PDF

Study on Economic Partnership Projects
In Developing Countries in FY2014
Study on the New Power Plant Project in Mawlamyaing,

Myanmar
Final Report
February 2015
Prepared for
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Ernst & Young Shin Nihon LLC
Japan External Trade Organization
Prepared by :
Mitsui & Co., Ltd.
Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.
1
Reproduction prohibited 2
Preface
This report describes the outcomes of the Study on Economic Partnership Projects in Developing Countries
FY 2014 with which Mitsui & Co., Ltd. and Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. were entrusted by the Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry.
In this report, Study on the New Power Plant Project in Mawlamyaing, Myanmar, an survey was made
for a coal-fired power plant construction project for the purpose of improving the power shortage issues in
Myanmar (the Project).
It is hoped that this report will contribute to the realization of the Project and also will serve as reference
information for those concerned in Myanmar and Japan.
Mitsui & Co., Ltd.

February 2015
3
Project Map
Source: Data prepared by the Study team
4
Abbreviations Words
Myanmar Republic of the Union of Myanmar
MoEP Ministry of Electric Power
MEPE Myanma Electric Power Enterprise
DGSE Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration
MOI Ministry of Industry
YESB Yangon City Electricity Supply Board
ESE Electric Supply Enterprise
DHPP Department of hydropower Planning
DHPI Department of hydropower Implementation
HPGE Hydropower Generation Enterprise
DEP Department of Electric Power
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
5
Contents
Preface 3
Project map 4
Table of abbreviations 5
Contents 6
Executive Summary 8
(1) Project background 8
(2) Basic conditions of the Project 8
(3) Envisaged project outline 9
(4) Implementation schedule 9
(5) Request for Yen Loan and feasibility of the Project 9
(6) Superiority of Japanese enterprises in terms of technology etc. 10
(7) Schedule and issues to be concerned 10
(8) Envisaged project location 11
Chapter 1 Overview of the Host Country and Sectors 12

(1) Economic and financial situations of Myanmar 12
(2) Outlines of power sector 15
(3) Circumstances in power sector 18
Chapter 2 Study Methodology 27

(1) Description of study 27
(2) Study method 28
(3) study schedule 30
Chapter 3 Justification, Objectives and Technical Feasibility of the Project 32

(1) Project background 32
(2) Basic conditions of the Project 38
(3) Outline of the plan for the Project 41
(4) Plant Layout 45
(5) Power generation facilities 47
(6) Environmental treatment equipment and coal handling system
51
(7) Power transmission and substation equipment 91
(8)Others 98
6
Chapter 4 Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts 100
(1) Analysis of the environmental and social conditions at present 100
(2) Environmental improvement effects by the project 135
(3) Environmental and social impacts of the Project 136
(4) Outlines of the related laws and regulations for environmental impact assessment in Myanmar154
(5) Actions to be taken by the related authorities in Myanmar to realize the Project 167
Chapter 5 Financial and Economic Evaluation 169

(1) Cost estimation of the Project 169
(2) Preliminary financial and economic analyses 169
(3) Financial internal rate of return 172
(4) Economic internal rate of return 173
Chapter 6 Envisaged Project Schedule 175
Chapter 7 Implementing organizations 177

(1) Overview of the implementing organizations in Myanmar 177
(2) Organization for the implementation of the Project in MoEP 178
(3) Capability of the implementing organizations and countermeasures 180
Chapter 8 Technical Advantages of Japanese Companies 182

(1) Competitiveness of Japanese companies for the Project 182
(2) Expected Japanese contents 182
(3) Promotion of the Japanese Contents 183
Chapter 9 Expected fund source for the Project 184

(1) Direction of the fund sourcing by the Myanmar Government for the Project184
(2) Surroundings for fund sourcing 184
(3) Expected fund source for the Project including yen loan 185
Chapter 10 Action plans for the request for yen loans 186
(1) Directions of the yen loan application to the Project 186
(2) Actions to be taken for the yen loan application 186
(3) Related issues for the yen loan application 186
7
Executive Summary
(1) Project background
The demand for power in Myanmar in 2030 is estimated to be about seven times that of today. To meet this
rapid increase in the demand for power and to supply power stably, a rapid development of power generating
facilities is necessary. In developing such power generating facilities, it is necessary to develop power generating
facilities using various power resources such as gas-fired power generation, coal-fired power generation,
hydropower generation, and renewable energy power generation using wind or solar energy.
In consideration of problems represented by the fact that the availability of power resources and the available
locations for hydropower generation are limited, however, it is important to develop well balanced portfolio of
various power resources with low generating cost.
Regarding gas-fired power generation, a demand for gas three times as large as the available domestic gas
supply is anticipated in 2030; for this reason, fuel must be imported with the possibility of importing liquid natural
gas (LNG) or of using a gas pipeline for transportation from the neighboring countries. But developing these
facilities takes costs and time.
Regarding hydropower generation, there are issues in developing large-scale hydropower generating facilities
such as the necessity of long development periods (10 years or more), the magnitude of environmental and
social impact (submergence of extensive land, relocation of inhabitants, and the like) depending on the location of
development and the difficulty of connecting to transmission lines depending on the location of development.
In addition, the available power generating capacity for hydropower varies from season to season, which poses the
problem of the power output lowering to 70% in the dry season from the full output in the rainy season.
A number of trial calculations on the power generating cost by kind of fuel resources in thermal power
generation have been performed, which show large variation; in general, however, the lowest of all power
generating costs is derived from coal-fired power generation.
After the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, which caused the shutdown of nuclear power generation,
Japan managed to continue supplying power without a substantial hindrance to the supply of power by taking such
measures as increasing the import of LNG on an emergency basis to increase the LNG power generation and
restoring aged oil-fired power stations.
These examples show that diversifying the kinds of fuel resources, namely, developing gas-fired power
generation, coal-fired power generation, oil-fired power generation, and hydropower generation in a suitable
balance is extremely important in terms of security in the supply of power. To solve Myanmars energy problems,
the development of coal-fired power generation is an important means.
(2) Basic conditions of the project

In Myanmar, some coal mines produce sub-bituminous coal with properties suitable for power generation use.
But most of other coal mines produce brown coal and sub-bituminous coal with poor properties, for these reasons,
the present project presupposes the use of imported coal (bituminous coal) from coal exporting countries such as
8
Indonesia and Australia, adopting a design that is based on bituminous coal firing alone and the assumed heating
value is approximately 24,000 kJ/kg, the higher heating value in use.
The thermal efficiency of power generation is taken at 42% (HHV), which is on the same level as that of well
performed and reliable ultra supercritical pressure coal-fired plants that are operated as base-load plants in Japan.
The annual load factor and the availability are assumed in the same way as the thermal efficiency: an annual
load factor of 80%, an availability of 84%, and an operating mode as a base load power plant.
(3) Envisaged project overview

The site plan assumes that the site to be needed to construct a coal-fired power station with a generating output
of 600 MW, a coal storage yard, and a coal unloading facility is developed along the seashore nearby Mawlamyine,
the largest city in the Mon State.
With Mawlamyine connected to Yangon and to the trunk transmission system of Myanmar with a 230-kV
transmission line, it is assumed that a transmission line is constructed from the site for the connection with the
trunk transmission system. With the site conceived facing the Andaman Sea, it is suitable as the base for ocean
transportation of imported coal. The site is also suitable to install limestone-gypsum desulphurization facilities
because limestone is mined in the nearby suburb.
(4) Execution schedule

This survey was positioned as the preliminary feasibility study that formed the premise of the feasibility study
associated with the construction of a coal-fired power station, ending in February 2015. After the Government of
Myanmar requests the Government of Japan to extend ODA of yen loan to the Project, the feasibility study
associated with the Project will be conducted, and the decision on the extension of yen loan will be notified to the
Government of Myanmar through the Japanese Embassy there; and when an agreement is reached between the
Governments of the two countries, the exchange of notes (EN) that concretely compiles the items agreed on will
be concluded between the two governments and the loan agreement (LA) between two governments will follow to
move into the execution stage.
It is envisaged that Construction of the plant will be started in 2018 and after a construction period of about five
years, commencement of the operation is scheduled in 2022.
(5) Request for Yen Loan and feasibility of the project

In Myanmar, power stations have been built and operated by means of its own funds or of the offering of gratis
fund aids or they have been built and operated as IPP business operations by private power generating operators,
while few power stations have been built by means of loan fund aids in recent years. Due to the past
circumstances, Myanmar may not positively desire the offering of loan fund. On the other hand, two reasons, (1)
the underdeveloped state of laws necessary to organize project finance and (2) the inability of national guarantee
of investment, prevent the development of large-scale power stations requiring with project financing while the
9
condition of supply and demand of power is increasingly stringent.
It is understood that the Government of Myanmar expresses a certain level of understanding of the necessity of
yen loan for the construction of power stations through the meeting with high officials of MoEP, MEPE, and other
offices during the study.
(6) Superiority of Japanese enterprises in the technical and other aspects

The only coal-fired power station operating in Myanmar now is Tigyit Power Station with two 60 MW units.
The power station was commissioned in cooperation with the Government of China in 2004. It is said, however,
that the availability of the power station remains around 30% due to troubles of facilities and that troubles in the
exhaust gas system have caused environmental problems due to flue-gas.
Under these circumstances, high hopes are placed on a high-efficiency and environment-friendly coal-fired
power station based on advanced technologies of Japanese manufacturers. The integrated approach with the
Japanese government and private companies to combines the export of experienced operating know-how of
Japanese utility companies, the capability of project development and finance arrangement of Japanese trading
houses, and ODA, financial assistance and technical support by the Government of Japan will contribute to the
enhancement of more business opportunities for the related industries for Japanese companies and also to the
facilitation of appropriate economic development in Myanmar
For an ultra supercritical pressure power plant, major equipment such as the boiler, a steam turbine, and a
generator are expected to be manufactured in Japan or by Japanese companies. Furthermore, technical assistance
in operation and maintenance of the coal-fired power station after its commissioning for well managed operation
at high efficiency can be provided to the power plant in Myanmar by Japanese utility companies and the
technological transfer can also be expected for a long run perspective.
(7) Issues to be concerned

With the further feasibility study of the Project following this study, it is expected that the Myanmar
Government and the Japanese Government will agree that the Project would be financially supported by yen loan
by the Japanese Government. Since there is an opinion to hesitate to utilize a loan for a project in the Myanmar
Government, it is important for the Government to recognize the benefit of the appropriate loan for a project and
request the Japanese Government for the yen loan for the Project.
There is a strong perception in Myanmar that coal-fired power generation is considered to be highly
environment-burdening as a result of NGO activities and of great environmental impacts inflicted by existing
coal-fired power stations in Myanmar because of their inefficiency and lack of environmental treatment. In order
to promote the Project, it is necessary for the Myanmar Government and also Japanese Government to make it
widely known to the public that the environmental-friendly coal-fired power generation is achievable by
introducing environmental treatment system for removal of toxic substances such as desulphurization equipment
to remove sulfur oxides, selective catalytic reduction facility to remove nitrogen oxides and dry dust collector to
remove dust.
10
(8) Envisaged project location
11
Chapter 1 Overview of the Host Country and Sectors
(1) Economic and financial situations of Myanmar
1) Political situation in Myanmar
Due to the coup d tat staged by the national armed forces in 1962, military administration continued for a long
period of time. In 2003, however, the 7-stage Roadmap for Democratization was formulated. As a result of the
general election held in November 2011, President Thein Sein took office on February 4, 2011. After assuming the
office, he dissolved the State Peace Development Council (SPDC), which had been in charge of the military junta.
He then successively worked out the following items: democratization under the initiative of the new government,
national reconciliation (promotion of peace negotiations with ethnic minorities and of cease-fire agreement), and
activities aimed at economic reforms. In such a flow of major reforms, people who had been imprisoned as
political criminals due to democratization movements were released. Furthermore, democratization activists who
had emigrated to foreign countries because of the inability to carry out political activities in Myanmar were
requested by the president himself to participate in the creation of a new country. Many competent persons who
accepted his request have returned to Myanmar. In August 2011, a dialogue between the president and Ms. Aung
San Suu Kyi, the leader of the National League for Democracy (NLD), which is the largest opposition party, was
realized. An agreement was reached that they would cooperate with each other for the purpose of the development
of the country. Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi highly evaluates President Thein Sein as a trustworthy person.
In conjunction with the progress of democratization and national reconciliation, the United States lifted the
embargo on Myanmarese products except some jewelry items in November 2012. Furthermore, in April 2013, the
EU lifted economic sanctions on Myanmar except for the embargo on weapons. Thus economic sanctions by
European and North American countries were relaxed. In Myanmar, the national armed forces participate in
national administration even now under the provisions of the constitution. However, the national armed forces
have declared their intention to support the political and economic reform line of the current regime. The
possibility is low that democratization will be made to backslide by the national armed forces.
Incidentally, the military is currently authorized to hold 25% of the parliamentary seats. Against this
background, Global Insight, which is an investigating and rating company, is of the view that if a candidate of the
NLD is selected as President as a result of the general election scheduled for 2015, the following will be the case:
It is considered that progress will not be easily made in a constitution amendment aimed at reforming the issue of,
or abolishing, the above-mentioned military parliamentary seats; it cannot be denied that temporary political
tension will occur; the NLD highly evaluates President Thein Seins current economic policies and efforts in
democratization; Thus measures will be taken so that losses will be compensated for in the unlikely event that
Myanmar will fall into a state of civil war around the time of the general election in 2015, or that the government
forcibly expropriates the power plant.
2) Economic situation in Myanmar

Ratings pertaining to Myanmar are follows: The rating by three major rating companies is NR; the rating by
Global Insight, which is the only rating company that has given a rating to Myanmar, is B-. The real GDP
12
growth rates were, according to IMF estimates, 5.5% in FY 2010, 5.9% in FY 2011, 6.3% in FY 2012, and 6.8%
in FY 2013. It is predicted that the growth rate in FY 2014 will also be approximately 7%, and that this growth
rate level will continue thereafter until 2018. Thus it is expected that stable growth will continue in the future also.
The GDP per capita is 855 dollars (in 2013), which is at the lowest level in the ASEAN. In Yangon, however, the
GDP per capita is said to be 1,800 dollars. That is, the purchasing power of the intermediate and high income
classes is higher than is imagined.
The trade balance was such that surpluses of 2.4 billion dollars were posted in 2010. However, in 2011,
surpluses of 1 billion dollars were posted. That is, imports and exports were approximately balanced. In 2012,
Myanmar fell into a state of trade deficit. The greatest reason for the reduced trade surplus is a rapid increase in
imported used cars. However, the export of natural gas to Thailand, which currently accounts for 40% of the total
export, remains in a favorable condition. Furthermore, the pipeline for export to China was opened in September
2013. For this reason, gas export to china is expected to increase. Thus it is estimated that the trade balance will
improve. The current-account balance is such that some deficit amount was posted. However, an amount of 7
billion dollars, which is equivalent to 9 months worth of total export, is secured as foreign currency reserves.
Direct investments increased rapidly in and after FY 2010. There were inflows of 20 billion dollars in FY 2010
and 4.6 billion dollars in FY 2011. Main countries are not only China and Thailand, which are neighboring
countries, but also ASEAN countries. The main field is energy, including electric power, petroleum, and gas.
Meanwhile, in and after FY 2012, there were increases in investments in manufacturing industries. It is true that
the money amount per item is low, but the number of investment items account for 80% of the number of direct
investment items.
As regards the fiscal balance, a financial deficit of about 1.5 trillion kyat (about 2 billion dollars) (in FY 2009)
has continued. In this respect, under the guidance of the IMF, the financial deficit is controlled in such a way as to
be within 5% of the GDP as a rough target. Deficits are covered by the issuance of government bonds. Private
monetary institutions in Myanmar act as main purchasers. Government bonds that have been issued are controlled
within 5% of the GDP. Thus government bonds can be stably consumed in Myanmar. Foreign debts as of the end
of March, 2012, were 13.7 billion dollars, out of which the delinquent debt balance was 4.8 dollars. In FY 2012,
Japanese and international organizations (including the World Bank and the ADB) exempted/dissolved delinquent
debts, with the result that foreign debts were reduced to half of the amount as it was at the end of FY 2011. In
January 2013, the Myanmarese Government held consultations, in the Paris Club, with the member nations of this
club, and reached an agreement that half of the debts would be exempted in two stages. It was decided that the
remaining debts be deferred for 15 years. Currently, the IMF is monitoring the process of the debt reduction
measures. In January 2014, the IMF sent an study team. The results of the investigation were satisfactory. It is
expected that in the future, resumption of loans can be newly realized. The JBIC is expected to send its study team
in concert with the equivalents of other countries, and to start to newly extend credit in May or later this year.
At present, interest rates in Myanmar are as follows: The deposit interest rate is 8%; the official discount rate is
10%; the lending interest rate is 13%. By way of recent news, an interest rate reduction of 2% was carried out in
September 2011, and the same reduction was performed again in January 2012. Since the interest rate level is
higher than in neighboring countries, the Central Bank is considering a further interest rate reduction. In this
connection, the Central Bank used to be under the umbrella of the Ministry of Financial Revenue. However, an
13
organizational reform was carried out in July 2013 for the purpose of securing independence in accordance with
the international standard. In April 2012, foreign exchange rates were integrated, and a transition was made to a
floating exchange rate system. Subsequently, foreign exchange rates have been decided at auctions conducted by
monetary institutions that are authorized to perform exchange transactions. Immediately after the transition, the
foreign exchange rate dropped to 900 kyat/dollar. Recently, however, foreign exchange rates stably remain
between approximately 900 kyat/dollar and 950 kyat/dollar.
14
(2) Outlines of power sector
Changes in electric power sectors in Myanmar are shown in Table 1-1 .
The origin of the electric power business in Myanmar dates back to the fact that in 1908, Anglo Burma
Company started to supply electric power in Rangoon City. Large numbers of small-scale electric power
enterprises were founded in various places. The total number of such enterprises amounted to a maximum of 120.
Subsequently, reorganizations of electric power enterprises were repeated up to now, until the Ministry of
Electricity Power under the current setup was founded in September 2012.
Table 1-1
Period Event
Anglo Burma Company started to supply electric power in Rangoon City.
1908 Subsequently, small-scale electric power enterprises were founded, until the number of such
enterprises amounted to a maximum of 102.
1947 The Electricity Department was established in the Ministry of Industry (MOI).
1948 The Electricity Supply Act No. 69 was enacted, and the electric power business was nationalized.
1951 The Electricity Supply Board (ESB) was established, and nationalization was promoted.
Baluchung No. 2 Hydropower Station was completed within the framework of Japans reparation
1960
aid.
The Electricity Power Corporation (EPC), into which the electric power enterprises in Myanmar
1972
were consolidated, was established.
1974 Baluchung No. 2 Hydropower Station was enlarged.
The Electricity Power Corporation (EPC) was renamed the Myanma Electric Power Enterprise
1988
(MEPE).
The Foreign Investment Law was amended, and the purchase of IPPs and electric power facilities
1994
was started.
The electric power organizations that were under the umbrella of the Ministry of Energy became
1997
independent, and the Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP) was established.
1999 Operation of combined cycle power stations was started in Ahlone and Hlawga.
The Department of Hydropower was established under the umbrella of the Ministry of Electric
2002
Power (MOEP).
2005 Operation of a coal-fired power station was started in Tigyit.
The MOEP was divided into the MOEP 1 and the MOEP 2.
The HPGE (Hydropower Generation Enterprise), the YESB (Yangon City Electricity Supply Board),
2006 and the ESE (Electric Supply Enterprise) became independent of the MEPE.
The whole business was divided into electric power generation, electric power transmission, and
electric power distribution.
2012 The MOEP 1 and the MOEP 2 were integrated into the MOEP.
15
The Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP) consists of three departments and four enterprises, and takes
charge of the following work. Furthermore, the organization of the Ministry of Electric Power is shown in
Figure1-1. Policies related to coal fired power plant are made at DHPP, DHPI and HPGE.
Department of Hydropower Planning (DHPP)

Drafting of hydropower development plans and management of ministerial organizations related to
hydropower, as well as communication and coordination
Department of Hydropower Implementation (DHPI)
Implementation of design and construction of hydropower plants, procurement of materials and
equipment, and maintenance and repair of existing power plants
Hydropower Generation Enterprise (HPGE)
Operation of hydropower plants and coal-fired power plants
Department of Electric Power (DEP)
Consolidation of systems and management of organizations other than those related to hydropower and
coal coal-fired power, as well as communication and coordination
Myanma Electric Power Enterprise (MEPE)
Electric power transmission system operation work and operation of thermal power plants (except for
coal-fired power)
Yangon City Electricity Supply Board (YESB)
Supply of electric power to places in the Yangon region
Electric Supply Enterprise (ESE)
Supply of electric power to regions other than the Yangon region
Figure1-1 Setup chart of the Ministry of Electric Power (MoEP)
Minister
Vice-Minister Vice-Minister
Department of Department of Hydropower Department of Myanma Yangon City Electric

Hydropower Hydropower Generation Electric Electric Electricity Supply
Planning Implementation Enterprise Power Power
Supply Board Enterprise
(DHPP) (DHPI) (HPGE) (DEP) Enterprise
(YESB) (ESE)
(MEPE)
16
As shown in Figure1-2 , the current supply setup in electricity business in Myanmar is divided into power
generation business, power transmission business, and power distribution business.
Figure1-2
Hydroelectric power plants Hydroelectric power plants

generation
Power
and coal-fired power plants and thermal power plants

of Hydropower Generation that are Independent Power Thermal power plants of
Enterprise (HPGE) Producers (IPPs) Myanma Electric Power
Enterprise (MEPE)
Electric power Electric power
transmission
Myanma Electric Power Enterprise

(MEPE)
distribution
Yangon City Electricity Supply Board Electric Supply Enterprise (ESE):

(YESB): Supply area: regions other than the
Supply area: Yangon region Yangon region
17
(3) Circumstances in power sector
1) Energy situation
Myanmar is blessed with resources such as hydropower, petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Particularly, it can be
said that hydropower and natural gas resources are abundant. Economically developable hydropower resources are
estimated to be 48.5 GW. However, the actual amount developed is no more than 3.0 GW (6.2%). Meanwhile, the
history of development of petroleum and natural gas is so old as to date back to the days of Burmese Petroleum
Corporation during the British rule. At the beginning, development of small-scale oil fields and gas fields were
pushed forward on land. However, in the 1970s, seabed surveys were started, with the result that the development
of large-scale gas fields has been carried out. About 80% of the amount of natural gas mined is exported. The
resulting annual income is 3.3 billion dollars, which accounts for 20% of the annual revenue of the country (in
2013). In the case of the coal resources, neither reserves nor properties are correctly grasped. However, reserves
are estimated to be 460 million tons.
Figure1-3 Main energy resources

Resource Resource amount
Hydropower 108 GW (Theoretical potential
hydropower)
48.5 GW (Economically developable
potential hydropower)
Petroleum 2,100 million bbl
Natural gas 25,000,000 MMcf
Coal 460 million tons (estimate)
Oil shale 720 3,300 million bbl (estimate)
2) Energy supply and demand situation

The energy supply and demand balance in 2010 is shown in Figure1-4 . The amount of energy produced in the
country is estimated to be 22,530,000 ton (oil equivalent). About 50% is commercial energy. Natural gas accounts
for 80% or more of the above-mentioned 50%. In this connection, 80% or more of the natural gas is exported.
Domestic demands for natural gas not only for power generation but also for other industries are high. Priority is
desired to be given to domestic demands as regards the gas fields to be developed from now on. However, no
prospect has been obtained for such supply.
18
Figure1-4
Unit: Thousand oil equivalent

Import Other
Domestic product(22,530) (108)
(239)
Natural gas Uncommercial
Oil
product (10,211) energy(10,535)
(239)
Hydro power Coal Oil (8879)
(439) (409) (935)
Domestic supply(13,997) Export(8,879)
Coal
(409) Uncommercial
Natural gas
Oil product energy(10,535)
(390) (8,879)
Hydro power Oil (8879)
Natural gas(8,879)
(439) (892)
Domestic supply(13,997)
Loss Uncommercial
(1110) energy(10,495)
Electricity Oil Natural gas(596)

(535) product
(1027)
Coal(234)
Source: Based on information materials prepared by the Japan Electric Power Information Center Inc.
3) Enhancement and rationalization of the use of energy

The energy policy is established by the Energy Planning Division of the Ministry of Energy. This policy was
established in the 1990s, and was updated in 2011. In this new energy policy, Effective Use of Petroleum and
Natural Gas and Private Enterprises Participation in the Energy Filed were set forth in place of Active
Development of Hydropower, Which is Domestic Resources, which used to be set forth in the past. Petroleum
and natural gas are limited resources. These resources are intended to be effectively allocated to domestic
demands (electric power and industries) and to export, through which foreign currencies are earned.
19
4) Electric power demand prediction, and electric power development plans
The electric power consumption in Myanmar is extremely low. The consumption per capita is approximately
1/70 of that in Japan, or about 1/20 of that in Thailand. The electrification rate is as low as 28%.
Table 1-3 Electric power situations in Myanmar and other various countries
Zambia
ITEM Myanmar Japan Thailand Indonesia Philippines Jordan
(FY2005)
Peak Demand
2 156 26 29 11 3 1
[GW]
Electricity Sales (a)
6.3 851.6 162.7 174 59.2 14.3 8.1
[TWh/year]
Population (b)
62 127 67 244 97 6 13
[Million]
Electricity Sales per Capita (a)/(b)
0.1 6.7 2.3 0.7 0.6 2.3 0.6
[MWh/year/capita]
Electrification Ratio
28 100 99 73 81 100 26
[%]
High economic growth is expected to take place in the future. Also, electric power demand is presumed to
significantly increase. Electric power demand predictions are carried out not only by the Ministry of Electric
Power, but also by international organizations such as the ADB, the World Bank, and the JICA. Estimations are
made using indices such as economic growth rates (GDP), populations, and electrification rates. Recently, demand
predictions are performed using JICAs Electric Power Master Plan. The results of these predictions are shown
below together with the results of the prediction made by the Ministry of Electric Power. In Case High, the peak
electric power will be 14,500 MW in 2030. This value is about seven times as high as the current amount.
20
Figure 1-5 Electric power demand in Myanmar
25000
Power Demand [MW]

20000 19217
14542
15000
MOEP
10000 9100 High Case
Low Case
5000
1666
0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Source: JICA Electric Power Master Plan Study: Draft Version
For the purpose of meeting this power demand, an electric power source of 28,500 MW will be required in
2030. That is, it follows that an electric power source of 25,000 MW will be newly developed. In terms of the
electric power source make-up, not only hydropower electric power source, but also coal, gas, and renewable
energy electric power sources are intended to be developed in conformity with the government energy policy. In
JICAs Electric Power Master Plan investigation, a proposal is made of the optimum electric power source
make-up in which consideration is given to the following matters: diversification of electric power sources;
electric power source development costs; and electric power supply costs. It is concluded that the optimum
coal-fired electric power source is 5,000 MW, which is equivalent to 20% of all electric power sources.
Figure 1-6 Electric power source make-up in Myanmar
Installed capacity :28,551MW

Renewable Gas Coal
Installed capacity :3,614MW 2,000 2,484 5,030
MW MW
Gas MW
714.9 Coal
MW 120
MW
Hydro Hydro
2,780 19,037
MW 2013 MW
Source: JICA Electric Power Master Plan Study: Draft Version

21
5) Electric power transmission systems
The electric power transmission systems in Myanmar consist of 230 kV, 132 kV, and 66 kV systems, and are
subject to the jurisdiction of the Myanma Electric Power Enterprise (MEPE). The numbers of facilities, and the
facilities capacities as of the end of 2013, are as shown in Table1-4*.
The 230 kV system, which is the trunk system, is formed of two routes extending from the central part to
the southern part of this country. The facility capacity for supplying electric power generated by hydropower
plants in the northern part to demand areas in the southern part is insufficient. Therefore, a 500 kV power
transmission lines is newly planned.
.Mawlamyine is located in the southern part. At present, connection is established from the Thaton Electric
Power Substation to the Mawlamyine Electric Power Substation by means of one 230 kV power transmission line.
A second line is being additionally routed. This additional routing work is scheduled to be completed by 2015.
Table1-4 Electric power transmission facilities and electrical energy transformation facilities that are subject
to the jurisdiction of the MEPE (as of the end of 2013)
Item 230 kV 132 kV 66 kV Total
Number of electric power
43 35 138 216
transmission lines
Electric power transmission
3,047 2,109 3,616 8,772
line distance (km)
30 25 130 185
substations
Electric power substation
3,760 1,323 1,975 7,058
capacity (kVA)
Source: MEPE
22
Figure1-7 Chart of electric power transmission systems in Myanmar
Existing power system ant planning up to 2020

(Mawlamyine and vicinity inc. Yangon area)
Source: Data provided by the Ministry of Electric Power

The system operation in this country is carried out by the Load Dispatch Center (LDC), which controls
supply and demand adjustments of all systems, the Generation Control Center (GCC), which has jurisdiction
over hydropower plants and coal-fired power plants, and the National Control Center NCC), which reports the
system operation status to the Ministry of Electricity Power, and has LDC and GCC backup functions.
Figure 1-8 System operation work setup
Backup NCC Backup
GCC Request for electric

LDC
power generation
Operating instructions for Power plant operating
relevant units instructions
Electric power substation Systems for electric power transmission and electrical
operating instructions energy transformation (230 kV 132 kV)
Gas-fired power plants and diesel oil-fired power plants
23
6) Electric power distribution systems
The electric power distribution systems in Myanmar are subject to the jurisdiction of the Yangon City
Electricity Supply Board (YESB) in the case of the Yangon district, and the Electric Supply Enterprise (ESE) in
the case of other districts. Electric power is received at 66 kV or 33 kV from the Myanma Electric Power
Enterprise (MEPE), which handles higher-ranking systems. Electric power thus received is supplied to consumers
at 11 kV, 6.6 kV, or 0.4 kV. Furthermore, the ESE has also jurisdiction over electric power generation by means of
diesel power generators and small hydropower generators.
Figure1-9 Relationship chart for electric power enterprises
(
Myanma Electric Power MEPE)
Enterprise
Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise
(66kV,33kV)
Electric Supply Enterprise

(ESE) Yangon City Electricity
(YESB)Supply Board
Electric Supply Enterprise Yangon City Electricity Supply Board
(11kV,6.6kV,0.4kV)
Consumer

