Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EARTH?
HISTORY AS YOUVE NEVER SEEN IT BEFORE
CONTENTS
DK London
Senior editor Rob Houston
Senior art editor Rachael Grady
Editors Suhel Ahmed, Joanna Edwards, Chris Hawkes,
Anna Limerick, Susan Reuben, Fleur Star
US editor Margaret Parrish
Designers David Ball, Carol Davis, Mik Gates, The ancient
Spencer Holbrook, Steve Woosnam-Savage
Illustrators Adam Benton,
Stuart Jackson-Carter, Arran Lewis
world
Creative retouching Steve Willis
Cartography Simon Mumford, Encompass Graphics
Ancient times 6
Consultants Reg Grant, Philip Parker Out of Africa 8
Jacket editor Claire Gell The Ice Age 10
Jacket designer Mark Cavanagh
Jacket design development manager Sophia MTT Cave art 12
Picture research Sakshi Saluja
The rst farmers 14
Producer, pre-production Lucy Sims
Senior producer Mandy Inness Megaliths 16
Managing editor Gareth Jones
The rst cities 18
Managing art editor Philip Letsu The origins of writing 20
Publisher Andrew Macintyre
Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf Land of the Pharaohs 22
Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler
Art director Phil Ormerod The Bronze Age 24
DK Delhi Ancient Americas 26
Senior art editor Anis Sayyed
Assistant art editor Tanvi Sahu
Ancient Greece 28
Managing editor Kingshuk Ghoshal The Persian Empire 30
Managing art editor Govind Mittal
Alexander the Great 32
First American Edition, 2015
Published in the United States by DK Publishing Chinas Great Wall 34
345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
Rome and Hannibal 36
A Penguin Random House Company
The Roman Empire 38
15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Bible stories 40
001193419April/15
Pacic settlers 42
Copyright 2015 Dorling Kindersley Limited
All rights reserved Ancient wonders 44
Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part Ancient inventions 46
of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means
(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise),
without the prior written permission of both the copyright
owner and the above publisher of this book.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Bison carved
Library of Congress. from mammoth
ISBN: 978-1-4654-2940-7 ivory
ANCIENT GREECE
(700400 BCE) The ancient
Greek civilization becomes
the most inuential power
MODERN HUMANS THE FIRST MIGRATION CAVE ART (40,000 years ago)
(195,000 years ago) Modern (100,000 years ago) The rst The earliest known paintings
humans, Homo sapiens modern humans leave Africa are made in Spain, France,
(thinking man), evolve for the Middle East, but do and Australia. pp1213
in Africa. pp89 not survive long. pp89
CITY LIVING (4500 BCE) NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION EARLY MUSIC (40,000 years ago)
The worlds rst cities (9000 BCE) People begin to settle in The earliest known musical
are established, in places and start to farm, leading instrumentsutes crafted
Mesopotamia. pp1819 to a change also known as the from animal bonesare made in
Agricultural Revolution. pp1415 what is now Germany. pp4647
ONE YEAR, THE FIRST HUMANS APPEAR AT 11:35 P.M. ON DECEMBER 31! 7
Pestera cu Oase, Romania
Lagar Velho, These caves yielded some of the Tianyuan Cave, China
Portugal oldest remains of Homo sapiens in The oldest Homo sapiens remains
The 24,000-year- Europe, at 30,00034,000 years old. discovered in eastern Asia are 37
old remains of At this time, another human species, bone fragments found in this cave.
a child found in called Neanderthals, greatly They belonged to a single person and
this rock shelter outnumbered Homo sapiens. are dated to 37,00042,000 years old.
have made the
cave famous. Mugharet es-Skhul and Qafzeh, Israel
Human remains that are 90,000110,000 years
old have been found here. They suggest
that a rst wave of Homo sapiens
migration happened earlier
EUROPE than 100,000 years ago.
40,000
years ago
ASIA
40,000
years ago
Herto, Ethiopia
The 160,000-year-old Niah Caves,
skulls found here show
Malaysia
some features of human
Human remains,
ancestors, such as heavy,
including a skull
or robust, facial bones.
dating to 40,000
195,000 years ago, have
years ago been found here.
Omo Kibish, Fa Hien Cave, Sri Lanka
Ethiopia Bones from this cave show
The human bones
AFRICA that humans had arrived
discovered here in Stone tool, in Sri Lanka around
196774 have been Klasies River 33,000 years ago.
dated to 195,000 1,500
years old, making years ago Bone tools,
Malakunanja, Australia 50,000 Lake Mungo
them the earliest Archeologists have discovered years ago
known in the world.
120,000
that humans were living in the AUSTRALASIA
years ago protection of this rock shelter
Blombos Cave, 40,000 years ago.
South Africa
This cave contains The story told by DNA
engraved objects, Scientists study the DNA of modern
shell beads, and Lake Mungo, Australia
ne tools of stone
people from around the world to show
The oldest human remains
and bone, all up to how closely related they are. This data found in Australia (around
100,000 years old. can shed light on how their remote 40,000 years old) were
ancestors might have spread discovered here in 1974.
across the globe.
