Modern Linguistics , 2016, 4(4), 127-160

Published Online November 2016 in Hans. http://www.hanspub.org/journal/ml

http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ml.2016.44015

The Phonology of Tonggu Hakka

Jiayu Yang1, Zhiming Zeng1, Tingting Huang2, Yan Du3, Mengbing Xiang4
1
Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, Beijing
2
Department of Chinese Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore
3
School of Arts and Communications, Yichun University, Yichun Jiangxi
4
Key Laboratory of Computational Linguistics, Department of Chinese Language and Literature & Center for
Chinese Linguistics PKU, Peking University, Beijing

Received: Oct. 17th, 2016; accepted: Nov. 8th, 2016; published: Nov. 11th, 2016

Copyright 2016 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access

Abstract
This paper describes the phonological system and its features of Tonggu Hakka in Jiangxi province,
examines the first-level-vowel pattern and tone pattern by the mean of acoustic chart, and lists its
homophony syllabary.

Keywords
Tonggu, Hakka, Phonology, Homophony Syllabary

112 34
1

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20161017201611820161111

: , , , , . [J]. , 2016, 4(4): 127-160.

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Table 1. Grouping
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41 ()

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Figure 1. The sites of Tonggu dialect survey

1.

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10 (F1F2) F1 F2 80
( Hz)

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F1 418 423 341 358 350 402 1016 545 503 486
F2 1400 1853 2895 2704 972 982 1539 2396 1654 992

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3100 2900 2700 2500 2300 2100 1900 1700 1500 1300 1100 900 700 3100 2900 2700 2500 2300 2100 1900 1700 1500 1300 1100 900 700
200 200
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400 400
500 500
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800 800
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Figure 2. The first-level-vowel pattern of Tonggu Hakka

2.

5 300 (ms)
268 270
259
250
4
200 195
166
3 150
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1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Figure 3. The tone pattern of Tonggu Hakka

3.

500 Hz

60 Hz

Figure 4. The sonogram of [] and [] in Tonggu Hakka

4.

133


Table 2. Tone sandhi of Tonggu Hakka

2.

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Figure 5. The tone sandhi difference between verb-object

phrase and non verb-object phrase in tone 2 plus tone 1
5. +

1 3 4 5 4 5
3

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2
(2003, 20) [8]
1948 Beginning Hakka () 20
(2005) [9]
As with other Chinese languagesHakka has definite variances in tones and pronunciations in different
atras; it would make for confusion to give all these variants in a textbook for beginners. Hence, Beginning
Hakka confines itself to the pronunciation and tones used in the city and environs of Kaying, also called Meih-
sien; once Kaying Hakka is learned, the transition to variant pronunciations and tones is less difficult. [


]


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136


Table 3. The pronunciation of mediaeval Jing-Zhuang-Zhi-Zhang group initials in Beginning Hakka

3.

ts ts s tseou3 tsoi5 tso1 siao3 sit8

ts ts s tsang1 tsoung1 tsong2 sam1 sa1

ts ts tsoc7 tsac7 tsang5 tsac7 tsa2

tch tch tchou1 tchou7 tchoung3 tchit8

tch tch ch tchim1 tcha1 chon2 chao1 chac8

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3.3.
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Table 4. The tonal correspondence between Tonggu Hakka and middle ancient Chinese
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(2016)
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(References)
[1] . [M]. : , 1989: 654-670.
[2] , . [M]. : , 1992.
[3] . [M]. : , 1999.
[4] . () [M]. : , 2008.
[5] . [A]//, Ed. . : ,
2001: 164-171.
[6] . [J]. , 2002(1): 30-36.
[7] , , . [M]. : , 2013.
[8] . [M]. : , 2003.
[9] . [D]: []. : , 2005.
[10] . [M]. : , 2015.
[11] . [J]. , 2003(27): 214-263.

1. (QQ)
2.
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