The suburbs of Mawlamyine in Mon State are subject to the jurisdiction of the Mon State Engineering Office of
the ESE. The electric power distribution facilities in the possession of Mon State and the ESE are as shown in the
table below. Electrification rates in Mon State are 71% in urban areas and 51% in provincial areas. These rates are
higher than those in the entire region under the jurisdiction of the ESE, which are 53% in urban areas and 32% in
provincial areas.
In districts under the jurisdiction of the ESE, when it is necessary to newly install electric power distribution
facilities to meet new demands, there are cases where consumers receive electric power in such a way that
consumers bear the cost of new facilities and subsequently transfer these facilities to the ESE. For this reason,
there is a high possibility that power plant constructors have to bear the costs of electric power distribution
facilities that serves to receive the electric power required to construct power plants and perform trial runs.
24
Table1-5 Electric power distribution facilities under the jurisdiction of the ESE
Item 66 kV 33 kV 11 kV 6.6 kV 400 V
Mon State 19 238 644 11 628
Electric power distribution
Entire region
line distance (km) 3,144 6,011 12,373 263 14,010
covered by ESE
Mon State 4 32 617 11 -
Entire region
substations 141 717 13,292 312 -
covered by ESE
Mon State 37 62 118 1.33 -
Electric power substation
Entire region
capacity (MVA) 1,470 2,275 3,034 164 -
covered by ESE
Source: Data issued by ESE (July 2013)
In the electric power distribution systems in Myanmar, there are frequent occurrences of power outages due to
failures caused by deterioration of electric power distribution facilities, and due to insufficient supply from
higher-ranking systems. Furthermore, the overall length of low voltage lines is so long that instances of electric
power distribution losses and voltage drops are on the increase. The ADB, the World Bank, and the JICA have
declared their intentions to provide support for these issues.
7) Electric power tariffs

MoEP raised the electricity tariffs in April 2014 for the purpose of improving the income and expense balance, in
which chronic deficits continued. Such a Tariff rise was implemented for the first time in about two years after
January 2012. At the beginning, the YESB announced a tariff rise on October 28, 2013. The tariff rise was
scheduled for November 1, 2013. However, due to citizens protests, the parliament passed a motion for review,
with the result that the tariff rise was temporarily frozen. Subsequently, another motion was passed in the
parliament, resulting in the tariff rise taking effect on April 1, 2014.
The Table 1-6 of electricity tariff before April 2014 and those in and after April 2014 are shown below. The
tariffs for ordinary households were raised to a maximum of 140%. The tariffs for industries were raised to a
maximum of 200%. The tariffs were not raised for streetlight contracts or for foreign currency-based
(dollar-based) contracts applied to foreigners to foreign enterprises.
25
Table1-6 Comparison of electricity Tariffs before the tariff rise and those thereafter
kWh
Electricity Tariff (/kwh)
Type

2014331
Until 31st March 2014 201441
From 1st April 2014
General Purpose 1kWh 100kWh 35Kyat
Household 35Kyat
Domestic Power 101kWh 200kWh 40Kyat
201kWh 50Kyat
Small Power 1kWh 500kWh 75kyat
75Kyat
Industrial 5000kWh 10000kWh 100kyat
10001kWh 50000kWh 125kyat
Industry

50001kWh 200000kWh 150kyat
200001kWh 300000kWh 125kyat
300001kWh 100kyat
Bulk 35Kyat 35Kyat
Street Lighting 35Kyat 35Kyat

Other Temporary Lightning 75Kyat 75Kyat
Foreign users 0.12USD 0.12USD
26
Chapter 2 Study Methodologies
(1) Description of study
A series of study work was carried out on the basis of the following items: the energy policy of Myanmar;
energy in this country and in that area in Mon State which is the project site; those publications related to the
electric power situation which are released to the public; information and data that are collected from, or obtained
by interviewing relevant members of, the Ministry of Electric Power, which is the counterpart; and the results of
studies made by visiting the site, and the particulars of the information obtained thereby.
Studies were made of the following particulars, and studies were made of facilities, fund-raising, and
implementation of plans. Subsequently, evaluations were made of the basic plans and business prospects for the
coal-fired power plant and for the coal storage and supply base.
1) Matters related to the policies, courses of actions, and laws of the county
a) Matters related to the policies and laws related to coal in Myanmar
b) The energy policy, electric power development plans, electric transmission plans, electricity rates, etc.
2) Study of fuel supply

a) Reserves, prices, properties, etc. of coal inside and outside Myanmar
3) Study of the places of the coal-fired power plant and the coal storage and supply base
a) Locations of the ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant and the coal storage and supply base (areas of the
sites, geographical features, weather, hydrological features, ownership, surrounding environment [Distances
from electric power consumption places, connection with electric power transmission lines, industrial water],
etc.)
b) Coal storage and supply base: Harbor (Depth, weather, ship traffic volume, etc)
c) Power plant: Calculation of rough estimates of operating costs such as for the investigation of the harbor
where water intake openings, water discharge outlets, and piers are to be installed
4) Evaluation of impacts on environmental aspects, social aspects, and consideration-related aspects

a) Outlines of environment-related laws and regulations in Myanmar
b) Those impacts on environmental aspects and social aspects which are associated with construction and
operation regarding this project
c) Environmental improvement effects associated with the implementation of this project (analytical
techniques)
d) Effective use of coal ash and desulfurized by-product calcium sulfate in the cement industry etc.
27
5) Financial and economic analyses
a) Financial analysis and economic analysis
6) Possibility of participation of Japanese enterprises

a) Status of investment in Myanmar from foreign countries
b) Investment-related laws, and IPP-related legal systems and tax systems, in Myanmar
c) Investment environment for Japanese enterprises
(2) Study team

1) Study team
Table 2-1 Study team
Role Name
1 Project manager Keiji Morino
2 Supervision of investigation Narichika Kobayashi
3 Ryu Zushida
Economic and financial analyses
4 Shinji Hosono
5 Shinichiro Kobayashi
Legal system and investment Mitsui & Co., Ltd.
6 Takamichi Ozaki
environment
7 Eiji Kurihara
7 Management in general Naoto Kawabe
8 On-site support (Yangon) Munehisa Ito
9 On-site support (Naypyidaw) Keiichi Kagami
10 Supervision of technology Kimitsugu Kozasa
11 Electric power development
Yoshitaka Saito
planning
12 Electric power transmission Chubu Electric Power
Kazunori Ohara
planning Co., Inc.
13 Power system planning Yoshihide Takeyama
14 Thermal power plant planning Shunichiro Yasuda
15 Environmental and social Impact Kensuke Fukushima
16 analysis Myanmar Koei International
17 Marine civil engineering planning Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd.)
28
2) Counterparts
Figure2-1 Organization of MoEP
Minister
Deputy Minister Deputy Minister
Department of Department of Hydropower Department Myanma Yangon City Electric

Hydropower Hydropower Generation of Electricity Electric Power Electricity Supply
Planning Implementation Enterprise Power Enterprise Supply Board Enterprise
(DHPP) (DHPI) (HPGE) (DEP) (MEPE) (YESB) (ESE)
Table 2-2 Counterparts who were met

Affiliation Official position Name
Ministry of Electric Power
Deputy Director General U Aye San
Department of Hydro Power Planning
Ministry of Electric Power Deputy Minister Maw Thar Htwe
1 Ministry of Electric Power
Director U Aung Ko Ko
Deputy Director U Tint Lwin Oo
Deputy Director General U Aye San
Department of Hydropower Planning
Managing Director Myint Aung
Electricity Supply Enterprise
2
Managing Director Htein Lwin
MEPE
Deputy Director General Mi Mi Khaing
Department of Electric Power
Director Aung Ko Ko
3
Deputy Director general U Kyaw Din
Ministry of Mine
Director Dr. Myint Soe
29
(3) Study schedule
Table 2-3 Study schedule
2014 2015
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Domestic study)
Law and regurations study
Fuel Supply Planning study
Facility Planning study
Fund planning study
Environmental Impact accessment
Plan study
Economical study
Report
Site study
1st
Disscussion
2nd
Site study
3rd
Interim report
Final
Final Report
Table2-4 First site study

Activities
Oct. 5, 2014 Travel Narita Yangon
(Sun)
Internal meeting
Oct 6, 2014
Meeting with subcontractors for local works
(Mon)
Meeting with the Japanese Embassy
Oct 7, 2014 (Tue) Meeting with JICA/Myanmar Office
Meeting with JICA Expert in the Ministry of Transportation
Oct 8, 2014 Internal meeting and work
(Wed)
Travel: Yangon Naypyidaw
Oct 9, 2014 (Thu)
Internal meeting and work
Meeting with the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Electric Power and the Director
of the Department of Electric Power Planning
Oct 10, 2014
(Fri)
Travel: Naypyidaw Yangon
Yangon Narita
Oct 11, 2014 Travel: Yangon Narita
(Sat)
30
Table 2-5 Second site study
Activities
Nov 9, 2014 Travel: Narita Yangon
(Sun)
Nov 10, 2014 Travel: YangonMawlamyine
(Mon) Visit to potential project sites
Visit to potential project sites
Visit to potential project sites

Nov 12, 2014
(Wed)
Travel: Yangon (Narita)
Nov 13, 2014 Travel: (Yangon)Narita
(Thu)
Table2-6 Third site study

Activities
Nov 24, 2014 Travel: Narita Yangon
(Mon)
Travel: Yangon Naypyidaw
Nov 25, 2014 Meeting with the Department of Hydropower Planning of the Ministry of Electric
(Tue) Power
Presentation at a seminar held by the HIDA
Nov 26, 2014
(Wed)
Meeting with the Ministry of Mine
Nov 27, 2014 Internal meeting and work
(Thu)
Nov 28, 2014 Travel: Naypyidaw Yangon
(Fri) Meeting with the Japanese Embassy in Yangon
Travel: Yangon Narita
Nov 29, Travel: Narita Chubu
2014(Sat)
Table2-6 Fourth site study

Activities
Jan 26, 2015 Travel: Narita Yangon
(Mon)
Jan 27, 2015 Travel: YangonNaypyidaw
(Tue) Meeting with the Ministry of Electric Power
Jan 28, 2015 Meeting with the Ministry of Electric Power
(Wed)
Travel: Naypyidaw Yangon
Jan 29, 2015 Meeting with the Japanese Embassy in Yangon
(Thu) Meeting with JICA/Myanmar Office
Travel: Yangon (Narita)
Jan 30, 2015 (Fri) Travel: (Yangon)Narita
31
Chapter 3 Justification, Objectives and Technical
Feasibility of the Project
(1) Project background
As shown in Chapter 1, it is estimated that in 2030, the electric power demand in Myanmar will be seven times
as high, compared to the present. In order to meet this increase in the electric power demand and to stably supply
electric power, it is necessary that prompt development of power plants. On the basis of the experience gained in
Japan regarding the oil crisis, it is necessary that not depending only on one type of fuel, development of power
plants shall be done using various types of fuel, such as not only gas-fired power generators, coal-fired power
generators, and hydropower generators, but also generators using renewable energy like wind power and solar
power.
But supply capability of each fuel sources and the places where hydro power can be developed are regulated.
Considering this aspect, it is also important that low cost constitution of power generating facilities.
The details of the above are shown below.
Figure 3-1 Prediction of the gas demand in Myanmar
Source: JICA, Electric Power Master Plan in Myanmar, 2014
Figure 3-1 shows the predicted values of the following items in Myanmar: the amount of gas demanded; and
the amount of gas that can be supplied. The amount of gas demanded means the amount of gas required to operate
the 2,484 MW gas-fired power plants that was assumed for the electric power source. The pink line indicates the
amount of gas that can be supplied in Myanmar. It is estimated that in 2030, the amount of gas demanded will be
three times as high as the amount of gas that can be supplied in Myanmar. Therefore, it will be necessary to cover
the shortage by import. Ordinary import of liquefied natural gas (LNG), and import of natural gas through
pipelines from neighboring countries, are conceivable. In this regard, development of these pipelines requires cost
and time.
32
Figure 3-2 Amounts of coal required for coal-fired power generation in Myanmar

Figure 3-2 shows the amounts of coal demanded with the power generation demand taken into account and the
amounts of coal that can be produced in Myanmar. In 2030, it will be necessary to import coal that is about five
times as much as the amount that can be produced in Myanmar.
Figure3-3 Plans for the development of hydropower plants
33
Figure 3-3 shows plans for the development of hydropower plants. Development of large-scale hydropower
plants involves the following problems, among others: Long development periods are required (10 years or
more). Depending on development places, environmental impacts, social impacts, etc. are high (such as
submergence of a wide range of land, and relocation of residents). Depending on locations, it is difficult to
establish connection with electric power transmission lines. Furthermore, there is a problem in that power
generation capacities vary depending on season. In dry seasons, power generation output power is 70% of that in
rainy seasons.
Figure3-4 Comparison of thermal power generation costs (Classified by fuel type)

Power generation cost cet/kwh
CO2 countermeasure cost

Managerial and repair cost
Construction cost
Fuel cost
Coal Gas Oil
Sources: In-house information materials of Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. and information materials of the
Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan
Figure 3-4shows power generation costs as classified by fuel type. Fuel prices are subject to large variations
and are subject to various estimation methods. Generally speaking, it can be said that coal-fired power generation
is most inexpensive on an overall basis.
34
Figure 3-5 Changes in generated electric power as classified by fuel type
Source: In-house information material of Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.
Figure3-5 shows generated electric power amounts in the past and at present in Japan as classified by fuel type.
Up to the 1970s, electric power supply in Japan depended primarily on hydropower generation and coal-fired
power generation. In the 1970s, oil shocks were experienced twice. Since then, efforts have been made to
diversify fuel types. In specific terms, development of nuclear power plants, and thermal power plants fired by
liquefied natural gas (LNG) or coal, has been pushed forward. Currently, as shown in Figure 3-5, the breakdown
of the power generation facility fleet is such that no specific fuel type is depended upon.
Figure 3-6 Changes in generated power amounts, as classified by fuel type, which occurred after the Great East
Japan Earthquake, compared to the corresponding amounts before this earthquake

35
Figure3-6 shows quite recent generated power amounts as classified by fuel type. In Japan, the Great East Japan
Earthquake was experienced in March 2011. At the Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Plant, which was damaged
by the earthquake and the resulting tsunami, there occurred a serious accident in which nuclear reactors failed to
be cooled. At present, safety improvement measures are being taken in nuclear power plants in Japan. All nuclear
reactors are stopped.
After the earthquake, the following measures were taken, among others: LNG thermal power generation
amounts were increased by urgently increasing LNG imports; aged oil-fired power plants were rehabilitated. As a
result, power generation operations have been carried out without causing great obstacle to electric power supply.
On the basis of the above, promotion of the diversification of fuel is very important in terms of the security of
electric power supply.
Figure 3-7 Power generation amounts, as classified by fuel type, with respect to daily load duration curves
Figure 3-7 shows changes in daily power generation amounts, as classified by fuel type, in a state when nuclear
power plants are operable.
The operating arrangement is such that nuclear power and coal-fired power, for which fuel costs are low, are
used as base electric power sources, and that electric power is generated at full output power at all times.
Adjustment of power generation amounts commensurate with demands is carried out at power plants using gas
turbines, which excel in load adjustment speeds (generation power amount adjustment speeds). On the basis of the
above, it is necessary in terms of supply and demand adjustment that coal-fired power and gas-fired power be
developed in such a way as to strike an appropriate balance.
So far, it was explained that diversification of fuel is important. That is, an explanation was given that it is
important to carry out development in such a way as to strike an appropriate balance among gas-fired, oil-fired,
and hydropower generation. The contents of the explanation made so far made are summarized below:
It is expected that in Myanmar, the electric power demand will rapidly increase by 2030.
Coal-fired power is the most inexpensive electric power source.
36
In Japan, oil crises were experienced in which shortage of oil supply, and efforts have been made to
diversify fuel. Diversification of fuel is important in terms of security and of supply and demand
adjustment.
Development of coal-fired power plants is an important means for resolving the energy issue in Myanmar.
37
(2) Basic conditions of the project
1) Assumption of fuel to be used (design coal)
In Myanmar, there is a coal mine called Kalewa Coal Mine, where sub-bituminous coal whose properties permit
the coal to be used to generate electric power, can be mined. However, in most of other coal mines,
sub-bituminous coal with poor properties, and lignite, are mined. The properties of these coal types are low
calorific values, high water contents, high sulfur contents, and low crushability. In order to use the
above-mentioned coal types as power generation fuel, increased facility costs are entailed. Therefore, the
aforementioned coal types are unsuitable as power generation fuel. Furthermore, Kalewa Coal Mine alone cannot
cover all of the coal-fired power plants to be developed in Myanmar from now on.
Figure3-8 Places holding coal deposits underground in Myanmar
Source: Data based on DGSE information materials
38
Table3-1 Properties of coal in Myanmar
Kalewa Rashio Tigyit Eastern Shan
Calorific value (kcal/kg) 6,500 3,450 - 5,400 5,000 3,000 - 6,000
Sulfur content (%) 0.52 - 0.78 0,39 - 1.04 0.46 - 0.96 0.4 - 1.17
Crushability (HGI) 34 - 42 20 - 27 20 - 27
Ash content (%) 4.4 - 5.8 2.3 - 8.1 8 - 12 2 - 16
Water content (%) 9.7 8.6 - 24.0 18.51 40
Sub-bituminous
Coal type Lignite Lignite Lignite
coal
Estimated reserves
214 29 20 150
(in millions of tons)
Source: Data prepared by the Study team on the basis of DGSE information materials
On the basis of the above, it is assumed that in this project, bituminous coal will be used imported from
Australia and Indonesia, which are neighboring countries of Myanmar. Also, the facilities will be designed in such
a way that the use of sub-bituminous coal in Myanmar. And that blending system of two types of coal such as
sub-bituminous coal and bituminous coal shall be considered.
1) Generating capacity: Big scale and reliable plant shall be required;

Net Out Put; 600 MW
Gross Out Put; 660 MW
2) The calorific value will be as follows:

Higher Heating Value (HHV) : Approximately 24,000 kJ/kg
3) Assumption of the power generation efficiency

The power plant generation efficiency will be similar to that of an ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant
which is operated in Japan on a base load operation basis, which has a large number of operating track records,
and which has high reliability. The value of the power generation end efficiency will be as follows:
Power generation efficiency: 42% (HHV)
4) Assumption of the annual load factor

The annual load factor will be assumed similarly to the case in item (2) 2) above. The value of the annual load
factorwill be as follows:
Annual use rate: 80%
5) Assumption of the availability

The availability will be assumed similarly to the case in item (2) 2) above. The value of the availability will be
as follows:
Availability: 84%
39
6) Operation method
As regards the operation method, operations as a base load plant will be assumed.
7) Amounts of fuel (coal) used

The following values of the amounts of fuel used were calculated under the above-mentioned conditions: the
annual value, the monthly average value, the daily average value, and the value under the rated load.
Table3-2 Assumed amounts of coal used

Unit Amount of coal used
Annual value ton/year 1,500,000
Monthly average value ton/month 120,000
Daily average ton/day 4,000
Value under rated load ton/h 204
40
(3) Outline of the plan for the project
1) Outlines of sites
a) Selection criteria and selection results
From the viewpoints listed below, the following items will be selected: land for the construction of a coal-fired
power plant with a power generation output of 600 MW, and for the construction of a coal storage yard; and
hydrological states for the construction of coal receiving facilities.
Hydrological features (Water depths, tide levels, tidal currents, and wind speeds)
Terrains
Use status
Presence or absence of dwelling houses, schools, etc.
Legal system-based restrictions on the use of land and water areas
Distances from power transmission line
Securing of industrial water
Access road
Distances from pagodas
b) Project area
It was decided that the project area be that portion of the coastline which extends to the south by approximately
30 km from Kyaikami located approximately 90 km southwest from Mawlamyine, the largest city in Mon State.
Figure 3-9
41
Mawlamyine is connected by 230 kV electric power transmission lines to Yangon and to the trunk systems all
over Myanmar. Furthermore, the area faces the Sea of Andaman, and is suitable as a base of marine transportation
of imported coal. Limestone is taken out in the suburbs. Therefore, the area is suitable also for the installation of
limestone-calcium-sulfate type desulfurization equipment.
Figure3-10 Places holding limestone deposits Figure3-11 Schematic of electric power transmission
underground in Myanmar systems in the suburbs of Mawlamyine

Source: DGSE information materials. Source: Data provided by the Ministry of Electric
Power
Figure3-12 Mawlamyine Electric Power Substation
Source: Photograph taken by the Study team
During the on-site exploration, confirmations were made of the hydrological states of the sea area and the
positions of schools, dwelling houses, pagodas etc., and selection was made of the land required to construct the
power plant.
42
Figure3-13 School, dwelling house
Figure3-14 Pagodas
Figure3-15 Study of candidate places
43
Figure3-16 Study of a candidate place
44
(4) Plant Layout
1) Future installation of an additional power plant
The layout was arranged in such a way that the spaces for coal handling system, ( coal unloading system,
coal storage equipment, coal conveying equipment), unit equipment, flue gas environmental treatment system,
waste water treatment system, and maintenance areas are secured so that in the future, a similar 600 MW class
coal-fired power USC plant can be additionally set up. Furthermore, the layout was also arranged in such a way
that account was taken of future additional installation of comprehensive wastewater treatment equipment etc.
2) Water depth
A plan was prepared in such a way that coal ships will be anchored at a place where the water depth is 15 m
or so and which is approximately 1.5 km offshore. Coal ships were assumed to be 80,000 DWT class
oceangoing vessels of approximately 12 m full draft. Moreover, by building a breakwater, the risk of cases
where it is impossible to generate power, due to reasons such as the inability to carry out cargo handling during
rough weather during monsoon season, is intended to be reduced.
3) Recycling of water intake and water discharge

The warm wastewater flow rate is assumed to be 28.5 m3/s or less per unit. The seawater temperature
deference between intake water and discharge water shall be designed 7 or less. Furthermore, water
intake openings and water discharge outlets were arranged in such a way that warm wastewater from water
discharge outlets will not flow into water intake openings.
4) Direct convey line from coal jetty to boiler shall be considered

The layout was arranged in such a way that after unloaded, coal can be sent directly to boiler from the jetty..
5) Coal blending
Coal blending equipment (equipment whereby two types of coal can be blended at coal bending rates within
the range from 10 90%) was installed at the outlet of the coal storage yard so that bituminous coal could be
blended with sub-bituminous coal etc.
6) Coal ash and gypsum shipping equipment (Jetpack vehicle transportation, ship transportation)
A plan was prepared in which limestone and gypsum would be subjected to marine transportation on 2,000
DWT ships (marine transportation to foreign countries was also assumed). Furthermore, facilities were
configured in such a way that it would also be possible to carry out delivery by means of jetpack vehicles.
7) Water to be used
The layout was arranged in such a way that plant water receiving equipment and pretreatment equipment
would be installed at an entrance to the premises of the power plant, and that the piping length would be the
shorts. At present, no industrial water facilities are developed in neighboring places of the project site.
Therefore, it is assumed that water will be taken from rivers, well.or instration of RO system.
45
Figure 3-17 View of the layout
46
(5) Power generation facilities
1) Design policy for the power plant
(a) Design policy
It was decided that the power plant comprise one 600 MW unit, and that the major design conditions be as
shown in there table below.
Table3-3 Design conditions for the New Power Plant

Numerical
No. Item Unit
value
1 Rated output power (Net value) MW 600
2 Number of units Unit 1
Electric power generation efficiency (Higher Heating
3 % 42
Value HHV )
4 Load factor/Availability % 80/84
5 Annual operating hours h/ y 7,358
6 Annual Gross Generation Output GWh/y 3,532
7 Auxiliary power consumption rate % 5.5
8 Annual Net Generation Output GWh/y 3,338
9 Fuel consumption
a Design standard Heating value (Gross as received) kJ/kg 24,000
- Fuel consumption (Load factor = 100%)
b t/h 204
(Maximum value per hour)
c t/d 4,896
(Maximum value per day)
d t/month 120,000
(Monthly average)
e t/year 1,500,000
(Annual average)
f - Coal storage yard capacity) (Number of days) days 45
g - Coal storage yard capacity) (tons) ton 200,000
10 Ash discarding place capacity (Number of years) Years 5
(b) Steam conditions

As regards the steam conditions to be applied to the power plant, it was decided that at the turbine inlet,
the main steam temperature be 600C and the reheated steam temperature be 600OC. At present, this
temperature level is in the top level.
Table3-4 Power plant steam conditions

NO Item Value Remarks
Main steam (at the high pressure Pressure 24.5 MPa (g)
1
steam turbine inlet) Temperature 600 C
Reheated steam (at the Pressure 4.38 MPa(g)
2 Intermediate pressure steam
turbine inlet) Temperature 600 C
47
(c) Design coal
It was decided that the properties of coal be as shown below. Design was carried out on this basis.
Table 3-5 Design coal properties

Item Numerical value
Higher heating value of constant humidity coal 24,000 kJ/kg
Total S content (on a dry basis) 1.0%
N content (on a dry basis) 1.8%
Ash content (on a dry basis) 20%
Hygroscopic moisture (Surface moisture) 7%
2) Main specifications of power generation equipment

In this paragraph, description is given of the main equipment (boilers, turbine generators), and of the
recommended main specifications.
Figure3-19 Main system schematics
(a) Boiler
Fuel : Imported coal (from Australia and Indonesia,)
Auxiliary fuel :Light oil
Stem conditions : USC (600/600C)
Boiler type : Ultra-supercritical once-through boiler where pulverized coal is burned
exclusively
Maximum steam flow rate : 1,930 t/h
Main equipment : Two boiler circulation pumps, two water separators, six mills (one mill
being a spare), two forced draft fans, two primary air fans, two induced
fans, and two, boost up fans.
48
Figure 3-20 Schematic of boiler
Figure 3-21 Schematic of coal pulverizing equipment Figure 3-22 Coal pulverizing equipment
49
(b) Turbine
Steam conditions : USC (600/600C)
Turbine type : Tandem compound, single reheat condensing turbine
Main valves : Four Main steam stop valves, four steam control valves, two reheated
steam stop valves, and two intercepting valves
Water supply pumps : Steam turbine-driven boiler water feed pumps (Two 50% pumps) and
electromotor-driven boiler water feed pumps (One 25% pumps)
Figure3-23 General view of the steam turbine Figure3- 24 Low pressure turbine
(in the course of assembly)
Figure 3-25 General view of the turbine generator unit
(c) Generator
Type : Rotating field magnet type
Cooling method : Hydrogen direct cooling (for rotors), and water direct cooling (for stators)
Capacity : 700 MVA (rating)
Power factor : 0.9 (The details pertain to the time of the implementation of FS.)
Frequency : 50 Hz
Excitation method : Thyristor excitation method
Treatment of sealed oil : Vacuum treatment method
50
(6) Environmental treatment equipment and coal handling system
In power plants, it is important to install appropriate environmental treatment equipment and carry out suitable
operation and maintenance management. Described below are environmental measures taken in one of the latest
large-sized coal-fired power plants in Japan
Figure 3-26 Schematic of coal-fired power plant
Figure 3-26 shows an outline of the whole coal-fired power plant.

Ash, sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are included in exhaust gas generated due to the
combustion of coal. Pieces of equipment for removing these pollutants are installed between the boiler and the
stack.
Furthermore, various types of wastewater are generated in coal-fired power plants. These types include the
following, among others: wastewater from boilers and turbines, wastewater from desulfurization equipment for
removing sulfur oxides, miscellaneous wastewater from offices etc., wastewater from facilities for treating
and transporting ash, wastewater from coal storage yards and wastewater containing oil. These types of
wastewater have different properties, and therefore, should be separately treated appropriately.
51
1) Flue gas treatment system (Prevention of air pollution)
Figure 3-27
Power plant in the 1950s Present-day coal-fired power plant (Hekinan Thermal Power Plant)

In Japan, progress was made in the introduction of
environmental treatment equipment such as denitration
equipment, desulfurization equipment, and dust
precipitators ever since the 1970s, during which
pollution became a serious issue.
Changes in NOx and SOx emissions per kW

Source: In-house information material of

The pictures on upper side of Figure 3-27 shows comparison of coal-fired power plant in the 1950s with that at

present, and visually shows that smoke discharge decreased due to the introduction of environmental treatment
equipment. In Japan, the public air pollution became a serious social problem from the 1960s to the 1970s. For
this reason, ever since the 1970s, various flue gas treatment equipment has been developed and introduced. The
graph on lower side of Figure 3-27 shows changes in emissions of NOx and SOx per kW. Due to the development
and introduction of flue gas treatment equipment, the emissions of air pollutants were drastically reduced.
52
Figure 3-28 Comparison of amounts of air pollutants discharged
NOx
SOx
0.16 0.07
USA Canada UK France Germany Italy Japan Hekinan
Hekinan
(2005) (2005) (2005) (2005) (2005) (2005) (2007)
Source: Data prepared by the Study team by using information materials

of the Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan
Figure 3-28 shows amounts of SOx and NOx discharged per kWh in coal-fired power plants in various
countries. As compared to other countries in the world, the amounts of the above-mentioned substances
discharged from coal-fired power plants in Japan are extremely low. Furthermore, in Japan, the amount of the
aforementioned substances discharged from the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant of Chubu Electric Co., Inc. is
furthermore lower.
Figure 3-29 shows an outline of flue gas treatment facilities in a coal-fired power plant.
Figure3-29 Outline of flue gas treatment facilities
53
Figure3-30 Flue Gas treatment facilities in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant
Combustion gas from the boiler firstly passes through the denitration equipment, which removes nitrogen
oxides (NOx) in a high temperature state. Subsequently, this gas passes through the air preheater and through the
gas and gas heater heat recovery device, where the temperature is reduced. Then the above-mentioned gas passes
through the dry electrostatic precipitator, which serves to remove particles of soot.. Subsequently, this gas passes
through the induced draft fan, and is sent to the desulfurization equipment, which serves to remove sulfur oxides
(SOx).
Downstream of this equipment, the above-mentioned gas passes through the wet electrostatic precipitator,
which serves to remove particles of soot once again. Subsequently, the gas temperature in the gas and gas heater
reheating device is made to the temperature of flue gas high. Then this gas passes through the gas pressure boost
up fan, and is released from the stack.
The wet electrostatic precipitator is installed in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant, where the regulations of flue
gas emission are very strict. Therefore, this equipment is not generally installed.
Figure 3-31 shows the process where air pollutants in exhaust gas are removed in each facilities of flue gas
treatment system.
Figure3-31 The process where air pollutants in exhaust gas are removed

