CHAPTER 2

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POLYNOMIALS
Points to Remember :

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1. Let x be a variable, n be a positive integer and a0, a1, a2, ......., an be constants. Then
f ( x ) an x n an 1 x n 1 ..... a1 x a0 , is called a polynomial in variable x.

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2. The exponent of the highest degree term in a polynomial is known as its degree.
3. Degree Name of Polynomial Form of the Polynomial
0 Constant Polynomial f(x) = a, a is constant
1 Linear Polynomial f(x) = ax + b, a 0

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2 Quadratic Polynomial f(x) = ax2 + bx + c; a 0
3 Cubic Polynomial f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d; a 0
4. If f(x) is a polynomial and is any real number, then the real number obtained by replacing x by in f(x)
at x = and is denoted by f().

B
5. A real number is a zero of a polynomial f(x), if f() = 0.
6. A polynomial of degree n can have at most n real zeroes.
7. Geometrically, the zeroes of a polynomial f(x) are the x-coordinates of the points where the graph y = f(x)
intersects x-axis.
8. For any quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0, the graph of the corresponding equation

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y = ax2 + bx + c has one of the two shapes either open upwards like or downwards like , depending
on whether a > 0 or a < 0. These curves are called Parabolas.

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9. If and are the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a 0 then
b coefficient of x

a coefficient of x 2

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c constant term

a coefficient of x 2
10. If are the zeroes of a cubic polynomial f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a 0 then

b coefficient of x 2

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a coefficient of x3
c coefficient of x

a coefficient of x3
d constant term

a coefficient of x3
11. Division Algorithm : If f(x) is a polynomial and g(x) is a non-zero polynomial, then there exist two
polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that f ( x ) g ( x ) q( x ) r ( x ), where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree
of g(x).
12 POLYNOMIALS MATHEMATICSX
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Draw the graph of the polynomial f(x) = x2 2x 3. Obtain the vertex of this parabola. Also,

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Example 1.
read the zeroes of the polynomial, if possible from the graph.
Solution. Let y = f(x) = x2 2x 3.
The following table gives the values of y for various values of x.

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x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2
y x 2 x 3 21 12 5 0 3 4 3 0 5 12 21
After plotting the points in the table on a graph paper, draw a free-hand continuous curve (pa-

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rabola) through all the points plotted.
y
13
(3, 12) 12 (5, 12)

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11
10
9
8

B
7
6
(2, 5) 5 (4, 5)
4
3

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2

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1
(1, 0) (3, 0)
x x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1
2
(0, 3) (2, 3)
3

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4
5 (1, 4)

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Vertex of Parabola : On comparing the polynomial x2 2x 3 with ax2 + bx + c, we get a = 1,
b D
b = 2, c = 3. The vertex of the parabola has the co-ordinates , , where D = b2 4ac.
2a 4a
Now, D = b2 4ac = (2)2 4 (1) (3)= 4 + 12 = 16
(2) 16
Co-ordinate of vertex is , (1, 4)
2(1) 4(1)
Zeroes of f(x) = x2 2x 3
Since the parabola f(x) = x2 2x 3 cuts the x-axis at (1, 0) and (3, 0).
zeroes of f(x) are 1 and 3.

MATHEMATICSX POLYNOMIALS 13
Example 2. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 2x 8, and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and their coefficients.

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Solution. Let f(x) = x2 2x 8

The zeroes of f(x) are given by f(x) = 0.

x2 2x 8 = 0

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x2 4x + 2x 8 = 0

x (x 4) + 2 (x 4) = 0

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(x + 2) (x 4) = 0

x = 2 or x = 4 Ans.

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(2) coefficient of x
Verification : Here, sum of zeroes = 4 + (2) = 2 =
1 coefficient of x 2

8 constant term

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and, product of zeroes 4 (2) 8
1 coefficient of x 2

1
Example 3. Find a quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of the zeroes is and 1 respectively..
4

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Solution. We know that a quadratic polynomial when the sum and product of its zeroes are given by

f(x) = k {x2 (sum of the zeroes) x + Product of the zeroes}, where k is a constant.