2016,000 NORTH
years ago
AMERICA
Meadowcroft Rockshelter,
Pennsylvania, US
This is possibly the
Clovis spearheads, St. Louis oldest inhabited site
Wallys Beach, Canada in the Americas. Tools,
Evidence of horse hunting from 11,000
blades, and spearheads
years ago has been found here, including
discovered here may be
blades and bones marked by butchering.
16,00019,000 years old.
Laurentide Ice
Bering Land
Sheet
Bridge Cordilleran
ice sheet NORTH
AMERICA
British Isles
The British Isles
Cordilleran Ice Sheet were joined to the rest
The Rocky Mountains region of Europe, and northern
of Canada was covered by a Smilodon England, Wales, and all
giant glacier called the American of Scotland were
Cordilleran Ice Sheet. mastodon covered by ice.
Bridge to Europe
Lower sea levels
meant that Europe
and Africa were
Glyptodon
at its height, ice covered
SO
TH
one-third of the
U
AM
Gia ER Sea ice
Earths surface. nt g
rou
nd
sl
ICA During the Ice Age, sea
o ice extended farther from
th
ago
years it is insignicant compared
to the great sheets of ice
covering the land.
onian
10 THE WORLDS SEA LEVELS FELL SOME 400 FT (120 M) DURING THE ICE
The ancient world
Woolly
mammoth
Woolly
rhinoceros ASIA
Bering Land Bridge
Siberia and Alaska were
Ice on the Tibetan connected, creating a
Plateau land bridge over which
early humans migrated
from Asia to North America.
Northern
Europe
An enormous Sahul
ice sheet covered Reduced sea levels created
Scandinavia and a landmass known as Sahul.
large parts of It was made up of modern-
Northern Europe. Persian Gulf day Australia and the island
The Persian Gulf (today, of New Guinea.
a shallow sea) was dry
land during the Ice Age.
AFRICA
Giant
wombat
Sunda
The Malay Peninsula and Indonesia
formed a landmass known as Sunda. AUSTRALASIA
It was separated from Sahul by deep
water, and wildlife in each place did not
mix. Today, monkeys live on land that
Moa
was once Sunda, while marsupials
live only on former Sahul.
Newspaper
Rock, Utah
A rock covered in NORTH
petroglyphsimages Brassempouy,
scratched into the AMERICA France
surfacemade by Venus of Cave where
artists during the Brassempouy
a tiny ivory
last 2,000 years. gurine was
found. The Venus
of Brassempouy,
at 25,000 years AFRICA
old, is possibly
the worlds oldest
realistic image of
a human face.
Petroglyphs,
Newspaper
Rock SOUTH AMERICA
KEY
100,000
5,r0s 0
yea
0
ago Cave art Cave paintings
More than 20,000 years ago
(height of the Ice Age)
20,00010,000 years ago
(end of the Ice Age)
People have been making decoration, Stenciled 10,0005,000 years ago
paintings, (after the Ice Age)
patterns, and jewelry for more than Cueva de
las Manos
Carved objects
100,000 years. However, the oldest
More than
known works of art that depict Cueva de las 20,000 years ago
Manos, Argentina
people and animals (rather than Cave with walls covered 20,00010,000 years ago
patterns) are up to 40,000 years in paintings of hands.
Strangely, these are Earliest jewelry
old. They were carved from bone identical to others More than
found in Spain and 20,000 years ago
or painted in caves in Europe Australiaplaces
at the height of the Ice Age. that could never have Earliest pots
been in contact.
20,00010,000 years ago
Bhimbetka, India,
Rock shelters containing
30,000-year-old paintings of
bison, rhinos, and deer. Deer,
Bhimbetka
Cave of
swimmers,
The Cave of Egypt
Fish,
Swimmers, Ubirr
Egypt
Cave in the Ubirr, Australia
Sahara with Rock faces that artists
10,000-year-old have painted and repainted
paintings of people during the last 40,000 years.
swimming. At the
time, this region
Many cave
lay beside
a huge lake. paintings are
so old they record
a time when
mammoths AUSTRALASIA
Shell
beads,
roamed Europe.
Blombos
Cave
Spitting image
Blombos Cave, Aboriginal artists in Australia are
South Africa still adding to paintings in some
Cave containing ancient rock-art sites. Some paint
shell beads
and decorated
the pictures by spitting paint from
stones that are their mouths. Experts think this
an amazing technique was used around the
70,000100,000 world thousands of years ago.
years old.
4500 B
CE
North America
Corn reached North
America from Central
America around 2100 BCE.
Southern Europe
Farming spread
to southern Europe
in the 7000s BCE from
the Fertile Crescent
Central America in the Middle East.
Agriculture started
around 4750 BCE. Sahel
Corn became the 3000 BCE
staple crop. 3000
BC
E
The first
9000
4000 BCE South America
Farming began in the
Andes around 5,500 years
Africa
Agriculture developed
independently in three
areas of Africa: the
14 THE FIRST PLANTS THAT FARMERS GREW AS CROPS WERE TALL, WILD
The ancient world
Domestication
All crops and farm animals
are descended from wild
plants and animals, which
people have changed through
Northern China selective breeding over many
Agriculture developed generations. People would sow
The Middle East independently in only the seeds of plants that
Northern Europe The Neolithic northern China produced the largest grains
Farming began in Revolution started around 8000 BCE. and breed only from animals
northern Europe in an area known as that were both strong and
around 4500 BCE. the Fertile Crescent tame. This process is called
around 9000 BCE. domestication.