2) Emission standards of exhaust gas
Figure 3-32 shows the emission standards in the Pollution Control Agreements concluded by the Hekinan
Thermal Power Plant with the relevant local autonomous bodies, the emission standards specified in the Air
54
Pollution Control Law in Japan, and the emission standards for air pollutants (NO, SOx, and soot dust) contained
in the exhaust gas produced in coal-fired power plant in the case of the World Bank and the IFC (International
Finance Corporation).
Table 3-6 Comparison of criteria for discharge to the atmosphere

mg/Nm3
In the criteria of the World Bank and the IFC, areas are divided into places where air pollution is serious
(degraded airsheds) and other places (non-degraded airsheds).
In Japan, the criteria specified in the Air Pollution Control Law are formulated.
In the Pollution Control Agreements concluded by the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant with the pertinent local
autonomous bodies (Aichi Prefecture and Hekinan City), criteria involving values stricter than those specified in
the Air Pollution Control Law are prescribed. In Japan, factories are concentrated in places such as the areas
around Tokyo Bay, around Ise Bay, and around the Inland Sea. In these areas, it is demanded that particularly
strict criteria be specified with regard to power plants, where large amounts of exhaust gas is discharged.
In Myanmar, the criteria to be complied with will be specified in the course of activities such as studies of
development of domestic laws and evaluations of environmental impacts.
In cease where power plants are to be constructed using loans from banks, it is a general practice to apply the
criteria of the IFC. Applicable criteria differ according to places where power plants are constructed. The criteria
of the IFC's NDA will be applied in places where the atmosphere is clean. In places where air pollution has
progressed, the DA criteria will be applied.
In Myanmar, the Environment Law was enacted in 2012. It is expected that in FY 2014, the criteria for the
atmosphere, wastewater, soil, noise, etc. will be submitted to the parliament and enacted. It is expected that
criteria specific to Myanmar will be formulated by referring to the criteria of the ADB, EU, and IFC.
Here, the IFC standard, which is widely used worldwide, will be borne in mind. On this basis, necessary
environmental measures equipment is described below.
55
3) Flue gas denitration equipment (Selective catalytic reduction [SCR] type)
Figure3-32: Schematic of flue gas denitration equipment
Figure 3-32 shows selective catalytic reduction (SCR) type denitration equipment.
In Japan, the criteria for nitrogen oxides (NOx) discharged from large-scale thermal power plants are strict.
Therefore, the selective catalytic reduction type is generally introduced as denitration equipment. This equipment
is arranged in such a way that ammonia is injected into high temperature exhaust gas, thereby being made to react
with nitrogen and water, with the result that nitrogen oxides are reduced. A catalyst serves to accelerate this
reaction. By means of this equipment, 80 to 90% of nitrogen oxides (NOx) can be removed. As regards nitrogen
oxides (NOx ), in countries and regions where the discharge criteria are lenient, denitration equipment is normally
not installed. Catalysts are expensive. Therefore, it is necessary to decide the necessity or non-necessity of
denitration equipment by taking account of discharge criteria that are applied at the stage of detailed studies.
The NOx discharge criteria in the case where DA area is applied pertaining to the IFC criteria in Myanmar, turn
out to be 200 mg/Nm3 (NO, PPm equivalent: 160 ppm). Therefore, denitration equipment is required. In cases
where NDA is applied pertaining to the IFC criteria, the NOx discharge criteria turn out to be 510 mg/Nm3 (NO,
PPm equivalent: 409 ppm). Therefore, denitration equipment is not required in the case of a boiler in which low
NOx fuel is taken into account. Depending on coal type, there is a possibility that the IFC and DA criteria can be
achieved. However, if in-furnace Nox reduction action is intensified with the aim of reducing the NOx
concentration at the boiler outlet, there is a fear that sulfuration corrosion will occur on the furnace wall
evaporation tube. Therefore, this practice is not desirable from the viewpoint of securing reliability for a long
period of time.
Next, a combustion method for suppressing the generation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is shown below:
56
Figure 3-33 Low NOx combustion method
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) that are generated by carrying out rapid combustion at high temperature, are called
thermal NOx. For the purpose of preventing the generation of thermal NOx, the following measures are taken so
that rapid combustion will be prevented from occurring at high temperature in the boiler.
Exhaust gas mixture combustion method:
An arrangement where burned gas is made to circulate again in the boiler furnace, and whereby rapid
combustion is suppressed by reducing the amount of oxygen.
Two-stage combustion method:
An arrangement whereby in places where burners exist, required air is not supplied in full amount, but
combustion air is supplied in two separate stages.
Low NOx burners:
An arrangement where in the burner portions, exhaust gas is mixed in, in addition to combustion air.
57
4) Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)
Figure 3-34 Schematic of electrostatic dust precipitator
Figure3-34 shows a dry electrostatic precipitator. This equipment consists of discharging electrodes (linear
articles), which discharge electrons, and dust collecting electrodes (plates), to which dust is made to stick. If the
discharging electrodes are charged with negative electricity and if the dust collecting electrodes are charged with
positive electricity, then electrons are released from the discharging electrodes, with the result that the ash
(particle) in the gas is charged with negative charges. Due to the above, the ash is attracted to the dust collecting
electrodes and stick to these electrodes. On a periodic basis, the ash that stuck to the dust collecting electrodes is
made to drop due to vibrations, and is recovered. The above-mentioned vibrations are generated, for example, by
means of a device whereby the plates constituting the dust collecting electrodes are tapped with hammers. By
means of this electrostatic precipitator, 99% or more of the ash (particle) in the exhaust gas is removed.
It is necessary to decide the required performance by carrying out detailed design at the stage when items such
as the coal to be used and the applicable criteria for discharge to the atmosphere are decided.
58
5) Flue gas desulfurization equipment (FGD)
Figure 3-35 Schematic of flue gas desulfurization equipment
Figure3-35 shows flue gas desulfurization (FGD) equipment based on the wet gypsum-limestone method.
Sulfur oxides (SO2) react with lime (CaCO3), oxygen, and water, and turns into gypsum (calcium sulfate) and
carbon dioxide (CO2). Flue gas desulfurization equipment based on the wet gypsum-limestone method is the fruit
of the use of this principle. It is so arranged that limestone crushed into a powdery state is mixed with water,
resulting in the generation of an absorber, and that this absorber is sprayed into exhaust gas. This equipment is
capable of removing 90 to 95% of the sulfur dioxides in the exhaust gas.
In recent coal-fired power plants in Japan, the general practice is to use flue gas desulfurization equipment
based on the wet gypsum-limestone method method. There are a single-tower structure where the soot dust
concentration at the flue gas desulfurization equipment inlet is reduced as much as possible and where the
dustproof cooling tower is eliminated (in the figure above), and a structure type in which a cooling tower aimed at
removing soot dust and cooling gas is installed upstream of the absorption tower.
A type called the low low-temperature dust precipitation system is adopted in the latest flue gas treatment
system . In the case of single-tower type flue gas desulfurization equipment, it is necessary to reduce the soot dust
concentration at the desulfurization inlet. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the performance of the dry
electrostatic precipitator located upstream. In order to improve the dust precipitation performance, it is necessary
to reduce the gas temperature. Therefore, a low low-temperature dust precipitation system is adopted in which gas
- gas heater heat recovery machine is installed upstream of an electrostatic precipitator and in which the gas
temperature is reduced to 90OC or so. The heat recovered by a heat recovery device is used to raise the exhaust gas
temperature at the stack inlet.(gas - gas heater, gas reheater). The purpose of the above is to raise the temperature
of the gas released to the atmosphere, thereby improving atmospheric diffusion (the effective stack height is
increased).
In the event that the criteria of the IFC and the NDA (850 mg/Nm3. SO2 equivalent: 785 ppm) are applied in
Myanmar, it is considered that it may be possible to omit the flue gas desulfurization equipment in cases where
59
coal with a low sulfur content is used.
However, in this project, it is expected that various types of coal are purchased in the case of imported coal.
Also, the discharge criterias are unclear. Due to the above, studies will be promoted on the assumption that flue
gas desulfurization equipment will be installed.
Meanwhile, in foreign countries, the following flue gas desulfurization types are used, among others: a type
based on the dry limestone-calcium-sulfate method; and a type based on the seawater method. As to the issue of
which is the optimum type, it is necessary to make a decision at the project implementation stage by taking
account on matters such as discharge criteria and the procurability of limestone.
6) Stacks (heights and discharge temperatures)
Figure 3-36 Schematic of a Stack
Stack heights are an impotent factor

when calculating SOx, NOx, and
particulate diffusion during
environmental impact studies (EIS).
The design values of Stack heights,
gas flow velocities, and gas
temperatures are established in such a
way that maximum ground level
concentrations, which are the results
of the diffusion calculation in
environmental impact studies, will
meet the environmental criteria.
Source: In-house information material of Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc
Figure 3-36 shows the 200 m high centralized stack in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant. Stack heights are
deeply related to the atmospheric diffusion of exhaust gas. In the evaluation of environmental impacts, the
effective heights of Stacks are calculated from the heights of planned Stacks, gas flow velocities, and gas
temperatures.
Diffusion simulation is carried out on the assumption that exhaust gas diffusion occurs at the heights equal to
the effective stack heights calculated. Through simulations, calculation is made of the maximum ground level
concentrations of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particle. In the course of the evaluation of
environmental impacts, it is verified that the maximum ground level concentrations meet the environmental air
standards.
7) Reductions in greenhouse effect gas (CO2) emission

In order to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, it is indispensable to introduce high efficiency power
generation facilities. For this purpose, it is necessary to introduce power generation facilities using
ultra-supercritical (USC) boilers, which have high pressures and high temperatures.
60
Terms related to steam conditions include subcritical (SC) pressure, supercritical (SC) pressure, and
ultra-supercritical (USC) pressure.
The items in Table3-7 shows rough definitions. Relevant defining values differ from manufacturer to
manufacturer. On this basis, rough defining values are shown in Figure 12. Relationships between steam
conditions and efficiencies are noted below. Figure 12 shows that the higher the pressures and temperatures under
steam conditions, the higher the power generation efficiencies.
Figure 3-7 Steam conditions and thermal efficiencies
Source: JICA, Clean Coal Technology in Indonesia, 2012
Subcritical (SubC) pressure conditions

Main steam pressure, reheated steam turbine inlet pressure < 22.1 MPa, Temperature 566C
Supercritical (SC) pressure conditions
Main steam pressure, reheated steam turbine inlet pressure 22.1 MPa, Temperature 566C
Ultra-supercritical (USC) pressure conditions
Main steam pressure, reheated steam turbine inlet pressure 22.1 MPa, Temperature 566C
Figure 3-37 shows comparisons between the subcritical (SubC) conditions and the ultra-supercritical (USC)
pressure conditions. Given below are differences in construction costs and CO2 emissions between the subcritical
(SubC) conditions and the ultra-supercritical (USC) conditions.
61
Figure 3-37 Comparisons between the subcritical pressure conditions and
the ultra-supercritical pressure conditions
Construction costs become higher under the USC conditions. This is because it is necessary to use materials
capable of withstanding high temperatures. Meanwhile, under the USC conditions, efficiencies become higher.
Therefore, under the USC conditions, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions become lower than under the
subcritical conditions. The notion that the adoption of the ultra-supercritical (USC) conditions is advantageous
from the viewpoint of CO2 reduction and running costs is generally the case.
62
Figure 3-38 shows CO2 emissions in various countries. CO2 emissions from China and the United States are
very high. Meanwhile, CO2 emissions from Myanmar is so low as to be approximately 1/1,000 of CO2 emissions
in China,
Figure 3-38 CO2 emissions in the world originating from energy (2011)
CO2 emission in the world (Energy consumption base)
Others
South Africa China
a
Australia
Brazil
Indonesia
Mexico
31.3billion ton
Saudi Arabia
Iran
Canada Japan America
South Korea Russia

EU 27
India
countries
German
UK y
France Italy
Source: Data cited from the website of the Ministry of the Environment
Table 3-8 CO2 emissions in 2011 (Numbers are in millions of t-CO2.)

Country Emissions
China 7,999.6
United States 5,287.2
Japan 1,186.0
Myanmar 8.3
Source: Data prepared by the Study team on the basis of information
provided on the website of the Ministry of the Environment
63
Figure 3-39 and Table3-9 show CO2 emissions per capita in 2011 originating from energy. Emissions per capita
in Myanmar are approximately 1/100 of those in the United States.
Figure3-39 CO2 emissions per capita originating from energy as classified by country (2011)
CO2 emission per capita in the world (2011)
Average of the world
Qatar
Qatar
UAE
Australia
America
Saudi Arabia
Canada
South Korea
Russia
Japan
Germany
South Africa
England
Iran
Italy
Qatar
China
France
Qatar
Mexico
Qatar
Brazil
Qatar
Indonesia
Qatar
Qatar
India
Nigeria
Qatar
Qatar
Table3-9 CO2 emissions per capita in 2011 (Numbers are in millions of t-CO2.)
Country name CO2 emissions per capita
China 5.92
United States 16.94
Japan 9.28
Myanmar 0.17
Source: Data prepared by the Study team on the basis of information
provided on the website of the Ministry of the Environment
64
Figure 3-40 shows changes in CO2 emissions originating from energy in major countries. Emissions undergo
significant increases in China, where emissions are the highest in the world. It is considered that in China,
emissions will increase in the future as well.
Figure 3-40 Changes in CO2 emissions originating from energy, as classified by major country
China
America
EU 27
India
Russia
Japan
German
Canada
England
Brazil
Italy
France
Spain
Although the amount of CO2 emissions in Myanmar is rather low compared to the other countries at
present, it is predicted the CO2 emissions will be increased according to the economic development in the
future. It is important to reduce the CO2 emissions in the world including Myanmar by introducing Clean
Coal Technology(CCT) from Japan.
65
7) Wastewater treatment facilities
Figure 3-41 Schematic of wastewater treatment facilities
Figure 3-41 shows wastewater treatment facilities in a coal-fired power plant. In these facilities, various types
of wastewater are generated. The properties of wastewater differ from type to type. Therefore, it is necessary to
carry out appropriate treatment depending on individual types of wastewater.
Human sewage from buildings: BOD and COD should be removed.

Desulfurization wastewater from desulfurization equipment:
Fluorine, metals, nitrogen, and COD should be removed
Start-up wastewater from the plant (wastewater containing chemicals):
Hydrazine and COD should be removed, and the wastewater thus treated should be reused.
Treatment of unsteady wastewater:
That type of cleaning wastewater etc, for relevant devices which comprise nitrogen contents should be
neutralized. The nitrogen contents should be flocculated and precipitated. The wastewater thus treated
should be reused.
Treatment of wastewater containing waste liquid:
That type of wastewater from water treatment equipment which does not comprise nitrogen contents
should be subjected to flocculation and precipitation, with the result that the wastewater thus treated
should be reused.
66
Those types of wastewater from oil tanks or various devices which contain oil:
Oil contents should be removed.
Surplus water in ash discarding places: SS should be removed, and pH values should be adjusted.
Rainwater in coal storage yards:
This rainwater should be used for purposes such as sprinkling water onto coal piles.
Figure 3-42shows an outline of the wastewater treatment system in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant.
In power plants in Japan, various types of treatment are carried out to meet the wastewater criteria. With regard
to the structures of wastewater treatment facilities, various methods are introduced, such as the control of pH
values, removal of very small substances (SS: Suspended Solid), living organism treatment by using bacteria, and
treatment for removing nitrogen and phosphorus. Furthermore, with the aim of reducing the amount of water,
actions are taken to reuse treated wastewater. The configurations of treatment devices differ from plant to plant.
Therefore, detailed explanations of individual devices are omitted in this document.
Figure3-42 Wastewater systems in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant
67
Table3-10 Wastewater criteria in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant
Source: Data prepared by the study team on the basis of

the Wastewater Criteria of the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant
Table3-10 shows the wastewater criteria specified in the Pollution Control Agreements concluded by the
Hekinan Thermal Power Plant with the relevant local autonomous bodies. With regard to wastewater also,
coal-fired power plants are required to establish strict criteria similarly to the case of exhaust gas.
9) Sound insulation and vibration control measures

Next, noise and vibration prevention measures are shown below. Figure3-43 shows the sound insulation and
vibration control measures. In the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant, large-sized machines such as turbines, boilers,
transformers, and large-sized fans are installed inside of buildings, resulting in reduced noise. Insulation members
for absorbing and reducing sound are used in building walls.
Figure 3-43
68
Source: Data prepared by the study team
Table3-11 Vibration and noise criteria in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant

In the graph in Table 3-11, regulation values for vibrations in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant are shown in
the upper column, and regulation values for noise in this power plant is shown in the lower column. The Hekinan
Thermal Power Plant is located in an area consisting of industrial zones and agricultural zones. The numbers of
residences in neighboring sites are low. Under these circumstances, agreements containing these strict criteria
were concluded with the relevant local autonomous bodies.
10) Coal scatter prevention measures
The coal scatter prevention equipment, which is a portion of the coal facilities, is shown below.
Figure 3-44 Wind shielding fence for preventing coal Figure3-45 Coal scatter prevention by sprinkling
scatter water onto a coal pile
69
Figure 3-46 Unloader Figure3-47 Belt conveyor enclosed with a coal scatter
prevention cover
Around the coal yard, a wind shielding fence for reducing wind speed is installed for the purpose of preventing
dust scatter. The shielding fence is designed in such a way that the fence height is higher than those of the coal
piles. Water is sprayed to the coal piles, the conveyor connection portions, the unloader, and the excavation
protons of the reclaimer, in an effort to prevent dust scatter. Dust scatter prevention measures are taken by means
of the following, among others; Covers are installed in the vertical elevator portion of the unloader and on the
conveyor.
11) Harbor facilities

a) Assumption of ships
General specifications of oceangoing ships used for the import of coal are shown in the Figure below. The full
load draft is 13 15 m. Therefore, it is necessary that the port of landing have a water depth of 16 m or more. As
shown in Figure3-48, in order to secure a water depth of 16 m or more in neighboring areas of this project site, it
becomes necessary for a jetty to protrude into the sea area, leading to increased construction cost.
In this project, it is assumed that wide-width, shallow-draft dedicated ships will be used for maritime
transportation of coal, thereby importing coal from Indonesia and Australia. Studies are made under the following
conditions.
Deadweight capacity: 80,000 DWT
Cargo handling time: 2 to 3 days/ship
Cargo handling frequency: 1 to 2 times/month
In the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant, the water depth near the pier is 14 m. Therefore, general large-sized
oceangoing ships cannot land. However, maritime transportation and landing of coal is carried out by means of
wide-width, shallow-draft dedicated ships.
70
Table 3-12 Typical coal ship specifications
Ship type Deadweight capacity tonnage Draft
(DWT)
Kamsarmax 82,000-ton type 14.5 m or so
Panamax (Pmax) 70,000-ton type 14.3 4 m or so
Handymax/Supramax/Ultramax 50,000-ton 64,000-ton type Approximately 13 m
Figure 3-48 Water depths in neighboring areas of Kyaikami
Table3-13 Outline of a wide-width, shallow-draft dedicated ship

1 2 3 4
Deadweight capacity tonnage (DWT) 88,495 90,685 91,860 91,765
Load weight at a draft of 11.80 m 86,548 86,400 87,800 81,067
Full load draft (summertime) 11.89 12.05 12.11 12.87
Mold depth 18.7 18.7 18.7 19.3
Gross tonnage 55,130 55,300 55,295 52,964
71
Figure3-49 External appearance view of wide-width, shallow-draft dedicated ship
b) Pier facilities (Length of the pier)

Data which are based on the global wave numeric value prediction model GPV (GWM), and which cover a
period of 6 years from 2008 to 2013, were consolidated. Subsequently, wave heights, wave directions, and cycle
appearance frequencies around the candidate place for the thermal power plant were analyzed. As a consequence,
the properties of waves and wing conditions are confirmed.
(a) Target places

Four places, A to D, which are located around the candidate place, and in which GPD data can be obtained, are
taken as target places,
Shown below are GPV data extraction places.
72
Figure3-50 Points at which items of GPV data were extracted
A : N1600
E9730
B : N1530
E9730
C : N1530
E9700
D : N1600E9700
D A
C B

(b) Summary of the wave height incidence
The following table summarizes the wave height incidences at different points.
Table 3-14 Wave height incidences at different points

Wave height Incidence (%)
(m) Point A Point B Point C Point D
0.00 - 1.00 61.6 59.0 58.0 60.3
1.00 - 2.00 32.1 32.0 32.3 33.1
2.00 - 3.00 5.6 7.9 8.4 5.9
3.00 - 4.00 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.8
4.00 - 0.1 0.1
Significant differences in the incidence between points were not observed, with the incidence of wave heights
of 1.0 m or less being approximately 60% at all points.
To increase the availability factor of the coal unloading berth, the arrangement of breakwaters is considered.
Assuming that the rough wave height ratio is 0.5 in consideration of the shielding effect produced by the
breakwaters, the incidence of wave heights of 1.0 m or less is estimated at 90% or more.
Table 3-15 shows the estimated values of incidences of wave heights after the installation of breakwaters.
73
Table 3-15 Incidence of wave heights after the installation of breakwaters
Wave height Incidence (%)
(m) Point A Point B Point C Point D
0.00 - 1.00 93.6 90.9 90.3 93.3
1.00 - 2.00 6.4 9.0 9.6 6.7
2.00 - 3.00 0.1 0.1
3.00 - 4.00
(c) Summary of incidences of wave heights
The following figured show the scatter tables with a range of wave height and wave direction bins at each point
(wave rose). At every point, the frequency of the southwest wind is high with high wave heights. For this reason,
the off-shore breakwaters for this project will be designed in an arrangement that will prevent the impact of the
southwest wind.
Figure3-51. Wave Rose at point A Figure3-52. Wave Rose at point B

60% 60%
40 40
20 20
20 40 60 20 40 60

% %

01m 12m 23m 3m 01m 12m 23m 3m
Annual Wave Rose Annual Wave Rose
Figure3-53. Wave Rose at point C Fig3-54 Wave Rose at point D

60% 60%
40 40
20 20
20 40 60 20 40 60

% %

01m 12m 23m 3m 01m 12m 23m 3m
Annual Wave Rose Annual Wave Rose
74
(d) Study of the port layout
Using the availability factor of the coal unloading berth calculated from the GPV data for the vicinity of the
candidate site as an index, the layout of the port auxiliary facilities of the thermal power station was studied.
(e) Conditions under which the study is made

Table 3-16 shows the conditions under which the study is made.
In the study, target ships, the depth of water of berth, and the berth length are given conditions, and the tide
level is that of the port of Yangon given in Material 1192 of the Port and Airport Research Institute: the on-site
survey of the damage due to the 2008 storm surge in the port of Yangon. The design wave height is defined
according to the wave height assumed to occur at a point with a depth of water of 17.0 m at which a breakwater is
to be installed.
Table 3-16 Conditions under which the study is made

Item Value
Target ship 80,000 DWT
Depth of water of berth h = 15.0m
Length of coal unloading berth L = 350m

H.W.L. = 5.80m
Tide level
L.W.L. = 0.70m
Design wave height H1/3 = 6.0m
The study this time is based on calculations made by means of charts and given data, with no on-site data that
has been acquired through measurement. For this reason, accurate depths of water, conditions of soil, and
conditions of weather and oceanographic phenomena are not considered in the present study.
The study has been conducted under the following assumptions also:
All equipment and materials can be procured locally;
A yard and access to it can be secured;
A port of evacuation is nearby; and
Authorization and licensing are not considered.
(f) Selection of a layout

Three typical varieties of berths for unloading coal, a dredged anchorage type, an off-shore extending
breakwater type, and an off-shore extending berth plus off-shore breakwater type, were studied to select one of
them.
75
Figure3-55. Dredged anchorage Figure3-56 Off-shore extending Figure3-57 Off-shore extended berth
type breakwater type plus off-shore breakwater type
a) Dredged anchorage type

Breakwater
Constructed as far as the point at which the water is deep, the breakwater protects sea routes near the
port entrance and the anchorage from the waves of the open sea and prevents the sea routes near the port
entrance and the anchorage from being buried in drift sand.
Dredging of mooring facilities and anchorages

The area of sea in front is dredged to establish sea routes and anchorages. Soil and sand from dredging
is used to prepare land in the rear or reclaim land from the sea.
From the breakwater (a sand control hedge) used also as a passage, a berth is constructed to prepare
places for ships to come alongside the berth.
Maintenance
To secure the depth of water below sea routes and anchorages, maintenance dredging is conducted
periodically.
Sedimentation due to drift sand and erosion occur at the base of the breakwater (a groin).
b) Off-shore extending breakwater type

Breakwater
Constructed as far as a point at which the water is deep, the breakwater protects places for ships to come
alongside the berth from the waves of the open sea.
Mooring facilities
From the breakwater used also as a passage, a berth is constructed to prepare places for ships to come
alongside it.
Maintenance
Sedimentation due to drift sand and erosion occur at the base of the breakwater.
c) Off-shore extended berth plus off-shore breakwater type

Breakwater
An off-shore breakwater (a detached breakwater) is constructed to protect places at which ships come
alongside the berth.
76
Mooring facilities
The berth is constructed as far as a point at which the water is deep to provide places at which ships
come alongside the berth.
Maintenance
With the approach trestle constructed with piles and hence not stopping the flow, no coastal deformation
due to drift sand occurs.
In this analysis, distance from the coast and (c) is fixed and subjected to construction cost comparisons for each
type. If a dredged anchorage type is selected, the two bridges are required, off-shore extended berth plus off-shore
breakwater type, in order to avoid the effects of waves, as compared with other types, and require long breakwater
from the fact that it is, off-shore extending breakwater type it can be seen that less construction cost compared to
other types.
Therefore, in this project, construction cost is preliminary estimated based on off-shore extending breakwater
type, using the chart in Mawlamyine suburbs area, distance from the coast line of up to a depth of (a) that can
dock coal carrier and assuming the distance required breakwater.
Figure3-58. Assuming type

In the next step of the feasibility study, it is recommended that more detailed surveys of the specific area for the
potential projects site be performed in terms of:
- Depth of sea water due to the availability of old chart only at present
- Area for the Project along the coast line due to the view of rocky area and limited hinterland at some area
77
(g) Outline design of port facilities (a. Off-shore extended berth plus breakwater type)
A) Off-shore breakwater (standard cross-sectional view)

According to the chart, the off-shore breakwater is located at a position at which the depth of water is 17m. It will be completed in a 2,150-m-long riprap sloping
breakwater.
Figure3-59 shows the standard cross-sectional view of an off-shore breakwater.
Figure3-59 Standard cross-sectional view of an off-shore breakwater
Sea side Upper Harbor side

concrete Co
nc
d) ret
po ea
etra rm
tT or
32 Ar un
( mo it
nit r sto (1
or
u t) ne 6t
(2 Te
arm n e (1
t)
tra
po
te sto Foundation rubble 100 500kg
cre r d)
Co
n mo
Ar
78
B) Approach trestle (Standard cross-sectional view)
Figure3-60 shows the standard cross-sectional view of the 3,500-m-long approach trestle.
Figure 3-60 Standard cross-sectional view of the approach trestle

(vertical pile trestle; average depth of water: 7.0 m)
C) Coal unloading berth (Standard cross-sectional view)

The coal unloading berth shall be built in a vertical pile berth structure with a length of 350 m at a depth of
water of 15.0 m.
Figure 3-60 shows the standard cross-sectional view of the coal unloading berth.
Figure 3-60 Standard cross-sectional view of the coal unloading berth

(vertical pile trestle; average depth of water: 15.0 m)
79
The items of data that will be needed to carry out detailed studies are shown below:
Boring data (soil conditions)
Sounding data (depth of water)
Weather and marine conditions data (tide, wave, and flow regime)
Market survey (prices of materials, etc.)
Target ships
Port facilities and installations (unloader specifications)
Availability factor required for the operation of facilities (calmness inside the port)
c) Other facilities required (tugboats, guard ships, oil fences, etc.)

