver-
sions of Times New Roman from Monotype exist which
Some dierences between Linotypes Times Roman and Mono- vary from the Linotype metrics (i.e. not the same as the
types Times New Roman typefaces.[6] version for Microsoft).

Times Roman is the name used by Linotype and its li-

censees such as Adobe and Apple. Monotype and its li- 2.2 Times 4-line Mathematics Series 569
censees, including Microsoft, use the name Times New
Roman. Linotype classies Times Roman as the upright This is a variant designed for printing mathematical for-
(Roman) font of the Times family. mulae, using the 4line system for mathematics devel-
[10][11]
Originally issued by the Monotype Corp. in England, per- oped by Monotype in 1957. This modied version
haps in 1931, 1933 or 1943, the face design was also li- of Times Roman was designed for use as part of Mono-
types 4-line Mathematics system. The major changes to
censed to Linotype, because The Times newspaper used
Linotype equipment for much of its production. Lino- the Times Roman typeface itself were a reduction in the
slope of italic characters to 12 degrees from 16 degrees,
type applied for registration of the trademark name Times
Roman and received registration status in 1945. In the so as to reduce the need for kerning, and a change in the
form of italic v and w so that italic v could be more easily
1980s, there was an attempt by unknown entrepreneurs to
seek from Rupert Murdoch, who owned The Times, the distinguished from a Greek nu.
right to use the Times Roman name; separately, a legal The 4-line system involved casting characters for 10-
action was also initiated to clarify the right of Monotype point Times Roman on 6-point bodies. The top of the
to use the name in the US despite Linotypes registration. character would overhang the slug, forming a kern which
As a result of legal action, Linotype and its licensees con- was less fragile than the normal kerns of foundry type, as
tinue to use the name Times Roman, while Monotype and it was on a slab of cast metal. This technique had been
its licensees use the name Times New Roman.[7] in previous use on Monotype machines, usually involving
There is controversy about who created Times New double-height matrices, to allow the automatic setting of
Roman.[8] Traditionally the inventor was thought to be advertising gures (numbers that occupy two or more
Stanley Morison, and it made its debut in the Oct. 3, 1943 lines, usually to clearly indicate a price in an advertise-
issue of The Times of London.[8] However evidence found ment set in small type). This meant that the same matrix
in 1987 suggested the real creator was a wooden boat de- could be used for both superscript and subscript numbers.
signer from Boston named William Starling Burgess.[8] More importantly, it allowed a variable or other item to
In 1904 he created it for company documents at his ship- have both a superscript and a subscript at the same time,
yard in Marblehead, Mass. and hired Lanston Monotype one above the other, without inordinate diculty.
to issue it.[8] However Burgess abandoned the idea and Previously, while the Monotype system, due to its exi-
2.6 Others
bility, was widely used for setting mathematical formu-
las, the typeface Modern Series 7 was usually used for
this purpose.[12] Because of the popularity of Times Ro-
man at the time, Monotype chose to design a variant of
Times Roman suited to mathematical composition, and
recut many additional characters needed for mathemat-
ics, including special symbols as well as Greek and Frak-
tur alphabets, to accompany the system instead of design-
ing it around the typeface that was being used, for which
characters were already available. Matrices for some 700
characters were available as part of Times Roman Se-
ries 569 when it was released in 1958, with new charac- 2.6
ters constantly being added for over a decade afterwards
(thus, in 1971, 8,000 characters were included, and new
ones were being added at a rate of about 5 per week).
2.3 Times Series 727 and 827
Monotype also produced Times Roman Series 727, in
which the heavier strokes of upper-case letters were made
slightly thinner to produce a better eect when setting text
in the German language (in which all nouns are typically
capitalized), and Series 827, in which certain letters were
modied to correspond to their appearance in other type-
faces popular in French typography.
2.4 Claritas
A modied 4 point size of Times Roman was produced
by Monotype for use in printing matter requiring a very
small size of type. Listed as Times Newspaper Smalls,
available as either Series 333 or 335, it was also referred
to by the name Claritas.
2.5 Free variants
Times Roman and Times New Roman are proprietary
fonts.[13] There are some free software metric-compatible
fonts used as free Times Roman and Times New Roman
alternatives or used for font substitution:
URW++ produced a version of Times New Roman 3 Other typefaces used by The
called Nimbus Roman in 1982. Nimbus Roman
No9 L, URWs PostScript variant, was released un-
der the GNU General Public License in 1996,[14][15]
and available in major free and open source operat- The Times newspaper has commissioned various alterna-
ing systems. tives to Times New Roman:
FreeSerif, a free font descending from URW++
Nimbus Roman No9 L, which in turn descends from
Times.[13][16] It is one of free (GPL) fonts developed
in GNU FreeFont project, rst published in 2002. It