Central Asia
The Bactrian camel
was rst domesticated
(tamed) in central Asia
5000 B
around 2500 BCE. CE
East Asia
Domesticated rice was grown
Ethiopian as early as 8500 BCE in Chinas
Highlands Yangtze Valley.
Indus Valley
Agriculture was well 100
0B
established in the Indus 2500 BC
E CE
Sea
Anatolia
100
Eu
Mediterranean Sea ph
ris
ve
Riv r
by several important rivers, er
Egypt
including the Tigris, the Sinai Persian
Euphrates, and the Nile. Gulf
N i le R i v er
Arabian
Desert
KEY Red
The Fertile Crescent Sea
EUROPE
Grand Menhir
dEr Grah
Stonehenge, England
The worlds most Hot
famous stone circle, Bulls of Stones
built from 3100 to Guisando
1600 BCE. No one Giants Graves
knows exactly what Antequera
it was used for. Gbleki Tepe, Turkey
Almendres Ancient ruins in Turkey
Cromlech that may be remains of
Mzoura the worlds oldest temple,
Atlit Yam dating back to 9000 BCE.
Temples of Malta
11 complex and spectacular temples
built as long ago as 3000 BCE on the
islands of Malta and Gozo. Nabta Playa
Bouar
9000 BCE
1300 CE Megaliths
During the megalithic (giant stone) period, people in many places
built structures (megaliths) from huge stone blocks. These structures
included tombs, temples, ceremonial sites, and observatoriesused
to measure the position of the Sun, Moon, and stars. The megalithic period in
Europe started 7,000 years ago, but later megalithic traditions began in east
Asia 3,000 years ago, and in west Africa 1,000 years ago.
KEY
This map shows the global pattern Ganghwa Dolmens,
of megaliths. Megalithic cultures South Korea
developed where people settled in More than 120 dolmens
communities that were big enough (tombs) in the mountains
to organize grand building projects. of the island of Ganghwa.
Built in 1000800 BCE,
Areas of megalithic culture these are some of the
Major megalithic monuments oldest dolmens in Korea.
Other important megalithic sites
ASIA Mozu
Kofungun
Furuichi
Kofungun
Plain of Jars, Laos Kochang
Several hundred
Hwasun
huge stone jars, dating
Burzahom from 500 BCE to 200 CE,
spread over more than
90 separate sites.
Birbir
Chokahatu
Chang
Kuang Ishibutai
Kofun, Japan
Largest megalithic
tomb in Japan, built
in the Asuka Period,
592710 CE.
Dolmens of
Kerala, India Marayoor Dong Nai
Mushroom-
shaped burial Ibbankatuwa
monuments dating
from 300 BCE to 200 CE.
Nias
Megaliths in
the Americas
The Americas are home
to megaliths, too, including
those in eastern Canada,
Central America, Peru,
and Bolivia. Some are up Gunung
Padang
to 3,400 years old. The Sumba
giant stone blocks (right) Lore Lindu, Indonesia
of the Pumapunku temple Over 400 megaliths,
complex in Bolivia date some carved in the shape
to around 600 CE. of humans. They date from
3000 BCE to 1300 CE.
FROM 150 MILES (240 KM) AWAY. THE LARGEST WEIGH OVER 40 TONS. 17
Mesopotamia
KEY The fertile land between
the Tigris and Euphrates
Area of early Former sea rivers was perfect
city-based civilizations (today, this area
for farming.
Early city is dry land, due
to silting up of
Trade route
the river mouths)
Nineveh
E u p h r at eM Tell Brak
s es
Tigris
op Nuzi
ot
Ri
am
ve
Riv
r
ia
er
Nile River Mari
The Nile River ooded at the same
ant
time every year. This meant the land
Lev
next to the river was fertile and ideal Sippar
for growing crops.
Kish
Eridu SUMER Uruk
Eridu was possibly
Memphis Ur
the rst city to be
The city of Memphis built in Mesopotamia, Eridu
Memphis Iunu (Heliopolis)
Saqqara in around 4500 BCE.
N i le R i v
rst appeared
around 3100 BCE
and became the City of Ur
The Sumerian city of Ur was
er
largest in Egypt
established around 4000 BCE
Ni
the world.
100,000 inhabitants, it
Va
Memphis
biggest city in the world.
y
The
4500 ziggurat, sat at its heart.
Nekhen
1000 BCE
first cities
Ziggurat of Ur
Arabian Desert
Harappa
street layout
Zagros Mountains
Irrigation (controlling the
ow of water to grow crops)
was invented in the Zagros Indus River
Mountains. The idea soon The mighty Indus
spread to Mesopotamia and River gave rise to the
Egypt and became a vital rst cities in Asia. Rakhigarhi
part of the city-based
River
Za
civilizations there.
gr
Harappa
Indus
os
y
lle
M
Mohenjo-Daro Va Harappa
ou
Dholavira
The
3400 BCE in the Inca Empire and older
civilizations in ancient Peru.