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1
Required quadratic polynomial f(x) is given by f ( x) k x 2 x 1
4

OR

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Let the required quadratic polynomial be ax2 + bx + c.

Since, sum of zeroes b 1 b

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a 4 a

c c 4 c
and, product of zeroes 1
a a 4 a

If a = 4; then b = 1 and c = 4.

Required quadratic polynomial = ax2 + bx + c

= 4x2 x 4

14 POLYNOMIALS MATHEMATICSX
Example 4. Divide the polynomial f(x) = x4 3x2 + 4x + 5 by the polynomial 1 x + x2 and verify the division
algorithm.
Solution. On writing the dividend and the divisor in the standard form, we get :

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Dividend p(x) = x4 3x2 + 4x + 5 and divisor g(x) = x2 x + 1.
Now,
2 2
x x + 1 xx44 +0x 2
3x33x +5 x +x3
+2 4+x4x+5

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4 3 2
x x +x
+
3 2
x 4x + 4x
3 2
x x + x

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+
2
3x + 3x + 5
2
3x + 3x 3
+ +
8

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Clearly, quotient = x2 + x 3 and remainder = 8.
Verification of Division Algorithm :
Quotient Divisor + Remainder

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= (x2 + x 3) (x2 x + 1) + 8
= x4 x3 + x2 + x3 x2 + x 3x2 + 3x 3 + 8
= x4 3x2 + 4x + 5
= Dividend
Hence verified.

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Example 5. Obtain all the zeroes of the polynomial f ( x) 3 x 4 + 6x3 2x2 10x 5, if two of its zeroes are
5
and 5 .

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[NCERT]
3 3
Solution. Since 5 5 are two zeroes of f(x).
and
3 3

5 5 5 1

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2 2
x x x (3x 5) is a factor of f(x).
3 3 3 3

Also, 3x2 5 is a factor of f (x).
Let us now divide f(x) by 3x2 5.

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We have,
3x2 5 3x4 + 6x3 2x2 10x 5 x2 + 2x + 1
3x4 + 0x3 5x2
+
6x + 3x2 10x
3

3 2
6x + 0x 10x
+
2
3x 5
3x2 5
++
0

MATHEMATICSX POLYNOMIALS 15
 By division algorithm, we have
3x4 + 6x3 2x2 10x 5 = (3x2 5) (x2 + 2x + 1)

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( 3x 5) ( 3x 5) ( x 1)2

5 5
Hence, the zeroes of f(x) are , , 1 and 1.

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3 3

PRACTICE EXERCISE

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1. Without drawing actual graph, find the zeroes of the polynomials if any. Give reason.
(a) x2 2x 8 (b) x2 2x + 3

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(c) x2 + x + 1 (d) x2 1
(e) x2 + 4x + 4 (f) 4x2+ 4x 1
2. The graphs of y = p(x) are given below, for some polynomials p(x). Find the number of zeroes of p(x), in

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each case.

Y Y Y

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X X X X X X

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Y Y Y

(a) (b) (c)

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Y Y Y

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X X X X X X

Y Y Y

(d) (e) (f)

16 POLYNOMIALS MATHEMATICSX
 3. The graph of y = p(x) are given below, for some polynomial p(x). Find the zeroes of the corresponding
polynomial.
Y

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Y
y = x22x8 10
8 8 y=x2+x+6
(3, 7) (5, 7) (0, 6) (1, 6)
6 6

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4 (1, 4) 4 (2, 4)

2 2
(2, 0) (4, 0) (2, 0) (3, 0)
6 4 2 0

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X 2 4 6 8 X X 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 X
2 2
4 4
6 (3, 6) 6 (4, 6)

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8 8
(0, 8)
10 (1, 9)
Y Y
(a) (b)

