ADJECTIVUL

Gradele de comparatie

1) pozitiv = adjectivul nu se schimba

2) comparativ - de inferioritate (2.1.)

- de egalitate (2.2.)
- de superioritate (2.3.)

3) superlativ - relativ (3.1.)

- absolut (3.2.)

2.1. Comparativ de inferioritate

- pt adj scurte (mono si bisilabice) se formeaza din:

not so/not as + adj + as
Ex: This room is not so big as the bedroom.
sau
This room is not as big as the bedroom.

- pt adj lungi se formeaza:

less + adj + than
Ex: The chair is less comfortable than the bed.

2.2. Comparativ de egalitate

Atat pt adj scurte cat si pt lungi:

as + adj + as
Ex: The bed is as good as the chair.

Ideea de egalitate mai poate fi sugerata si prin constructia:

the same + subst + as
! as si nu like !!!
Ex: This room is the same size as the other one.

Schimbare de valoare gramaticala

Adjectiv Substantiv

big, small size (masura)

long, short length (lungime)
broad, narrow breadth (largime pt ceva concret)
wide, narrow width (largime pt ceva abstract)
high, low height (inaltime)
deep, shallow depth (adancime)
heavy, light weight (greutate)
strong, weak strength (putere)..etc.

Constructii cu comparativul de egalitate:

as brave as a lion
as blind as a bat
as black as coal
as busy as a bee
as cool as a cucumber
as clear as daylight
as dry as a bone
as easy as ABC
as fresh as a daisy
as hairy as a gorilla
as mad as a hatter (palarier)
as poor as a church-mouse
as silent as a grave
as wise as Solomon
as soft as silk
as smooth as grass
as gentle as a lamb.etc.

2.3. Comparativul de superioritate

- pt adj scurte
adj + er + than

Modificari ortografice:
1) daca adj se termina in e, se adauga doar r
Ex: nice nicer

2) daca adj se termina in y precedat de consoana, se transforma y in ier

Ex: pretty prettier
Exceptii: shy shyer
sly slyer
wry wryer (stramb)

3) daca adj se termina in consoana precedata de vocala, dublez consoana finala

Ex: big bigger

- pt adj lungi
more + adj + than
Ex: The book is more interesting than the movie.

Adj provenite din latina sunt urmate de to si nu de than

Ex: He is superior to me.

3.1. Superlativul relativ

the + adj +est
Ex: large the largest
silly the silliest
Modificarile ortografice sunt la fel.

Pentru adj lungi:

the most+ adj
Ex: This is the most expensive thing.

! dupa superlativ urmeaza prepozitiile of sau in

Ex: He is the best of all/the best in my group.

! daca se face comparatie intre 2 elemente, comparativul implica superlativul:

the + comparativ
Ex: Between you and me, I am the older.

3.2. Superlativul absolut

very + adj
very poate fi inlocuit cu: extremely
exceptionally
tremendously
awfully

! nu toate adj au grad de comparatie, unele definesc ideea de unitate (own, complete, proper, perfect,
marvelous, maximum, minimum).
Altele au sufixe si prefixe:
extra large
over crowded
super fine
ultra short
priceless

Comparatia neregulata
good better the best
bad worse the worst
ill worse the worst
many more the most
much more the most
little less the least
near nearer the nearest (cel mai apropiat); next (urmatorul)
far farther the farthest (in spatiu)
far further the furthest (in timp)
late later the latest; the last (ultimul); the latter (ult din 2)
Dintre 2, primul este the former, nu the first.
up upper the upmost
in inner the inmost
out outer the outmost
fore former the foremost
old older the oldest
old elder the eldest (doar atributiv, pt membrii aceleiasi familii)
Ex: My elder brother is older than me. (fratele meu mai mare)
Constructii adjectivale

1) cu mult mai = much/ a lot + comparativ

Ex: It is much warmer today / a lot warmer today

2) de departe cel mai = by far + superlativ

Ex: This is by far the hottest day of the year.

3) din ce in ce mai = comp + and + comp

Ex: It is warmer and warmer

! pt adj lungi se repeta doar more

Ex: It is more and more interesting.

4) cu cat mai, cu atat mai (the + comparativ the + comparativ)

! Expresia e obligatoriu sa se repete identic si verbul to be lipseste:
Ex: The more, the better (cu cat mai mare, cu atat mai bine)

! Mai multe adjective care determina acelasi substantiv se despart prin virgula. Daca nu apare virgula intre
ele atunci cel care nu este urmat de virgula este adverb.

! Ordinea adjectivelor care determina un substantiv va tine cont de cele subiective (primele expuse) si de
cele obiective (imediat langa substantiv).

! Un adjectiv poate sa determine si un verb. Verbul va fi obligatoriu to be sau orice alt verb de perceptie
care poate fi inlocuit cu to be.

Ex: I am intelligent
He looks happy sau He is happy.

Adjectivul demonstrativ

- anuleza articolul substantivului

- invariabil ca forma (M/F)
- se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care il determina
- daca nu determina un substantiv devine pronume demonstrativ

this aceasta, acesta (singular apropiere)

these acestea, acestia (plural apropiere)
ambele merg cu here.

that acela, aceea (singular departare)

those acelea, aceia (plural departare)
ambele merg cu there.