is used in some free software as Times Roman re-
placement or for Times Roman font substitution.
Liberation Serif is metrically equivalent font to
Times New Roman developed by Ascender Corp.
3
and published by Red Hat in 2007 under the GPL
license with some exceptions.[17] It is used in some
GNU/Linux distributions as default font replace-
ment for Times New Roman.[18]
Googles Tinos in the Croscore fonts package is a
derivation and expansion of Liberation Serif, both
Tinos and Liberation Serif were designed by Steve
Matteson.
Others
Pelham Infant
Times Ten is a version of Times by Linotype, spe-
cially designed for smaller text (12 point and below).
It features wider characters and stronger hairlines.
Times Eighteen is the headline version of Times by
Linotype, ideal for point sizes of 18 and larger. The
characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are
ner.
CG Times is a variant of Times family made by
Compugraphic Corporation foundry.
Pelham is a version of Times Roman by DTP Types
of Britain, which also cut an infant version with
single-story versions of the letters a and g.
Times Europa Oce is an update to Times Eu-
ropa, designed by Akira Kobayashi (released 2006).
It contains tabulated numbers, mathematical signs,
and currency symbols. Each character has the same
advanced width in all the fonts in the family. In ad-
dition, cap heights and x-heights are the same.[19]
Times
Times Europa was designed by Walter Tracy in 1972
for The Times, as a sturdier alternative to the Times
font family, designed for the demands of faster print-
ing presses and cheaper paper. The typeface fea-
tures more open counter spaces.
Times Roman replaced Times Europa on 30 August
1982.[20]
4 7
Times Millennium was made in 1991,[20] drawn by
Gunnlaugur Briem on the instructions of Aurobind
Patel, composing manager of News International.
Times Classic rst appeared in 2001.[21] Designed
as an economical face by the British type team of
Dave Farey and Richard Dawson, it took advantage
of the new PC-based publishing system at the news-
paper, while obviating the production shortcomings
of its predecessor Times Millennium. The new type-
face included 120 letters per font. Initially the fam-
ily comprised ten fonts, but a condensed version was
added in 2004.
Times Modern was unveiled on 20 November 2006,
as the successor of Times Classic.[20] Designed for
improving legibility in smaller font sizes, it uses 45-
degree angled bracket serifs. It was designed by Re-
search Studios, led by Ben Preston (deputy editor of
The Times) and designer Neville Brody.[22]
4 Uses
Microsoft has distributed Times New Roman with
every copy of Microsoft Windows since version
3.1,[23] and the typeface is used as the default in
many applications for MS Windows, especially word
processors and Web browsers. (Calibri became
the default font for Microsoft Word beginning with
Microsoft Oce 2007).
Linotypes Times Roman is the default Apple Mac
OS X font for serif/roman generic font family and is
installed by default in Mac OS X. Monotypes Times
New Roman is installed by default only in latest ver-
sions of Mac OS X (e.g. 10.5).[24]
The United States Department of State announced
that as of 1 February 2004, all US diplomatic doc-
uments would use 14 pitch (sic) Times New Roman
instead of the previous 12 point (equivalent to 10
pitch) Courier New.[25][26]
Researchers in 2008 found that satirical readings of
text printed in Times New Roman were perceived as
more funny and angry than those printed in Arial.[27]
5 William Starling Burgess
In 1994, the printing historian Mike Parker published ev-
idence that the design of Times New Roman was based
[12] T. W. Chaundy, P. R. Barett, Charles Batey, The Printing
on a 1904 design of William Starling Burgess.[4] This the-
[5]
ory remains controversial. The Times Online web site
credits the design to Stanley Morrison, Cameron Latham [13] GNU FreeFont - Why do we need free outline UCS
and perhaps Starling Burgess.[28]
REFERENCES
6 See also
Arial
Core fonts for the Web
Helvetica
Liberation fonts
List of typefaces
MathTime
Pica (typography)
Unicode fonts
Verdana
7 References
[1] Loxley, Simon (2006). Type: the secret history of letters.
I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. 130131. ISBN 1-84511-
028-5.
[2] Carter, H. G. (2004). Morison, Stanley Arthur (1889
1967). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,. rev.
David McKitterick. Oxford University Press,.
[3] TYPOlis: Times New Roman. Typolis.de. 1932-10-
03. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
[4] Parker, Mike (1994). W. Starling Burgess, Type De-
signer?". Printing History. 31/32: 52108.
[5] Alas, Joel (2009-08-01). The history of the Times New
Roman typeface. Financial Times. Retrieved 2009-08-
26.
[6] TypeTalk: Times Roman vs Times New Roman. 2009-
10-14. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Re-
trieved 2011-07-01.
[7] Charles Bigelow (1994). Times (New) Roman and its
part in the Development of Scalable Font Technology.
Retrieved 2011-07-04.
[8] Katherine Eastland. The History Page: Exactly your type,
TheDaily.com, August 15, 2011
[9] http://www.creativepro.com/blog/
typetalk-times-roman-vs-times-new-roman
[10] Daniel Rhatigan, The Monotype 4-line System for Setting
Mathematics
[11] Daniel Rhatigan, Three Typefaces for Setting Mathemat-
ics
of Mathematics, Oxford University Press (1954, 1957)
fonts?". 2009-10-04. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
 5