B
Y Y
5 5
y = x34x
4 4
(1, 3)
3 3
2 2

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1 1
(2, 0) (2, 0)

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X 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 X X 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 X
1 1
2 2
3 3
(1, 3)
4 4

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Y Y
(c) (d)
4. Draw the graph of each of the following polynomials and if possible, read the zero(s) from the graph :

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(a) x2 2x + 9 (b) 2x2 + 4x
(c) x2 + 2x 3 (d) x2 8x + 16
(e) x3 (f) x3 2x2
2
5. Draw the graph of the polynomial x 3x 10. Read off the zeroes of the polynomial from the graph. Also
show the axis of symmetry on it.

1
6. Show that 2 and are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 3x2 5x 2.
3
7. Show that the polynomial p(x) = x2 4x + 9 have no real zeroes.

MATHEMATICSX POLYNOMIALS 17
 8. Find the zeroes of each of the following quadratic polynomial. Also, in each case, verify the relationship
between the zeroes and its coefficients :
(a) x2 + 8x + 12 (b) x2 + 3x 4

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2
(c) x 7x + 10 (d) y2 4
(e) 4u2 1 (f) 3t2 5
9. Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and the product of its zeroes
respectively :

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3
(a) 3 and 4 (b) 2 and
2
3

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(c) and 0 (d) 2 and 3
2
10. Verify that the numbers given alongside of the cubic polynomials below are their zeroes. Also, verify the
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients in each case.
(a) x3 x ; 0, 1 and 1 (b) y3 9y ; 0, 3 and 3

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1 1
(c) 2x3 5x2 + x + 2; 1, 2 and (d) 3x3 5x2 11x 3 ; 3, 1 and
2 3

1
(f) 6y3 + 23y2 5y 4 ; 4, 1 and

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(e) x3 4x2 + 5x 2; 1, 1 and 2
3 2
11. Find a cubic polynomial with the sum, sum of product of its zeroes taken two at a time and the product
of its zeroes respectively as given below :
(a) 4, 7 and 0 (b) 5, 2 and 24
8

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(c) 2, and 0
3

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12. Write a cubic polynomial with zeroes : 2, 1, 4 and hence find :
(a) sum of its zeroes (b) sum of its zeroes taking any two at a time
(c) product of three zeroes
13. Apply the division algorithm to find the quotient and the remainder on division of p(x) by g(x) as given
below :

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(a) p(x) = 5x2 + 14x3 + 9x 1, g(x) = 1 + 2x (b) p(x) = 6x3 + 11x2 39x 65, g(x) = x2 + x 1
(c) p(x) = x4 5x + 6, g(x) = 2 x2 (d) p(x)= 3x3 + x2+ 2x + 5, g(x) = 1 + 2x + x2
3 2
(e) p(x) = 4x 27x + 4x + 16, g(x) = 2x 3 (f) p(x) = 6x3 + 19x2 + 18x 5, g(x) = 3x + 5
(g) p(x) = 2x4 12x3 22x2 17x + 4, g(x) = x2 3x + 4

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(h) p(x) = 6x5 + 4x4 3x3 + x + 1, g(x) = 3x2 x + 1
14. Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by applying the division
algorithm :
(a) x + 8; x3 + 15 x2 + 56x (b) x 2; x4 3x3 + 3x 9
2 3 2
(c) x 2; x 3x + 5x 3 (d) 5y2 4y + 2; 15y4 + 2y3 39y2 16y + 10
(e) 2x2 + 3x + 4 ; 2x4 + 7x3 + 10x2 + 14x + 8 (f) x3 3x + 1; x5 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1
15. Obtain all the zeroes of the polynomial f(x) = x4 3x3 x2 + 9x 6; if two of its zeroes are 3 and 3 .

