School of Engineering and

Computing

Division of Energy Systems

Engineering

SESSION: 2008/2009 DIET: First

Applied Thermofluids & Computational Fluid Dynamics

Level: M

Module Code: ESDM502

Module Leader: Dr D McGlinchey

DATE: 22nd January 2009 DURATION: 2 Hours

TIME: 1000-1200

CANDIDATES SHOULD ATTEMPT TWO QUESTIONS ONE FROM

SECTION A AND ONE FROM SECTION B
All Questions Carry Equal Marks

PLEASE READ THE QUESTIONS CAREFULLY

MATERIALS TO
BE SUPPLIED/ALLOWED:

Question Paper (Supplied)

Blank Examination Script (Supplied)
Dictionary (Allowed)
Calculator (Allowed)

Students for whom English is not their first language are permitted to use a
Standard English/Foreign Language dictionary, e.g. French/English,
English/French. Please ensure that the dictionary does not contain any notes or
other materials and note that electronic dictionaries are not permissible.
 Section A
Attempt ONE question

Q.1 You have been asked to investigate the effect of a new petrol injection system on an
internal combustion engines performance, see Figure Q1. If you were to perform a
CFD analysis on the system, describe:

(a) How you would model the combustion chamber geometry. [5]

(b) What initial calculations you would perform and the results you expect from
the analysis. [5]

(c) The key features of the CFD mesh. [5]

(d) The solver and turbulence model you would choose. [5]

(e) How you would attempt to check and verify the results of the analysis.
[5]

Figure Q1: Velocity contours at different crank angles

Q.2

a) Describe briefly, the basis for the formulation of the Governing Equations in
computational fluid dynamics (CFD). [5]

b) Write down a version of the mass and momentum conservation equations

for 1-D flow or in general form.
[5]
c) Write, in your own words, the meaning of each of the terms in the
equations.
[10]
d) Describe, in a few words, how these analytical equations can be converted
into numerical expressions.
[5]
 Section B
Attempt ONE question

Q3 (a) Briefly describe the term Non-Newtonian Fluids, giving examples of

different classes of fluids and their behavioural characteristics, and
contrasting their behaviour on a Rheological diagram.
[8]

(b) Show that the general relationship between fluid flow rate Q, pipe inside
radius R and shear stress for non-Newtonian fluid flow along a pipe,
is given by:

R 3 w 2
w3 0
Q . f ( ).d

where w is the shear stress at the wall

[8]

(c) Drilling mud is pumped through a horizontal pipeline of length 525 m and
bore 230 mm during offshore operations. The mud can be considered to be
a Bingham plastic fluid having a density of 975 kg/m3, plastic viscosity
0.13 Ns/m2 and a yield stress of 3.2 N/m2. Given that the Reynolds number
for the mud flow is 1850, determine the specific energy loss in the pipeline
due to friction.
[9]

Rp dv yd
Formulae: w Re e p
2L e 6v
Q.4 (a) Describe, using diagrams where appropriate, the following for a Laval
nozzle:

i) the pressure and Mach number profiles; [5]

ii) under and over expanded. [5]

(b) A set of four Laval nozzles is to be used to control the mass flow rate of air
to a pneumatic conveying system as shown in Figure Q.4.

i) Assuming a circular cross-section, determine the diameter of the

nozzles if the mass flow rate of each is to be twice that for the next
smallest nozzle, and the maximum mass flow rate through the
largest nozzle is 0.2 kg/s. The supply pressure to the set of
nozzles is 3 bar gauge and the temperature is 25 OC.
[10]

ii) If the nozzles can only be manufactured to the nearest 0.5 mm,
calculate the maximum total mass flow rate if all four nozzles are
used. [5]

Air Supply

Nozzle 3
Nozzle 1
Nozzle 4
Nozzle 2
To pneumatic
conveying system

Figure Q4

At p o
Formulae: pv mRT ; max 0.685
m
( RTo )1 / 2

Data: R = 287 J/kgK

END OF EXAMINATION PAPER