In the coal unloading facilities, tugboats should be provided for coal transportation ships to turn round safely in
the anchorage. For safe navigation in the waters, guard ships to guide coal transportation ships should be provided
also. Oil fences are installed as a countermeasure against leakage that could occur at the time of unloading coal or
light oil, auxiliary fuel.
12) Coal unloading, storage, and transportation facilities (Coal Handling System)
(a) Conveyor systems
Coal transportation conveyors are roughly classified into a receiving system from the coal unloading berth to
the coal storage yard, a delivery system from the coal storage yard to the coal blending system, and a coal
feeding system from the coal blending system to the boiler coal banker.
In consideration of the kind of coal or of the storage period, a recycling system is provided, as required, by
which piles of coal are heaped up over again to prevent coal from heating. In addition, some plants assume an
addition of a direct feed system that feeds coal from a coal ship directly to the boiler.
Figure 3-62 shows a diagram of the coal unloading and transportation system at the time of the construction of
units 1 to 3 at the Hekinan Thermal Power Station, Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.
Receiving system: The system running from the coal unloading berth to the coal storage yard.
Delivery system: The system from the coal storage yard to the coal blending system
Coal feed system: The system from the coal blending system to the boiler coal banker
Recycling system: The system by which heaps of coal are piled up over again in the coal storage yard
Direct feed system: The system to transport coal from coal transporting ships directly to the boiler (a system
that is used when accumulation and delivery inside the coal storage yard cannot be performed.)
80
Figure3-62 Conveyor systems
Source: Chubu Electric Power in-house material
The coal storage capacity of the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is designed to store an amount of coal of
680,000 tons that the power station equipped with three units of 700 MW each consumes for the duration of about
45 days. The total area of the coal storage yard is 460,000 m2, with the area of the coal storing portion being about
150,000 m2. The area required for a coal storage yard is determined in consideration of the heating value of the
coal used, the efficiencies of the power generating units, and the number of days of storage required, and other
factors. In this project, facilities are planned that can store an amount of coal of about 200,000 tons for 45 days on
the assumption that the coal equivalent to that used in the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is imported. It is
accordingly estimated that an area corresponding to one occupied by approximately two piles in the coal storage
yard of the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is needed.
A pile in the coal storage yard of the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is 47 m in width, 13 m in stowage height,
and about 550 m in the length of a stowed pile. On the basis of this example, the configuration and dimensions of
the coal unloading and transportation system in this project are assumed as shown in Figure3-59.
81
Figure3-63A plan for a coal unloading and transportation system
The cost is the lowest.
Coal mixing
Berth building
Approx. 500 m
Case 1
With only one S/R, coal cannot be

Granulating
sent if itbuilding
fails.
Stack/reclaimer
(S/R)
Boiler
Cost: medium
Coal mixing
Berth building
Coal can be sent if an S/R fails.
Granulating
Case 2
building
Approx. 250 m
Boiler
Approx. 350 450 m
Cost: large
Coal mixing
Berth building
A future
Case 3
Granulating addition of
building one unit can
(1)
Approx. 500 m be
Boiler accommodat
Approx. 600 700 m ed.
Case 1 shows the lowest-cost system. With only one stack reclaimer (S/R), coal cannot be sent if it fails. In
addition, since the stack reclaimer is used for stacking onto a pile when coal is unloaded from a coal transportation
ship, a common stack reclaimer cannot send coal to the boiler. Stack reclaimers with a function of allowing a
given proportion of coal to flow downstream during stacking are available; it is desirable to adopt stack reclaimers
with the bypass function. Furthermore, with the yard conveyor also being in a single-line configuration in this
case, doubling the conveyor line in the coal transporting and delivery system to secure redundancy does not
enable coal transportation should the yard conveyor fail.
Case 2 is a plan to provide two stack reclaimers and two yard conveyors to secure the same amount of coal
storage as in Case 1 and the redundancy alike, with the reliability increasing.
Case 3 proposes a coal storage pile whose length is the same as that proposed in Case 1, doubling the amount of
82
coal storage. When the addition of units in the future is considered, this plan is preferable.
In advancing the project actually, Case 1 will be adopted to minimize the expenses when constructing one unit,
and as units are added, consideration will be given to the securing of the site and to the layout so that piles can be
added as in Case 3. Or when the plan for an addition of units in near future is decided definitely at the time of
constructing the first unit, it may be desirable to proceed with the construction according to the plan shown in
Case 3 from the beginning. This will require more expenses than Case 2 will do; with the equipment configuration
not differing from that in Case 2, therefore, the expenses will not increase substantially.
(b) Unloader
Figure3-64 shows a bucket elevator type unloader installed in the Hekinan Thermal Power Station. The bucket
elevator section of the unloader is enclosed with a cover to prevent dust particles from flying. Figure 3-65 shows a
bridge-shaped crane unloader (a glove bucket-type unloader).
Figure 3-64 Unloader (elevator-type)
Source: Chubu Electric Power in-house material
Figure3-65 Unloader (glove bucket-type)
SourceCited from the website of Hitachi Plant Mechanics Co., Ltd.
83
(c) Stacker reclaimer
Figure 3-66 Stacker reclaimer
Source: Internal reference of Chubu Electric Power
(d) Reclaimer
Figure3-67 Reclaimer
(e) Stacker
Figure 3-68 Stacker
84
In this project, usage of stackreclaimer was mentioned. It is recommended that stackreclaimer has a function of
by-pass system to enable to feed coal directly to the boiler from the berth.
(f) Coal blending system and coal screen

Figure 3-69 Full drawing of coal blending system and coal screen
Coal blending portion (on right-side above):

for taking out 2 types of coal from hoppers and blend them on the belt conveyer
Coal screen portion (on left-side above):
for sorting out coal pieces of large sizes by applying vibrations and send them to a crusher
(g) Winds-intercepting fence

Fence made up of bent steel plates with punched-out holes (bent perforated plates) for reducing winds blowing
in a coal storage yard.
85
Figure 3-70 Winds-intercepting fence
(h) Water sprinkler fire extinguisher

At Hekinan Thermal Power Station, water sprinkler fire extinguishers are installed in such a way that every part
of a coal pile can be sprinkled with more than 10 liters/min of water, which is the standard for installing fire
extinguishers stipulated in the Fire Protection Low.
Figure 3-71 Water sprinkler fire extinguisher
86
13) Ash disposal facility
Figure 3-72 Ash disposal facility
Coal-fired power plant produces a vast amount of ashes as a result of burning coal. Ashes here refer to powdery
fly ash captured by an electrical dust precipitator or the like, clinker ash produced by ash melted in high-burning
temperatures within a boiler, pyrite discharged from a mill for crushing coal pieces as a foreign substance and so
on.
Furthermore, a desulfurization device produces gypsum as a byproduct. To collect such materials efficiently,
appropriate designed handling system should be considered.
Shown in Figure3-72 is the ash handling system for units No. 4 & 5 in Hekinan Thermal Power Station.
The system is equipped with a subsystem for sorting ash based on its granularity (system for quality control of
coal ash). Small granular ash is recycled as a high valuable substance. As for transport of ash, the system is ready
for both land transport (using tank trucks) and sea transport. At units 4 & 5 in Hekinan Thermal Power Station
shown in the figure, all ashes are reused effectively. As for gypsum, the handling system for it is ready for both
land transport and sea transport as well.
14) Effective utilization of byproducts produced at coal-fired power plant

A coal-fired power plant produces a variety of byproducts such as gypsum, fly ash, clinker ash and so on. At
Hekinan Thermal Power Station, all byproducts are recycled using these respectively as a raw material for cement
and the like, a material for land reclamation and a material for sale as valuable. The thermal power station is
equipped with a device shown in Figure 3-75 for sorting out high-quality fly ash. Since there is a cement factory
in a nearby area in Mawlamyine, there is a favorable environment for the planned power plant to recycle the
87
byproduct.
When constructing a power plant, a survey should be carried out to identify effective ways of utilizing its
byproducts and carry out required equipment design for it based on this survey.
Figure3-73 Byproducts of coal-fired power generation
Figure3-74 Status of effective utilization of byproducts at Hekinan Thermal Power Station
Sell
99
(10%)
Reclaim, Clinker
104 90
(11%) (9%)
, Annual amount of
48 by-product in 2013
(5%) Recycle
[Thousand Ton] for cement
material,
Export
583
122,
Fly ash (61%)
(13%)
870
(91%)
<Fly ash (valuable ash>

This substance has superior properties as a mixing ingredient for cement such as 1. fine granularity, 2. light
weight and 3. enhancing effect on materials strength. Fly ash compliant with JIS* standards are used in the
88
following ways:
Table3-17 Example of effective use of fly ash
Concrete production field Concrete for dams, secondary products (blocks, etc.)
Civil engineering field Spraying material for tunnel walls, filler for asphalt, etc.
Building construction field Material for exterior walls, floors, etc.
Others Mixing ingredient for plastic
* JIS: Japanese Industrial Standard

<Clinker ash>
This porous substance has superior properties as a material for improving soil quality such as 1. light weight, 2.
water retention capability, 3. high permeability and is used in the following ways:
Table3-18 Example of effective use of clinker ash
Civil engineering field Material for lower layers of roadbed, anti-freeze material, land
improvement material, light-weight filler, etc.
Agriculture field Farm field improvement material, raw material for culture soil,
fertilizer, lawn curing material
Others Wastewater purifying material, etc.
89
Figure 3-75 System for quality control of coal ash
90
(7) Power transmission and substation facilities
When an access to existing power grids is considered, Mawlamyine 230 kV substation exists as the one closest
to the planned power plant. This substations system voltage is 230 kV class level. Therefore, access to a power
grid through this substation and impacts of the planned power plant on the 230 kV power grid were reviewed.
a) Existing power grid plan

According to the current 5-year plan of the Myanma Electric Power Enterprise (MEPE), Mon State, in which
Mawlamyine is located, is slated for enhancement of 66 kV power grids, but there is no immediate plan for
enhancing trunk power grids for 500 kV and 230 kV.
Table3-19 Five-year plan for transmission and substation enhancement

Transmission line [mile] Substation [MVA]
State/region
500kV 230kV 132kV 66kV 500kV 230kV 132kV 66kV
Mon 91 100
Kayin 80 39 200 10
Tanintharyi 142 200 20
Bago 167 366 1000
Yangon 135 900
Source: Ministry of Electric Power
According to the power transmission line expansion plan up to fiscal 2015 of MoEP, installation of 230 kV
transmission lines between Tathon and Mawlamyine is planned. If this plan is realized, the power grid connections
between Yangon, the load center in Myanmar and Mawlamyine, an entry point to the Indochina peninsula will be
strengthened with the 230 kV transmission lines.
Other than this plan, development of a group of hydropower plants in neighboring regions to Mon State is
planned. Contingent on this plan, access to the existing power grid via Tathon Substation from the hydropower
plants is planned (see Figure3-76).
Table 3-20 Power transmission line expansion plan

Substation Substation Distance
Voltage Conductor
(start point) (end point) Miles(km)
Tathon Mawlamyine 230 Single 50 (80.5)
Source: Ministry of Electric Power (2014)
91
Figure 3-76 Power grid development plan
Source: Ministry of Electric Power (2014)
b) Access to power grid

Two sets of 230 kV power transmission lines should newly be installed from MEPEs Mawlamyine substation
in the vicinity of the project site to connect up with the planned power station.
92
Figure 3-77
(Wire type: 605MCM (Duck) 2 conductors)
Tathon, etc.
Two 230kV transmission lines to
be newly installed
Mawlamyine Substation
230kV
Two 230 kW power outlets to be newly
installed
230kV
Start-up 740MVA
transformer Main transformer
6.6kV
To
distribution
G
board
Project site
Source: Compiled by survey delegation
c) Power grid analysis

Mawlamyine, the capital city of Mon State, is located 150 km away, in straight line distance, toward the east
from Yangon. There lies, however, a bay between the two, and these two cities are separated by 300 km of an
overland route distance (with the routes forming the two sides of an equilateral triangle geographically). The city
is at the root of the Indochina peninsula and in the front line for extending power trunk lines toward the southern
part of Myanmar.
Therefore, based on the power grid development plan shown in Figure 3-76, the following were established as
the conditions for reviewing access to the existing power grid from the planned power plant.
Supplying of high-quality electric power to Mon State and its neighboring states/regions, specifically to
Tanintharyi and Kayin
Supplying of power to Yangon Region, a huge center of power consumption, and to Bago State en route to
Yangon for the transmission of power
93
Figure 3-78 Schematic diagram of power supply from planned power plant
Bago
Tanintharyi
Detailed analysis
i) Forecasted peak power demand
Growth rates of power demand for the respective regions included in the power grid analysis here are as shown
below:
Table3-21 Region-wise power demand growth rates forecasted by MEPE
Forecasted growth rate of power demand Growth rate of power demand
State/region [%] in 2012 [%]
2015 2020 2025 2030 GDP
Mon 38 11 11 11 9.3 1.0
Kayin 56 11 7 7 10.6 1.2
Tanintharyi 9 20 9 9 8.8 1.3
Bago 12 11 11 11 10.3 1.1
Yangon 15 15 15 15 9.5 1.2
Source: Reference of Myanma Electric Power Enterprise
Based on these figures, forecasted peak power demand for the respective regions/states is calculated as follows:
Table 3-22 Forecasted power demand by region (peak power)

Peak power [MW]
Region/state Forecast
2012
2020 2030
Mon 45 116 418
Kayin 13 70 165
Tanintharyi 52 101 290
Bago 131 180 646
Yangon 742 2,800 8,209
Nationwide 1,874 5,020 14,542
94
ii) Identification of power grid to be analyzed
Power grid to be analyzed and preconditions of analysis concerning power demand and supply were as
described below.
Power grid
The 230 kV power grid interval between the Kamarnat substation, which would be connected to the planned
power plant and the Mawlamyine substation through which the power plants to be analyzed access the power grid
was subjected to a detailed analysis. Since a 500 kV line is planned to be interconnected with the grid at the
Kamarnat substation as shown in Figure 3-72, Therefore, the area further than the Kamarnat substation in the
Yangon region was not cared in this analysis in consideration with assumption of strong stability.
Demand
The forecasted power demand by region (peak power) shown in Table 3-22 was distributed to the key 230 kV
substations described above. In the analysis, the forecasted peak power figures for 2020 (closest to the earliest
implementation timing for the planned power plant subject to analysis) based on the conditions for reviewing
access to the existing power grid from the planned power plant above.
Supply (capability)
The following conditions were set to check the capabilities of the power generation plants subjected to the
analysis.
Exclusion of hydropower stations in Hyatkyi and Beelin shown in Figure3-75 (in consideration of lead
time for the development of a hydropower station, these were excluded).
Suspended operation of the existing gas-fired thermal power plant in Tathon for ciritical scene in the
analysis
Full and constant output operation for the power generation plants subjected to the analysis, which is
supplemented by the power generated solely at the planned power station
95
Forecasted peak power figures for the power grid subjected to the analysis and those at the respective key 230
kV substations are shown in Figure 3-79.
Figure 3-79 Analyzed power grid and forecasted peak demand figures
Kamarnat
40
Hatkyi
Sittaung
5 1360MW
Tathon Beelin
Tathon
51MW 98 280MW
Potential Mawlamyaine
Mawlamyine
600MW 13
46
Myeik
Myeik
91
Kawkareik
Elements of 230 kV transmission wires and voltage adjustment range at 230 kV are as follows:
Table3-23
Heat capacity Heat capacity [MW]
Wire type Amperage
[MWA] (PF-0.85)
2Duck 605 MCM (single) 1,124 447 380
Table3-24
Electricity class for Voltage adjustment range for Current operational voltage
analysis analysis adjustment range
230 kV 5% (11.5 kV) 12% (28 kV)
iii) Result
Analysis results are shown in Figure 3-80. It is assumed for the analysis that an additional transmission line is
installed over the interval between the Mawlamyine substation and the Tathon substation to supply electricity
generated at the planned power plant. By using a reactive power regulator additionally to reduce reactive power
96
losses created when transmitting electricity over long-distance wires, it is possible to supply electricity to the
Myeik substation, which is a hub to supply power to the southern part of the Indochina peninsula and to the
Kamaranat substation, which controls supply of electricity to the Bago and Yangon regions.
Voltages are all within the adjustment range except for the 216 kV (94%) result for the bus line in the Kamarnat
substation. Here, the voltage at this substation can be considered to be affected by the reduction of the part of the
analyzed power grid further than the planned power station. It is expected that the voltage result in a more detailed
analysis will be within the adjustment range.
Figure3-80 Analysis result (for forecasted power grid in 2020)
97
(8) Others
Facilities for coexistence with local communities
Figure 3-81 Facilities for coexistence with local communities
Shown in Figure 3-81 are facilities built by Hekinan Thermal Power Station for coexistence with local
communities. These are part of our initiatives for gaining understanding of local residents by providing
information on coal-fired thermal power plants to them at these facilities.
Flower garden in a park open to local residents (top right)
Public relations hall in front and flower garden and wild bird park in back (top left)
Fishing park constructed around a water discharge channel and water discharge area (open to local residents)
(bottom)
98
Figure 3-82 Example of public road and facility construction
Construction of a power plant brings a lot of benefits to local governments and communities:
Increased tax revenues
Implementation of public roads and facilities
Increased numbers of restaurants and lodging facilities
Increase employment opportunities
To facilitate the construction and operation of a power plant, it is important to coexist with local communities
along with keeping up proper operation and maintenance of it by establishing appropriate environmental standards
and installing appropriate equipment.
99
Chapter 4 Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts
(1) Analysis of the environmental and social conditions at present
1) Analysis of Present Condition
a) Natural Condition
a. Topography and Geographical Features

Mon State is situated on the mouth of Sittaung River. It is surrounded by Bago Division in the North, Kayin
State in the East, Thailand and Tanintharyi Division in the South and the Andaman Sea and Gulf of Martaban in
the West. Thanbyuzayat Township is located between north latitudes 1558'N and 16 20'N and 9715' E and 97
30'E. Thanbyuzayat Township has an area of 823.62 km (318 square miles) and it stretches from Wagaru Creek in
the north and Htinyu Creek in the south.
Thanbyuzayat Township is located around 30 m (100 ft) in average above sea level according to information
from Thanbyuzayat General Administration Department (GAD) in 2014. Geographically, Thanbyuzayat Township
extends north to south along the foothill of Taungngyo Range in the east and coastal region in the west.
Taungngyo Range lies about 2 miles from Thanbyuzayat town and it has an elevation range of 100 m to 650 m.
Mawlamyine University research thesis about salt industry of Thanbyuzayat Township in 19951 cited that the
eastern hilly region, Taungngyo area occupies about 40% of the township area. The flat plains occupy 60% of the
entire township area and lie between Taungngyo Range and the Andaman Sea in the west. Apart from Taungngyo
Range, there exists hills in the north and major hills are Sin-Taung (287 m), Yesat-Taung (213 m), Dola-Taung
(186 m), Kayinthaung-Taung (145 m), Meinbala-Taung (113 m) and Mankasu-Taung (107 m) respectively. Other
hillocks are Wagaru-Taung, Kanyin-Taung, Ingyin-Taung, Sundaw-Taung and Yathae-Taung. The western coastal
plain of the southern part of the Township is usually below 30 m above sea level, except for the outcrop of
Thabutaw-Taung of which height is 108 m.
The eastern part of the township lies on a steep slope area covered with forests. Between these hill slopes and
sea coast, there are stretches of agricultural lands for fruits, rubber and paddy cultivations. According to the
available information1, crop lands occupy near the coastal areas below 3 m above sea level and rubber plantations
occupy between 30 m and 150 m above sea level.
b) Geology and Soil
1. Geology
According to the Geology Map of Myanmar in Thanbyuzayat Township (), a wide expanse of paddy field is
composed of Holocene Alluvium (Q) and Pleistocene Older Alluvium & Gravel (Q). These alluviums include
1
Source: Salt Industry of Thanbyuzayat Township, Thesis report, Cho Cho Mya,1995, University of Mawlamyine
100
fertile materials deposited by running water. The Taungnyo Range consists of old hard rocks, Unnumbered
Granites (g), Carboniferous Taungnyo Series, and Paleozoic Mergui Series (P z-). Beaches and swamps are
found at the coastal line. In such area the old hard rocks, Unnumbered Granites (g) are found near Kaikkami
Town.
Figure 4-1 Geology Map of Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township, Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol. 5, No. 9
2. Soil
According to FAO classification, main soil in Thanbyuzayat Township is categorized as Gleysol ().
Figure 4-2 Geographical Distribution of 10 Dominant Soil Types in Myanmar
Source: FAO/NRL from Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) FAO

Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township provides more detail soil classification of Thanbyuzayat
Township ().There are six main soil types in Thanbyuzayat Township:
1. Alluvial Soils (Fluvisol),
2. Gley & Gley Swampy Soils (Gleysol),
3. Yellow Brown Forest Soils (Xanthic Ferralsol),
101
4. Red Brown Forest Soils (Rhodic Ferrosol),
5. Beach Sands (Arenosol) and
6. Swamp Soils(Gley-Gleysol).
Fluvisols are found in the Wakharu Creek plain in the north-western part of the township. They dominate in
Hnitkai,Padangan, Kyonkadat, Taunghpalu and Wagru village tracts. They have the texture of silty and clay loam
and are suitable for paddy cultivation. Gleysols usually contain large amount of salts which dominate near the
flood plains of small creeks with occasional tidal floods and are found from Set Se Village Tract in the North to
Anin Village Tract to the South. Xanthic Ferrasol and Rhodic Ferrasol dominate widely on the mountain slope in
the eastern part of the township and are used for tree crops and fruit gardens. According to the land use
classification, they are classified as rubber land of good productivity and occupy about 40 percent of the total area
of the township. Arenosol and Gley-Gleysol are limited at the coastal areas and not important for agriculture.
Figure 4-3 Soil Map of Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township -Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol. 5, No. 9
3. Hydrology
In the northern part of Mon State, Sittaung River flows into the Gulf of Mottama (Martaban). Thanlwin River
which is one of the major river in Myanmar also passes through the state and flows into the Gulf of Mottama.
Most of other rivers and creeks which flow through the state flow into the Gulf of Mottama. Thanbyuzayat
Township is one of the area in the state that has many creeks flowing from east to west. Most of the creeks start
from the easterly Thaungnyo hill, and flow into the sea in westerly direction. The most important creek is the
Wakharu Creek which forms part of the border with Mudon Township and flows into the sea near north of
Kyaikkami. Other creeks are Karupi Creek (23 km) Waekalaung Creek (8 km), Kotlay Creek, Htinyu Creek, Anin
Creek (19 km), and Thabyae Creek (21 km). These creeks are useful for transportation and salt pans are found
along the creeks1. Major rivers and creeks which flow in Thanbyuzayat Township is described in .
1
Source: Salt Industry of Thanbyuzayat Township, Thesis report, Cho Cho Mya,1995, University of Mawlamyine
102
There is not much information about ground water for the Thanbyuzayat Township. Domestic water sources in
general rural areas in Mon States are natural streams, groundwater, springs and/or the rain-fed ponds.
Figure 4-4 Major Rivers in Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Modified map based on Township map from Thanbyuzayat GAD

4. Meteorology
Thanbuyzayat Township receives tropical monsoon climate, with warm temperature and large amount of rainfall.
There is no meteorological station existing in Thanbuyzayat Township, thus meteorological data of Mawlamyine
Township, which is located about 40 mile north of Thanbuyzayat Township are presented in . Mean temperature
ranges from approximately 22 oC to 32 oC throughout the year, with relative humidity of approximately 77%.
Average annual rainfall during 2001 to 2010 is 5,161 mm but there are certain fluctuations in the rainfall year by
year. According to the meteorological data from Thanbyuzayat GAD, in 2013 annual rainfall amount was 5,845
mm. In the Thanbyuzayat region, the coldest temperature observed in January 2013 was 16.8C. In April and May,
highest monthly mean temperature was found, of which value was 35C.
103
Table 4-1 Meteorological Information of Mawlamyine Township
2001-2010
Item 1981-2010 Average* 2010** 2013***
Average**
Annual Rainfall (mm) 4,995 5,161 3,084 5,845
Mean Maximum
31.5 32.2 33.3 33.56
Temperature (C)
Mean Minimum
22.3 22.6 23.2 20.13
Temperature (C)
Mean Relative
- 77.2 76.8 -
Humidity (%)
Source: * Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol. 5, No. 9
**Statistical Yearbook 2011 and
***Basic regional information, Thanbyuzayat Township GAD, 2014
and indicate the mean climatic factors based on 20 year records from 1981 to 2010. The lowest monthly mean
temperature is observed in January, of which value was24.3C. The hottest months were April and May. The
monthly mean temperatures of these months were 29.9C and 28.2C respectively. Main rainy season was from
May to September, with peak rain days in June, July, August and September. The mean monthly rainfalls during
these months were 969 mm, 1,165 mm, 1,219 mm, and 673 mm respectively. The amount of rainfall during the
hottest months, April and May, was 58 mm and 641 mm, respectively.
Figure4-5 Month-wise Temperature in Mawlamyine (Average of 1981 to 2010)
40
Minimum
35 Temp
TEMPERATURE (C)
30
25
20
15
10
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Source: Modified from Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township, Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol.5,
No.9
104
Figure 4-6 Month-wise Rainfall and Rainy Days in Mawlamyine (Average of 1981 to 2010)
1400 30
1200 25
Precipitation (mm) Precipitation
1000
20
Rainy Days
Rainy
800
15
600
10
400
200 5
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source: Modified from Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township, Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol.5,
No.9
5. Natural Disasters
Myanmar is vulnerable to a wide range of hazards, including floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides and
tsunamis. The frequency for medium to large-scale natural disasters to occur every couple of years is high,
according to historical data. For the Southeast Myanmar, flooding has affected a large area including in Mon
States.
Major natural disasters from 2008 to 2012 are summarized in .
Table 4-2 Major Natural Disasters in Myanmar

Major Natural
Event
Disaster
May 2008 (Cyclone Nargis): Cyclone Nargis left some 140,000 people dead and missing
May 2008 in the Ayeyarwady Delta region. An estimated 2.4 million people lost their homes and
livelihoods.
June 2010 (Floods in northern Rakhine State): The floods killed 68 people and affected
June 2010
29,000 families. Over 800 houses were completely destroyed
October 2010 (Cyclone Giri): At least 45 people were killed, 100,000 people became
homeless and some 260,000 people were affected. Over 20,300 houses, 17,500 acres of
October 2010
agricultural land and nearly 50,000 acres of aquaculture ponds were damaged by the
Cyclone Giri.
March 2011 (6.8 Earthquake in Shan State): Over 18,000 people were affected. At least 74
March 2011
people were killed and 125 injured. Over 3,000 people became homeless.
October 2011 (Floods in Magway Region): Nearly 30,000 people were affected to varying
October 2011
degree. Over 3,500 houses and some 5,400 acres of croplands were destroyed.
August 2012 (Floods across Myanmar): The floods in different states and regions
displaced some 86,000 people and affected over 287,000 people. Ayeyarwady Region was
August 2012
the worst affected with some 48,000 people displaced. Over 136,000 acres of farmland,
houses, roads and bridges were damaged.
November 2012 (6.8 Earthquake in northern Myanmar): At least 16 people were killed and
November 2012
52 injured, with over 400 houses, 65 schools and some 100 religious building damaged.
Source: Myanmar Natural Disaster 2012, OCHA (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)
Detail information for natural disasters in Thanbyuzayat Township was not available but describes major
disasters occurred in the township during FY2013.
105
Table 4-3 Major Disasters Recorded in Thanbyuzayat Township (FY2013)
No Name of Disaster Occurred Date Died/ Lost Damaged Loss of Value
People List Building (Kyats
Numbers Million)
1 Kyaikkami Town (gale) 23.8.2013 - 55 Household 6,648,000
2 Pa Nga Village (fire) 21.1.2014 - 4 Household 1,657,500
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township, GAD
6. Oceanography
In Mawlamyine area, tide stations are located in Kyaikkami and Mawlamyine town. Tidal information recorded
in these two locations for 2010 are described in . Average difference between high tide and low tide is
approximately 4.5 m per year for Kyaikkami and 3 m per year for Mawlamyin station respectively.
Figure 4-7 Average monthly tide level at Kyaikkami (KKM) and Mawlamyine (MLM) in 2010
6
5
4
Tide level (m)
3
2
1
0
-1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
High tide (KKM) Low tide (KKM)

High tide (MML) Low tide (MML)
Source: Mawlamyine Port Authority
7. Forest Areas and Protected Areas
a. Forest Areas
Total land area of Mon State is 4,748 square mile (12,297 km2) and 901.88 square mile (2,336 km2) is designated
as Forest Area by the definition in the Forest Law. Among the forest area in the State, 832.32 square mile (2,154
km2) is Reserved Forest and Protected Public Forest, and 69.56 square mile (181 km2) is Protected Area as shown
in .
106
Table 4-4 Forest Area Status in Mon State
Forest Area (square mile)
Total Land Area
Area Year Reserved Forest and Protected Area
(square mile) Total
Protected Public Forest Area System
2006-2007 261,228 61,354.52 10,275.52 71,630.04
2007-2008 261,228 62,489.38 10,275.52 72,764.9
2008-2009 261,228 62,801.89 10,275.52 73,077.41

Union
2009-2010 261,228 63,048.86 10,275.53 73,324.39
20010-2011 261,228 62,748.95 14,631.17 77,380.12
% 100 24 5.6 29.6
2006-2007 4,748 838.23 69.56 907.79
2007-2008 4,748 838.23 69.56 907.79
Mon 2008-2009 4,748 837.85 69.56 907.41
State 2009-2010 4,748 837.84 69.56 907.4
20010-2011 4,748 832.32 69.56 901.88
% 100 17.5 1.5 19
Source: Statistical Yearbook 2011
In Thanbyuzayat Township, there is one Reserved Forest namely Htinyu Reserved Forest which is located above
the Htinyu creek. It was established in 1920 with total area of 1,741 acres (705 ha) as shown in . According to the
report of Thabyuzayat Township Forest Department2, reserved forest area in township are converted into rubber
plantation based on 30-year concession agreed between the Forest Department and developers in 1995. Land use
inside the Htinyu Reserved Forest is rubber plantation area with about 1,580 acres (639 ha), paddy cultivation area
with about 13 acres (5 ha), the area for religious purpose with 4 acres (2 ha), and other purpose area with 144
acres (58 ha). Based on information collected up to the end of November 2014, there seems to be no Reserved
Forest and Protected Public Forest existing in the vicinity of the Project candidate sites.
2 Report on Forestry related information and work done 2014 October
107
Figure 4-8 Reserved Forest in Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Modified map based on Township map from Thanbyuzayat GAD
b. Protected Areas
According to Forest Department, 43 protected areas exist in Myanmar. Thirty-five sites were designated from
1918 to 2010. Eight additional sites proposed from 1997 to 2008 are still under examination. The 35 designated
protected areas cover approximately 42,000 km of land, representing 6.2% of the total country area. In case of
establishment of eight additional protected areas, proposed from 2001 to 2008, the area would increase 7,400 km
(1.1%), and the total area would be 49,500 km,representing 7.3% of the total land area. Two protected areas were
notified in the Mon State. Their descriptions are provided in . No protected areas are designated in Thanbyuzayat
Township.
108
Table 4-5 Descriptions of Protected Areas Status in Mon State
Name of Wildlife
Outline
Sanctuary
- Established year 1942 (Re-notified in 2002 Notification No. 23/2002(15-3-2002)
- Area: 23.93 km2(9.24 sq. mile)
KelathaWildlife - Major forest types: Evergreen forest, Hill forest
Sanctuary - Key Fauna: Samber, Barking deer, Wildboar, Avifauna
- Objectives: To conserve rare wildlife and associated habitats
- Protected status: Managed by BilinTownship Forest Department
- Established year: 2001 (Protected Area; Notification No. 37/2001(6-7-2001))
- Area:156.23km2(60.32sq. mile)
- Major forest types: Evergreen forest, Hill forest
Kyaikhtiyoe - Key Fauna: Goral, Gaur, Sambar, Barking deer, Macque
Wildlife - Objectives: To maintain green environment of the Kyaikhtiyoe pagoda, alegendary
Sanctuary and national heritage of Myanmar and To conserve rare wildlife and associated
habitats.
- Protected status: Managed by Park Warden Office, Nature and Wildlife
Conservation Division, Forest Department
Source: Letter from Planning and Statistics Department, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry
dated on April 23, 2013
c. Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity
Mawlamyine District 10-Year Forest Management Plan prepared by the Forest Department describes major
species of flora and fauna identified in the district. This information, as shown in and , can be used as a
reference for possible fauna and flora species which may exist in the Project candidate sites . Total of 85 tree
species 10 bamboo species, 2 grass species and 7 rattan species were recorded in Mawlamyine District. According
to categories in IUCN Red List, 1 of critically endangered (CR) species, 2 of endangered (EN) species and 1 of
vulnerable (VU) species were found in the flora list of Mawlamyine District. As major terrestrial flora species in
Mawlamyine District, 7 of mammals, 11 of bird species and 26 of bird species were recorded as shown in Table
4-7. Protected animals in Mawlamyine District are listed in . All of the protected animals listed are categorized by
IUCN Red List, of which classification are 7 of endangered species, 3 of vulnerable species and 1 of nearly
threatened species.
109
Table 4-6 Major Flora Species in Mawlamyine District
IUCN
No Scientific Name Local Name Family Name Remark
List
Plants
1. Tectona grandis Kyun Lamiaceae NE
Dipterocarpus turbinatus/ CR /
2. Ka-nyin Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpus alatus EN
3. Pentace burmanica Ka-shit Malvaceae NE
4. Erythrina suberosa Ka-thit Fabaceae NE
5. Albizia lebbek Kok-ko Fabaceae NE
6. Salmalia anceps Kok-he Malvaceae NE
7. Xylocarpus moluccensis Kya-na Meliaceae LC
8. Taxotrophis zeylanica Kyant-sa Meliaceae LC
9. Schleichera oleosa Gyo Sapindaceae NE
Rubber
10. Hevea brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae NE
(Kyetpaung)
11. Vitex pubescens Kyetyo Lamiaceae NE
12. Barringtonia acutangula Kyi Lecythidaceae NE
Kyun-nalin
13. Premna pyramidata Lamiaceae NE
(Kyun-bo)
14. Hymenodictyon excelsum Khu-than Rubiaceae NE
15. Garuga pinnata Chin-yok Burseraceae NE
16. Spondias mangifera Gwe Anacardiaceae NE
17. Albizia procera Sit Fabaceae NE
18. Dillenia pentagyna Zin-Byun Dilleniaceae NE
19. Ficus glaberrima Nyaung Moraceae NE
20. Euphorbia neriifolia Ta-zaung Euphorbiaceae NE
21. Excoecaria agallocha Kayaw (Tayaw) Euphorbiaceae LC
22. Madhuca longifolia Ta-laing-gaung Sapotaceae NE
23. Pterospermum acerifolium Taung-phet-wun Malvaceae NE
24. Decaspermum paniculatum Taung-thabye Myrtaceae NE
25. Swintonia floribunda Taung-thayet Anacardiaceae NE
26. Ficus glabella Taung-tha-phan Moraceae NE
27. Diospyros burmanica Te Ebenaceae NE
28. Terminalia tomentosa Tauk-kyan Combretaceae NE
29. Vitex glabrata Tauk-sha Lamiaceae NE
30. Mitragyna parvifolia Hthein Rubiaceae NE
31. Bombax insigne Didu Malvaceae NE
110
IUCN
List
32. Durio zibethinus Du-yin Malvaceae NE
33. Kydia calycina Dwa-bok Malvaceae NE
34. Eriolaena candollei Dwa-ni Malvaceae NE
35. Pterospermum semisagittatum Na-gye Malvaceae NE
36. Lannea coromandelica Na-be Anacardiaceae NE
37. Flacourtia cataphracta Na-ywe Salicaceae NE
38. Adina cordifolia Hnaw Rubiaceae NE
EN
Heritiera fomes /Heritiera
39. Pinle-kanazo Malvaceae /LC
littoralis/ Heritiera burmensis
NE
40. Casuarina equisetifolia Pinle-kabwe Casuarinaceae NE
41. Xylocarpus gangeticus Pinle-on Miliaceae LC
42. Palaquium polyanthum Peinne-bo Sapotaceae NE
43. Xylia xylocarpa Pyin-ka-do Fabaceae NE
44. Lagerstroemia speciose Pyin-ma Lythraceae NE
45. Holoptelea integrifolia Myauk-seik Ulmaceae NE
46. Vitex peduncularis Pet-lezin Lamiaceae NE
47. Heterophragma adenophylla Phet-than Bignoniaceae NE
48. Berrya cordifolia Petwun Malvaceae NE
49. Terminalia chebula Phan-ga Combretaceae NE
50. Rhizophora mucronata Byu-chidauk Rhizophoraceae LC
51. Bruguiera conjugate Byu-u-talon Rhizophoraceae NE
52. Mitragyna rotundifolia Bin-ga Rubiaceae NE
53. Careya arborea Bambwe Lecythidaceae NE
54. Dalbergia ovate Madama Leguminosae LC
55. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Mayanin Fabaceae NE
56. Markhamia stipulata Ma-hlwa Bignoniaceae NE
57. Anthocephalus cadamba Ma-u-let-tan-she Rubiaceae NE
58. Garcinia mangostana Min-gut Clusiaceae NE
59. Lophopetalum wallichii Mone-daing Celastraceae NE
60. Microcos nervosa Mya-ya Malvaceae NE
61. Homalium tomentosum Myauk-chaw Salicaceae NE
62. Duabanga grandiflora Myauk-ngo Lythraceae NE
63. Dalbergia kerrii Yin-zat Leguminosae NE
64. Anogeissus acuminate Yone Combretaceae NE
65. Bombax ceiba Lat-pan Malvaceae NE
111
IUCN
List
66. Terminalia pyrifolia Lein Combretaceae NE
67. Lagerstroemia tomentosa Leza Lythraceae NE
68. Firmiana colorata Wet-shaw Malvaceae NE
Thakut-pho
69. Stereospermum personatum Malvaceae NE
(Than-de)
70. Eugenia mangifolia Tha-bye Fabaceae NE
71. Albizia lucidior Than-that Fabaceae NE
Saraca indica /Saraca
72. Thaw-ka Fabaceae NE
lobbiana
73. Croton oblongifolius Thetyin-gyi Euphorbiaceae NE
74. Hopea griffithii Thin-gan Dipterocarpaceae VU ?
75. Millettia pendula Thin-win Fabaceae NE
76. Sideroxylon burmanicum Thit-cho Sapotaceae NE
77. Terminalia belerica Thit-seint Combretaceae NE
78. Sandoricum koetjape Thit-to Meliaceae NE
79. Millettia brandisiana Thit-pagan Fabaceae NE
80. Dalbergia kurzii Thit-pok Leguminosae LC
81. Dipterocarpus tuberculatus In Dipterocarpaceae LC
82. Shorea siamensis In-gyin Dipterocarpaceae LC
83. Diospyros ehretioides Auk-chin-sa Ebenaceae NE
84. Streblus asper Ok-hne Moraceae NE
85. Litsea monopetala On-don Lauraceae NE
Bamboo
1. Bambusa bambos Kyakat-wa Poaceae NE
2. Bambusa polymorpha Kyathaung-wa Poaceae NE
3. Cephalostachyum pergracile Tin-wa Poaceae NE
4. Dendrocalamus strictus Hmyin-wa Poaceae NE
5. Oxytenanthera albociliata Wa-gok Poaceae NE
6. Dendrocalamus brandisii Wa- new Poaceae NE
7. Dendrocalamus membranaceus Wa-phyu Poaceae NE
8. Dendrocalamus brandisii Wa-bo Poaceae NE
9. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Wabo-myet-sangye Poaceae NE
10. Bambusa tulda Thaik-wa Poaceae NE
Grass
1. Saccharum spontaneum Kaing Poaceae LC
2. Imperata cylindrical Thekke Poaceae NE
112
IUCN
List
Rattan
1. Calamus viminalis Kyein-kha Arecaceae NE
2. Calamus guruba Kyein-ni Arecaceae NE
3. Calamus floribundus Ye-kyein Arecaceae NE
4. Calamus latifolius Yamata-kyein Arecaceae NE
5. Zalacca beccarii Yingan-kyein Arecaceae NE
6. Calamus helferianus Kyein-phyu-klay Arecaceae NE
7. Calamus longisetus Kabaung- kyein Arecaceae NE
Note 1: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU:
Vulnerable, NT: Nearly Threaten Species, NE: Not Evaluated; DD: Data Deficient; LC: Least Concern;
Note 2: Some species have only local name information and scientific names may not be always correct.
Source: Forest Department Mawlamyine District Management Plan 2005-2009
Table 4-7 Major Terrestrial Fauna Species in Mawlamyine District