650 CE Information was coded by the
color and pattern of knots in
threads of llama or alpaca wool.
origins SOUTH
AMERICA
of writing
In Chinese legend,
People began recording things the day the rst writing
by writing them down more
than 5,000 years ago, in Sumer (in symbols were born
modern-day Iraq), and Egypt. Later, marked the second
in China and the Americas, other
groups of people invented totally beginning of the world.
different systems of writing.
Heliopolis
Great Pyramid Memphis Nefertiti
Giza
One of the Seven Queen of Egypt in 135336
Saqqara
Wonders of the World, BCE, when her husband
this is the largest and Low er
Akhenaten moved the capital
oldest pyramid
at Giza.
Egypt to Amarna. Nefertiti is famous
Cr
for a beautiful sculpture of her,
Upper
oc
now in a museum in Berlin.
od
ilo
o li Egypt
p
s
Amarna
Hermopolis
Thebes
Sobek Nekhen
In Crocodilopolis, Valley of the Kings
people prayed to Burial ground of
statues like this, pharaohs of the
Sphinx which shows New Kingdom.
Great statue of a Sobek the Tutankhamun's
lion with a human head, Crocodile, tomb was found,
built 4,500 years ago. god of rivers untouched, containing
and lakes. the golden mask of his
mummy, in 1922.
3100
30 BCE Land of the pharaohs
Egypt was a narrow strip of fertile land along the Nile River, surrounded
by desert. It was in the Nile Valley that the Egyptians built their immense
pyramids, colossal temples, and secret tombs, containing mummies of their
dead, cut deep into hillsides. Pharaohs were the rulers of Egypt for more than 3,000
years, from around 3100 BCE until the country became a province of Rome in 30 BCE.
LATE PERIOD
Period when Egypt was controlled
alternately by native rulers and
747 the rulers of foreign powers.
R ed S e a
THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Egypt conquered by various
civilizations, such as the Libyans,
1069 the Nubians, and the Assyrians.
NEW KINGDOM
Era of wealth and good relations
with other countries.
Philae
R
Island in the Nile River, near 1550
E
SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Aswan, that houses a complex
D
1650 Period when Egypt was again split
of temples built in Greek and into Upper and Lower parts.
L
Roman times to worship
O
Aswan MIDDLE KINGDOM
Return to rule by pharaohs,
the goddess Isis. bringing stability and wealth.
2055
r
ndu FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
De 2181 First of three periods of instability
and power struggles between
different rulers.
OLD KINGDOM
Amada All-powerful pharaohs ruled and
Abu Simbel were buried in vast pyramids.
Two huge temples carved out of
2686
Abu Simbel a mountainside in 126444 BCE
in honor of the reigning
EARLY DYNASTIC
pharaoh, Ramesses II. Period following the unication
of Upper and Lower Egypt.
3100
N i le
Rive
r
King Taharqa
Pharaoh of both Egypt and Nubia, shown
in this statue, worshiping an Egyptian
falcon-god. He made Nuri his capital and
his pyramid was the rst to be built there.
Britain
Brittany U r n f i e l d c u l t u r a l a re
Brittany (in todays a
France) had some tin of
its own, and merchants
here may have passed
this, as well as Cornish EUROPE
tin, on toward markets
in the Middle East.
HITTITE
GREECE
Central Europe Mycenaean Greece
People in central Europe did not build In the Bronze Age,
cities, but they created beautiful objects from the people who lived in
Greece belonged to what Mediterranean
bronze. Modern-day Austria was the center of a
bronze-working culture called the Urneld culture, is called the Mycenaean S ea
because their dead were buried in pottery urns. civilization. Its main
city was Mycenae.
AFRICA
NEW
3200
The Bronze Age
OF EG
1200 BCE
KINGDOM
YPT
In around 3200 BCE, people in Egypt and Mesopotamia (now Iraq)
rst added tin to copper at high temperatures to form a durable
metal called bronze. This new metal could make tools, weapons,
armor, and beautiful jewelry. In Mesopotamia and the Middle East, cities
and civilizations grew, and bronze working spread widely. The cities hunger
for rare tin reserves increased, and by 1250 BCE, the worlds biggest powers
needed a long trade network to maintain the tin supply.
24 IN AROUND 1200 BCE, THE BRONZE AGE POWERS OF EGYPT, GREECE, AND
The ancient world
KEY
Chinese bronze This map shows Bronze Age Europe
Both China and Southeast and western Asia in 1250 BCE.
Asia had thriving bronze
industries tooas early as Great Middle Eastern city-based
civilizations based on bronze working
2000 BCE. People in these
Other areas with settlements that
regions may have invented had developed bronze working
bronze separately, or
may have gained the Areas without bronze technology
technology from the Source of copper
West via the steppes Copper was widespread across
of northern Asia. the Bronze Age world.
Shang Dynasty Chinese
bronze blades (c.1500 BCE)
Source of tin
Tin is the other metal needed to
make bronze, but the main sources
were found nowhere near the city-
based civilizations of the Middle East.
Great powers, such as Egypt and
Babylonia, had to import tin from
as far away as Britain.
ASIA Afghanistan
Afghanistan was
rich in tin, but
B la ck S e a experts cannot
be certain that
the tin reached
the cities of the
Middle East.
