Ne CHALLENGE Pea ie ay eee Ca PO Ue Li lel © Multiple problem-solving metheds build skill and boost creativity > Complete examples for thorough understanding Answer key with step-by-step solutions Visit learningspotlibrary.com for FREE activities!CHALLENGE Terry Chew B.Sc. @=4rq Frank Schaffer Publications® An imprint of Garson-Dellosa Publishing Columbus, GhioCopyright © Terry Chow First published in 2008 by Singapore Asia Publishers Pte. Ltd. Frank Schaffer Publications An imprint of Gatson-Dellosa Publis PO Box 35005 Greensboro, NC 27425 USA. ng LLG The purchase of this material entities the buyer to reproduce worksheets and activities for classtaom use aniy—not for commercial resale. Reproductian of these matetials for an enlite schno! or disttict is prohibited. No part of (his back may be reproduced (except es nated above}, stared in a retrieval system, or transrvitted in any form or by any means (mechanically, elestronically, recording, ele.) wilhout the prior writen consent of Carson-Dellosa Publis LE. Frank Schaffer is an imprint of Carsoo-Deliosa Publishing LLC. Printed in the USA All rights reserved.Letter to Parents. ‘Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 ‘Chapter 4 ‘Chapter 5. Chapter 6 ‘Chapter 7 ‘Chapter 8 Chapter 9 fin geanare AakaPUblehert Pe Lie LOOKING fOr POHEI cstsccsssssesneue The Story of Gauss i tia sad Seacoat 23 DARCEIIEER, .scccarsemrsesniceormicancnnntiaatoann ug ENFOEVOIS scsssoctseessnsetotnneneensncotncennnnsiseni onan’ 65 Solve by Comparison and Replacement 86 Counting... «105 TRICKS In ACIITION ONG SUBTACTION esessiicve AED Tricks in Multiplication 134, Working Backward + 152beeen) ‘Chapter 10 Chicken-and-Rabbit Problems .. 170, CVT TD LO IC onsen sissscessnnssety ertnceeconsttemmennnietseentunnnnnrnnttiri 187 ‘Chapter 12 Make a List. 206 ‘Chapter 13. Excess-and-Shortage Problems... Chapter 14 Maln IQ... Chapter 18. Catching Up...... os . 287 ‘Chapter 16 Cigits, Numbers and Multiples... i278: Chapter 17. Perimeter of Squares ond Rectangles 22 SORMIONS sss san sujaanins inna na BES ifn ganas AaeaPUbtehesLetter fo Parents In Singapore Math Challenge, your child will find & variety of intriquing problems and problem-solving methods, Using the step-by-step techniques will help your son or daughter develop skill and creativity a o mathematical thinker, What is Singapore Math? Singapore's math curriculum has been recognized worldwide for its excellence in producing students highly skilled in mathematics. Students in Singapore regulary rank at the top of the world in mathematics on the Trends in Intamational Mathematics and Science Study (IMSS). The Singapere Math curriculum aims to help students develop necessary concepts and skills for everyday life and to provide students with the ability to formulate, apply, and solve problems, The Singapore Primary (Elementary) Mathematics curriculum covers fewer topics, but in greater depth. Key concepts are introduced and built-on to reinforce mathematical ideas and thinking, Skills are typically taught a full yeor ahead of when similar skills are taught in the United States. Singapore Math and the Common Core State Standards Common Core State Standards in mathematics hove been adopted by mast U.S states, These standards ore designed to help prepare American students for success in college and in the global twenty- entury workforce, They outline clear, consistent, and rigorous expectations for learning in math In developing the Common Core State Standards, experts Icoked at educationally high-performing nations such as Singapore to identify the best approaches to learning Singapore math standards are frequently cited in the research used to support the Common Core standards Common Core State Standards have raised the bar for American students. Strategies taught in Singapore Math Chatfenge will help students meet these new expectations. SSiigenow Asia Publshess Pie Ue 5Using Singapore Math Challenge Books Each chapter focuses cn a challenging. age-appropriate topic and demonstrates several clever problem-solving methods, Topics in this series include: * Basie Concepts: New ways ta understand counting, telling time, odd and even