IUCN
No Scientific Name Local Name Common Name Family Name
List
Mammals
1. Elephas maximus Sin Asian Elephant Elephantdae EN
2. Hoolock hoolock Myauk-hlwe-kyaw Hoolock Gibbon Hylobatidae EN
3. Sus scrofa Taw-wat Wild boar Suidae LC
4. Viverra spp Taw- kyaung Wild cat Viverridae
5. Cuon spp Taw-kwe Wild dog Canidae
6. Muntiacus muntjak Ji Barking deer Cervidae LC
7. Axis porcinus Da-yae Hog Deer Cervidae EN
Birds
1. Porphyrio porphyria Mae-nyo Purple coot Rallidae LC
2. Hylobates hoolock Si-Sali Hoolock Gibbon Hylobatidae EN
3. Egretta garzetta Byine Little Egret Ardeidae LC
4. Turnix suscitator spp Ngone Barred Buttonquail Turnicidae NE
Burmese
5. Streptopelia xanthocycla Joe Columbidae LC
Collared-dove
6. Francolinus pintadeanus Khar Burmeese francolin Phasianidae LC
7. Threskiornis spp Ka-yu-sote Black-headed Ibis Threskiornithidae
8. Caprimulgus asiaticus Bote Indian nightjar Caprimulgidae LC
9. Caprimulgus macrurus Bote large-tailed nightjar Caprimulgidae LC
10. Phalacrocorax carbo Tin-kyi-myo Great cormorant Phalacrocoracidae
11. Pavo muticus U-Dawn Green Peafowl Phasianidae EN
113
Note 1: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT:
Nearly Threaten Species, NE: Not Evaluated; DD: Data Deficient; LC: Least Concern;
Note 2: Some species have only local name information and scientific names may not be always correct.
Table 4-8 Protected Animals in Mawlamyine District

No Scientific Name Local Name Common Name Family Name IUCN List
Totally Protected Animals
1. Rhinoceros sondaicus Kyant Javan rhinoceros Rhinocerotidae NE
2. Pavo muticus U-Dawn Green peafowl Phasianidae EN
Protected Animals
1. Elephas maximus Sin Asian elephant Elephantdae EN
2. Bos gaurus Pyaung Gaur Bovidae VU
Seasonal Protected Animals
3. Axis porcinus Da-yae Hog deer Cervidae EN
4. Cervus unicolor Sat Sambar Cervidae VU
Other Animals
1. Panthera tigris Kyar Tiger Felidae EN
2. Panthera pardus Kya-thit Leopard Felidae NT
3. Helarctos malayanus Wat-wun Sun bear Ursidae VU
Note: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT:
For fish species in the Mawlamyine District, Department of Fisheries under the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries
and Rural Development, has a list of major fish species existing in the district. The list is shown in .
Table 4-9 Fish Species in Mawlamyine District

IUCN
List
Fishes
1. Lates calcarifer Ka-katit Giant seabass Latidae NE
2. Arius thalassinus Nga-yaung Giant catfish Ariidae NE
3. Arius venosus Nga-yaung Veined catfish Ariidae NE
4. Arius dussumieri Nga-yaung Blacktip sea catfish Ariidae LC
5. Arius maculatus Nga-yaung Spotted catfish Ariidae NE
Flatmouth sea
6. Arius platystomus Nga-yaung Ariidae LC
catfish
7. Osteogeneiosus militaris Nga-yaung Soldier catfish Ariidae NE
8. Pampus chinensis Nga-mote-phyu Chinese silver Stromateidae NE
114
IUCN
List
pomfret
9. Pampus argenteus Nga-mote-phyu Silver pomfret Stromateidae NE
10. Lobotes surinamensis Pinle-nga-pyayma Tripletail Lobotidae NE
Indo-pacific Spanish
11. Scomberomorus guttatus Nga- kwin-shat Scombridae DD
mackerel
12. Cynoglossus microlepis Nga-kway-sha Tongue sole Cynoglossidae LC
Engyroprosopon
13. Nga-kway-sha Large scale flounder Bothidae NE
grandisquamis
Pseudorhombus
14. Nga-kway-sha Ocellated flounder Bothidae NE
dupliciocellatus
15. Pseudorhombus javanicus Nga-kway-sha Javan flounder Bothidae NE
16. Pseudorhombus arsius Nga-kway-sha Largetooth flounder Bothidae NE
17. Tenualosa ilisha Nga-tha-lauk Hilsa shad Clupeidae LC
18. Harpodon nehereus Nga-hnat Bomby duck Synodontidae NE
19. Polynemus indicus Kaku-yan Indian tassel fish Polynemidae NE
20. Trichiurus muticus Nga-da-gon Small head hair tail Trichiuridae NE
21. Trichiurus lepturus Nga-da-gon Large head hair tail Trichiuridae NE
22. Trichiurus armatus Nga-da-gon Savalani hair tail Trichiuridae NE
23. Trichiurus cristatus Nga-da-gon Crested hair tail Trichiuridae NE
24. Congresox talabonoides Nga-shwe Indian pike conger Muraenesocidae NE
25. Congresox talabon Nga-shwe Yellow pike conger Muraenesocidae NE
Common pike
26. Congresox bagio Nga-shwe Muraenesocidae NE
conger
Note 1: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT:
Note 2: There are only local name information and scientific names may not be always correct.
Source: Department of Fisheries
Based on species information indicated in the above, threaten and nearly threaten species according to ICUN
Red List categories, are summarized in . These species will be taken into consideration in case that further and
detail environmental baseline survey will be conducted.
Table 4-10 Threaten and Nearly Threaten Species
IUCN Red
No. Scientific Name Common Name Local Name Family Remark
List Status
Threaten Species (CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable)
1. Dipterocarpus turbinatus Ka-nyin Dipterocarpaceae CR Plant
2. Dipterocarpus alatus Ka-nyin Dipterocarpaceae EN Plant
115
IUCN Red
No. Scientific Name Common Name Local Name Family Remark
List Status
3. Heritiera fomes Pinle-kanazo Malvaceae EN Plant
4. Hopea odorata Thin-gan Dipterocarpaceae VU Plant
5. Elephas maximus Sin Asian elephant Elephantdae EN Mammal
6. Hoolock hoolock Myauk-hlwe-kyaw Hoolock Gibbon Hylobatidae EN Mammal
7. Cuon alpinus Taw-kwe Wild dog Canidae EN Mammal
8. Axis porcinus Da-yae Hog deer Cervidae EN Mammal
9. Panthera tigris Kyar Tiger Felidae EN Mammal
10. Hylobates hoolock Si-Sali Hoolock Gibbon Hylobatidae EN Bird
11. Pavo muticus U-Dawn Green peafowl Phasianidae EN Bird
12. Viverra megaspila Taw- kyaung Wild cat Viverridae VU Mammal
13. Bos gaurus Pyaung Gaur Bovidae VU Mammal
14. Helarctos malayanus Wat-wun Sun dear Ursidae VU Mammal
Nearly Threaten Species (NT)
- Panthera pardus Kya-thit Leopard Felidae NT Mammal
Note: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT: Nearly
Threaten Species, NE: Not Evaluated; DD: Data Deficient; LC: Least Concern;
c) Social Environment
1. Introduction
The Project candidate sites are located in the northwestern area of Thanbyuzayat Township in Mon State. Mon
State consists of Thaton District and Mawlamyine District, having four townships and six townships as shown in .
Thanbyuzayat Township is located in Mawlamyine District. Thanbyuzayat Township shares borders with Kyarinn
Seikgyi Township in the east, Ye Township in the south, Bay of Mottama in the west and Mudon Township in the
north.
Thanbyuzayat Township was named because a rest house with white zinc roofing (white zinc means Thanbyu
and rest house means Zayat in Myanmar). The house had been constructed in 1874, and it became a Township
Administrative Office in 19643. According to the Notices of the Department of Home Affairs dated on 10 June,
1964, Kyaikkami Township was renamed to Thanbyuzayat Township and Kyaikkami District to Mawlamyine
District as well. Thanbyuzayat Township has an area of 823.62 km (318 square miles) and it stretches from
Wagaru Creek in the north and Htinyu Creek in the south.
3
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township GAD 2014 (October)
116
Figure 4-9 District Map of Mon State
Source: Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) 2013 (March)
2. Administration
Thanbyuzayat Township is comprised of 15 wards and 26 village tracts, having a total of 69 villages.
Administrative breakdown of Thanbyuzayat Township is summarized in and village tract locations and their
boundaries are described in .
Table 4-11 Administrative Breakdown of Thanbyuzayat Township
Township Type of Town Ward Village Village
Area Tract
Thanbyuzayat Urban Thanbyuzayat 11 - -
Kyaikkami 4 - -
Rural - - 26 69
Total 15 26 69
117
3. Township Departmental Offices and Staff
According to the township GAD, there are 39 governmental offices in Thanbyuzayat Township. As of October
2014, 66 management staffs (officers) are appointed out of 80 sanctioned (83 % filled), whereas 1,626 of staffs are
appointed out of 2,043 sanctioned (80 % filled). Thanbyuzayat Township GAD Office is located in Kyaung Pine
Ward.
Figure 4-10 Village Tract Map of Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Modified Map of Thanbyuzayat Township Information and Communication Department
4. Population and Demography

According to Thanbyuzayat Township GAD, the total population of the Township was 155,032 in October 2014
as shown in . On the other hand, the provisional result of the 2014 Myanmar Census, conducted from 29th March
to 10th April 2014, showed that the township population was 170,480. The results infer that the actual population
of the township may be higher than the number recorded by the GAD. However, details needed to be confirmed
after the final result of the 2014 Myanmar Census is announced.
118
Table 4-12 Total Population of Thanbyuzayat Township
Subject Over (18) Years 2013 Under (18) Years (2013 Total
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Urban 16,126 18,679 34,805 8,797 8,509 17,306 24,923 27,188 52,111
Rural 33,167 34,788 67,905 17,620 17,399 35,016 50,787 52,187 102,921
Total 49,293 53,467 102,710 26,417 25,908 52,322 75,710 79,375 155,032
According to Thanbyuzayat Township GAD data, the population of Thanzyuzayat Township was 150,586 and
151,553 persons in 2012 and 2013 respectively. The ratio of population increase had been 0.6% from 2012 to
2013, whereas the ratio was 2.3% from 2013 to 2014.
5. Ethnicity and Religion

Majority of ethnic groups in Thanbyuzayat Township are Mon and Burma, these two groups exceeding 90% of
total population in the township. Kayin, Rakhine, Kachin and Shan national races also live in the township.
shows the breakdown of ethnicity in Thanbyuzayat Township.
Table 4-13 Total Number of Ethnicity in Thanbyuzayat Township

Kachin Kaya Kayi Chin Mon Burma Rakhine Shan Others Total
h n Population
3 - 7,532 322 78,957 62,475 3,228 27 2,005 152,549
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township GAD 2014 (April)
Since Mon and Burma races are dominant groups, the majority of people are Buddhists (89 %) in the township.
shows the breakdown of religion in Thanbyuzayat Township.
Table 4-14 Religion of Thanbyuzayat Township Residents

Buddhism Christian Hindu Islamic Nat Others Total
Population
134,605 5,811 4,807 6,070 - 260 151,553
According to township GAD, there are 322 Buddhism related buildings within the township as shown in . Names
and locations of nine major pagodas and four major monasteries are described in .
Table 4-15 Buddhism Religious Buildings in Thanbyuzayat Township
Pagoda Monastery Convent School Grand Total
85 201 36 322
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township GAD 2014
119
Table 4-16 Major Pagodas and Monasteries in Thanbyuzayat Township
No Buildings and Places Description Location
1 Kyaikkami Yae Le Pagoda Pagoda Kyaikkami
2 Thandar Dagon Pagoda Pagoda Setse Village
3 Ingyin Taung Pagoda Pagoda Aung Tharyar Ward
4 San Taw Taung Pagoda Pagoda Wae Kali Village
5 Kyaik Ne Yae Le Pagoda Pagoda An Khae Village
6 Kyaiksaw Yae Le Pagoda Pagoda Setse Village
7 Koe Thein Koe Than Pagoda Pagoda War Kha Yu Village
8 Kyaik Win Dat Pagoda Pagoda Hantharwaddy Ward
9 Ma Shi Kha Na Pagoda Pagoda Sakhangyi Village
10 Myodawoo Monasteries Aung Thar Yar Ward
11 Parama Aryone Monasteries Setse Village
12 Mya Thein Monasteries Kyar Kan Ward
13 Kyaikami Yae Le Monasteries Kyaikkami
For other religions, numbers of religious monuments and buildings in the township is summarized in . Since
Buddhists accounted for about 90% of the total population, number of religious monuments other than Buddhism
is small in Thanbyuzayat Township.
Table 4-17 Others Religious Monument Buildings

Christian Church Islam Hindu Temple
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
2 2 2 1 1 -
6. Land Use
According to land use plans of Thanbyuzayat Township for FY2014, provided by the township Settlement and
Land Records Department (SLRD), there is 203,315 acres (822,79. ha) of land in the township and nearly half of
its lands are used as an agriculture/ cultivated land. In the agricultural / cultivated land, garden land is the
dominating land use, and 34% of total township area is occupied by the garden land. describes breakdown of
township land use in FY2014.
Table 4-18 Land Use of Thanbyuzayat Township in 2014-2015
No Type of Land Area (Acre) Ratio (Against Total
Land)
1 Net Sown Area 95,709 47.07 %
(a) Paddy Land 25,897 12.74 %
(b) Garden Land (Rubber and Others) 69,315 34.09 %
120
No Type of Land Area (Acre) Ratio (Against Total
Land)
(c) Thatch Land (Nipa Palm) 497 0.24 %
2 Omitted Land (Paddy Land) 52 0.02 %
3 Reserved Forest Land 1,741 0.86 %
4 Other Wood Land - -
5 Cultivable Waste Land - -
6 Non-agricultural Land 105,813 52.04 %
(a) Mine Land 1 0.0005 %
(b) Pastures 7,232 3.56 %
(c) Railway Land 605 0.30 %
(d) Road Land 1,641 0.81 %
(e) Dam and Reservoirs Land 19 0.01 %
(f) River and Creek Land 8,379 4.12 %
(g) Ponds and Lakes Land 121 0.06 %
(h) Industrial Land 90 0.04 %
(i) Residents Land (Urban) 955 0.47 %
(j) Villages Land 1,250 0.61 %
(l) Cemetery and Religious Buildings 10,586
Land 5.21 %
(m) Others Land 74,934 36.86 %
Total Area (Township) 203,315 100 %
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township Settlement and Land Records Department (SLRD) 2014
7. Industry
a. Agriculture and Forestry

According to Township GAD, rubber is the most cultivated as well as harvested cash crops in Thanbyuzayat
Township as shown in . The rubber plantations exceed 80% of total cultivated area of long-term crops.
Table 4-19 Long-term Cash Crops in Thanbyuzayat Township

Name of Crop Cultivated Area Harvested Area Unit Yield Production
(Acre) (Acre) (Baskets/ Acre?) (Basket)
Rubber 60,605 50,106 708.98 35,524,528
Pepper 2,235 2,089 88.85 185,820
Sugarcane (consumed) 41 41 16.40 664
Betel 730 705 4,236.38 686,880
Coconut 1,600 1,435 5,420 7,779,135
Fruit Trees 7,935 6,411 - -
Total 73,164 60,797 10,470.51 44,177,027
According JICA study4, the rubber plantations started in Mon State around 100 years ago. Due to the high price
4
Source: the report of JICA Study Team -Preparatory Survey for the integrated regional development for ethnic
minorities in the south-east Myanmar
121
of rubber materials and products in the past few decades, rubber plantation area increased rapidly. In Mon States,
the rubber plantations account for approximately 14.9% of the total land area and it has the largest ration of rubber
plantation area as compared with the union level (0.7%).
In case of crops for staple foods, monsoon paddy is the most cultivated and produced crops in Thanbyuzayat
Township as shown in . The monsoon paddy occupied about 99% of total agricultural cultivated area.
Table 4-20 Major Agricultural Crops in Thanbyuzayat Township

Crops Season 2012-2013
Cultivated Harvested Unit Yield Production
(Acre) (Acre) (Basket / Acre?) (Basket)
Paddy Summer 77 - - -
Rainy 37,731 37,731 66.29 2,501,214
Sesame Rainy 47 - - -
Winter 193 193 6.53 1,260
Sunflower 8 - - -
Black gram 1 - - -
(Bean)
Green gram Rainy 15 - - -
Winter - - - -
Red gram 40 - - -
Sugarcane (Sugar) 40 40 16.50 660
In case for forest products, hardwoods including teak, iron wood and others were exported to India and
Europe during the colonial period5. Currently, major forest products produced in the Thanbyuzayat Township
are summarized in . 1,550 cubic ton of timber is produced as firewood, and the one tenth volume of firewood
is produced as charcoal wood.
Table 4-21 Major Forestry Products in Thanbyuzayat Township

No Type of Products Unit Production Amount
1 Firewood Cubic Ton 1,550
2 Charcoal Cubic Ton 147
3 Bamboo Piece 194,000
4 Thatch No 136,000
5 Bark of wood Viss 7,660
b. Fishery
According to the State Office of Department of Fisheries, majority of fishing activities are conducted inshore
with more number of fishing boats registered and having higher total annual production. Current status of fishery
5
Source: The report of JICA Study Team -Preparatory Survey for the integrated regional development for ethnic
122
in Mon State is shown in .
Table 4-22 Fishery Status in Mon State

In shore license Off shore license
Township Annual No. of Annual
No. of Inshore Total Tax
Production Total Tax (kyat) Offshore Production
fishing boat (kyat)
(ton) vessel (ton)
Thanbyuzayat 376 60,135 3,619,550 76 4,339 5,634,000
Source: Mon state Department of Fishery 2014
Detail data for the Thanbyuzayat Township was not available, but fishery industry seems to be dominated by
small-scale in-shore fishing. Inland (freshwater) fishery activities seem to be less significant in comparison with
inshore fishing. Aquaculture production status of Thanbyuzayat Township is described in . However production
amount from aquaculture was not available.
Table 4-23 Aquaculture Ponds of Fish and Prawn Production

Year Fish Prawn
Number of Pond Acre Number of Pond Acre
2010-2011 24 109.74 45 123.66
2011-2012 24 109.74 45 -
c. Other Industries
Other industries are not described in Thanbyuzayat Township Fact issued by Thanbyuzayat Township GAD. The
recent Gross Domestic Product value of the Township is summarized in . Production sector serves more than
60 % of total GDP value.
Table 4-24 Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of Thanbyuzayat Township

No Subject 2012-2013 2013-2014 2013 (until the end of December)
GDP Target Value Value Implementati Increased
(million Kyat) (million Kyat) (million on (%)
Kyat) (%)
1 Production Value 100,215.4 106,596.3 73,608.3 69.1 0.2
2 Services 39,065.7 44,121.4 37,480.4 84.9 21.2
3 Trading Value 29,216.3 31,783.8 24,180.9 76.1 0.5
4 GDP and Service 168,497.4 182,501.5 135,269.6 74.1 5.3
Value
123
d. Social Infrastructure and Service
8. Power/ Electricity
Power supply is from the national grid in Thanbyuzayat Township. The total power demand is about 4,000 KVA.
Household electrification rate is about 40% in the Thanbyuzayat Township urban areas. Types and quantities of
transformers installed and their distribution amount in the township is described in .
Table 4-25 Existing Transformers and Distribution Amount
No Type of Transformer Quantity Total Distribution (KVA)
1 50 KVA 7 280
2 100 KVA 12 960
3 150KVA 14 1,792
4 200KVA 8 1,280
5 250KVA 5 1,000
6 315KVA 16 4,032
7 750KVA 1 600
Total 63 9,944
9. Water Supply
The present principal water sources for the domestic water use in urban areas vary in natural streams,
groundwater, springs, rain-fed ponds and artifical reservoirs. In most areas, the water is taken from these water
sources and distributed through pipes but without any purification facilities. The urban water supply sources in
Mon States in 2013 are summarized in .
Table 4-26 Water Sources for Major Townships in Mon State

Presence of Public Water Source
Township
Water Supply Natural Stream Ground- Rain-fed Dam
Spring
System (River/Creak) water Pond Reservoir
Kyaikto O O
Bilin O O O O
Thaton O O
Paung O O
Mawlamyine O O O
Chaungzon O O
Kyaikmaraw O
Mudon O O
Thanbyuzayat O
Ye O O
Source: The report of JICA Study Team -Preparatory Survey for the integrated regional development for ethnic
124
According to Township Irrigation Department, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, water supply for
Thanbyuzayat Township is mainly from individual dug wells and tube wells. Water shortages are experienced
during summer season. Small scale water supply is also available by private suppliers with trucks. There is no
dam in Thanbyuzayat Township.
Existing water reservoirs and canals in Thanbyuzayat Township for irrigation purposes are summarized in . 40%
of area against proposed area is not available as irrigation water.
Table 4-27 Irrigation Embankment and Canal in Thanbyuzayat Township

No Name of Proposed Actual Different Explanation for different Area
Embankment, Command Area Area (Acre)
Canal Area(Acre) (Acre)
1 Ah Ninn 364 163 201 Original Enbankment is situated near
Embankment sea water creek.
2 Ah Ninn Thabyay 565 240 325 Soil is acidity.
Chaung
Embankment
3 Ah Zinn Canal 880 472 408 Extending the Ward, Village and
others land.
4 Taung Pu Lu 935 668 267 (No information.)
Canal
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township Irrigation Department 2014
11. Transportation
Major roads within the township and connecting outside of the township are summarized in . There is no airport
and no harbor (except for small jetties) in Thanbyuzayat Township. The main rail road is Mawlamyine- Ye rail
road, which is about 143 km (89 miles) long as listed in . The major road in the township is Mawlamyine- Ye road
which is 156 km (97 miles) long in total and runs north to south of the Township.
Table 4-28 Major Inter/Intra Roads in Thanbyuzayat Township

Type of Road Road Name Distance
(Mile/ Phalon)
Union Main Road Thanbyuzayat Ye 27/0
Thanbyuzayat Kyaikkami 15/0
Thanbyuzayat Setse 5/0
Thanbyuzayat - Phayar Thone Su 59
Townships connected Roads Thanbyuzayat Mawlamyine 40 / 0
Thanbyuzayat- Ye 57
Thanbyuzayat Mudon 22
Thanbyuzayat _ Phayar Thone Su -
Town, Rural, Village connected Thanbyuzayat _ Kyaikkami 15 /2
roads Thanbyuzayat _ Setse 15 / 0
Thanbyuzayat _ Wae Kali 1 /1
Mawlamyine- Ye Rail Road Thanbyuzayat- Ye 54
125
Type of Road Road Name Distance
(Mile/ Phalon)
Thanbyuzayat- Mawlamyine 35/2
Thanbyuzayat Mudon 19/6
Source: Thanbyuzayat Towship GAD 2014
According to Township GAD, there are 13 major bridges in Thanbyuzayat Township. There is only one bridge
that is over 180 feet in Ka Yote Pi Village.. The number of bridges in Thanbyuzayat Township is shown in .
Table 4-29 Number of Bridges in Thanbyuzayat Township

Total Bridges Total Bridges Total Bridges Total Bridges Total
(Over 180') (From 100' to 179' ) (From 50' to 100') (Under 50')
1 3 - 9 13
Source: Thanbyuzayat Towship GAD 2014
Alignments of major road and railways in the township is shown in .
Figure 4-11 Road/ Railway Network diagram of Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township Information and Communication Department
126
12. Communication
Communication facilities of Thanbyuzayat Township are indicated in . Internet user is equal to about 10% of the
total township population.
Table 4-30 Communication Facilities of Thanbyuzayat Township
Post Fax Fixed Phone IP Star Cordless Mobile Phone Number of
(Satellite) Internet User
4 2 938 - - 17,654 15,425
13. Public Health

According to Township GAD, Thanbyuzayat Township has 5 doctors, 12 nurses and 6 health assistants, of which
ratios against the total township population are 1:35,921, 1:14,967, and 1:29,934, respectively. The number of
medical facility of Thanbyuzayat Township is indicated in .
Table 4-31 Medical Facility of Thanbyuzayat Township

Private Rural Health
Township Governmental Hospital Sub Health Centers
Hospital Centers
Thanbyuzayat 1 1 5 22
Status of common diseases in Thanbyuzayat Township is indicated in . The number of HIV/AIDS patients
identified was 94 and 16 in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Two patients died from HIV/AIDS in 2012 to 2013.
Table 4-32 Common Disease of Thanbyuzayat Township
Malaria Diarrhea Tuberculosis Dysentery Enlarged Liver
Infected Died Infected Died Infected Died Infected Died Infected Died
494 - 2,183 1 138 8 487 - 144 1
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township GAD Year 2014
The key health index of the township is described in .