3
16. Obtain all the zeroes of the polynomial 2x4 2x3 7x2 + 3x + 6 ; if two of its zeroes are .
2

18 POLYNOMIALS MATHEMATICSX
17. Find the value of a and b so that 1, 2 are the zeroes of the polynomial x3 + 10x2 + ax + b.
18. On dividing x3 3x2 + 5x 3 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder are x 3 and 7x 9

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respectively. Find g(x).
19. On dividing x4 5x + 6 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder are x2 2 and 5x + 10
respectively. Find g(x).
20. What must be subtracted from 8x4 + 14x3 2x2 + 7x 8 so that the resulting polynomial is exactly divisible

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by 4x2 + 3x 2?
21. What must be added to the polynomial p(x) = x4 + 2x3 2x2 + x 1 so that the resulting polynomial is
exactly divisible by x2 + 2x 3?

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22. If the polynomial x4 6x3 + 16x2 26x + 10 a is divided by another polynomial x2 2x + k, the remainder
comes out to be x + a. Find k and a.

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HINTS TO SELECTED QUESTIONS
7. Graphically, we observe that the given curve do not intersect x-axis. So, given polynomial do not
have real roots. OR, here d = b2 4ac = (4)2 4(1) (9) = 16 36 = 20 < 0

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given polynomial has no real roots.
20. Dividing 8x4 + 14x3 2x2 + 7x 8 by 4x2 + 3x 2, we get
Quotient = 2x2 + 2x 1 and Remainder = 14 x 10.
Clearly, polynomial to be subtracted = Remainder = 14x 10.
21. here, required polynomial to be added = Remainder

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22. By division algorithm, we have

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f(x) (x + a) = x4 6x3 + 16x2 26x + 10 a is exactly divisible by x2 2x + k.

x2 2x + k ) x4 6x3 + 16x2 26x + 10 a ( x2 4x + (8 k)

x4 2x3 + kx2
+

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4x3 + (16 k)x2 26 x
4x3 + 8x2 4 kx 4 kx
+ + +
(8 k)x2 (26 4k) x + 10 a

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(8 k)x2 (16 2k) x + (8 k k2)
+
(10 + 2k)x + (10 a 8 k + k2)

Accoding to given conditions, we must have

10 + 2k = 0 and 10 a 8k + k2 = 0
k = 5 and a = 5.

MATHEMATICSX POLYNOMIALS 19
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Mark the correct alternative in each of the following :

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1. The value of p(x) = x3 6x2 + 11x 6 at x = 3 is :
(a) 38 (b) 0 (c) 12 (d) none of these
2. The graph of y = x2 2x 8 cuts the x-axis at:

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(a) 2 and 4 (b) 2 and 4 (c) do not cut (d) none of these
3. The graph of y = 3x2 + 2x 1 cuts the x-axis at :
1 1 1

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(a) and 0 (b) and (c) do not cut (d) none of these
3 3 3
2
4. The zeroes of y = x + 7x + 12 are :
(a) 4 and 3 (b) 4 and 3 (c) 4 and 3 (d) 4 and 3

A
5. The zeroes of f ( x) 4 3x 2 5 x 2 3 are :

2 3 2 3 2 3
(a) and (b) and (c) and (d) none of these
3 4 3 4 3 4

B
6. The sum of squares of zeroes of f(x) = x2 8x + k is 40. the value of k is
(a) 12 (b) 12 (c) 24 (d) none of these

1 1
7. If are the zeroes of f(x) = x2 + x + 1, then is :

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(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) none of these
8. The sum and product of zeroes of quadratic polynomial 3x2 8x + 12 is :

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8 8 8
(a) ,4 (b) , 4 (c) , 4 (d) none of these
3 3 3
9. The quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes is 7 and 5 is:
(a) x2 7x + 5 (b) x2 + 7x 5 (c) x2 7x 5 (d) none of these
10. The cubic equation with zeroes 2, 3 and 4 is :