[14] Finally! Good-quality free (GPL) basic-35 PostScript 8 External links

Type 1 fonts. (TXT). Retrieved 2010-05-06.
[15] ghostscript-fonts-std-4.0.tar.gz - GhostScript 4.0 stan-
dard fonts - AFPL license (TAR.GZ). 1996-06-28. Re-
trieved 2010-05-06.
Type trading card: Times New Roman/Albertus
(Monotype)
Times New Roman (Linotype purchase page)

[16] GNU FreeFont - Design notes. 2009-10-04. Retrieved Goodbye to the Courier font? Tom Vanderbilt,
2010-07-02. Slate.com, 20 February 2004.
A conversation with Times Modern designer Luke
[17] License.txt - License Agreement and Limited Product
Warranty, Liberation Font Software. Retrieved 2010-
Prowse
01-15.

[18] Mandriva Linux 2008 Release Tour. Retrieved 2010-

04-04. integrated into Mandriva Linux 2008

[19] Times Europa Oce Font Family. Linotype.com. Re-

trieved 2013-09-21.

[20] After 221 years, the worlds leading newspaper shows o

a fresh face. Thetimes.co.uk. 2006-11-20. Retrieved
2013-09-21.

[21] Typography of News Bigger, faster, better.

Fontshop.com. Retrieved 2013-09-21.

[22] Neville Brodys Research Studios Creates New Font

and Design Changes for The Times as Compact For-
mat Continues to Attract Loyal Readership. LONDON:
Prnewswire.co.uk. 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2013-09-21.

[23] Times New Roman - Microsoft Typography. Retrieved

2012-01-06.

[24] Mac OS X 10.5: Fonts list. 2008-05-15. Retrieved

2010-12-05.

[25] 5 FAH-1 H-620 Preparing Diplomatic Notes (PDF).

U.S. Department of State Foreign Aairs Handbook. U.S.
Department of State. 2007-08-01. Retrieved 2008-04-
18.

[26] 5 FAH-1 Change Transmittal CH-10 (PDF). U.S. De-

partment of State Foreign Aairs Handbook. U.S. Depart-
ment of State. 2005-01-19. Retrieved 2008-04-18.

[27] Juni S; Gross JS (February 2008). Emotional and per-

suasive perception of fonts.. Perceptual and motor skills
106 (1): 3542. doi:10.2466/pms.106.1.35-42. PMID
18459353.

[28] FAQ: infrequently asked questions. Times Online.

2007-01-25. Retrieved 2009-08-26.

Lawson, Alexander S., Anatomy of a Typeface. Go-

dine: 1990. ISBN 978-0-87923-333-4.

