‘Special Shape Combustion Chambers Figure 4.4 shows a spherical shaped combustion chamber. The inlet and exhaust valves are located on the combustion chamber with the spark plug on one side. ‘Combustion Phenomenan Figure 4.5 also shows another type of spherical shaped combustion chamber. The inlet valve and the ‘exhaust valve are on the combustion chamber and the spark plug is fitted at the top of the chamber. ‘The I-head, L-head, F-head and T-head engines are named according to the shape of their combustion ‘chambers, They are explained in detail in Chapter 3 with Fig. 3.2. ‘Spherical shape combustion chamber ‘Soherical shape combustion chamber 11. Spherical combustion chamber; 2. Valves: 3. Spark plug: 4. Piston Another Type of I-head Engine A dilfferont type of I-head engine called the over- head valve engine is shown ‘The inlet and exhaust valves are located on the cylinder head and the spark plug is fied on the side of the com- bustion chamber. The overhead valve engine is Heed ype superior toa tide-valve engine or L-head enaine Spar alug 2. Velen; 3. Piston Another Type of L-head Engine A In a different variety of the L-head engine, the in- Tetand exhaust valves are located on the same side = Of the compression chamber ‘The spark 2 plug is fitted on the top of the combustioa cham- i ber. For this shape, the speed of flame travel is T greater and knock is also reduced. LL Lead ype Another Type of F-head Engine Figure shows a different type of F-head com- bbustion chamber. In this F-head engine, one valve isin the cylinder head and the other valve is in the cylinder block In modem F-head engines, the inlet valve is in the cylinder block and the exhaust valve is in the ‘cylinder head. The spark plug is located in the cyl- inder block. Valve; 3. Spark plug FHtead type 1. Vaves: 3. Spark plug, Piston:A Cylinder Head with ‘Turbulence-generating Pot Figure shows acylinderhead with aturbulence generating set. ‘The pot is able to produce swirl and during com- bustion, this swirl produces high turbulence of the air-fuel mixture. During the compression stroke, the air-fuel mixture is compressed and a part of this mixture is pushed into this pot. When spark is, produced, the charge begins to burn. The charge then streams out at high velocity, spreading the flame. Thus better combustion takes place. PRE-COMBUSTION CHAMBER IN SPARK-AGNITION ENGINES In an engine, two combustion chambers are present in the cylinder, Oneis called the main combustion chamberand the other is called the auxiliary com- bustion chamber, ot the pre-combustion cham ber. The size of the auxiliary chamber is smaller than the size of the main combustion chamber. Figure 4.10 shows a pre-combustion chamber with a small inlet valve called the secondary inlet valve. The spark plug is fitted in this pre-combustion chamber. The secondary inlet valve works with the primary inlet valve. During combustion, arich mixture goes into the pre-combustion chamber, and a lean mixture goes into the combustion chamber. First, the spark from the spark plug ignites the rich mixture in the pre- combustion chamber. The rich air-fuel mixture burns, and enters into the main combustion cham- ber. A great amount of turbulence is produced in- side the main combustion chamber and the mixture bums quickly. Cynder head with turbuience generating pot. 4. Spark plug: 2. Turbulence enerating pot: 3. Main combustion chamber; 4. Piston; 5. Inlet valveCOMBUSTION CHAMBER IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES For combustion. the fuel and air should be mixed properly inside the combustion chamber in a short span of time, Air swirl is produced inside the com- bustion chamber of compression-ignition engines to facilitate combustion. There are two types of combustion chambers, the direct injection type, and the indirect injection. type. Precombustion chamber with secondary inlet valve, 4. Piston; 2, Primary inlet valve: 3. Secondary inlet valve: 4, Precombustion chamber; 5. Spark plug: 6. Exhaust valveThere are two types of combustion chambers, the direct injection type, and the indirect injection ‘ope. DIRECT INJECTION Diesel oi! bums completely when itis mixed with air inside the combustion chamber. A special pis- ton crown has been designed which mixes diesel and air properly (Fig. 4.11). At the end of the top dead centre, the diese! oil is injected directly on the crown, This produces a swirling effect and mixes the diesel and air ensuring complete com- bustion of the fuel. 4.45.4 Open Combustion Chambers Direct injection takes place on the crowns of the pistons. These portions form what are called as, combustion chambers. Various types of open com- bustion chambers are shown in Fig. 4.12. They are explained in the following sections. ‘Shallow depth chamber [In the shallow depth chamber, there is a shallow cavity in the crown as shown in Fig. 4.12 (a). Large engines which run at slow speeds use this shallow depth chamber. The squish produces is ‘very little in this case, Homispherical chamber ‘The hemispherical chamber produces a small amount of squish (Fig. 4.12 (b)). The depth to di- ameter ratio for this hemispherical chamber can be varied and the desired squish can be obtained, by varying this ratio. Thus the engine performance canalso be improved. Cyiindiical chamber ‘The cylindrical chamber is in the form of a trun- ‘cated cone with the base angle of 30°. The swirl produced can be varied by changing the depth of the chamber. Fig. 4.11 Dect injection 1. Piston crown; 2. Piston: 3. Cylinder: ‘4. Connecting rod; 5. Injector a__ ic) A a ‘ Fig. 4.12 Various types of open combustion ‘chambers. shallow depth chamber; hemispherical chamber; e-cylindrical ‘chamber; toroidal chamber, e-ancther, ‘ype of shallow deptn chamberINDIRECT INJECTION Pre-combustion Chamber ‘The pre-combustion chamber in indirect injection combustion chambers is a separate chamber lo- ‘cated in the cylinder head (Fig. 4.13). Combustion takes place in the pre-combustion chamber before it reaches the cylinder. The compressed air from the cylinder passes through the throat ofthis cham- ber. The compressed air swiris in a circular path and the injector injects the diese! oil tangential to this circular motion. This isa highly effective way ‘of buming the fuel, asthe air and the diesel oil mix completely. Due to the swirl and turbulence of the air in the pre-combustion chamber, diesel knock is pre- vented. The other advantage is that the fuel con- sumption is reduced. The performance is improved and the combustion of the fuel is very efficient. oF pSsssssasS Pre-combustion chamber 1. Injector, 2. Precombustion chamber; 3. Cylinder