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(a) x3 9x2 + 26 x 24 (b) x3 + 9x2 26x 24 (c) x3 9x2 26x + 24 (d) none of these
3 2
11. The quotient when f(x) = x 6x + 11x 6 is divided by x + 2 is :
(a) x2 + 8x 27 (b) x2 8x + 27 (c) x2 8x 27 (d) none of these

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12. The remainder when f (x) = 3x + x + 4x + 5 is divided by x2 + 2 is
2 4

(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) none of these

4 3 2
13. The two zeroes of f(x) = x 6x 26x + 138x 35 are 2 3 , the other two zeroes are :
(a) 7 and 5 (b) 7 and 5 (c) 7 and 5 (d) none of these
4 3 2
14. If two zeroes of p(x)= 2x + x 14x 19x 6 are 1 and 2, the other two zeroes are:
1 1 1
(a) and 3 (b) and 3 (c) and 3 (d) none of these
2 2 2
15. If the zeroes of f(x) = x3 3x2 + x + 1 are a b, a, a + b, then value of a and b is :
(a) a 1, b 2 (b) a 1, b 2 (c) a 1, b 2 (d) none of these

20 POLYNOMIALS MATHEMATICSX
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK QUESTIONS)

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1. The graph of polynomial y f ( x) are given below. Find the number of zeroes of the corresponding
polynomial.

Y Y Y
y = f(x) y = f(x)

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y = f(x)

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X X X X X X
O O O

A
Y Y Y
(i) (ii) (iii)

Y Y Y

B
y = f(x) y = f(x)
y = f(x)

X X X X X X
O O O

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Y Y Y
(iv) (v) (vi)

2. The graph of polynomial y f ( x) are given below. For each of the graphs, find the zeroes of the

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corresponding polynomial.

Y Y
5 5 y = f(x)

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4 4
3 y = f(x) 3
2 2
1 1
X 0 X X 0 X
5 4 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
Y Y
(i) (ii)

MATHEMATICSX POLYNOMIALS 21
 Y Y

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5 5 y = f(x)
4 4
3 y = f(x) 3
2 2
1 1

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X 0 X X 0 X
5 4 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5
2 2
3 3

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4 4
5 5
Y Y
(iii) (iv)

A
3. Find the zeroes of the polynomial 9x2 25.
2
4. Write a polynomial whose zeroes are 3 and.

B
3
5. How many maximum zeroes will the polynomial 3x3 + 6x2 7 can have?
6. Write the sum and the product of the zeroes of the polynomial 3x2 5x + 9.
7. Write a polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes are 2 and 9 respectively.
8. Show that x = 2 is a zero of the polynomial f(x) = x3 4x2 + 5x 2.

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1
9. If and are the zeroes of the polynomial x2 5x + 6, find the value of .

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10. Give an example of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm and
deg r(x) = 0.
11. What should be added to the polynomial p(x) = x2 5x + 4, so that 2 is a zero of p(x)?

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12. What should be subtracted from the polynomial x 2 7 x 12 so that x = 4 is a zero of the polynomial?

13. What is the value of p in the polynomial f ( x ) x 2 11x p if 4 is a zero of the polynomial?

14. How many zeroes does the polynomial p( x) x ( x 2)( x 3) have in all?

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15. How many maximum number of zeroes a quadratic polynomial can have?
16. Find a quadratic polynomial whose two roots are 3 5 and 3 5 .

17. Find the common zero of x 2 1, x 4 1 and ( x 1)2 ?

18. For what value of x, both the polynomials p ( x) x 2 x 6 and q ( x) x 2 2 x 15 becomes zero.
19. Find a cubic polynomial whose three zeroes are 0, 3, 3.
20. If are the zeroes of quadratic polynomial x2 3x + 2, form a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are
and .

22 POLYNOMIALS MATHEMATICSX
 PRACTICE TEST
M.M : 30 Time : 1 hour

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General Instructions :
Q. 1-4 carry 2 marks, Q. 5-8 carry 3 marks and Q. 9-10 carry 5 marks each.
1. The graph of y = p(x) are given below. find the number of zeroes of p(x).