EMPIRE
ASSYRIA
Me
so
po
BA t a
BY
MIDDLE
m
LO
NI
ia
A ELAM
EAST
Death claimed
them for all their
erceness, and
they left the bright
sunlight behind them. I N D I A N
Re
El Mirador
Zapotec clay Palenque Tikal
urn showing the Tres Zapotes Xunantunich
Chiapa de
rain god Cocijo Corzo Tonina Yaxchilan
Monte Seibal Caracol
Altar de Quirigua
Albn Santa Cruz Sacricios
Aquiles Sardn
Altamira Copn CENTRAL
Kaminaljuy Las Victorias
La Victoria
La Blanca AMERICA
Zapotec culture, 500 BCE900 CE Olmec culture,
Zapotec culture emerged in the 1200400 BCE
Oaxaca valley, now in southern The Olmecs built several cities
Mexico. The capital, Monte Albn, in what is now southern Mexico.
dominated the region for 1,000 They invented a writing system,
years. At its center was a hilltop a calendar, a family of gods,
ceremonial platform shaped like and pyramid-shaped temples,
the base of a pyramid. all of which they passed on
to the Zapotecs and Maya.
The intricate Maya
calendar includes the
Long Count dating system,
Ancient
1200 BCE
900 CE which lasts 5,126 years.
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
SOUTH AMERICA
KEY Sipn
Pacatnam Nazca Lines
Area of Olmec Olmec site
civilization Huaca del Brujo monkey gure
Moche
Area of Zapotec Shillacoto
civilization Zapotec site Tornaval Chavn de
Paamarca Huntar
Area of Maya
Chavn culture, Ancn
civilization Mayan site 1000 BCE200 BCE
Garagay
Area of Chavin
The Chavn culture of Peru
Chavn site may have evolved slowly from PE
civilization RU
Area of Nazca
the earlier Norte Chico civilization,
Nazca site which built the rst cities in the
civilization Paracas
Americas. Chavn buildings had tenon Nazca
Area of Moche Moche site
Pampa Ingenio
civilization headsstone carvings of jaguar faces
Cahuachi Tambo Viejo
with long canine teethprojecting
from the tops of the walls.
Poseidonia
KEY
This map shows ancient Greece
and its colonies (areas under
Greek control) in 431 BCE, and
Tyrrhenian
also which states supported
Athens or Sparta. Sea
I am not
Athens and allies Warship Athenian or
Sparta and allies
Neutral states and colonies Greek, but a citizen
of the world.
Attributed to Socrates, ancient
Greek philosopher, 469399 BCE
Sicily Ionian Sea
Olympia
Syracuse From 776 BCE,
One of the most inuential athletes from across
Greek cities, Syracuse was the the Greek world
Syracuse target of an attack by Athens competed in
in 415 BCE. Athens had the best running, discus-
warships, including triremes throwing, and
(ships powered by both sails other games at
and three banks of oars), the sanctuary (holy
but their expedition ended place) of Zeus
in spectacular defeat. Throwing in Olympia.
the discus
700
400 BCE Ancient Greece Athens versus Sparta
Athens and Sparta fought each
other in the Peloponnesian War,
431404 BCE. Athens gained
territory and built up a strong
Ancient Greece was a collection of city-states, navy, but Sparta had many
including Athens and Sparta, whose people allies, and soldiers trained
from the age of seven. The
shared the same language, believed in the war ended in Spartan victory.
same gods, and enjoyed sports, theater, and poetry. The
states sometimes united to ght against a common
enemy, such as Persia, but they also fought each other.
The ercest rivals were Sparta, a proud warrior nation,
and Athens, the birthplace of democracy and the home
of great scientists and politicians.
Byzantium
THRACE
N IA
DO
ACE
M
Spartan
warriors
IAN EMPIR
PERS E
Running from
Marathon Marathon
Lemnos After defeating Persia at the
battle of Marathon in 490 BCE,
the Greek army quickly
G
Marathon
are named after the legend
E
Athens
Athenians worshiped
Athena, goddess of wisdom, war, Rhodes
Sparta and the arts. Socrates, Plato, and other
Spartan children were famous Greek thinkers lived here.
trained to be strong
and healthy. Boys
hoped to join their
mighty army, but girls Crete
Mediterranean Sea
were not allowed.
Mediterranean superpowers
Apollonia Ancient Greece started expanding in EUROPE
An important trade the 8th century BCE, founding colonies
center, this city in Turkey, Italy, France, Spain, Libya, and
ET
Black S ea
RU
also had an
Egypt. But Greece was not the only power ONIA
RI
outdoor theater ED
M AC
A
Greek cities had sailors and traders, had colonies as far GREECE
theaters, where away as Spain and along the North CARTHAGE Medite
rranean S ea
PHOE
SARDIS 5
547 BCE
490 BCE
479 BCE Sardis
PLATEA
MARATHON Ephesus
ION
GR
480 BCE
SALAMIS Athens IA
EE
ME
MILETUS
The Persians Aleppo
SO
PO
achieved their only Crete s TA
victory over the Greeks C ypru MI
in this battle. It was part of A
13. Battle of Mycale
a second invasion of Greece, The Persian war against
by Darius Is son, Xerxes. the Greeks ended when the Persian
539 BCE
OPIS
eet was sunk at the battle of Mycale. Babylon 6
8 525 BCE
PELUSIUM
Battle of Opis
8. Battle of Pelusium
Cambyses II conquered
Egypt after victory at 6. Capture of Babylon
the battle of Pelusium. Cyrus took Babylon in
539 BCE, after defeating the
EGYPT Babylonians at the battle
of Opis. His empire had
become the largest the
The
550
330 BCE
Thebes
world had ever seen.