numbers, place value, fractions, averaging, and prime numbers + Operations: Tricks for solving cdidition, subtraction. multiplication. and division problems + Strategies: Creatve and effective approaches to problem solving, including making lists ond visual models, making assumptions, comparing and replacing, and working backward + Classic Problems: Techniques fer solving problems that have interested mathematicians through the ages. Including intervals, numbers in a series, speed problems, age problems, and excess-and-shorfage problems + Logic and Ia: Brain-teasing patterns, puzzles, ond logic problerns to strengthen mathematical thinking + Applied and Advanced Topics: Introductions to squares and cubes, perimeter, percentages, and writing simple algebraic equations 2, angles and tangles, Students should study the examples that begin each chapter and refer back to them aften as they attempt fo sclve the prablems. Biank space is provided for working agch problem. A complete worked solution for each problem can be found in the back of the beck, Invite your student to think creatively and to try different methods when solving these challenging problems, Above all, encourage your child !o approach math endeavors with confidence and to think of math asa fun and fascinating joumay thgaoow Asoka Pi id 6°° $< —- Looking for a Pattern Example I: Find the missing numbers in the number pattens ) 248160 2.0) @) L491C 26) fo) 2.6,12.20306 .¢ » ) 14710130 0 de ) | 4 4 16 25, 38, belxl [6=4e4 Wa2x2 25 =8 x5 =3x3 36 =6x6 () 2, 4, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, Nant Nga Sa Se 10S 127 4 (-) a A 1 18 Neat Nya 4 Naat Nya Nya 4 ya 7 Sihgenbie AiPLbtes Pe Li 7 Bahanem Date —_ Example 2: Fing tha missing numbers in the number pattems. @) UW3.26186 ¥¢ } ©) BLI2IC LC). (©) 282,204,206 3 2 @) 183105126 %¢ » Sihgenbie AiPLbtes Pe Li 8 BalNome Dat, ci Example 3: Find the missing numbers in the number patterns. Solution: (a) 5x2=10 (b) 18-39-15 104+2=12 1§-3=12 8x2=16 24-4= 20 16+2=18 20-U= 16 Ax2=40 Az20 4O+2 8eo Date Example 4: Which of the following pattems is not the same as the rest? @ 2.2 4 6 10, 16, 26, mobi 23a 68 13 () 1% 10, 13, 16, 19 Solution: Pattern (c) Is not the same as pattems (a) and (b). In patterns (a) and (b), each term is the sum of the two preceding terms In pattern (c), each term is 3 more than the preceding term,Nome ———__ Ean eas 1, Find the missing numbers in each number pattern, ms 6 ID 12 18 18 ¢ OG Wine 6 % 1 18 mw CD fc) 3 2h tf » ¢ De ave Mia & & Ie 1B, ¢ »@ ¢ Fen Shigenore Asia Publehesel) Date 2, Find the missing numbers in the Pascal Triangle. 12 ahanNome ata, Ces 3, Find the missing numbers, (a) 3 [12 7 |28| Jala i] 6 wi a | [2 8 ®) ] aya [8 4 | io} 6 i |e [a A [2 12 goodie AataPubtahee Plo Ld 13 BaDate 4, Find the missing numbers by filing in the comect answers. eT 2 3 a fafsle]ss 4 5 15, 6 10 | 20 5 8 i gondie Asia utah Plo Ltd W BaNore ae Ces 5, Find the missing numbers by filing in the comect answers. (a) i goodie Asta blah Plo Lid 15 Bahee | Date 6. Find the missing numbers in each pattem shown below. @m224 8 Mm ¢ » € ie M224 6 10 ( } © wu fe) 2 4 1% 4B, ¢ ii goodie Asta ubtahee Plo Lid 16 3aharNome ———— Ee Cr ced 7, Find the missing numbers in the Number Triangle. SSiigenore Asia Publishes Pe Lid 7Ce) Date (@) How many numbers are there in the 6" row? (b) What is the second number from the lett in the 8° row? 18 Bah:Name @. Find the missing numbers in each of the following patterns. @ 13 & 1 2h ¢ » ¢ zs mre a ¢ ( 2 a... fo) & 17% 5% £485, (d) 2, 7 27, 107, ¢ Bese SSiigenore Asia Publshess Pe Lid 19 co ced thGralengeDate I. Find the missing numbers. 21x 49=2184 321 « 4= 2,889 4,321 x 9 SU321 x F = ( ) 654,921 x 9 = ( 20 Sifingenare AskaPUblehert le LieName 12, Find the value of the missing number. LS AM 5\/ 6% 13. What is the sum of the numbers in the 20" term? (136). (26.9) (3.4 12). Cu 12 15), SSiigenowe Asia Publshess Pie Ld 2IDate 14, A B c D Row | | 2 Row 2 5 4 Row 3 & 7 a Row 4 lo a Row 6 i 12 13 Row 6 18 1 (a) In which row is the number 30? (b) In which column is the number 417 SSiiganowe Asis Publshess Pie Le 22Nome ——— Dat, The Story of Gauss Car Gouss wos a German scientist and mathematician. He made many important discoveries In the field of sclence and mathematics. Itis believed that Cor Gauss showed a talant for mathematics at the age of seven. The mathematics question below reveals Carl Gauss's talent, Find the sum of 1+24+3+4..4+98+499+ 100, Cal Gauss found the solution quickly, Can you work out the answer in less than five minutes? 