Table 4-33 Health Index (In Thousand)
Reproduction Rate Birth Rate Maternal Infant Mortality Abortion Rate
Mortality Rate Rate
0.06 15.96 1.05 0.07 0.197
14. Education
According to Township GAD, there is no university, college and science school in Thanbyuzayat Township.
Educational facility of Thanbyuzayat Township is indicated in .
127
Table 4-34 Numbers of Schools, Teachers, Students in Thanbyuzayat Township
Schools Teachers Students
High Middle Primary Pre High Middle Primary Pre Total High Middle Primary Pre Total
9 5 109 42 360 94 551 76 1,081 8,700 2,330 17,508 905 20,743
Orphans or poor people have been supported by Monastery education. There are 36 convent schools that support
education too. Overall literacy rate is 98.27 % in Thanbyuzayat Township.
a. Livelihood
According to Township GAD, odd-job (approximately 70,000 persons) is the major sources of income for the
township, followed by others (may include unemployed and approximately 28,000 persons), trading
(approximately 23,000 persons), and agriculture (approximately 18,500 persons). The breakdown of types of
workers in Thanbyuzayat Township is indicated in . Annual average individual income was 637, 572 kyats / year
and 814,944 kyats / year for FY2011 and FY 2012, respectively. Number of unemployment was 27,269, and
Jobless rate was 18.00% in FY2012.
Table 4-35 Types of Workers in Thanbyuzayat Township
Year Government Services Agriculture Livestock Trading Industry Odd-job Others Total
Staff Farming
2013 1,693 5,739 18,426 2,159 22,852 3,254 69,660 27,770 151,553
2014 1,704 5,777 18,567 2,173 23,002 3,275 70,118 27,953 152,549
b. Cultural Heritage
According to Thanbyuzayat Township GAD, 12 historical buildings and places are recognized as shown in .
Names and locations of these major sites are described in .
Table 4-36 Historical Buildings and Places
No Buildings and Places Description Location
1 Myanmar-Thai Railway Museum (Death Railway Museum (relics) Thanbyuzayat
Museum)
2 Dana Thahara War Cemetery Cemetery Thanbyuzayat
3 Japan Pagoda Pagoda Wae Yet Ywar Village
4 Hot Spring Natural spring Wae Ka Li Village Tract
5 Rest-house (100 years) Building Thanbyuzayat
6 Kyaikkami Yae Le Pagoda Pagoda Kyaikkami
7 Kyaik Ne Yae Le Pagoda and Beach Pagoda, Beach An Khae Village
8 Kyaiksaw Yae Le Pagoda Pagoda Set Se Village
9 Sin Pone Cave Natural Cave Kyaikkami
10 Kyat Thon Island Light House Building Set Se Village Tract?
11 War Kha Yu Ancient City Relics War Kha YuVillage Tract
12 Main Balra Taung Mountatin Wea Ka War Village
128
Figure 4-12 Cultural Heritage Map of Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Modified Map from Thanbyuzayat Township Information and Communication Department
c) Conditions of Project Candidate Sites and Surrounding Area
1. Outline
The Project candidate sites are located along the northwest coast of Thanbyuzayat Township. The sites are more
likely to be included in following 4 village Tracts ().
Mya Mar Lar
Sin Taung
Kayin Taung
Set Se
Therefore, information and data for these four village tracts (Project Village Tracts) are presented hereunder as
long as such were available. In addition to these four village tracts, Project candidate sites may fall into either
Kyon Ka Yoke, Wea Ka War, or Pa Nga Village Tract. Further conformation and collection of information will be
required when the Project site is selected from these three village tracts.
129
Figure 4-13 Village Tract Map of Three Village Tracts from Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Modified Map of Thanbyuzayat Township GAD 2014 (October)
a. Population
The populations of the Project Village Tracts are indicated in . There are in total of 2,819 households and 15,598
persons in the Project Village Tracts.
Table 4-37 Populations of Project Village Tracts from Thanbyuzayat Township

Ward/ Village House Household Under (18) years Over (18) years Total Population
Village Male Female Total M F Total M F Total
Tract (M) (F)
Mya Mya 292 292 346 291 637 521 584 1,105 867 875 1,742
Mar Mar Lar
Lar Total 292 292 346 291 637 521 584 1,105 867 875 1,742
Sin 79 81 107 112 219 147 156 303 254 268 522
Taung
Taung 21 23 30 34 64 31 40 71 61 74 135
Sin
Wine
Taung
Ka Dat 279 284 342 354 696 453 488 941 795 842 1,637
Htauk
Total 379 388 479 500 979 631 684 1,315 1,110 1,842 2,294
Kayin Kayin 580 630 643 677 1,320 1,025 1,078 2,103 1,668 1,755 3,423
Taung Taung
130
Ah Nan 160 223 188 223 411 340 346 686 528 569 1,097
San
Total 740 853 900 1,731 1,365 1,424 2,789 2,196 2,324 4,520
Set Se Set Se 849 850 698 674 1,372 1,389 1,514 2,903 2,087 2,188 4,275
Sanngyi 82 62 53 89 142 137 142 279 190 231 421
Hlar Ka 95 84 68 64 132 183 178 361 251 242 493
Hmai
Yathay 319 290 246 267 513 670 670 1,340 916 937 1,853
Taung
Total 1,345 1,286 1,065 1,094 2,159 2,379 2,504 4,883 3,444 3,598 7,042
Grand Total 2,759 2,819 2,721 2,785 5,506 4,896 5,196 10,092 7,617 7,981 15,598
b. Land Use (updating)

For village tract level land use, GAD offices (township level and respective village tract administrators offices)
and township Settlement and Land Records Department (SLRD) office have different statistical records of
different years. Information of SLRD for 2013 is described in and that of GAD for 2014 is described in . It is
difficult to generalize information of different sources. However, there is a tendency that more than half of village
tract area is occupied by agricultural land in all of the Project Village Tracts.
Table 4-38 Type of Land Use of Project Village Tracts in Thanbyuzayat Township 1
Cultivated Area (Acre) Non Cultivated land (Acre)
Garden and
Pond /Lake
Other land
Dani Land
Farm land
Mine land
River and
Cemetery
Religious
Village No. of Grand
Pasture
Rubber
Stream
Village
Land
Land
Road
Total
Total
land
Tract Kwin Total
and
Kayin
Taung 5 227 4,542 12 4,781 1,297 77 50 10 19 2,422 3,875 8,656
Sin Taung 3 30 3,148 3,178 922 74 68 9 43 118 2,309 3,543 6,721
Mya Mar
Lar
(including 6 535 2,130 174 2,839 1 7 64 810 15 392 487 736 2,512 5,351
Kyaikkami
)
Setse 10 602 2,494 3,096 136 42 297 32 2,028 100 2,635 5,731
Total 24 1,394 12,314 186 13,894 1 2,362 257 1,225 24 477 2,652 5,567 12,565 26,459
Table 4-39 Type of Land Use of Project Village Tracts in Thanbyuzayat Township 2
Village Tract Net Pasture Mine Road River Factory Village Cemetery Other Total
Agricultural Land Land and land Land and Land (acre)
Land Stream Religious
Land
Mya Mar Lar 2,808 7 1 29 804 10 123 362 518 4,662
Source: Village Tract GAD 2014
Breakdown of registered agricultural land use for 2014 in the Project Village Tracts are summarized in . There
are certain fluctuations of agricultural land area from 2013, but it can be concluded that majority of agricultural
lands are occupied by the rubber plantation if the Project Village Tracts.
131
Table 4-40 Breakdown Registered Agricultural Land Use of Project Village Tracts in Thanbyuzayat Township
Number of Rubber Garden Thatch
Kwin Paddy Land Total Area
Village Tract Registered land Land Land
No (acre) (acre)
Farmers (acre) (acre) (acre)
Mya Mar Lar 5 530 635 765 734 44 2,178
Kayin Taung 5 1,085 237 3,398 40 4 3,679
Sin Taung 3 779 35.81 2,400.82 724.95 0 3,161.58
Setse 10 862 472 1,945 105 0 2,525
Total 23 3,256 1,379.81 8,508.82 1,603.95 48 11,543.58
Source: Thanbyuzayat Township SLRD 2014
In principle, agricultural lands in Myanmar are registered by SLRD and grouped in a block called Kwin. Each
parcel of agricultural land having different users (famers) are numbered by what is locally called U-Pine. Not all
of the Project Village Tract, but for Mya Mar Lar and Setse village tracts, kwin-wise list of farmland/rubber
plantation owners, land acreage and their u-pine numbers were obtained. Obtained list is summarized in .
Table 4-41 Kwin-wise Farm Land and Rubber Plantation Information.

Village Tract Kwin No. Farm Land Rubber Total Number of
(Acre) Plantation (Acre) Registered Farmers
(Acre)
F R Total F R Total
Mya Mar Lar 907 213.43 0.00 213.43 34 0 34
907 (A) (Buddha Gone Kwin) 44.51 25.23 69.74 14 8 22
907 (A) (Buddha Gone Kwin) 281.50 0.00 281.50 136 0 136
908 (Thein Kwin) 256.48 136.22 392.70 118 21 139
909 480.35 268.30 748.65 406 67 473
909(A) 519.65 247.36 767.01 215 65 280
OSS 1 186.98 0.00 186.98 83 0 83
Total 1,982.90 677.11 2,660.01 1,006 161 1,167
Setse 922 56.57 160.82 217.39 13 39 52
923 6.08 397.01 403.09 2 69 71
923(A) 19.80 0.00 19.80 8 0 8
924 (A) 36.24 467.63 503.87 11 79 90
924 (B) 0.00 145.22 145.22 0 36 36
925 248.59 231.03 479.62 75 25 100
926 125.95 27.36 153.31 36 14 50
927(A) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0
927(B) 96.74 136.13 232.87 35 44 79
Total 589.97 1,565.20 2,155.17 180 306 486
Grand Total 2,572.87 2,242.31 4,815.18 1,186 467 1,653
Within the Project Village Tracts, following kwins are located along the coastline and in the further stage of the
Project, a detail survey is required in these kwins for identifying acreage and type of land uses and users which
may be affected by the Project.
- Kwin Number: 908, 909, 909A, 1219, 1294, OSS-2, OSS-3, 925
Kwin map of the Project Village Tract is described in .
132
Figure 4-14 Kwin Map of the northwest Coast of Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Modified Map from Thanbyuzayat Township Settlement and Land Records Department (SLRD)
c. Cultural Heritage
The Project Village Tract has 4 of cultural and regional important heritages as shown in . Especially, Kyaikkami
Pagoda is the symbol monument of the area and conserved by Kyaikkami Pagoda Association.
133
Figure 4-15 Cultural Heritage Map of the northwest Coast of Thanbyuzayat Township
Source: Modified Map from Thanbyuzayat Township Information and Communication Department
3. Prediction of Impact in Without Projects Case

In connection to the forecast of the future conditions for without projects case, the following positive and
negative impacts are predicted.
Positive Impacts for without project case:
There will be no land acquisition and involuntary resettlement
Livelihood related to on-shore fishery will maintain the same as now and will not be affected (which does
not always require land acquisition and involuntary resettlement)
On-shore and other transportation means along the coast line will maintain the same.
No impacts on air quality and water quality by the Project
Negative Impacts for without project case:

Insufficient supply of electricity to the region and to the national grid will continue
Speed of economic development in the Thanbyuzayat Township and the Mawlamyine District may be
decreased.
Due to shortage of electricity, improvement of surrounding infrastructure such as public facilities and
local employment maybe hindered.
134
(2) Environmental improvement effects by the Project
a) Air Quality, Water Quality, Noise, and Other Environmental Improvement Effects
Construction of the coal thermal power plant will improve electricity generation capacity of the country and
contribute to increasing demands for the electricity. Furthermore, the coal thermal power plant will enable to
supply more stable and regulated amount of electricity throughout the year in comparison to the hydro power
plant which is currently the dominant source of power generation in Myanmar. These in return, will bring more
economics and industrial developments in the Mawlamyine areas.
Though the coal thermal power plant, by its nature, has certain impacts to air quality and water quality by gas
emission and intake/ discharge of circulated water, appropriate environmental mitigation measures such as
denitrification device desulfurization device, precipitator, and water treatment facility will be introduced to
minimize the environmental impacts. Moreover, introducing ultra super critical boiler and other latest coal power
plant related technologies will also minimize environmental impacts.
Though jetties for the Project are planned mainly for unloading of imported coal, the jetty structure may serve as
breakwater for hinterland/ water and shelter for ships nearby during high tides / abnormal weather conditions.
On the other hand, the Project will mainly improve environmental items such as lifestyle and livelihood as
follows.
Increase supply of electricity to the region for further economic development and livelihood improvement
in the township and the district.
Improve lifestyle of surrounding residents of the Project site by development of surrounding
infrastructure such as access road, and other public facilities.
Contribute to local employment and may improve lifestyle and livelihood of surrounding residents
135
(3) Environmental and social impacts of the Project
a) Examination of Environmental and Social Impacts

In the Study, environmental and social impacts of the Project of coal thermal power plant and its jetty were
evaluated shows the evaluation results of environmental and social impacts by mainly using Categories and
Items in Checklist 2 Thermal Power Plant attached with JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social
Considerations (April 2010) as a reference format. In addition to the Checklist 2 Thermal Power Plant, the
Checklist 6 Power Transmission and Distribution Lines, and the Checklist 10 Port and Harbors, were also
referred based on the necessity.
However, the examination made in this Study is preliminary and the factors which would give serious impacts on
environment and social aspects should be fully checked and evaluated in EIA and/or SIA studies by the Project
proponents and/or petitioners.
Table 4-42 Environmental Checklist (Coal Thermal Plant including Jetty and Transmission)
Reference tableJICA s Environmental Checklist (Thermal Power Plant, Port, Transmission & Distribution )
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Environmental Impacts Environ
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Main Check Items Considerations

Issues
Not Clear
(Reasons, Mitigation
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(a) Have EIA reports been EIA have not been

1 Permits and Explanation
(1) EIA and Environmental Permits
common
already prepared in official prepared yet. In

process? accordance with MIC
Notification
No.50/2014, the
Project requires the
implementation of
EIA.
(b) Have EIA reports been Ditto.
approved by authorities of the
host country's government?
(c) Have EIA reports been Ditto.
unconditionally approved? If
conditions are imposed on the
approval of EIA reports, are the
conditions satisfied?
(d) In addition to the above Ditto.
approvals, have other required
environmental permits been
obtained from the appropriate
regulatory authorities of the
host country's government?
136
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(a) Have contents of the project EIA have not been

(2) Explanation to the Local Stakeholders
Common
and the potential impacts been prepared yet.

adequately explained to the According to draft
Local stakeholders based on EIA procedure, at least
appropriate procedures, two public
including information consultation meetings,
disclosure? Is understanding first during the
obtained from the Local scoping stage and the
stakeholders? second one upon
completion of draft
EIA report, are
required for EIA level
assessment.
(b) Have the comment from the Ditto.
stakeholders (such as local
residents) been reflected to the
project design?
(a) Have alternative plans of the The location of coal
es
Alternativ
on of
Examinati
(3)
Common
project been examined with thermal power plant

social and environmental has not been
considerations? determined yet.
(a) Do air pollutants, such as Air The Project should

2 Pollution Control
(1) Air Quality
Thermal
sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen pollution plan and design for

oxides (NOx), and soot and dust by compliance with
emitted by the power plant emission environmental
operations comply with the gas. standards set by the
countrys emission standards? No Project.
Is there a possibility that air national Impacts on air quality
pollutants emitted from the quality canbe little if
project will cause areas that do standards desulfurization system,
not comply with the countrys yet denitration system,
ambient air quality standards? electrostatic
Are any mitigating measures precipitator/ fabric
taken? filters, and other
necessary mitigation
measures are properly
installed..
(b) In the case of coal-fired Air The Project should
power plants, is there a pollution plan and design for
possibility that fugitive dust by dusts. compliance with
from the coal piles, coal No environmental
handling facilities, and dust national standards set by the
from the coal ash disposal sites quality Project.
will cause air pollution? Are standards Impacts on dust from
adequate measures taken to yet coal yard and ash
prevent the air pollution? disposal site can be
little if coal yard is
planned to be set at
distance from
137
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
residential area and

dust prevention fence
will be installed to
minimize spreading of
dust.
(a) Do air pollutants, such as Air The Project should
(1) Air Quality
Port
sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen pollution plan and design for

oxides (NOx), and soot and dust by compliance with
emitted from ships, vehicles and exhauste environmental
project equipments comply with d gases. standards set by the
the country's emission No Project.
standards? Are any mitigating national To comply with target
measures taken? quality level set by the
standards Project, environmental
yet management and
monitoring plan must
be prepared and
operated properly.
(a) Do effluents including Changes The Project should
(2) Water Quality
Thermal
thermal effluents from the in plan and design for

power plant comply with the aquatic compliance with
countrys effluent standards? Is fauna & environmental
there a possibility that the flora, standards set by the
effluents from the project will and Project.
cause areas that do not comply water Impacts of thermal
with the countrys ambient pollution water discharge are
water quality standards or cause by water expected to be limited.
any significant temperature rise temperat Temperature
in the receiving waters? ure difference of
increase discharged water
of will be set to be less
discharg than 7 and will
ed water. comply with target
No level based on the
national results of prediction
quality by simulation model.
standards
yet
(b) In the case of coal-fired The Project should
power plants, do leachates from plan and design for
Water
the coal piles and coal ash compliance with
pollution
disposal sites comply with the environmental
by the
countrys effluent standards? standards set by the
Project.
Project.
No
Less residents are
national
expected in the
quality
surrounding of the
standards
Project site.. Thus no
yet.
significant serious
impacts by the Project
138
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
are predicted.
However, if any
impact may be
predicted by further
studies, as required,
necessary measures
will be carried out.
(c) Are adequate measures Ditto Countermeasures to
taken to prevent contamination avoid water pollution
of surface water, soil, such as waste water
groundwater, and seawater by treatment, slope
the effluents? protection, and etc.
will be taken.
(a) Do effluents from the Ditto The Project should
(2) Water Quality
Port
project facilities comply with plan and design for

the country's effluent and compliance with
environmental standards? environmental
standards set by the
Project if national
standards are not set
yet by the
commencement of the
Project..
No significant serious
are predicted.
However, if any
impact may be
necessary measures
(b) Do effluents from the ships Ditto The Project should
and other project equipments plan and design for
comply with the country's compliance with
effluent and environmental environmental
standards? standards set by the
Project if national
standards are not set
yet by the
commencement of the
Project. No
significant serious
are predicted.
However, if any
impact may be
necessary measures
139
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(c) Does the project prepare any Ditto Pollution mitigation

measures to prevent leakages of measures will be
oils and toxicants? introduced and no
significant serious
are predicted.
(d) Does the project cause any Ditto. Significant
alterations in coastal lines and alternations of the
disappearance/appearance of coast lines and change
surface water to change water in water temperature
temperature or quality by by jetty construction
decrease of water exchange or and operation are not
changes in flow regimes? expected in the
Project.
(e) Does the project prepare any Ditto. Significant land
measures to prevent polluting reclaimation is not
surface, sea or underground expected in the
water by the penetration from Project. However, if
reclaimed lands? any impact may be
necessary measures
will be carried out
(a) Is there any possibility that Ditto. No significant serious
(2) Water Quality
Transmission/ Distribution
soil runoff from the bare lands impacts by the Project

resulting from earthmoving are predicted.
activities, such as cutting and However, if any
filling will cause water quality impact may be
degradation in downstream predicted by further
water areas? If the water quality studies, as required,
degradation is anticipated, are necessary measures
adequate measures considered? will be carried out
140
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(a) Are wastes, (such as waste Harmful Impacts on waste can

(3) Wastes
Thermal
oils, and waste chemical damages be limited because fly

agents), coal ash, and to ash and bottom ash
by-product gypsum from flue surround will be recycled as
gas desulfurization generated by ing by-products and
the power plant operations environ Furthermore, other
properly treated and disposed of ment and solid waste will be
in accordance with the residents disposed of on
countrys regulations? designated dumping
site. However, if any
impact may be
necessary measures
(a) Are wastes generated from Harmful No significant serious
(3) Wastes
Port
the ships and other project damages impacts by the Project

facilities properly treated and to are predicted.
disposed of in accordance with surround However, if any
the country's regulations? ing impact may be
environ predicted by further
ment studies, as required,
necessary measures
(b) Is offshore dumping of Ditto. No significant serious
dredged soil properly disposed impacts by the Project
in accordance with the country's are predicted.
regulations? However, if dredging
is required,
appropriate measures
(c) Does the project prepare any Ditto. Ditto.
measures to avoid dumping or
discharge toxicants?
(a) Do noise and vibrations Noise The Project should

(4) Noise and Vibration
Thermal/port
comply with the countrys and plan and design for

standards? vibration compliance with
problem environmental
by standards set by the
vehicles Project.
and Impacts on noise and
thermal vibration are expected
plant to be limited because
the distance between
source (machineries in
the power generation
facilities) and
receptors (residences)
141
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(a) In the case of extraction of a Damages Use of ground water is

(5) Subsidence
Thermal/port
large volume of groundwater, is to limited, thus, no

there a possibility that the structure significant serious
extraction of groundwater will s and impacts by the Project
cause subsidence? land are predicted.
usages However, if any
by the impact may be
Project predicted by further
necessary measures
(a) Are there any odor sources? Harmful Impacts on offensive
(6) Odor
Thermal/port
Are adequate odor control effects odor caused by

measures taken? by ammonia are expected
chemical to be little because the
s used by amount of ammonium
the to be used on
Project denitration process is
small and will be
handled appropriately.
(a) Are adequate measures Sediment Impact on
(7) Sediment
Port
taken to prevent contamination pollution sedimentation are

of sediments by discharges or by the expected to be limited
dumping of hazardous materials Project because dredging
from the ships and related works which might
facilities? affect the surrounding
area are site specific.
However, if any
impact may be
necessary measures
(a) Is the project site located in Damages There is no protected
3 Natural Environment
(1) Protected Areas
Common
protected areas designated by and area in the vicinity of

the countrys laws or destructi the project candidate
international treaties and on to sites.
conventions? Is there a nature
possibility that the project will and
affect the protected areas? ecology
by the
Project
(a) Does the project site Ditto. There is no large
(2) Ecosystem
Common
encompass primeval forests, primeval forests,

tropical rain forests, wetland area and tidal
ecologically valuable habitats flats in the Project
(e.g., coral reefs, mangroves, or candidate sites as well
tidal flats)? as their surroundings
142
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(b) Does the project site Ditto. At district level

encompass the protected endangered species
habitats of endangered species are recorded. Details
designated by the countrys need to be confirmed
laws or international treaties by the further study
and conventions? for the Project.
(c) If significant ecological Ditto. Currently, no
impacts are anticipated, are significant impact is
adequate protection measures predicted considering
taken to reduce the impacts on Myanmar
the ecosystem? environmental rules
and regulations. If any
impact may be
studies, alternative
locations will be
examined to
avoid/mitigate the
predicted impacts.
(d) Is there a possibility that the Ditto. No significant serious
amount of water (e.g., surface impacts by the Project
water, groundwater) used by the are predicted.
project will adversely affect However, if any
aquatic environments, such as impact may be
rivers? Are adequate measures predicted by further
taken to reduce the impacts on studies, as required,
aquatic environments, such as necessary measures
aquatic organisms? will be carried out.
(e) Is there a possibility that Ditto. Ditto.
discharge of thermal effluents,
intake of a large volume of
cooling water or discharge of
leachates will adversely affect
the ecosystem of surrounding
water areas?
(d) Is there a possibility that the Ditto. Ditto.
(2) Ecosystem
Port
project will adversely affect

aquatic organisms? Are
adequate measures taken to
reduce negative impacts on
aquatic organisms?
(e) Is there a possibility that the Ditto. Ditto.
project will adversely affect
vegetation or wildlife of coastal
zones? If any negative impacts
are anticipated, are adequate
measures taken to reduce the
impacts on vegetation and
wildlife?
143
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(d) Are adequate measures Ditto. There are no

taken to prevent disruption of situations such as

migration routes and habitat disruption of
fragmentation of wildlife and migration routes,
livestock? habitat fragmentation
and traffic accident of
wildlife and livestock
in the Project sites. If
any impact may be
route will be
examined to
avoid/mitigate the
predicted impacts.
(e) Is there any possibility that Ditto. There may be some
the project will cause the threats and fears such
negative impacts, such as as destruction of
destruction of forest, poaching, forests, etc. in the
desertification, reduction in Project. It is necessary
wetland areas, and disturbance to be examined by
of ecosystem due to further study.
introduction of exotic
(non-native invasive) species
and pests? Are adequate
measures for preventing such
impacts considered?
(f) In cases where the project Ditto. There may be some
site is located in undeveloped possibility for loss of
areas, is there any possibility natural environment in
that the new development will the Project. It is
result in extensive loss of necessary to be
natural environments? examined by further
study.
(a) Do the project facilities Alternati Significant
(3) Hydrology
Port
affect adversely flow regimes, on to alternations of flows,

waves, tides, currents of rivers hydrolog waves, tides, currents
and etc if the project facilities y and by jetty construction
are constructed on/by the seas? resulting and operation are not
changes expected in the
in tides Project.
and If any impact may be
currents predicted by further
route will be
examined to
avoid/mitigate the
predicted impacts.
144
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(a) Does the project require any Alternati There may be less
(4) Topography and Geology
Port
large scale changes of on and possibility for

topographic/geographic features damages alteration and
or cause disappearance of the to damages to
natural seashore? topograp topography, geology,
hy by the and natural seashore
Project. by the Project.
If any impact may be
route will be
examined to
avoid/mitigate the
predicted impacts.
(a) Is there any soft ground on Ditto. There may be some
the route of power transmission possibility for

and distribution lines that may alternation and
cause slope failures or damage by the Project.
landslides? Are adequate It is necessary to be
measures considered to prevent examined by further
slope failures or landslides, study. If required
where needed? proper actions such as
slope protection,
compaction, etc. will
be taken.
(b) Is there any possibility that Ditto. Ditto.
civil works, such as cutting and
filling will cause slope failures
or landslides? Are adequate
measures considered to prevent
slope failures or landslides?
(c) Is there a possibility that soil Ditto. Ditto.
runoff will result from cut and
fill areas, waste soil disposal
sites, and borrow sites? Are
adequate measures taken to
prevent soil runoff?
(a) Is involuntary resettlement Involunt If land acquisition and
4 Social Environment
(1) Resettlement
Thermal
caused by project ary involuntary

implementation? If involuntary resettlem resettlement are
resettlement is caused, are ent by needed, Resettlement
efforts made to minimize the the Action Plan (RAP)
impacts caused by the Project. will be prepared based
resettlement? on international
standards. Fisher-men
who may have
impacts by the project
interventions shall be
also covered in RAP.
145
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(b) Is adequate explanation on Ditto

compensation and resettlement
assistance given to affected
people prior to resettlement?
(c) Is the resettlement plan, Ditto
including compensation with
full replacement costs,
restoration of livelihoods and
living standards developed
based on socioeconomic studies
on resettlement?
(d) Are the compensations Ditto
going to be paid prior to the
resettlement?
(e) Are the compensation Ditto
policies prepared in document?
(f) Does the resettlement plan Ditto

pay particular attention to
vulnerable groups or people,
including women, children, the
elderly, people below the
poverty line, ethnic minorities,
and indigenous peoples?
(g) Are agreements with the Ditto
affected people obtained prior
to resettlement?
(h) Is the organizational Ditto
framework established to
properly implement
resettlement? Are the capacity
and budget secured to
implement the plan?
(i) Are any plans developed to Ditto
monitor the impacts of
resettlement?
(j) Is the grievance redress Ditto
mechanism established?
(a) Is there a possibility that the Harmful Adverse impacts to

Livelihood
(2) Living and
Thermal
project will adversely affect the effect people such as noise,

living conditions of inhabitants? and vibration, air
Are adequate measures unemplo pollution, etc. should
considered to reduce the yment be taken into
impacts, if necessary? etc. to consideration. As
residents required, necessary
by the measures will be
Project. carried out.
146
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(b) Is sufficient infrastructure Harmful No significant serious

(e.g., hospitals, schools, and effect to impacts by the Project
roads) available for the project living are predicted.
implementation? If the existing condition However, as required,
infrastructure is insufficient, are s of necessary measures
any plans developed to residents will be carried out.
construct new infrastructure or by the
improve the existing Project
infrastructure? and
surround
ing
residents.
(c) Is there a possibility that Accident Ditto.
large vehicles traffic for and
transportation of materials, such traffic
as raw materials and products congesti
will have impacts on traffic in on by the
the surrounding areas, impede Project
the movement of inhabitants,
and any cause risks to
pedestrians?
(d) Is there a possibility that Deteriora Contermeasures will
diseases, including infectious tion of be taken by interal
diseases, such as HIV, will be Public regualtions imposed
brought due to the immigration hygiene by the Project and in
of workers associated with the by the cooperation with the
project? Are adequate Project related aurhorities so
considerations given to public that such situations
health, if necessary? will not arisen by the
Projects.
(e) Is there a possibility that the Harmful No significant serious
amount of water used (e.g., effect to impacts by the Project
surface water, groundwater) and livelihoo are predicted.
discharge of thermal effluents d of However, as required,
by the project will adversely surround necessary measures
affect existing water uses and ing will be carried out.
uses of water areas (especially residents.
fishery)?
(b) Is there a possibility that Ditto Loss of fishing ground
Livelihood
(2) Living and
Port
changes in water uses by construction of

(including fisheries and jetties may occur at
recreational uses) in the small scale, but no
surrounding areas due to project significant serious
will adversely affect the impacts by the Project
livelihoods of inhabitants? are predicted.
However, as required,
necessary measures
147
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(c) Is there a possibility that Accident No significant impacts

port and harbor facilities will and are predicted by the
adversely affect the existing traffic Project. But it is
water traffic and road traffic in congesti necessary to be
the surrounding areas? on by the examined by further
Project study.
.
(c) Is there any possibility that Interfere There may be some
(2) Living and Livelihood
installation of structures, such nce to impacts by the Project.

as power line towers will cause current It is necessary to be
a radio interference? If any living examined by further
significant radio interference is study.
anticipated, are adequate
measures considered?
(d) Are the compensations for Ditto Ditto.
transmission wires given in
accordance with the domestic
law?
(a) Is there a possibility that the Destructi In the vicinity of
(3) Heritage
Common
project will damage the local on and candidate sites there

archeological, historical, damages are a few
cultural, and religious heritage? by the archeological,
Are adequate measures Project historical, cultural,
considered to protect these sites and religious heritage
in accordance with the sites. Primarily such
countrys laws? locations shall be
avoided upon the
selection of the site. If
any impact may be
studies, required
countermeasures will
be examined to
avoid/mitigate the
predicted impacts.
(a) Is there a possibility that the Landsca Basically, no
(4) Landscape
Common
project will adversely affect the pe significant impact is

local landscape? Are necessary inhibitio predicted, but shall
measures taken? n by the confirm whether the
Project Project inhibit views
to pagoda along the
coast. If any adverse
impacts are predicted
in further study phase,
necessary
be taken based on the
Myanmar laws and
regulations.
148
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(a) Are considerations given to Impact Though there are

(5) Ethnic Minorities and Indigenous Peoples
Common
reduce impacts on the culture on the certain ethnic

and lifestyle of ethnic Ethnic minorities reside
minorities and indigenous Minoritie within the township,
peoples? s and no significant ethnic
Indigeno issue in and around
us the Project is
Peoples predicted. If any
by the impact may be
Project predicted by further
studies, required
be examined to
avoid/mitigate the
predicted impacts.
(b) Are all of the rights of Ditto. Ditto.
ethnic minorities and
indigenous peoples in relation
to land and resources respected?
(a) Is the project proponent not Corrupti The working
(6) Working Conditions
Common
violating any laws and on inconditions will be

ordinances associated with the occupati protected by the
working conditions of the onal Myanmar laws and
country which the project health regulations. As
proponent should observe in the and required, the Project
project? safety by will prepare internal
the regulations for
Project occupational health
and safety referring to
regulations imposed
by international
organizations and
other countries
(b) Are tangible safety Accident Proper instruction and
considerations in place for at work guidance on safety
individuals involved in the by the consideration will be
project, such as the installation Project given to workers and
of safety equipment which other individuals
prevents industrial accidents, involved in the
and management of hazardous Projects.
materials?
(c) Are intangible measures Ditto. Proper instruction and
being planned and implemented guidance about safety
for individuals involved in the and hygiene will be
project, such as the given to workers and
establishment of a safety and other individuals
health program, and safety involved in the
training (including traffic safety Projects.
and public health) for workers
etc.?
149
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
(d) Are appropriate measures Safety of Proper instruction and

taken to ensure that security local guidance about safety
guards involved in the project residents and hygiene will be
not to violate safety of other inhibitio given to workers and
individuals involved, or local n other individuals
residents? compani involved in the
on by the Projects. Also public
Project awareness raising to
the general public will
be also implemented.
(a) Are adequate measures Environ The following
5 Others
(1) Impacts during Construction
Common
considered to reduce impacts mental measures will be

during construction (e.g., noise, pollution taken:
vibrations, turbid water, dust, and (1) Noise &
exhaust gases, and wastes)? contamin vibration: Low noise
ation - and vibration
Noise & methods and
vibration constructional
, vehicles and
turbidity, equipment.
dust, (2) Turbid
exhauste water: Sediment
d gas, basins, etc.
wastes, (3) Exhaust gas:
etc.. Less exhaust gas
constructional
vehicles and
equipment.
(4) Construction
dusts: Spraying
water, etc.
(5) Wastes:
Spoils, solid wastes,
etc. will be properly
disposed or
reclaimed.
(b) If construction activities Damages It is considered that
adversely affect the natural to natural the construction
environment (ecosystem), are environ activities will not
adequate measures considered ment by affect the natural
to reduce the impacts? the environment adversely
Construc in the construction
tions sites, but adequate
measures will be
considered to mitigate
impacts as required.
(c) If construction activities Traffic Adequate measures
adversely affect the social congesti such as detours, etc.
environment, are adequate on, will be taken to
measures considered to reduce nuisance, mitigate impacts to
150
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
the impacts? etc social environment.
(a) In the case of coal-fired Risk of Proper instruction and

Measures
Prevention
(2) Accident
Thermal
power plants, are adequate fire and guidance about fire

measures planned to prevent explosio prevention as well as
spontaneous combustion at the n proper fire prevention
coal piles (e.g., sprinkler facilities will be
systems)? provided in the
Projects.
(a) Does the proponent develop Monitoring should be
(3) Monitoring
common
and implement monitoring executed, based on

program for the environmental environmental plan in
items that are considered to EIA. In case RAP is
have potential impacts? prepared, monitoring
should be also
executed based on
monitoring plan
described in RAP.
(b) What are the items, methods Ditto.
and frequencies of the
monitoring program?
(c) Does the proponent establish Ditto.
an adequate monitoring
framework (organization,
personnel, equipment, and
adequate budget to sustain the
monitoring framework)?
(d) Are any regulatory Ditto.
requirements pertaining to the
monitoring report system
identified, such as the format
and frequency of reports from
the proponent to the regulatory
authorities?
(a) Where necessary, pertinent Placeme Incorporated in this
6 Note
Reference to Checklist of Other Sectors
Thermal
items described in the Power nt of the checklist.