D IA
ME
Glazed bricks from
the palace of Susa
3 Ecbatana show Darius Is
bodyguards, known BACTRIA
as the Immortals.
GANDHARA
10 Susa
2. Battle of Pasargadae
Cyrus defeated King Astyages Kandahar
PERSIS 10. Building of palace at Susa at the battle of Pasargadae.
Emperor Darius I made Susa Pasargadae later became
another important capital and Cyruss capital.
built a palace there in the
Babylonian style.
KEY
1 Key location
Growth of the Persian Empire (550480 BCE)
Persian homeland 525 BCE Battle (with date)
before 550 BCE
Persian Royal Road
Land gained by 549 BCE Built by Darius I, it ran 1,700 miles Cyrus the Great
Land gained by 525 BCE (2,700 km) from Susa to Sardis.
Empire at its greatest Royal messengers could travel the
Cyrus the Great was more than
extent, 480 BCE length of the road in nine days. a great conqueror. He became
the standard for the qualities
Greek Wars (490479 BCE) expected of a ruler: tolerance
Darius I launched a doomed invasion of the Greek mainland toward other religions and
in 492 BCE. His son, Xerxes, tried again in 480 BCE. cultures, and generosity
480 BCE Greek victory (with date) toward those he defeated.
480 BCE Persian victory (with date) He was the rst king in
history to be called great.
Persian campaign against Greece
WORLDS FIRST POSTAL SYSTEM AND THE FIRST CODE OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 31
334
323 BCE Alexander the Great
One of the greatest military leaders in history, Alexander the
Great single-handedly united far-ung lands by conquering them
and imposing on them Greek ideas, customs, and culture. In little
more than a decade, the young king defeated the mighty Persian Empire
and established a huge kingdom that stretched from India
in the east to Egypt in the west.
EUROPE
Alexander
the Great
2. Cities surrender
By spring 333 BCE, over 30 cities
in Asia Minor had surrendered
to Alexander.
3. Cutting the knot
Pella 1 Alexander reached
GRANICUS
A
ONI 334 BCE Gordium where he cut
CED 2 the Gordian Knot (the
MA 3
ASIA impossible puzzle) with
KEY Gordium his sword. According
MINOR
GREECE to legend, it was a sign
Alexanders empire Sardis
Athens he would rule Asia.
Dependent regions ISSUS
GAUGAMELA 7
331 BCE
Alexanders route 333 BCE
4
Signicant battles Nineveh
Mountain pass
Thapsacus
Key town or city 1. Invasion
Alexander launched
1 Key event his invasion of the 4. Enemies meet
Persian Empire in In November 333 BCE, Alexander met TYRE
334 BCE Date of event Persian emperor Darius III in battle
334 BCE. 332 BCE
Damascus
for the rst time. The Persian army
was outmaneuvered and suffered
heavy losses. Darius ed.
GAZA 8. Taking Babylon
332 BCE The great city of Babylon
Paraetonium Alexandria 5 surrendered in 331 BCE;
Alexander entered the
gates in triumph.
Heliopolis
6 Memphis
Siwa
5. Siege of Gaza
Changing the world In 332 BCE, Alexander
EGYPT was wounded by a
As Alexander the Great
catapult bolt during
conquered empires, he the Siege of Gaza.
took Greek language, 6. Consulting the Oracle
Alexander visited the oracle
customs, and culture of Ammon at Siwa. The oracle
with him. Greek-style (a person thought to be able to
portraiture has been found predict the future) told him he
from Turkey in the east to was the son of Ammon-Zeus,
Greek-style coin from Bactria
central Asia in the west. (in modern-day Afghanistan). the ruler of the Greek gods.
Meshed
daughter of Sogdian 327 BCE 13. Battle of
Bactra
Persian emperor, 10 baron Oxyartes. Hydaspes
Darius III, ees BACTRIA Alexander defeated
330 BCE PARTHIA
Ecbatana CASPIAN GATES King Porus at the
Battle of Hydaspes.
HYDASPES
331 BCE
13 326 BCE 14
BABYLON
Susa
8
Sangela
16 323 BCE
330 BCE
of Alexander
du
PERSEPOLIS
Alexander died In
of unknown causes PERSIA
in Babylon on June Trek across the
10, 323 BCE, at just 32. Makran Desert 15
MAKRAN DESERT
9. Sacking the capital Gwadar 325 BCE
Alexander reached
Persepolis, the capital of Pattala
INDIA
Persia. His troops sacked
the city. Later he torched 15. Death in the desert
the Royal Palace. Alexander led his troops through
the Makran Desert. Many died.
o
Zha
Jinyang
Yellow
River
Yuezhi
Zhon
The Yuezhi were an Luoyang
Indo-European people
(they spoke a language Qin Xinzheng
more closely related to Han
European, Indian, and Qin
Xianyang
Iranian languages than
Chinese). They were
frequently at war with the
Xiongnu, but traded with
the Chinese during the
Qin Dynasty, supplying
them with war horses. Terra-cotta
gures buried with
Qin state Qin Shi Huangdi
Xianyang The original Qin (pronounced chin) in Xianyang
Xianyang, near todays Xian, was state was one of seven states during
the capital of the Qin Empire. the time known as the Warring States
When Shi Huangdi died in 210 BCE, period (c.475221 BCE). After two
he was buried there in a vast centuries of ghting, Qin emerged as
tomb, which was guarded by the the strongest state and defeated the
Terra-cotta Armyaround 8,000 other six to form a united China.
life-sized clay soldiers carrying
bronze weapons. They were
meant to protect the emperor
from evil spirits in the afterlife.