23Date Compute () 246410484 12+ 1. fb) 142434445 FO4104 84 124 14 =10+20+ 10+ 12 =52 (by 24Nome Date. Example 2: Compute fo) 143454740417 419 (bh) 14243444. 4194-20 Solution: @) 1419234 1725+ [6220 5 pairs of 20. db) 1420224 19234 14s 17 = 21 There are 10 pairs of 21 1O«2)=210 Example 3: Compute 1424344454 .447 448 4494 50 Solution: 1480=24+U9=23+U8 54447 =81 50 +2= 25 pairs of 51 25 x51 = (20x 51+ Gx 51) = 1,020.4 255 = 1.275 25 Shi genore Aska PUblehes 2 ExamplCee | Date —__ Example U: Charlotte read 10 pages of a storybook on the first day. She read 15 pages ‘of the same storybook on the second day, 20 pages on the third day and s0.0n. How many pages had the storybook if Charlatte finished reading it on the eighth day? Solution: 10+ 15 + 20 + 25 + 30+ 36 + HO + U6 | | | 4S + 10 = 40+ 15 = 20+ 35 = 25 + 30=55 4x 55 = 220 The storybook had 220 pages. 26 BahName Example 5: Compute the following series. QU ee #4 D4 345474. Solution: Method I: 24046 4..428490 =(7 x32) 4 16 = 20s 16 = 240 143454..427420 =x 90) 415 = 210+ 15 = 225 2U0 - 225 = 15 Method 2: (2+Us64 e2+4eG4, =(2-+4-3)46-5)+ ctlel elelel+ =15x1 = 16 Sifingenare Aka Ublehers Pte Let EE Cee cy +27 +29) There are 7 pairs of 32. There are 7 pairs of 30. +28430)-(14345+ +284 30-1-3-5- 27 +2742 1-27-24 + (28 - 27) + 30-29)Date 1. Compute the following series (24344454 64748 (b) 64748494 10411 (©) 446484 10+ 12+ 14 (Gy 14+3+547+9411 SSiigonoe Asis Publshess Pie Le 28Nome a. Cees 2. John saves 5 fifty-cent coins in the first week, He saves 6 fifty-cent coins in the second week, In the third week. he saves 7 fitty-cent coins and so on, How many fiffy-cent coins can John save altogether by the end of 10 weeks? 24Date 3. Compute the following series (6) 100=99498- 97+ 9-954. 44-3 42-1 (b) 200 - 199+ 198-197 +... 44-342 SSiiganore Asis Publishers Pe Le 30Name ——__ Date. Cees 4, Compute the following series (17 + 18+ 19420421 +22 +23 (b) 100+ 102 + 100+ 106+ 108 + 116 fe) 996 + 997 + 998 + 909+ 495 (G) 754 + 750 + 742 + 746 + 758 SSinganore Asta Publehérs Pe Uc 31Ce Date 5, There are 10 rows of seats in an auditorium. The first row has 20 seats, The second row has 34 seats, The third row hos 38 seats and 80 on How many seats are there in the ouditorium? 32 th CratenghNeorre ae Cees 6, How can you put §5 balls into 10 boxes. so that each box contains a diferent number of bails? 33 3a th CratenghCe a Date 7, Compute the following series. Ve 249 ebb + HB + 44+ 50 au jaharNome as. Cees 8. Compute the following series. 2H 4B tM + HB + 50 35 Jahar 8Shigenow Asia Publee) Date @, Compute the following series. Ve S452 WS 4 AT 449 36 3aNome ————_ Ee Cees 10, There ore 20 teams in the North Volleyball League. Each team must play exactly one mateh with every other team, How many matcnes are to be played altagether in the league? 7 Bah: th CratengeDate 11, What is the sum of the first 30 numbers in the series below? 2945254563 456,.745.6.7, 8 ... i goodie Asta tahoe Pte Li 38 Jahan denNome ————___ aa Cees 12, Compute the following seties. le 2-3444+5-647+8-Ge... + 28+29-30 34 3a13, In the series below, L257 25 7, le 2S Feo (a) what is the 28th number? (b) what is the sum of the first 42 numbers? 4O iSkigenore Asia Publ DateNome a, Ce aes 14, 4 66-seat bus picks up | possanger atthe Ist bus stop, 2 passengers at the 2nd stop, 3 passengers ot the 3rd bus stop ond so on, When will oll the seats in the bus be filed? aICee Date 15, Find the sum of all multiples of 4 thot ore smaller than or equal to 40. 42 jah SShiganow Asia Publ°° $< Using Models Problems can be solved using models when (A) the sum or the difference is known: (B) = one is a multiple of another. Example 1: A school chair has 72 members altegether, The number of girlsis 6 more than the number of boys, How mony girls are there in the school choir? Solution: & girls cows | 72 -6=66 2u.