Transmission and Distribution transmiss Transmission line and
Lines checklist should also be ion line relevant facilities may
checked (e.g., projects by the be involved in
including installation of electric Project construction of the
transmission lines and/or coal thermal plant, but
electric distribution facilities). needed to be
confirmed at further
study for the Project
(b) Where necessary, pertinent Placeme Incorporated in this
items described in the Ports and nt of checklist.
Harbors checklist should also jetty Limited impacts are
be checked (e.g., projects facilities predicted for
including construction of port by the construction of jetty
151
Significance of
Possible Potential
Environmental
Confirmation of
Category
Environmental
mental
Item
Issues
Not Clear
Major
Small
None
and
Measures)
Problems
and harbor facilities). Project facilities for the

Project, However,
details needed to be
(a) Where necessary, pertinent Construc Limited impacts are
items described in the Road tion of predicted for

checklist should also be roads for construction of roads
checked (e.g., projects transmiss for transmission line
including installation of electric ion line installation, However,
transmission lines and/or installati details needed to be
electric distribution facilities). on confirmed at further
(a) If necessary, the impacts to Global No serious global

Checklist
Note on Using Environmental
Common
transboundary or global issues environ issues is predicted by

should be confirmed (e.g., the mental the Project, since
project includes factors that issues by impacts by the exhaust
may cause problems, such as the gases will be
transboundary waste treatment, Project minimized as much as
acid rain, destruction of the possible by
ozone layer, and global introducing various
warming). energy saving
measures by the
Project. However,
details needed to be
(a) Where necessary, impacts Alternati No serious impacts to
Note on Using Environmental Checklist
Port
on groundwater hydrology on and ground water is

(groundwater level drawdown damages predicted by
and salinization) that may be to construction of jetty
caused by alteration of ground for the project
topography, such as land water
reclamation and canal regimes
excavation should be by the
considered, and impacts, such Project
as land subsidence that may be
caused by groundwater uses
should be considered. If
significant impacts are
anticipated, adequate mitigation
measures should be taken.
1). Regarding the term Countrys Standards mentioned in the above table, in the event that
environmental standards in the country where the project is located diverge significantly from
international standards, appropriate environmental considerations are requested to be made. In cases
where local environmental regulations are yet to be established in some areas, considerations should
152
be made based on comparisons with appropriate standards of other countries (including Japan's
experience).
2). Environmental checklist provides general environmental items to be checked. It may be necessary to
add or delete an item taking into account the characteristics of the project and the particular
circumstances of the country and locality in which it is located.
Source: Prepared by Study Team based on JICA s Environmental Checklist
b) Alternatives and Mitigation Measures on Environmental and Social Consideration for the Project
The several alternative locations, possible designs and construction methods for the coal thermal power plant and
the jetty will be examined in further study phase. Also detail land use and socio-economic conditions of potential
project affected people (PAPs) will be verified in further study phase of the Project.
Meanwhile, detailed alternatives have not been studied or specified because basic plan and design of the thermal
power plant and regional development program are not finalized yet. To prepare and finalize those, it is necessary
to collect detailed data and information such as geological/ hydrological / bathymetric conditions of concerned
onshore area through site surveys and measurements.
Therefore, draft mitigation measures, alternative locations and design cannot be studied in details currently. If the
Project has significant influence on natural and social environmental conditions, it is necessary to identify such
impacts, and propose alternative plans for whole or a part of the Project to mitigate the predicted impacts.
At present, technically, no serious adverse impact is predicted by construction and operation of the coal thermal
power plant if appropriate mitigation measures as described in are adopted and implemented. However, the coal
thermal power has significantly negative impressions within Myanmar. Thus, raising public awareness about the
coal thermal power plant in general may be required to mitigate unnecessary objection and negative campaigns
toward the Project.
153
(4) Outlines of the related laws and regulations for environmental impact
assessment in Myanmar
a) Environmental Laws, Rules and Regulations of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
1. Environmental Legislation and Institutional System
a. Institutional Setting
As of end of November 2014, Myanmar has 31 ministries in its Union Government. The leading ministries in
charge of environmental and social consideration are the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry
(MOECAF) and the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement (MSWRR). Depending on type and
extent of projects, other ministries such as the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation,
the Ministry of Labor, the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Industry, and so on will take roles in
environmental and social consideration.
b. Fundamental Laws and Regulations

Major legislations pertinent to natural and social environment areas in Myanmar are categorized as follows and
described hereunder;
- Laws and regulations related to environmental consideration,
- Laws and regulations related to social welfare and occupational health, and
- Key laws and regulations for land related right and land acquisition.
c. Laws and Regulations Related to Environmental Consideration

Followings and their amendments/ subordinate documents are key as well as applicable laws and regulations in
respect to Environmental Consideration in current Myanmar. Except for the Environmental Conservation Law
(2012) and its subordinate laws / rules, there are no law determining about the comprehensive environmental
conservation and management in Myanmar. Currently, the following laws and regulations are enacted in
environmental and social consideration field in Myanmar.
- The Water Power Act 1927 (Burma Act 11, 1927)
- The Underground Water Act 1930
- Territorial Sea and Maritime Zone Law 1977
- Irrigation Laws and Regulations 1982
- Law on Aquaculture 1989
- Marine Fisheries Law (1990)
- Freshwater Fisheries Law (1991)
- The Forest law 1992 (8/92)
- The Protection of Preservation of Cultural Heritage Region Law 1994
154
- The Protection of Wildlife, Wild Plant and Conservation of Natural Area Law 1994
- National Environment Policy 1994
- Mines Law 1994
- The Conservation of Water Resources and River Law 2006
- The Environmental Conservation Law 2012
- Farmland Law 2012 (Pyidaungsh Hluttaw Law No.11, 2012)
- Farmland Rules, 2012 (President Office Notification No 62, 2012)
- Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law 2012 (Pyidaungsh Hluttaw Law No.10)
- Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Rules 2012 (President Office Notification No 1, 2012)
- The Environmental Conservation Rules 2014
- The EIA Procedure (Draft)
d. Laws and Regulations Related to Social Welfare and Occupational Health

Some of existing laws and regulations determine about social welfare issues and environmental consideration
issues. Major existing and applicable laws for social welfare are listed as follows.
- Factory Act 1951
- The Oil Field (Labor and Welfare ) Act 1951
- The Leave and Holiday Act 1951
- Public Health Law 1972
- Standing Order 2/95 Occupational Health Plan 1995
- Settlement of Labor Dispute Law 2012 (5/2012)
- Social Welfare Law 2012 (15/2012)
- Minimum Wage Law 2013 (7/2013)
e. Key Laws and Regulations for Land Related Right and Land Acquisition
Followings and their amendments/ subordinate documents are key as well as applicable laws and regulations in
respect to land related rights and land acquisition in current Myanmar. Though some laws already have been
repealed, such laws are still partially applicable depending on situations.
- The (Lower Burma) Land and Revenue Act, 1879 (India Act II, 1876)
- The Upper Burma Land and Revenue Regulation, 1889
- The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (India Act 1, 1894)
- Land Acquisition Directions
- The Lower Burma Town and Village Lands Act 1899 (Burma Act IV, 1898)
- Land and Revenue Order (Rule), 1911
- Land Acquisition Rules 1932
- Land Acquisition Manual 1947
- The Land Nationalization Act,1953 (Act No 75, 1953)*
- Land Nationalization Rules, 1954*
155
- The Law Safeguarding Peasant Rights (Agriculturists Rights Protection Law) 1963 (Union Myanmar
Revolutionary Council Law No. 91, 1963)
- Farmland Law 2012 (Pyidaungsh Hluttaw Law No.11, 2012)
- Farmland Rules, 2012 (President Office Notification No 62, 2012)
- Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law 2012 (Pyidaungsh Hluttaw Law No.10)
- Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Rules 2012 (President Office Notification No 1, 2012)
*Law itself is already repealed but some of sections are still applied depending on respective situations.
f. Laws and Regulations at State Level

Similar to other regions/states in Myanmar, Mon State follows Union level laws and regulations most of cases.
However, Mon State also enacts is own laws and regulations. Followings are major state level laws in Mon State.
Table 4-43 Major Mon State Level Laws and Regulations

No. Law Name General Summarization
1 Mon State Fishery (A) The objectives of the law are
Law (i) To protect the extinct of fish species and to develop fisheries
(11st April 2014) (ii) To protect damage of freshwater fishery water expanses
(iii) To permit fishery by paying tax to the State
(iv) To manage fisheries by law and taking legal actions.
(B) The law determines about fishery water expanse for coastal water and
freshwater, committees duties, fishery franchise holding persons duties, etc,. )
The conservation of biodiversity of algae and other aquatic creatures in coastal area
is one of committees duties.
2 Mon State Village A) The objectives of the law are
Fuel-wood Plantation (i) To develop the State by establishing village fuel-wood plantations in vacant
Law lands, lands under governments control, and damaged forest lands.
(30th September (ii) To increase land use price
2013) (iii) To obtain more fuel-wood due to the systematic fuel-wood consumption
through collective plantation, production and utilization of user groups.
(iv) To protect natural disaster and to conserve natural environment
(v) To utilize the residual parts of fuel-wood such as trunk for other purposes
B) The law determines about formation of village fuel-wood
plantation, committees duties, foresters duties and Inspections activities, etc.)
3 Conservation of The law determines about designation of cultural heritage area, conservation and
Cultural Heritage protection of cultural heritage area, committees duties, issue of permit for
Law, Mon State constructions of hotels, industrial buildings, and research activities in cultural area,
(8th November 2013) and inspection activities in cultural heritage area, etc.
4 Systematic The main objectives of the law are
Production and (i) To support development of farming sector which is fundamental economy of
Usage of Fertilizer country
Law in Mon State (ii) To supervise fertilizer enterprise
(23rd December (iii) To support natural environmental conservation and soil conservation by
2014) utilizing proper fertilizers
(iv) To conduct research and education programs for growers to provide
comprehensive knowledge of fertilizer application
(v) To enhance cultivation of organic products and to provide safe crops to public
5 Salt and Salt The main objectives of the law are
Products Law in (i) To produce salt and salt products without forest depletion
Mon State (ii) To extend the production capacity of salt and salt production area
(11st April 2014) (iii) To assist in salt and salt products export activities
(iv) To distribute enhanced technologies to salt and salt products entrepreneurs
156
6 Recreation Centers, The objectives of the law are
Zoological and (i) To protect natural plants and wild animals by establishing zoological and
Botanical Garden botanical gardens
Law (ii) To protect animals and natural plants and their origin having dangers of
(Draft version) extinction
(iii) To support natural science researches
(iv) To conduct development programs considering environmental conservation
affairs
(v) To cooperate between government organizations, international organizations,
non-government organizations, and individuals for environmental conservation
affairs.
(vi) To provide recreation centers for public
7 Mon State The Law determines about management of development activities (town planning,
Development Law water supply, town cleansing, sanitation in rural and downtown area, electricity
(Amended) supply, establishing of private and development committee markets, environmental
(10th April 2013) conservation activities, public health caring activities, etc.), management of vehicles
including slow moving vehicles like trishaw, management of ferry boats business,
management of killing animals, finance management, fund raising for development
activities, taxes collection, etc.
8 Mon State The objectives of the law are
Loading/Unloading (i) To support for improvement of trading and rapid trade flow
Law (ii) To provide worthy wages to loading and unloading worker for their physical
(19th December efforts
2012) (iii)To provide social stability and occupation welfare of loading and unloading
workers
The law determines about permission of loading and unloading enterprise,
systematic supervisions on loading and unloading enterprise under rules and
regulations of this Law, Occupational safety, etc.
9 Mon State Excise on The objectives of the law are
Alcohols/Beer/Spirits (i) To control the epidemic of alcoholic drinking habit
Law (ii) To avoid illegal production and selling in the distribution of alcohols
(19th December (iii) To attain excise on alcohols/beer/spirits for the State
2012)
10 Mon State Land Tax The law determines about farm land to be taxed, rate of land tax, exemption of land
Law tax, collection of land tax, collection of unpaid land tax by opening as case file, etc.
(19th December
2012)
11 Mon State Fire Risk The objectives of the law are
and Natural Disasters (i) To prevent or mitigate the damage/deprivation of cultural heritage, private
Prevention Law and government industries/ enterprises/ services, publics health, life, building and
(10th April 2013) property, farm lands and animals due to fire risk and natural disasters.
(ii) To conduct emergency response plans and rescure plans without any time
delay in case of fire risk and natural disasters
(iii) To implement rehabilitation activities as soon as possible after fire risk
and natural disasters
The law determines about formation of fire risk and natural disasters prevention
committee, implementation of fire risk and natural disasters prevention activities,
rescue and rehabilitation activities, etc.
12 Mon State Theatre The law determines about application procedure to get permission for holding
Supervision Law variety concert at theatre, functions and duties of concert organizer, etc.
(10th April 2013)
13 Mon State Private The law determines about extension of water-crafts lines, construction of jetties,
Water-crafts cooperation between water-crafts owners/businessmen under township committees
Operation Law guidance to emerge modern transportation system having less impact on natural
(8th November 2013) environment, registration and designation of water-craft line, fund raising activities,
etc.
157
14 Mon State Honorary The objectives of the law are
Certificates and (i) To develop the State and Nation
Commendations (ii) To develop economy and social activities
Awarding Law (iii) To honor persons who valiantly participate in the fields of literature,
(31st September culture, religion, etc.
2013)
15 Regulation for No fishing zone is defined for around 300 meter surrounding of Kyaikkami Yee Le
Fishery around Pagoda and lobster protected area is defined for about 3 km2 (3 km x 1 km)
Pagoda areas surrounding of Kyaik Saw Yee Le Pagoda area respectively. Source: Department of
Fisheries Thanbyuzayat Township.
Source: Relevant state level laws and regulations
b) Environmental Quality Standards

According to the Environmental Conservation Law, MOECAF will set standards of environmental qualities as
agreed by the Union Government and the Environmental Conservation Committee. Standards to be set by
MOECAF are as follows:
- Standard quality of water related to the use of inland water available to public places, dams, ponds,
swamps, flooded land, channel, creeks and rivers.
- Standard quality of water at coastal regions and delta area
- Standard quality of groundwater
- Standard quality of air
- Standard of noise and vibration
- Standard of odor and emission gas
- Standard of wastewater
- Standard of soil and leachate from solid waste
- Other standard environment qualities set by the Union Government
As of the end of November 2014, these standards have not been set yet. Project proponents are required to set
quantitative target levels, independently at this moment.
Currently, MOECAF is in a process for establishment of National Environmental Quality Standards. However,
establishment of comprehensive and practical standards is quite difficult task and it may take certain time. In
consideration of immediate demand for waste water quality, MOECAF is planning to determine Guidelines for
National Environmental Quality Standards, and National Wastewater Quality Standard by end of FY2014.
Though industrial waste water quality has not been stipulated by MOECAF as of November 2014, Ministry of
Industry (MOI) has issued Water and Air Pollution Control Plan on 21st August, 1995. This plan has stipulated
standard values for wastewater effluent from industries before the effluent can be discharged into natural water
environment such as rivers, creeks, lakes and ponds. Currently, these values are often referred to in Myanmar, thus
until establishment of the national environmental standards or guidelines, the target industrial wastewater effluent
from the Project shall not exceeded the values presented in .
158
Table 4-44 Guideline Value of Industrial Wastewater Effluent
No. Parameter Unit Allowable values Remarks
o
1 Temperature C Max 40
2 pH 5-9
Not objectionable when mixed in receiving
3 Color and Odor -
water
4 Dissolved solids Max 2000
5 SS mg/L Max 30
BOD (5 days at Depending on geography of waste
6 mg/L Max 20-60
20oC) discharging point
7 COD (KMnO4) mg/L Max 60
8 Sulphide (as H2S) mg/L Max 1
9 Cyandie (as HCN) mg/L Max 0.2
10 Oil and Grease mg/L Max 5
11 Tar None
12 Formaldehyde mg/L Max 1
13 Phenol and cresols mg/L Max 1
14 Free chlorine mg/L Max 1
15 Zinc mg/L Max 5
16 Chromium mg/L Max 0.5
17 Arsenic mg/L Max 0.25
18 Copper mg/L Max 1.0
19 Mercury mg/L Max 0.005
20 Cadmium mg/L Max 0.03
21 Barium mg/L Max 1.0
22 Selenium mg/L Max 0.02
23 Lead mg/L Max 0.2
24 Nickel mg/L Max 0.2
25 Insecticides None
Radioactive
26 None
materials
Source: Ministry of Industry
c) EIA System and Approval Procedure in Myanmar
1. Laws and Regulations regarding EIA
a. Introduction
As of November 2014, detailed legal process for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has not been
enacted in Myanmar. However, the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF) has been
preparing series of the EIA Procedure draft which defines detailed legal process related to EIA. The draft EIA
Procedure covers contents such as screening of projects, qualification for conducting EIA/ IEE (Initial
Environmental Examination), preparation of EIA/IEE report, Environmental Management Plan (EMP), public
involvement, approval of EIA/IEE report by MOECAF, , Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC), and
monitoring process after approval of EIA/IEE report and etc.. Currently, 6th draft of EIA Procedure is under
preparation.
Though the EIA Procedure is still not enacted, currently, majority of new projects in Myanmar are often
requested by the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) to submit EIA/ IEE report in accordance with draft
EIA procedures, upon business/ investment applications. This is prevalent in case of foreign investment projects
159
regulated by the Foreign Investment Law 2012 and its subordinate laws/regulations.
Myanmar Investment Commission Notification No. 50/2014 (14 August 2014, modifications of Notification No.
1/2013), Economic Activities Which Require Environmental Impact Assessment, determines 30 sectors which
require EIA prior to business license. In the list, following are types of economic activities which require EIA and
relevant to power generation.
- No. 4: Hydropower and other heavy electricity generation, construction of electrical power transmission
line
The Foreign Investment Rules 2013 also depicts that environmental social considerations of projects shall refer
to the Environmental Conservation Law.
2) Super Ordinate Laws of draft EIA Procedures
a. Environmental Conservation Law (2012)

Environmental Conservation Law (ECL) in Myanmar was prepared by MOECAF and enacted in 31 March, 2012.
This is the fundamental law for environmental conservation in Myanmar. describes overall composition of ECL.
Table 4-45 Composition of the Environmental Conservation Law

Chapter Sections
1 Title and Definition 1-2
2 Objectives 3
3 Formation of the Environmental Conservation Committee 4-6
4 Duties and Powers relating to the Environmental Conservation of the 7-8
Ministry
5 Environmental Emergency 9
6 Environmental Quality Standards 10-12
7 Environmental Conservation 13-16
8 Management of Urban Environment 17
9 Conservation of Natural Resources and Cultural Heritages 18-20
10 Prior Permission 21-25
11 Insurance 26-27
12 Prohibitions 28-30
13 Offences and Penalties 31-34
14 Miscellaneous 35-42
Source: Environmental Conservation Law 2012
b. Environmental Conservation Rules (2014)

Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) is detailed enforcement regulations of the Environmental
Conservation Law and enacted on 5 June, 2014. describes overall composition of ECR.
160
Table 4-46 Composition of the Environmental Conservation Rules
Chapter Sections
2 Adopting Policy Relating to Environmental Conservation 3-6
3 Environmental Conservation 7-26
4 International, Regional and Bi-lateral Cooperation Relating to 27-28
Environmental Conservation
5 Environmental Management Fund 29-35
6 Environmental Emergency 36-37
7 Environmental Quality Standards 38-39
8 Management of Urban Environment 40
9 Waste Management 41-46
10 Conservation of Natural Resources and Cultural Heritages 47-50
11 Environment Impact Assessment 51-61
12 Prior Permission 62-68
13 Prohibitions 69
14 Miscellaneous 70-74
Source: Environmental Conservation Rules 2014
ECR stipulates basic policy and concept on EIA application of the development of Projects (Chapter 11);
- To prepare the environment impact assessment report including EMP and submit to the Ministry (Section
55 (a)), and
- To implement and carry out EMP within the time stipulated by the Ministry and submit the performance
situation to the Ministry (Section 55 (b)).
Prior Permission (Chapter 12) is required for categories of business, work-site or factory, workshops which may
cause an impact on the environmental quality (Section 62). Though categories of business and activities which
require the prior permission are yet to be determined as of November 2014, businesses / projects which may cause
hazardous impacts and projects which are required to conduct EIA / IEE seem to be categorized for prior
permission according to the latest draft EIA procedure.
c. Draft EIA Procedures

Though there are still considerable modifications going on by MOECAF for the EIA Procedures as of November
2014, there seems to be not much of significant changes in the overall composition of the EIA Procedures among
the different versions of drafts. describes overall composition of the latest EIA Procedure.
Table 4-47 Composition of the draft EIA Procedure (November 2014)
Chapter Sections
2-1 Establishment of Environmental Impact Assessment Process 3-14
2-2 Requirement of Third Parties to Conduct EIA/IEE 15-22
3 Screening 23-27
4 Initial Environmental Examination 28-40
5 Environmental Impact Assessment 41-73
6 Environmental Consideration in Project Approval 74-95
7 Monitoring 96-112
8 Penalties 113-120
Appendix A Project Categorization for Assessment Purposes
Appendix B IEE/EIA Procedures
Appendix C Penalties Categorization
Source: Draft EIA Procedures
161
3) EIA System and Approve Procedure
a. Basic framework of EIA

According to the draft EIA procedure, basic framework to be laid out for EIA in Myanmar is as follows.
- All projects undertaken in Myanmar by any organizations or individuals having the potential to cause
significant adverse impacts, are required to undertake environmental impact assessment and to obtain an
Environmental Compliance Certificate in accordance with the EIA Procedure. (Article 3, 6th draft)
- The EIA Procedure does not address specific matters in relation to resettlement and indigenous people.
Projects involving resettlement or potentially affecting indigenous people shall additionally comply with
separate procedures issued by responsible ministries before issuing separate procedures by MOECAF, and
in the absence of such procedures all such projects shall adhere to international good practice on
involuntary resettlement and indigenous people.(Article 9, 6th draft)
- Existing projects or projects under construction before the issuance of the EIA Procedure shall develop an
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) within a time frame prescribed by the Ministry and such EMP
shall be subject to the review and approval of the Ministry. (Article 10, 6th draft)
b. Screening of Projects
According to the draft EIA Procedure, MOECAF will determine project type (scale of environmental
assessment) based on project proposals submitted by project proponents (Article 23, 6th draft, ).
Table 4-48 Types (Scales) of Projects Determined in EIA Procedure

Project Type Description
EIA Type Project Project judged by MOECAF as being likely to have
potential for adverse impacts. Pubic consultation process
is obligatory
IEE Type Project Project judged by MOECAF to have some adverse
impacts, but of lesser degree and/or significance than
those for EIA type projects. Public consultation process is
required based on necessity
Neither EIA nor IEE Project judged by MOECAF not required to undertake any
Type Project environmental assessment.
The draft EIA Procedure also determines project categories which require EIA or IEE (Annex 1 Project
Categorization for Assessment Purposes). Though there are certain changes of project categories among drafts,
the latest draft EIA Procedure is aiming to simplify but to include necessary project categories which require EIA
or IEE.
c. Process of IEE/EIA
The draft EIA Procedure determines processes for IEE, EIA and required actions for on-going projects (when the
EIA Procedure is enacted). Following figure summarize respective processes. The process which is currently
required by MIC is also included in .
162
Figure 4-16 Overall EIA Process in draft EIA Procedures and MIC application
IEE EIA On-going Projects MIC Requirements
Environmental (IEE) Scoping Environmental / Social Submission of

Investigation (Public Consultation) Compliance Audit Environmental & Social
(including Public Scoping Report & Investigation Consideration Related
Consultation Process) Report
Environmental (EIA) Submission of
Preparation & Investigation Environmental MIC 1st Review (PAT)
Submission of IEE Management Plan
Report Draft EIA Report (EMP) Comments from
Relevant Ministries and
Review and Approval Disclosure and Public
Reflection of Comments
Process Consultation of draft to the Report
(Maximum 60days) EIA Report
(Including IEE Report
Disclosure & Public Submission of EIA MIC 2nd Review,
Consultation Process) Report Approval of Report
Review and Approval

Issuance of Process
Environmental (Maximum 90days)
Compliance Certificate
(ECC) Issuance of
Environmental
Compliance Certificate
(ECC)
Source: Draft EIA Procedures and MIC related documents
d. Environmental Compliance Certificate

According to the 6th draft EIA Procedure, MOECAF will issue Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
after approving IEE Report or EIA Report, or an EMP.
After the EIA Procedure will be enacted, obtaining ECC will be prerequisite for obtaining permit issued by the
Myanmar Investment Commission, any ministry, or any other competent authority, to proceed implementation
of the Project.
e. Draft EIA/IEE Categorization for Energy Sector Projects

At the latest draft EIA Procedure, 24 types of projects for energy sector are determined for IEE/EIA categories
and details are described in .
163
Table 4-49 Draft EIA/IEE Categorization for Energy Sector Projects
Project Size of Project which require

Type of Investment Projects Size of Project which require EIA
No. IEE
2 Hydro power project 1MW and < 15 MW (or) 15 MW (or) reservoir capacity
reservoir capacity < 20,000,000 m3 (or) reservoir area
20,000,000 m3 (or) reservoir 400 ha
area < 400 ha
3 Nuclear power plant - All sizes
4 Natural gas or biogas power plant or 5 MW and 50 MW 50 MW
waste heat power plant
5 Coal power plant 1 MW and 10 MW 10 MW
6 Thermal power plant (not included in 5 MW and 50 MW 50 MW
No. 4 and 5 categories)
7 Geothermal power plant 5 MW and 50 MW 50 MW
8 Construction of combined cycle (Gas
and Thermal) power stations 5 MW and < 50 MW 50 MW
9 Wind power plant 10 MW and 50 MW 50 MW
10 Solar power plant 50 MW All projects which IEE
recommends to conduct EIA
11 Plant of power generation from waste 50MW All projects which IEE
materials recommends to conduct EIA
12 Construction or distribution of oil and > 10 km and < 50 km 50 km
natural gas pipeline
13 Oil refinery plant or Natural gas plant - All sizes
(LPG, LNG, Mo Gas, Kerosene,
Diesel, Fuel, Petroleum, )
14 Oil and Natural gas terminals - All sizes
15 Fuel station (including LPG, CNG) storage capacity > 10 m3 All projects which IEE
(10,000 L) recommends to conduct EIA
16 Construction of depot for oil or natural oil storage capacity < 10,000 oil storage capacity 10,000 tons
gas storage tons - gas storage capacity < - gas storage capacity 2,500
2,500 tons tons
17 Installation of Electrical power line < < 50 km 50 km
230 kV
18 Installation of Electrical power line All sizes
(Main power line) 230 kV
19 High voltage transformer substation < 10 ha 10 ha
20 Oil or natural gas exploration by All sizes All projects which IEE
means of geophysical drilling recommends to conduct EIA
21 Onshore oil and gas development All sizes
projects
22 Offshore oil and gas development All sizes
projects
23 Production of oil -based organic All sizes
chemical
24 Natural Gas production industry (LPG All sizes
products including Naphtha, gasoline,
kerosene, disel fuel, waxes, lubes or
Methanol)
25 Liquefied Natural Gas production All sizes
industry
Among the categories indicated in as well as in other categories in the latest draft EIA procedures, following
164
types of project categorization are more likely applicable for the Project considered in the Study (). Considering
the current plan for the Project, EIA level study is required for the coal power plant. For the jetty component, it
shall be considered as one of subsidiary facilities of the coal power plant and to shall be assed as part of the EIA
level study for the entire coal power plant.
Table 4-50 Possible EIA/IEE Categorization for the Project
Type of Investment Projects Size of Project which require IEE Size of Project which require EIA
Coal power plant 1 MW and 10 MW 10 MW
Installation of Electrical power line < 230 < 50 km 50 km

kV
Installation of Electrical power line (Main All sizes
power line) 230 kV
Port construction project (port, jetty and area < 25 ha Area 25 ha
warehouse to load cargos and dock the
passenger ships)
4) Other Environmental Guidelines to be Complied