! Indepartarea in spatiu presupune si indepartarea in timp. Deci that si those se vor cupla cu trecutul.

Ex: This book is good. (this = adjectiv, book = substantiv)

This is a good book. (this = pronume)

Adjectivul posesiv

- invariabil ca forma si numar

- anuleaza articolul substantivului
- se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care-l determina
- forme: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
Ex: My book.

Adjectivul interogativ

- pozitie initiala in propozitie

- invariabil ca forma
- anuleaza articolul
- determina un substantiv
- forme: what, which, whose, how much, how many.

Diferenta: what./which
Which presupune selectie dintr-un numar limitat.
Ex: Which boy is your best friend?

What nu presupune selectie.

Ex: What days of the week do you know?

Diferenta how much / how many

How much presupune cantitatea si se foloseste pentru substantive nenumarabile.
Ex: How much money do you want?

How many inseamna numar si se foloseste la substantive numarabile.

Ex: How many books do you want?

Adjectivul relativ

- pozitie mediana
- introduce o propozitie secundara
- invariabil
- determina un substantiv anulandu-i articolul
- forme:
whatever (fara selectie),
whichever (selectie din numar limitat),
whose (a, al, ai, ale cui).

Ex: You may take 1/ whatever books you want 2/.

Adjectivul nehotarat

SOME = unii, niste, vreo, cativa

Utilizare:
1. In propozitia enuntiativa urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural.
Ex: I have some money / friends.

2. In propozitia interogativa in care se face o afirmatie sau o invitatie.

Ex: Would you like some coffee?

3. In propozitia in care stiu sigur ca primesc raspuns pozitiv.

Ex: Mother, can you give me some money?
Aici some pp o certitudine comparativ cu any.

4. In propozitia interogativa in care intrebarea nu se refera la some.

Ex: Why are there so many people in some restaurants?
Aici, cu sau fara some propozitia are aceeasi logica, ea nu se refera la some, important este so many

5. In propozitia negativa al carui sens este afirmativ.

Ex: I never go home without buying some chocolate.
Sensul real este: I always buy chocolate when I go home.

6. Cand poate fi inlocuitorul lui certain.

Ex: Certain people/some people believe they are the best.

ANY
Este inlocuitorul lui some in:

1. Propozitia interogativa la care nu stiu ce raspuns voi primi.

Ex: Is there any milk left?

2. In propozitia enuntiativa dar cu sensul de oricine, oricare, orice.

Ex: Any book is good for you.

3. In propozitia care contine un adverb negativ de genul: hardly, barely, scarcely (de abia, cu greu, deloc).
Ex: I hardly eat any bread (nu mananc paine aproape deloc)

4. In propozitia care contine if. (if = incertitudine)

Ex: If you find any books, buy them.

5. In propozitia care contine o expresie de indoiala: maybe, perhaps.

Ex: I doubt there are any good films in town.

6. In propozitia negativa in care verbul este negat.

Ex: I havent any friends here.

NO
Se foloseste numai in propozitia negativa in care verbul este la afirmativ.
Ex: I have no friends here.

EVERY (fara particularizare)

Ex: Every day I go to my office. (nu ma duc chiar in fiecare zi)

EACH (cu particularizare)

Ex: Each person has a name. (fiecare, particularizare)
EITHER (fiecare din doi)

NEITHER (nici unul din doi)

! Dupa each, every, either sau neither rmeaza substantiv numarabil la singular iar acordul cu verbul se face
la singular.

Expresii cu every si each

Each other = unul pe altul (pp reciprocitate)
Every bit/inch = fiecare bucatica
Every right = tot dreptul
Every now and than = din cand in cand
Every other day = alternativ
Every so often = la interval regulat de timp fara a sti exact cand.

SUCH (astfel)
Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil.
Ex: I have such friends/information.

SUCH A
Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular.
Ex: This is such a man of honor.

ALL
Urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural.
Ex: All books/information must be used.

WHOLE
Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular.
Ex: I like the whole book.

! Pt perioade de timp se poate folosi si whole si all

Ex: Im home all the morning/ the whole morning. (whole este cotat ca fiind mai puternic)
THE OTHER
Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular sau plural.
Ex: The other child/children can swim.

Expresia The other day = some days ago, cere obligatoriu trecutul.
Ex: I was there the other day. (Am fost acolo acum cateva zile)

OTHER
Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural.
Ex: Give me other examples.

Daca e precedat de no poate fi urmat si de numarabil la singular.

Ex: No other man is as good as you are.

ANOTHER
+ substantiv la singular (different, in addition)
Ex: Would you like another drink? = vrei inca unul (suplimentar) sau un altul (diferit)?
BOTH
+ substantiv numarabil la plural (pt. doi)
Ex: I like both kids -> acordul in plural
Both are intelligent.

SEVERAL
Mai multi intr-un numar nedefinit.
+ substantiv numarabil la plural.
Ex: We spent several days there.

MOST = majoritatea
+ substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil.
Ex: Most books/information can be read easily.

ENOUGH
! Daca e urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural are pozitie mobila.
Ex: I have enough money/money enough to be happy.

! Daca e urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular se aseaza dupa el.

Ex: He is man enough to understand me.