— 66 lu 6642233 33+6=34 There are 34 gis in the school choir iShiganow Asia Pu 43ee | Date —__ Example 2: Andrew and Kevin had $350 altogether. After Andrew had spent $60 and Kevin had spent $30, the amount of money both boys had was the same. How much money did each boy have af first? Solution: $350 - $40 - $30 = 5260 2u > $260 lu — $260 = 2 = $130 $130 + $30 = $160 $130 + $60 = $190 Andrew nad $190 and Kevin had $ 160 at first. SSiiganowe Asia Publshess Pie Ld uyNeorre ——— Cee Example 3: The reading corners in classes 3A and 38 have 200 books altogether, The number of books in class 34 is 4 times os many as the number Of books in ‘class 38, How many books are there in each class? Solution: 2 ——s Class 3A LT Class 38 [2 J 200 Su 200 lu + 200+ 5 =40 Yu <> 4x 40 = 160 There are 160 books in class 3A and UO books in class 3B. 4s iShiganowe Asia Puee | Date —___ Example 4: Shawn has $50. Eric has $110. How much money must Shawn give to Eric so. thot the amount of money Eric has is 3 times more than what Shawn nas? Solution: 3 Shawn a Erie $50 + $110 = $160 Yu — $160 lu — $160 + 4= $40 $50 - $H0 = $10 Shawn has to give $10 to Eric. ‘3b goodie Asta tahoe Plo Ld 46 BahNome Ee Cha ene Example 5: 50 bircs were resting on two trees, 5 birds from the fist tree flew away. Another 15 birds from elsewhere flew to the second tree. The number of birds on the second tree was 3 times as many as the number of birds on the first one, How many birds were on each tree at first? Solution: w Ts] } (80-5) + 15 a is] [== 50-5=U5 U5 415 =40 Yu + 60 lu 6044515 1845-20 U5 = 15 = 30 There were 20 birds on the first tree and 30 birds on the second tree at first. a7 SiSiigenane Aska PublChapter 3 Practice Date 1, There are 150 apple and peach trees altogether on a farm. The number of peact trees is 30 more than the number of oppie trees, How many apele trees are there? How many peach trees are there? us Bah:Nome ———__ Ea Cees 2. Nelson is 8 years old, His father is 36 years old. How old will Nelson and his father be whe the sum of their ages is 627 4a jahCe Date 3, Rone and Karen had $380 oltogether. After Rona had spent $26 and Karen had spent $35, the amaunt of money Rona had was $59 more than what Karen had. How much money did each gil have at first?Nore ae Cees 4, Canterbury ond Russels Elementary Schools Rad 900 students altogether. After 35 students from Canterbury had transferred to Russels, the number of students at Canterbury wos 20 more than the number of students ot Russels. How many students did each school have at first? th CratenghCe) Date 5, Geoff and Gina bought 20 books altogether. if Geoff gave 6 of his books to Gina, the number of books he had would be 2 fewer than the number of books Sina hoa, How many books did each of them buy? 52 Bah:Negrete Cees 6, The sum of two numbers is 80. The difference of the two numbers is 12, Find the two numbers, 53 Bahee Date 7, Ifa student trom Class 34 is transferred to Class 38, the two classes will have the same number of students. If a student from Class 98 is transferred to Class 3C, then Class 3C will have 2 more students than Class 3B, Does Class 34 or Class 3C have more students at first? By how many? Su Bah:Nome a Cees 8, The sum of the oges of Lucas and his grandmother is 64. His grandmother's age is 7 times Lucos’s age, How old is Lucas?Cl) Date @, A former has 63 chickens ond ducks, The number of chickens he has is 6 times the number of ducks. How many chickens does the former have? th CralengeNome Ee Cees 10, The sum of two numbers is 150. One number is 4 tines the other number What are the two numbers? 87 jahCc Date 11. The first basket contains 48 peaches. The second basket contains 50 peaches. How many peaches must you transfer from the first basket fo the second one so that the Number of peaches in Ihe second basket is 6 times that in the first one? 58 Bah:Nome Ee Cais 12, Jonathan has 80 stomps. Melvin has 60 stamps. How many stamps must Melvin give to Jonathan so that the number of stomps Jonathan has is 4 times that of Melvin’? 