In addition to the environmental laws, rules and regulations of Myanmar, environmental guidelines of donors and
other international organizations may need to be complied, based on further development status, especially
financial source of the Project. Followings are some of representative environmental guidelines need to be
considered.
JICA/ JBIC: JICAs or JBICs Environmental Guidelines designates that any project and activity which may
give significant impacts on natural and social environments is classified as Category A. The
Category A project should disclose the EIA report and environmental approval certificate.
World Bank: The World Bank instructs to prepare a resettlement action plan in case that the large scale of
involuntary resettlement, of which PAPs are equal to more than 200 people, accompanies with
implementation of the project (Source: WB OP4.12).
5) EIA TOR for further study

A draft Terms of Reference (TOR) for investigation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Project is
prepared for further considerations and summarized in .
165
Table 4-51 Draft TOR for EIA of the Project
Item Description
Assumptions (1) EIA Level Study
(2) Duration: at least 9 months and covering both rainy and dry seasons for surveys/
measurements
1 Preparatory (1) Kick-off Meeting with Ministry of Environment Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF:
Work based on necessity)
(2) Field Pre-Survey
(3) Data Collection by Literature or F/S Report and Field Reconnaissance
2 (1) Reviewing Project Description
Development (2) Confirmation on Latest Legal Documents
of Basic (3) Setting Environmental Standard to be applied
Framework
for EIA
3 Scoping (1) Preparation of Scoping Documents and TOR of EIA Investigation
(2) 1st Stakeholder Meeting
(3) Discussion of TOR for EIA Investigation with MOECAF (based on necessity)
4
Investigation No. Item Survey Item Frequency Points
(Baseline 1 Meteorology Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Continuously 1 point
Survey) Isolation, Radiation budget, near
Cloud proposed
project
site
2 Air Quality NO2, SO2, TSP, CO, PM10 Monthly from 1 point
October 2013 to (near
February 2014 (1 proposed
point, near project
proposed project site,)
site)
3 Water Salinity, Temp., Turbidity, 1m 3 times (15 days 2 points
Temperature layer each each) (1 line)
4 Current/ River Current Flow 3 times (5 days 2 points
Flow in 2 weeks each) (1 line)
5 Water Quality 1) Temperature (water, 1 time each in 2 points
(Natural and atmosphere), 2) water level, 3) dry and rainy
Living flow rate, 4) odor, 5) color, 6) season
Conditions) electrical conductivity, 7) pH,
8) BOD5, 9) SS, 10) DO, 11)
total coliform, 12) COD, 13)
total nitrogen, 14) total
phosphorous, 15) total organic
compounds, 16) turbidity, 17)
hardness, 18) nitrates (NO3-N,
NO2-N), 19) ammonium
nitrogen (NH4-N)
6 Water Quality 20) arsenic (As), 21) mercury 1 time in dry and 2 points
(Toxic (Hg), 22) lead (Pb), 23) rainy season
Substance) cadmium (Cd), 24) hexavalant
chromium (Cr(VI)), 25)
copper (Cu), 26) zinc (Zn), 27)
nickel (Ni), 28) manganese
(Mn), 29) iron (Fe), 30) tin
(Sn), 31) cyanide (CN), 32)
phenol, 33) oil and grease, 34)
sulfide, 35) sulfate, 36)
fluoride
166
7 Sediment pH, As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, 1 time in dry 1 points
(River Bed) Fe, Cr (VI), Se, Hg, Ni, CN, season
F, B
8 Traffic Number of Vehicle for each 1 time (weekday) 2 points
Volume type (track, normal vehicle
motor cycle)
9 Noise Leq (dB) 1 time (weekday) 2 points
10 Vibration Lv (dB) 1 time (weekday) 2 points
11 Flora and Biological Environment, 2 times (dry and proposed
Fauna Vegetation and Habitat rainy season) project
Mapping, Aqua-ecosystem site and
survey off shore
12 Cultural and Cultural heritage, religious 1 time proposed
landscape facilities, landscape points, etc. project
site
13 Social* Land use and infrastructure, 1 time proposed
Population, Living and project
livelihood, working site
conditions, Sanitation and
health etc.
S*In addition, surveys for preparation of RAP are required if there will be significant
involuntarly resettlement by the Project.
5 (1) Prediction of Environmental and Social Impact (Key environmental elements: Air and
Environmental Water Temperature)
Impact (2) Preparation of draft EIA Report
Assessment (3) 2nd Stakeholder Meeting
(4) Preparation of EIA Report including EMP
(5) Submission of EIA Report to MOECAF
Source: Study team
(5) Actions to be taken by the related authorities in Myanmar to realize
the Project
a) Summary of the Actions to be Taken

It is recommended that the related authorities and / or the Project proponent will implement the following tasks
and duties promptly to realize the Project:
Project proponents in collaboration with concerned authorities shall conduct followings.
Firstly, basic surveys to determine location of the coal thermal power plant and its jetty including
alternatives will be conducted.
Concurrently to above, a census or social survey to pre-determine users as well as residents of the project
locations (project affected persons: PAPs) will be conducted.
Thereafter, EIA should be conducted to obtain the environmental approvals. As necessary, resettlement
action plan (RAP) with compensation plan and livelihood restoration plan will be prepared. Actions to be
taken are shown below;
Implement basic surveys such as meteorological measurements, soil investigation, air quality
167
survey, water quality survey, river / current flow survey, onshore and offshore fauna / flora survey,
and social survey for collecting fundamental baseline information not only for planning /
designing of the Project but also for assessing the environmental impacts of the Project,
Prepare and finalize TOR for EIA study to start EIA process promptly. As necessary, quantitative
targets for environmental conservation for the Project will be set independently if national
standards are not formulated yet by the commencement of EIA study.
Implement EIA by third party organization hired by the Project proponent to obtain
environmental permission (ECC: Environmental Compliance Certificate or equivalent) from the
government.
If necessary, obtain required environmental approvals other than ECC, such as approvals relating
to usage of on-shore area.
Prepare RAP if it is required land acquisition and involuntary resettlement, , and
Commence land acquisition procedure considering predicted environmental and social impacts.
Then start negotiations on compensation with PAPs who will be affected by the Project such as
famers/residents within the project site and fishermen living around the project site.
It is recommended that the concerned government authorities will conduct followings to facilitate
implementation of coal thermal power plant related project.
MOECAF is expected to finalize the EIA Procedures and the procedure to be enacted. This will
streamline currently vague requirements for EIA.
MOECAF is expected to prepare and indicate draft national environmental quality standards/
guidelines, enabling project proponents to comply such standards for environmental and social
safeguard
Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP) is expected to implement series of public awareness campaign for
coal thermal power plant development and electricity supply/ demand issues for more scientific
understandings toward the coal thermal plant by the general public. MOEP is in the position to
increase coal thermal power plants to meet the demand. However, majority of the general public have
stereotype negative impressions toward the coal thermal power plant due to inappropriate construction
and management of existing coal thermal power plant (Tigyit Power Plant in Shan State).
168
Chapter 5 Financial and Economic Evaluation
(1) Cost estimation of the Project
Based on similar projects being studied by the Study team and also on the past experiences, the preliminary
project cost was estimated.
The total capital expenditure for the Project is estimated approximately 130 billion yen and a rough breakdown
is as follows:
a) Ultra-supercritical pressure coal-fired power plant

The sum including the estimated cost for boiler, turbine, electrical and instrument equipment with cables, water
drainage and treatment, foundation and civil works, surrounding infrastructures, designing fee and others is as
follows:
79 billion yen
b) Harbor facilities
The sum including the estimated cost for approach pier, coal unloading pier and breakwater is as follows:
33 billion yen
c) Coal storage facilities

The sum including the estimated cost for machinery for coal unloading and transport, foundation and civil
works, surrounding area infrastructure, designing fee and others is as follows:
12 billion yen
d) Other expenses
The sum including the estimated expense for dispatching of engineers, credit guarantee, contingencies and
others is as follows:
6 billion yen
(2) Preliminary financial and economic analyses

1) Preconditions for the financial and economic analyses
It is assumed that, for the following reasons, the Project is not one that operates as an IPP project on the basis
of the budget of an isolated project but one that operates under the management of MoEP.
a) It is assumed that the Project is not intended to earn tariff revenues based on the price of power but concerns a
power station operated within the budget of MoEP.
b) Costs associated with the Project that are paid to the outside of MoEP, such as labor costs, are demanded and
approved as an annual budget of MoEP.
169
c) Yen loan (ODA) is provided to the Ministry of Finance and is paid back by the Ministry of Finance; for this
reason, it is mandatory for MoEP to make repayments of the loan to the Ministry of Finance.
2) Basic conditions and assumed conditions for the analysis

a) Duration of the Project
Operating period of the Project is 20 years including the 4 years for construction period.
b) Annual expected operating time

To simplify calculations, an 80% capacity factor (365 days x 24 hours/day x 80%), namely 7,008 hours/year,
is assumed throughout the project period in this analysis.
3) Values associated with the generated output

a) Assumed annual generated output
Assumed annual generated output at average is taken at 600 MW at an outdoor temperature of 30C.
b) Annual degradation rate

With the aim of simplifying calculations, this analysis assumes that the degradation rate is zero.
c) Transmission LossDistribution Loss

With the aim of simplifying calculations, this analysis assumes that the transmission loss and the distribution
loss are zero.
4) Taxation on the project

This analysis assumes that the development and operations of the project are exempted from all taxation by the
Government of Myanmar.
5) FIRR calculation
1. Costs
Capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenditures (OPEX) needed to operate a power plant are
considered in general. CAPEX as referred to here are made up of costs of engineering, procurement and
construction of the power plant, incidental facilities, consulting services and so on for the Project.
2. Convenience/Benefit
This amounts to the product of the quantity sold to the consumers by the sales price to the consumers in
Myanmar.
a) Assumed selling tariff to MEPE
Electricity-selling tariff to sold to MEPE by a power generation business operator in Myanmar (in the case in
which the fuel expenses are passed on to MEPE) was USD0.03 0.04/kWh. In this analysis, the unit price of
170
USD0.035/kWh (the mean value), is used.
b) Assumed income
Using the above assumed tariff, the assumed income is calculated as shown below:
(The assumed revenue: 147.168MMUS$) = (Tariff: 0.035USD/kWh) (Output: 600 MW) (7,008 hours)
6) EIRR calculation
a) Preconditions for the assumed economic convenience
1. Costs
CAPEX and OPEX needed to run a power plant are considered. The CAPEX as referred to here are made up
of costs of engineering, procurement and construction of the power plant, incidental facilities, consulting
services and so on for the Project.
2. Convenience/Benefit
Diesel-engine-generator often is used for power generation due to unstable electricity supply in Myanmar.
Therefore, the fuel cost and the maintenance cost for such diesel-engine-generated power can be considered
as the willingness to pay (WIP) of the consumers in calculating EIRR.
The economic convenience of the private diesel-engine-based power generation with a power generating
capacity of 600 MW is calculated from the viewpoint of the following willingness to pay (WIP) of the
consumers.
According to the Project for Electrification of Rural Areas by Means of Flowing-water Micro Hydropower
Generation in the Republic of Union of Myanmar, a report of the Results of Fiscal 2012 Global Warming
Countermeasure Technology Promotion Projects of NEDO, MoEP has installed diesel generators at 645
locations or so throughout the country of Myanmar for the purpose of rural area electrification, with
electricity generated at a cost as high as 50 60 yen/kWh (USD 0.42 0.5/kWh for an exchange rate of 120
yen/USD). Coal-fired power generation that replaces diesel-engine-based power generation using expensive
fuel is assumed in the calculation of EIRR for the Project.
The assumed expenditures for the operation of a diesel generator with an output of 600 MW at a capacity
factor of 80% (365 days 24 hours/day 80%) for 7,008 hours/year are as shown below, provided that the
power generating cost of the diesel generator is set at the midpoint value (55 yen/kWh, namely USD
0.48/kWh).
(WTP: 2578.944MMUS$) = (0.46USD/kWh) (Average Output: 600 MW) (7,008 hours)
8) Operating Expenditures (OPEX)

In this analysis, OPEX can be determined from the three factors, the fuel costs, the fixed costs and the variable
costs, as shown below.
With Myanmar having not imported coal, the price of coal is set by adding the premium expenses for a
long-term contract and the assumed transportation costs from Australia to Myanmar to the average FOB-based
price of Australian coal over the past five years. In addition, it is assumed that this power station with an output
171
of 600 MW consumes approximately 1.5 million tons of coal under the operation at an assumed capacity factor
of 80%.
OPEX calculation has been performed with the fixed and the variable costs assumed to be on the same level as
that of maintenance expenses of coal-fired power stations of similar size in the neighboring countries (USD 35
mil/year).
a) Fuel costs
1) (Fuel costs) = (Coal price) (Average annual coal consumption: 1.5 million tons)
The price of coal is set by adding the premium expenses for a long-term contract and the assumed
transportation costs from Australia to Myanmar to the average FOB-based price of Australian coal over the
past five years (USD 120/ton).
b) Variable and fixed costs

OPEX calculation has been performed with the fixed and the variable costs assumed to be on the same level as
that of maintenance expenses of coal-fired power stations of similar size in the neighboring countries (USD 35
mil/year).
9) Result of the economic and financial analysis (for 20-year operation)
(3) Financial internal rate of return (FIRR)

a) In this analysis, an assumed electricity-selling tariff that is USD 0.035/kWh; and the FIRR was calculated
to be 5%, which turned out to be lower than the hurdle rate used commonly in developing nations, 15%.
172
Project
O&M cost Plant cost Owner's Cost Revenue
Year
-4 0 -271 -58
-3 0 -271 -58
-2 0 -271 -58
-1 0 -271 -58
1 -35 147
2 -35 147
3 -35 147
4 -35 147
5 -35 147
6 -35 147
7 -35 147
8 -35 147
9 -35 147
10 -35 147
11 -35 147
12 -35 147
13 -35 147
14 -35 147
15 -35 147
16 -35 147
17 -35 147
18 -35 147
19 -35 147
20 -35 147
US$ million
(4) Economic internal rate of return (EIRR)

a) The EIRR was calculated to be 58%, fuel conversion from diesel to coal has been found that there is
economic rationality.
173
Coal
Project Coal price
consumption Fuel cost O&M cost Plant cost Owner's Cost WTP
Year (USD/ton
millon ton
-4 0 0 -271 -58
-3 0 0 -271 -58
-2 0 0 -271 -58
-1 0 0 -271 -58
1 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
2 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
3 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
4 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
5 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
6 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
7 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
8 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
9 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
10 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
11 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
12 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
13 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
14 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
15 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
16 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
17 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
18 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
19 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
20 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579
US$ million
174
Chapter 6 Envisaged Project Schedule
The positioning of this survey was a preliminary feasibility study for a feasibility study that is a precondition
for the construction of a coal-fired thermal power plant, and it was completed in February 2015. The survey was
to be reported to the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and also to the Myanmar government
through the Ministry. Thereafter, in order to move the project forward, a memorandum of understanding on the
advancement of the project is expected to be signed between the Myanmar government and the Japanese
government, and the Myanmar government is supposed to request the Japanese government for provision of yen
loans.
After the request is made, a feasibility study of the project will be carried out. JICA is entrusted with the
investigation of the economic, social, financial, technological and environmental aspects of the project and the
operation and maintenance/management regimes of the project implementation entity. Based on the result of this
screening, the Japanese government will decide whether it is appropriate to provide yen loan to the project for
which the request has been made. If the yen loan is approved, its amount, the terms of loan and so on will be
decided.
The Japanese government will notify the loaning country of its decision concerning the yen loan through the
diplomatic route to the loaning country. Thereafter, the two governments will initiate talks for reaching an official
agreement. When an agreement is reached between the two governments, exchange of notes (E/N) detailing the
items of the agreement will be held. Thereafter, JICA will initiate its loan agreement negotiations with the loaning
entity (loaning government, governmental agency, etc.). After a loan agreement (LA) is signed, the project will be
implemented.
The envisaged schedule for the project implementation is as shown below.

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q
Preliminary
Feasibility Study
Yen loan Request from
Myanmar government
Feasibility Study
Review
Exchange of E/N
Exchange of L/A
Construction
COD
The schedule after the completion of the preliminary feasibility study in February 2015 is as follows: informing
the Myanmar government of the content of the study, request to be made by the Myanmar government on the
provision of an yen loan to the Japanese government, selection of project-implementing entity by the Japanese
government after the request is made, signing of a memorandum of understanding on the implementation of the
feasibility study between the implementing entity and MoEP of Myanmar, implementation of the feasibility study
in 2016, review by the Japanese government of the project after the feasibility study is completed, exchange of
notes and signing of a loan agreement with the Myanmar government. After these steps are taken, plant
175
construction is slated to begin in 2018. After 5 years or so of construction period, commencement of commercial
operation of the power plant is planned in 2022.
176
Chapter 7 Implementing organizations
(1) Overview of implementing organizations in Myanmar

In Myanmar, the Ministry of Electric Power (MoEP) has jurisdiction over policies on electricity. MoEP,
established in 1997 as a spin-off from the Ministry of Energy, was split, through reorganizations carried out in
2002 and 2006, into MoEP No. 1 (MoEP 1), which was made responsible mainly for hydropower generation, and
No. 2 (MoEP 2), which was made responsible for gas-fired thermal power generation and power distribution.
These two split ministries were reunified under the newly formed Ministry of Electric Power (see below figure).
As a legacy of the splitting, a deputy minister presides over the organizations of the former MoEP 1 and another
deputy minister over those of the former MoEP 2. The minister of the new MoEP presides over both as union
minister.
. The former MoEP No. 1 has jurisdiction over a coal-fired thermal power plant and Department of Hydro
Power Planning (DHPP) is responsible for the future plan of the projects. The Project is supposed to be financed
by an yen loan by the Japanese Government and the power plant is supposed to be owned and operated by the
Myanmar Government. Therefore, it will be owned and operated by MoEP accordingly.
The Project will use coal as its fuel. However, due to delay in infrastructure development and due specifically to
unfeasibility of the use of brown coal produced in Myanmar in the case of the plant where supercritical or
ultra-supercritical pressure coal-fired power generation is planned, coal to be used for the Project must be
imported from such countries as Indonesia and Australia. Since the Ministry of Mine of Myanmar deals only with
the management of domestically produced coal (production adjustment, management of export, etc.), it has no
jurisdiction over import of coal under the present circumstance. Myanmar has little experience importing coal to
begin with and therefore, in order to proceed with coal-fired power plant with imported coal, MoEP must carry out,
via the Ministry of Commerce, the required procedure for obtaining import permit and so on. The Ministry of
Commerce may require the opinion from the Ministry of Mine when the procedure for obtaining a coal import
permit is being advanced. However, as long as introduction of supercritical or ultra-supercritical pressure
coal-fired boilers, with which domestically produced coal cannot be used, is sought, MoEP has control over the
issue of coal import.
Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise (MEPE) under MoEP will be in charge of power transport, and the Yangon
City Electricity Supply Board (YESB) will be in charge of distributing power in the Yangon region. As for power
distribution in rural regions, the Electricity Supply Enterprise (ESE) will be in charge.
177
(2) Organization/system for project implementation in Myanmar
There is no established organization specifically for implementing the Project in Myanmar yet. However, in
accordance with the below letter from MoEP, it is assumed that MoEP will form a specific organization for the
Project or assign the specific team for the Project in due course.
178
179
(3) Capability of the implementing organizations and countermeasures
There exists in Myanmar only one coal-fired power plant, constructed by Chinese, in Tigyit, and its power
generation efficiency is below 30%. Therefore, there is virtually little know-how accumulated on how to construct,
own and operate a coal-fired power plant. However, since there are hydropower plants constructed, owned and
operated by the MoEP itself, people in Myanmar possess a good knowledge and know-how on how to deal with
residents around the area for a new power plant, how to operate such a plant and so on.
180
Therefore, when it comes to development of coal-fired power plants in Myanmar, know-how on constructing,
owning and operating ultra supercritical coal-fired power plants, operation and maintenance and training of
workers must be provided to the Myanmar Government in cooperation with Japanese utility companies, electric
power companies, with abundant experiences in them with Japanese Government.
Operators of power plants in Myanmar will have an opportunity to be trained at ultra-supercritical coal-fired
power plants and supercritical coal-fired plants in Japan as a potential operator of the plants in order to acquire
know-how on operation and maintenance so that they can operate the planned power plant with Myanmars
personnel only in the future.
181
Chapter 8 Technical Advantages of Japanese Companies
(1) Competitiveness of Japanese companies for the Project

Tigyit Power Plant is the only coal-fired power plant in operation in Myanmar (2 of 60 MW units). The power
generation plant began its operation, supported by the Chinese government, in 2004. However, its operation rate
remain around 30% due, it is said, to various reasons such as problems with equipment. Also, it is said that
environmental pollution by flue gasses emitted from the plant due to problems with equipment in the exhaust gas
system has become an issue.
Under these circumstances, high hopes are placed on a high-efficiency and environment-friendly coal-fired
power station based on advanced technologies of Japanese manufacturers. The integrated approach with the
Japanese government and private companies to combines the export of experienced operating know-how of
Japanese utility companies, the capability of project development and finance arrangement of Japanese trading
houses, and ODA, financial assistance and technical support by the Government of Japan will contribute to the
enhancement of more business opportunities for the related industries for Japanese companies and also to the
facilitation of appropriate economic development in Myanmar.
For an ultra supercritical pressure power plant, major equipment such as the boiler, a steam turbine, and a
generator are expected to be manufactured in Japan or by Japanese companies. Furthermore, technical assistance
in operation and maintenance of the coal-fired power station after its commissioning for well managed operation
at high efficiency can be provided to the power plant in Myanmar by Japanese utility companies and the
technological transfer can also be expected for a long run perspective.
In the case of ultra-supercritical coal-firing power plants, major supplier for main equipment (including civil
engineering and construction work) such as boilers, steam turbines and power generators would be will constitute
a Japanese portion (including made-in-Japan portion or Japanese-made portion that are produced making use of
overseas hubs of Japanese companies).
Also, in order to maintain high-efficiency operation of the coal-fired power plant in Myanmar, a technical
service agreement (TSA) to provide technical support for its operation and repair after the plant has begun its
operation and a long term service agreement (LTSA) to have manufactures guarantee their products against
technical risks such as check and maintenance of important parts and troubleshooting measures may be signed so
that expansion of exports from Japan can be expected not only during the construction period, but also while the
plant is being operated.
(2) Expected Japanese contents

Major equipment with technical advantages by potential major Japanese suppliers are listed below.
Name of main equipment Manufacture, etc.

182
Boiler Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd.
IHI Corporation
Steam turbine Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd.
Toshiba Corporation
Generator Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd.
Toshiba Corporation
Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.
Computer (control system) Toshiba Corporation
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
Hitachi Ltd.
ABB Bailey Japan Ltd.
(3) Promotion of the Japanese Contents
It is suggested that the governmental support for the infrastructure projects in a developing countries with
relatively higher country risks be much meaningful for private sector companies to some extent, especially in
terms of financial support such as yen loan as a menu of ODA.
Among the various financial support menu by the Japanese government, STEP (Special Terms for Economic
Partnership) can be beneficial for both countries, Japan and also Myanmar in this case of the Project. With STEP,
Myanmar will be able to enjoy the highly advanced state-of-art technology by Japanese companies and also
possible technological transfer. Japanese companies will be able to enjoy more opportunities to contribute the
Project for mainly supply of goods and services.
183
Chapter 9 Expected fund source for the Project
(1) Direction of the fund sourcing by the Myanmar Government for the
Project
In Myanmar, power plants are constructed and operated with its own fund or grant aid from foreign countries,
or they are constructed and operated by private-sector power companies with an Independent Power Producer
(IPP) scheme. Meanwhile, no plants have recently been constructed with soft loan nor concessional loan from
foreign countries. Since Myanmar has gone through the debt-relief for the soft loans from foreign countries
including Japan, in general, it does not actively seek soft loans for a project.
Power shortage is seen at a moment already and rapid growth of the future demand is expected in Myanmar.
Meanwhile, it is difficult to develop a new gas-fired power plant since there is not much surplus of domestic
natural gas and also it applies to a new hydro power plant due to the environmental issues and other reasons. In
order to fill the gap between demand and supply of power production capacity in Myanmar, development of a new
coal-fired power plant with a large capacity is inevitable.
Many new power plants are recently being developed with IPP scheme in Myanmar, however these projects are
relatively small size since power plant projects with large capacity find the financial difficulty to be developed
under IPP scheme with project finance due to the following issues:
1. Laws and regulations to structure project financing and to protect the project sponsors and lenders are yet
to be implemented;
2. Government guarantee may not be secured; and
3. Expected internal rate of return of the project may not be high enough for private companies due to a heavy
burden for capital expenditures for the related infrastructures.
It is suggested that environmentally friendly and highly efficient ultra super critical coal-fired power plant with
clean coal technology be to be introduced in Myanmar to reduce the environmental burden and to contribute to the
increase of power supply capacity as well. It is also suggested that the soft loan from the Japanese Government
be applicable to this kind of project with the clean coal technology as the Japanese companies have a strong
competitiveness in the technology.
High officials from MoEP expressed its understanding, to some extent, of the need for the soft loans to
construct power plants during the hearing session by the study team.
(2) Surroundings for fund sourcing

Although grant aid has been provided to power generation sector in Myanmar, no institution has recently
offered a loan to it. Private-sector power companies that are advancing development in Myanmar do not resort to
structuring of project financing. Instead, they use their own funds to advance construction of power plants.
Meanwhile, in the bidding for Myingyan gas-fired IPP power plant project, IFCs consultant team got involved in
184
it, which secured, albeit its small scale, MoEPs guarantee concerning its selling of power. Since this case has a
possibility of being capable of structuring project financing for a large-scale power generation for the first time, it
must be watched carefully. However, it is generally believed that it takes some more times to structure project
financing for large-scale power generation in Myanmar.
(3) Expected fund source for the Project including yen loan
Since this project concerns a large-scale coal-fired power plant, while conditions for structuring project
financing is unimplemented and development based on it is not likely, ODA of yen loan by the Japanese
Government is considered to be made use of.
MoEP expressed its concern for the construction management and operation of the coal-fired power plant due to
the lack of experience and know-how and its intention to request for the technical support for such issues,
however, MoEP was convinced that they would be capable enough to manage the construction and operate the
power plant as well if such technical support is also provided.
And MoEP recognized the benefit of the application of yen loan to the Project and understand that MoEP is the
one to promote the development of the Project based on the basic understandings toward the yen loan. Therefore,
it is advisable that the application of yen loan is possibly an efficient solution depending on the bilateral
arrangement between the related ministries of the both government of Myanmar and Japan.
185
Chapter 10 Action plans for the request for yen loans
(1) Directions of the yen loan application to the Project
Shown below is a schematic diagram of organizations involved in securing ODA yen loans for Myanmar.
After the result of this survey is reported to the Myanmar government, it will request the Japanese government
for an ODA yen loan. After the request is received by the Japanese government, the governments will sign a
memorandum of understanding for carrying out a feasibility study for cooperation based on the request for the
ODA yen loan. Afterwards, MoEP will sign MOU with Japanese companies selected by the Japanese government
for carrying out a project feasibility survey.
(2) Actions to be taken for the yen loan application

In order to make a request for an ODA yen loan, public knowledge of clean coal technology must be prevailed
in Myanmar. In Myanmar, due to activities of NGO, inefficient operations of the existing coal-fired power plant
and its adverse impacts on peoples environments owing to unimplemented waste treatment for the environment,
people has a strong, and sometimes incorrect, impression of coal-fired power plants as a power source imposing
heavy burdens to the environment. In the course of development of the Project, it is necessary to implement public
relations initiatives to explain that it is possible to achieve coal-fired power generation that does not burden the
environment by introducing the proper countermeasures such as desulfurization equipment and NOx removal
equipment to reduce hazardous substances such as CO2, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides produced by burning of
coal. It is also necessary to form common recognition among the people of the Myanmar government that is
favorable to loaning cooperation by letting the importance of such cooperation be known thoroughly to the
economic development of Myanmar.
(3) Related issues for the yen loan application

After this survey is completed, it is suggested that public relations using TV commercials to raise the level of
recognition of clean coal within Myanmar, briefing on clean coal to NGO and the press, holding of lectures to
government personnel on clean coal and so on be carried out. It is also suggested that government personnel be
briefed on favorable benefits of infrastructure development with ODA yen loan on the growth of the nation as a
precursor activity for requesting it.
186

PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Study on Economic Partnership Projects

In Developing Countries in FY2014

Study on the New Power Plant Project in Mawlamyaing,

Mitsui & Co., Ltd.

Source: Data prepared by the Study team

Chapter 1 Overview of the Host Country and Sectors 12

Chapter 2 Study Methodology 27

Chapter 3 Justification, Objectives and Technical Feasibility of the Project 32

Chapter 5 Financial and Economic Evaluation 169

Chapter 6 Envisaged Project Schedule 175

Chapter 7 Implementing organizations 177

Chapter 8 Technical Advantages of Japanese Companies 182

Chapter 9 Expected fund source for the Project 184

(2) Basic conditions of the project

(3) Envisaged project overview

(4) Execution schedule

(5) Request for Yen Loan and feasibility of the project

(6) Superiority of Japanese enterprises in the technical and other aspects

(7) Issues to be concerned

2) Economic situation in Myanmar

Department of Hydropower Planning (DHPP)

Figure1-1 Setup chart of the Ministry of Electric Power (MoEP)

Department of Department of Hydropower Department of Myanma Yangon City Electric

Source: Data prepared by the Study team

Hydroelectric power plants Hydroelectric power plants

and coal-fired power plants and thermal power plants

Myanma Electric Power Enterprise

Yangon City Electricity Supply Board Electric Supply Enterprise (ESE):

Source: Data prepared by the Study team

Figure1-3 Main energy resources

2) Energy supply and demand situation

Unit: Thousand oil equivalent

Electricity Oil Natural gas(596)

3) Enhancement and rationalization of the use of energy

Source: Data prepared by the Study team

Power Demand [MW]

Source: JICA Electric Power Master Plan Study: Draft Version

Figure 1-6 Electric power source make-up in Myanmar

Installed capacity :28,551MW

Source: JICA Electric Power Master Plan Study: Draft Version

Existing power system ant planning up to 2020

Source: Data provided by the Ministry of Electric Power

Figure 1-8 System operation work setup

Backup NCC Backup

GCC Request for electric

Figure1-9 Relationship chart for electric power enterprises

Electric Supply Enterprise

Source: Data prepared by the Study team

7) Electric power tariffs

2) Study of fuel supply

4) Evaluation of impacts on environmental aspects, social aspects, and consideration-related aspects

6) Possibility of participation of Japanese enterprises

(2) Study team

Deputy Minister Deputy Minister

Department of Department of Hydropower Department Myanma Yangon City Electric

Source: Data prepared by the Study team

Table 2-2 Counterparts who were met

Source: Data prepared by the Study team

Table2-4 First site study

Visit to potential project sites

Table2-6 Third site study

Table2-6 Fourth site study

Source: JICA, Electric Power Master Plan in Myanmar, 2014