The revival of
KEY
Qin state in around 260 BCE
states ... will never
Expansion of Qin state
Border of Qin Empire in 221 BCE
bring about stability!
State capital city Attributed to Qin Shi Huangdi,
Qin First Emperor, 259210 BCE
34 NO ONE KNOWS HOW LONG THE WALL WAS, BUT ESTIMATES RANGE FROM
The ancient world
Beacon tower
There were beacon towers at intervals along the
Great Wall. The original wall was built of rammed
earthsoil that was poured into a wooden
frame then compacted, layer by layer.
Dong-hu
The Dong-hu, or
ongshan Yan Eastern Barbarians,
Zh were the ancestors
of the Mongols. They
were conquered by the
Xiongnu in 206 BCE, just
Ji
before the start of the
Han Dynasty.
Qi
Korea
Linzi Ye l l o w S e a
Lu
CHINA Qufu
The northern wall
In 215 BCE, Shi Huangdi sent 300,000
citizens to build a wall across the
Daliang Song north of the country. It was made
Shangqin
by joining many smaller walls,
which had been built previously by
the Warring States. Many workers
Shouchun
died during the construction.
r
ve
Ri
e
tz
Chu
ng
221
206 BCE Chinas Great Wall
The rst parts of Chinas Great Wall were built when the
country was split into many states, which were always
at war with each other. Some of these states built walls
to stop nomadic tribes from invading from the north. In 221 BCE,
Ying Zheng, king of Qin state, having conquered the other states
and unied China, began joining up the shorter walls into one great
wall. He renamed himself Qin Shi Huangdi (First Sovereign Emperor
of Qin) and ruled over his empire until he died in 210 BCE.
Eb
re
ro
ne
Riv
es
er
3. Carthago Nova
Determined to take the war to the 1
4
heart of Italy, Hannibal and his forces Tarraco
departed from Carthago Nova (where
SAGUNTUM
he had withdrawn after the Siege of
an
Saguntum) in the spring of 218 BCE.
Iberi
219 BCE
n i n s ula 2
Pe
Carthago Nova 3
2. Saguntum
The people of Saguntum feared the
Carthaginians, so they asked Rome
to be their ally. In 219 BCE, in an 4. Pyrenees
attempt to provoke Rome, Hannibal After ghting his way
laid siege to Saguntum. This led to through Roman-occupied
the second Punic War between land in what is now Spain,
Rome and Carthage. Hannibal led his army
over the Pyrenees and
entered Gaul.
Rome
219
202 BCE
AFR
ICA
and Hannibal
In 219 BCE, Hannibal of Carthage renewed
a war between Rome and its greatest rival, the
Carthaginian Empire. The Romans called these
conicts the Punic Wars, after the Punici, their name for the
Phoenician people who founded Carthage. Hannibal led his army
over the mountains and on into central Italy; he inicted a string
of victories that came close to toppling the entire Roman Republic.
The war nally ended when he was defeated near Carthage.
TREBIA
around Italy before
being thrown over the
wall of Hannibals camp.
soon as age will
permit I will use re I TA L
9
of Rome.
Cannae in 216
ROME BCE, Hannibals
8. Lake Trasimene army captured or
Hannibals oath to killed 50,00070,000
In June 217 BCE,
his father, Hamilcar, Romans. It was one
Hannibal ambushed and
when he was a child of the worst defeats
defeated the Romans on the
shores of Lake Trasimene. the Romans ever
He decided against attacking suffered.
Rome because he lacked Capua
the equipment to do so. 10
216 BCE
Utica 12. Scipio
CANNAE
In 204 BCE, Roman forces
ZAMA
CARTHAGE 12
led by Scipio invaded Africa.
14 202 BCE
Lilybaeum Tarentum
Hadrumentum Thurii
Agrigentium
Ecnomus Croton
Rhegium
13
Messana
Syracuse
ILL
YR
Lugdunum Mediolanum
Cantabrians Burdigala
ICU
Fought for control GAUL Ravenna
DA
M
of northwest Spain
Nemausus Massilia LM
in 2919 BCE AT
ITALIA IA
Rome
Carthage Ostia
Tarraco Pompeii
In 146 BCE, the
Romans besieged
and destroyed
HISPANIA the city that
Carthago had been their
Corduba Nova bitter rival.