59Cl) ss Date 13, Dove has $160. His sister has $340. How much money must Dave give his sister so that the amount of money his sister hais is 4 times more than whot he nas? 60 sahNome Ee Cees 14. $210 is shared among three children. The amount of money Alice receives is 2 times that of Beatrice. The amount of money Beatrice receives is 2 times that of Charmaine, How much money does each of them receive? él th ChatlenghCe Date 15, 120 apples are to be divided into 3 groups. The first group has 3 times mare apples than the second group, The number of apples in the third group is 2 times that of the second one, find the number of apples in each group. tigen Asia 62 Bat an hak cipta th CratengeNome ———__ Ee Cees 16, There ore 720 opple tees, peach trees and lemon trees altogether in an orchard, The number of apple trees is 2 tines the number of lemon trees. The number of peach trees is half the number of apple trees, Find the number of each type of fruit tree in the orchard. 63 Bah:Ce Date 17, The sum of three numbers, A, Bond C, is BUD. A is 2 times Band C is holf of A, Find the value of each number. ou jahSe oe Intervals There are 3 scenarios for interval problems. We will use trees plonted along 0 toad os cn example (A) If both ends of the rood are planted with trees, Interval size length of the rand number of trees = number of intervals + | number of intervals = number of trees - | SiSiigenane Aska Publ 65eo Date —_ (8) fone end of the road is planted with a tree. Interval size length of the rood number of frees = number of intervals (€) If bath ends of the road have no trees, interval size lt length of me road number of trees = number of intervals ~ | number of intervals = number of trees + | SSiiganowe Asia Publshess Pie Ud 66Nome Sa eC ? Trees are to be planted along a road that is 40 m long. The distance between every two trees is 8 m. How many trees can be planted if both ends of the road are to be planted with trees? Solution: 4O m+ 8m = 6 intervals 1 2 3 4 5 St — number of trees = number of intervals + | =5+1 =6 6 trees can be planted if both ends of the road are to be planted with trees. goodie Asta Pbtahee Plo Li 87 cipta realenghee | Date Example 2: Lamp posts are to be placed along 9 road, The distance between every two lomp posts Is 10 m. How long is the road if a total of 16 lamp posts are to be placed along the road, including both ends? Solution: humber of intervals = number of lamp posts = I =16-1 =I6 Since each interval is 10 m, 18 x 10m = 160m the road is 150m long. Example 3: A (oad, 120m long, is planted with 14 trees at regular intervals. How far is ‘one tree from another if bath ends of the road are aise planted with trees? Solution: number of intervals = number of trees - | 16-1 15 120m+ I5=8m One tree is 8 m away from another, 68Nome See Cy Example 4: Melissa's mom embroiders 5 flowers on each side of a handkerchiet, If there one flower ot each comer, how many flowers are embroidered on the honckerchief altogether? Solution: §+6+3+3=16 16 fowers are embroidered on the handkerchief altogether. Example 5: A grandfather clock takes 12 seconds to chime 4 times at 4o'clock. How tong does it take to chime 7 times? Solution: number of intervals = =3 ym 12sec. + 3 =Usec. number of intervals = 7 - | 6x sec. = 2 sec. It takes 24 seconds to chime 7 times 64Ce Date 1, Joe puts 5 matchsticks on a table, Each matchstick is 10 cm away from another, How far is the fifth matchstick away from the first one? 70 3aNome ate, Ce ees 2. A sailor tied 7 knots on a rope ot regular interwabs. The Gistance from the first knot to the seventh one was 18 m long. Whats the distance between every two knots? 7Cc Date 3, A road, 500 m iong, Is to be planted with trees at an interval of 5 m. How many trees Can be planted if trees ore planted at both ends of the road os well? 72 BaNome ———__ nae Ces \, It takes John & minutes to sow a log into 3 equal lengths. How long does it take for him to saw the same log Into 9 equal lengths? 73image not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage 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reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.“image ~ not availableavailablea) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit 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