1.

) Distinction between district representatives and party-list

representative.

According to Politics and Governance under Charo Esquivias Dugan-

Listana, the district representatives are elected directly and personally,
from the territorial unit they seek to represent. To date, there are 216
members in the House of Representatives who were elected directly
and personally from the territorial unit they represent. These units
or legislative districts were created in accordance with their respective
population and on the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio. The
Constitution provides that there shall be a reapportionment of
legislative districts within three years following the return of every
census. The party-list representatives, on the other hand, are chosen
indirectly, through the party they represent. The voters choose from
the various parties listed in the Commission on Elections. The number
of candidates to be elected from each party shall depend on the
percentage or proportion of votes obtained by the party in the election.
To date, twenty percent or 54 of the total membership (270) of the
House of Representatives is composed of party-list representatives.

Concerted Activities

According to National Labor Relations Board, employees who are not represented by a union
also have rights under the NLRA. Specifically, the National Labor Relations Board protects the
rights of employees to engage in concerted activity, which is when two or more employees
take action for their mutual aid or protection regarding terms and conditions of employment. A
single employee may also engage in protected concerted activity if he or she is acting on the
authority of other employees, bringing group complaints to the employers attention, trying to
induce group action, or seeking to prepare for group action.

A few examples of protected concerted activities are:

Two or more employees addressing their employer about improving their pay.

Two or more employees discussing work-related issues beyond pay, such as safety
concerns, with each other.

An employee speaking to an employer on behalf of one or more co-workers about

improving workplace conditions.

Jurisdiction of Secretary of Labor

JURISDICTION OF THE LABOR ARBITERS

a. Original and exclusive jurisdiction to hear and decide the following cases involving all
workers, whether agricultural or non-agricultural:
 1. Unfair labor practice cases;

2. Termination disputes;

3. If accompanied with a claim for reinstatement, those cases that workers may file involving
wages, rates of pay, hours of work and other terms and

conditions of employment;

4. Claims for actual, moral, exemplary and other forms of damages arising from employer-
employee relations;

5. Cases arising from any violation of Article 264 of the Labor Code, as amended, including
questions involving the legality of strikes and lockouts;

6. Except claims for employees compensation not included in the next succeesing paragraph,
social security, medicare, and maternity benefits, all other

claims arising from employer-employee relations, including those of persons in domestic or

household service, involving an amount exceeding Five

Thousand Pesos (P5,000.00), whether or not accompanied with a claim for reinstatement;

7. Wage distortion disputes in unorganized establishments not voluntarily settled by the parties
pursuant to Republic Act No. 6727;

8. Enforcement of compromise agreements when there is non-compliance by any of the parties

pursuant to Article 227 of the Labor Code, as

amended;

9. Money claims arising out of employer-employee relationship or by virtue of any law or

contract, involving Filipino workers for overseas deployment,

including claims for actual, moral, exemplary and other forms of damages as provided by
Section 10, Republic Act No. 8042, as amended by Republic

Act No. 10022; and

10. Other cases as may be provided by law.

Are party-lists still relevant?

I dont think that they are still relevant because even though they represent particular sectors,
they often fail to achieve their goals. If these party-lists are just efficient, they could contribute to
the needs of their respective sectors.
 Ladlad According to the case

Rather than relying on religious belief, the legitimacy of the Assailed Resolutions
should depend, instead, on whether the COMELEC is able to advance some justification
for its rulings beyond mere conformity to religious doctrine. Otherwise stated,
government must act for secular purposes and in ways that have primarily secular
effects.

There is no Provision provided by the COMELEC prohibiting such kind of

partylist.

MAgdalo- Magdalo Para sa Pagbabago should be refused registration in accordance with Art.
IX-C, Section 2(5) of the Constitution. It is common knowledge that the partys organizer and
Chairman, Senator Antonio F. Trillanes IV, and some members participated in the take-over of
the Oakwood Premier Apartments in Ayala Center, Makati City on July 27, 2003, wherein
several innocent civilian personnel were held hostage. This and the fact that they were in full
battle gear at the time of the mutiny clearly show their purpose in employing violence and
using unlawful means to achieve their goals in the process defying the laws of organized
societies.