A
Y Y

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X X X X

A
Y Y
(a) (b)
2. Find zeroes of f (x)= x2 + 5x 14. Also, verify the relationship between zeroes and its coefficients.

B
3. Find a quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of the zeroes are 3 and 5 respectively.
4. Using division algorithm, show that (x + 2) is a factor of p(x) = x2 3x 10.
5. Draw the graph of the polynomial p(x)= x2 + 3x 4.
6. On dividing x3 3x2 + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder are (x 2) and (2 x + 4)
respectively. Find g(x).

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7. If the zeroes of the polynomial x3 3x2 + x + 1 are a b, a, a + b, find a and b.

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8. Divide p(x) = 9x4 4x2 + 4 by q(x) = 3x2 + x 1. Also, find quotient and remainder.
9. Find all the zeroes of the polynomial f(x) = 2x4 3x3 3x2 + 6x 2, if its two zeroes are 2 and 2.

10. Verify that 3, 1,

1 are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial p(x) = 3x3 5x2 111x 3, and then verify
3

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the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.

ANSWERS OF PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. (a) 2 and 4 (b) 3 and 1 (c) no zero (d) 1 and 1

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1 1
(e) 2 and 2 (f) and
2 2
2. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2
(e) 1 (f) 1
3. (a) 2, 4 (b) 2, 3 (c) 2, 0, 2 (d) 1.5, 2, 4
4. (a) No zero (b) 0 and 2 (c) 3 and 1 (d) 4
(e) 0 (f) 0 and 2

3
5. zeroes 5 and 2 ; Axis of symmetry; x
2
MATHEMATICSX POLYNOMIALS 23
 8. (a) 2 and 6 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 2 and 5 (d) 2

1 5

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(e) (f)
2 3

2 3 2 3
9. (a) x2 3x + 4 (b) x 2 x (c) x x (d) x 2 2 x 3
2 2

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11. (a) x3 + 4x2 7 (b) x3 5x2 2x + 24 (c) 3x3 6x + 8
12. x3 3x2 6x + 8; (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 8
13. (a) quotient = 7x2 + x + 5, remainder = 4

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(b) quotient = 6x + 5, remainder = 38x 60
(c) quotient = x2 2, remainder = 5x + 10
(d) quotient = 3x 5, remainder = 9x + 10
(e) quotient = 2x2 + 5x 6, remainder = 2

A
(f) quotient = 2x2 + 3x + 1, remainder = 10
(g) quotient = 2x2 9x 49, remainder = 130 x + 200
(h) quotient = 2x3 + 2x2 x 1, remainder = x + 2
14. (a) yes (b) yes (c) no (d) yes (e) no (f) no

B
15. 3, 3, 1, 2 16. 2, 1 17. a = 7, b = 18
2 2
18. x 2 19. x + 2 20. 14 x 10
21. x 2 22. k = 5, a = 5

ANSWERS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

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1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)

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11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b)

ANSWERS OF VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 1 (iv) 3 (v) 4 (vi) 1

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2. (i) 3 and 4 (ii) 4, 0 and 3 (iii) 4, 2 and 4 (iv) 2
5 5
3. 4. 3x 2 7 x 6 5. 3 6. sum = , product = 3 7. x2 2x 9
3 3
5

A
9. 10. p(x) = x2 + 5x + 7, g(x) = x + 2, q(x) = x + 3, r(x) = 1 11. 2 12. 56
6
13. 28 14. 3 15. 2 16. x2 6x + 4 17. x + 1 18. x = 3
19. x3 9x 20. k (x2 + 3x + 2)

ANSWERS OF PRACTICE TEST

1. (a) 4 (b) 2 2. 2 and 7 3. x2 3x 5
6. x2 x + 1 7. a = 1, b 2 8. quotient = 3x2 x, remainder = x + 4
1
9. 2, 2, 1,
2
24 POLYNOMIALS MATHEMATICSX