Macmillan, Neil. An AZ of Type Designers. Yale

University Press: 2006. ISBN 0-300-11151-7.
6 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text
Times New Roman Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times%20New%20Roman?oldid=633795025 Contributors: Damian Yerrick,
Tobias Hoevekamp, Zundark, Aldie, Gritchka, Ortolan88, Bschoech, Zadcat, Heron, Mintguy, Olivier, Bdesham, Ixfd64, Komap, Ijon, Dj-
mutex, Schneelocke, Nickshanks, Gentgeen, RedWolf, Lowellian, Chris Roy, Academic Challenger, Xanzzibar, Adam78, Smjg, Monedula,
Chameleon, Mzajac, Anrion, Ukexpat, Kate, Punry, Rich Farmbrough, Deh, Ylai, Art LaPella, Alexanderino, Pablo X, Cmdrjameson,
Sasquatch, Kjkolb, Gary, Water Bottle, Velella, Jheald, Tony Sidaway, Kusma, Stewf, Woohookitty, CWH, Karam.Anthony.K, Jorunn,
Rjwilmsi, Josiah Rowe, TheSpook, Ty Davison, Chery, Moomoomoo, Snaxe920, Thomas Blomberg, SmackBot, Aido2002, Irnavash, Verne
Equinox, Fitch, Ppntori, Ctrlfreak13, SvGeloven, SchftyThree, Htra0497, Jacob Poon, Fiziker, Coolv, Andrew c, Acdx, AbsoluteFlat-
ness, Guyjohnston, Kuru, John, Hu12, Pimlottc, Courcelles, Drinibot, User6985, Cydebot, Marqueed, Christian75, Epbr123, Powrtoch,
The Obento Musubi, Edokter, Tjmayerinsf, Kleomarlo, Storkk, JAnDbot, Arifsaha, DuncanHill, Turbotape, AlmostReadytoFly, VoABot
II, GearedBull, Animum, Just James, DerHexer, Stephenchou0722, Heuwin, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, Rwessel, Jll294, Cmichael,
Uhai, Quadibloc, Droll Sobriquet, Pparazorback, Landroving Linguist, Sam729, Rbpolsen, Waycool27, VZakharov, Mouse is back, Fa-
natix, SieBot, MuzikJunky, OatmealSmith, Jvs, Man Its So Loud In Here, JadeOwl, Svick, Dajes13, JonMiller, Martarius, ClueBot,
Surfeited, The Thing That Should Not Be, Podzemnik, Shade11sayshello, Sw258, Wikijens, F-402, Dopey180, SpikeToronto, Lartoven,
Ducarmont, Qwfp, Goodvac, Dthomsen8, WikHead, Doctor 31074, Addbot, Scientus, Sexyspazz, 84user, Tide rolls, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
Abelgroenewolt, Knownot, Evaders99, Lightfrom, Jim1138, Galoubet, , Materialscientist, RevelationDirect, Nekkus2010,
Rivulus, Viter-z-bayraku, Sigma714, Rexjoec, Green Cardamom, Citation bot 1, DrilBot, Clwikiuser, Tsinfandel, Merlion444, Kuyre-
bik, Lotje, Reaper Eternal, GGT, Jerd10, Beastmonger07, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, ZroBot, H3llBot, GrindtXX,
Rangoon11, Bomazi, Cardboardfruit, ClueBot NG, Joecorona86, Helpful Pixie Bot, Wikiking222, Kangaroopower, AvocatoBot, Indah
blestari, Matthewp1998, Auraofhereyes, ChrisGualtieri, DestROY1857, Super Smart lool, Gdominik100, Coltrainjones, Stairmast0r, Re-
conditeRodent, Monkbot, Bhadokhara, ParanoidLemmings and Anonymous: 174

9.2 Images
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: ? Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:GeorgiatTmes.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/GeorgiatTmes.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was GearedBull at en.wikipedia
File:Pelham_Infant.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8d/Pelham_Infant.jpg License: ? Contributors:
http://www.faces.co.uk/fonts/DTP-Types/DTP-Types-Infant-Font-Library-OS-X-only-CDINOSX5/ Original artist:
DTP Types
File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: ? Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Times_Roman.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Times_Roman.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Rdrozd using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original
uploader was Arne Padmos at en.wikipedia
File:Times_Roman_vs_Times_New_Roman.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Times_Roman_vs_
Times_New_Roman.png License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kuyrebik
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

9.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0