SICILIA
Carthage
Syracuse
Gades Caesarea
NUMIDIA
ANIA Sufetula
Tingis
URET
MA (M Mare
ed Nos
ite trum
rra
nean
Se a)
A F R Leptis Magna
I C A
27BCE
476 CE The Roman Empire
At the end of the reign of Emperor Trajan in 117 CE, the Roman Empire
was at its largest, stretching across Europe and North Africa, from Britain
at its farthest northwest frontier to the Middle East in the far southeast.
KEY
Kingdom of the Franks
The end of the empire
Pic
s By the 5th century CE, the
t
Kingdom of the Ostrogoths
Dacians BRITAIN
Conquered by Trajan, Iris
h Danes Kingdom of the Burgundians Roman Empire was nearly
ns
Saxolo-
s
500 years old, but it had
on
Kingdom of the Visigoths
Ang
who made their Br
it
Slavs
kingdom a Roman Thuringia
Kingdom of the Vandals broken in two, into eastern
ton
s
ns
province in 106 CE. Bre Alemanni L Eastern Roman Empire and western halves. The
ombards
Persian Empire
Bas
que
s
Alps map shows Europe in 500 CE.
Ravenna
Actium The eastern Roman Empire
Rome
In 31 BCE, Octavian, had survived, ruled from
Constantinople
soon to become its capital, Constantinople.
Romes rst Carthage The western half had been
emperor, beat overrun by peoples from
his rivals Antony the northGoths, Franks,
and Cleopatra.
Vandals, and Burgundians.
THRACE
MACEDON
Thessalonica
IA
Byzantium
Nicopolis ARMENIA
Corinth Athens ASIA MINOR
Ephesus
GREECE OTAMIA
AS
P
ESO
SY
M RI
A
SYRIA
PA MP
CYPRUS
RT IR
Palmyra
E
HI E
Jerusalem
AN
Roman forces ruined the city and
IA
EA
Cyrene JUD
AB
Alexandria
Petra
KEY
Major battle during the
empires expansion
EGYPTUS
Major Roman city
Attalia Perga
GALATIA
Antioch
Seleucia
Rezeph
Salamis
Owe no man any CYPRUS
The Crucixion
Historians agree that
Jesus was crucied
thing, but to love Paphos around 30 CE, but
the location of his
one another. The Conversion of Paul
deathCalvary,
outside Jerusalem
Paul described his conversion to is not conrmed.
Paul the Apostle, Letter to the Romans 13:8 Damascus
Christianity in his Epistle to the
8
Galatians in the Bible. He said
God revealed his Son to him. ISRAEL
Mediterranean Sea Historians cannot conrm that
it happened on the road from
The Plagues of Egypt Jerusalem to Damascus, but they
J o rd a n
River
Some scientists explain the Biblical agree on a date of 3336 CE.
Plagues of Egypt, which included livestock
disease and boils, as natural phenomena.
The plague of blood, which turned the Nile 7
Jerusalem
River red, may have been caused by red Bethlehem 6
microbes called blood algae.
JUDAH
Nile
Delta The Nativity story
Most historians agree that Jesus was
born in Judah, also known as Judea,
between 7 and 2 BCE. Most also accept
3 that he was born in Bethlehem, the
KEY birthplace described in the Bible.
This map shows where scientists,
historians, and archeologists have
The Ten Commandments
found independent evidence connected
The site of the biblical Mount
with the events described in the Bible.
Sinai, where Moses received the
r
Sinai
Mountain in a Bible story No other evidence survives of
4
Journey of the exiled Jews the event, however, nor of the
Journey of Paul the Apostle Jews eeing Egypt.
Place visited by Paul the Apostle
Red S ea
Mesopotamia. What is more, On the top of Mount Sinai, God gave to Moses, leader
Ri
a Babylonian tablet from of the freed Jews, a set of 10 rules for peaceful living.
ASSYRIA
ve
7 The Crucixion
e
ra
so
ve
o
r
ta
The exile of the Jews to Damascus and immediately became a devoted follower.
Documents found in the ruins
of Babylon show that the 9 Journeys of Paul the Apostle
Jewish people were exiled Paul traveled through the Roman Empire preaching the word
here in 597539 BCE. Yet of Jesus. He was arrested and executed in Rome in c.60 CE.
little is known about their
lives in Babylonia.
The Tower of Babel
5 Babylon Ziggurats (temples) in Babylonia, PERSIA
2
which were built on a series of
levels up toward the sky, have
BABYLONIA been linked with the Bibles
idea of people trying to build
a tower to heaven.
1800 BCE
60 CE Bible stories
The Bible is a sacred text in two parts. The
Old Testament (a Jewish and Christian text),
claims the Jews as Gods chosen people and
says that a holy leader, called a savior, will come to Earth.
The New Testament (a Christian text) tells the life of Jesus
Christ, whom Christians believe to be that savior. Some Persian
Gulf
historians have compared the Bible with separate historical
and archeological evidence to build the history of the Jews,
of Jesus, and of his early followers.
Caroline
Islands
Gilbert
Islands
Samoa
Vanuatu
Australia Coral Sea
Islands
Taro
The taro plant,
Exploration of which has an edible
eastern Polynesia, tuber, was grown in
200 BCE freshwater marshes
Seafarers from Tonga and man-made pits.
and Samoa discovered and Tuber
Line settled what we now know
Islands as eastern PolynesiaTahiti
(in the Society Islands), the
Cook Islands, the Marquesas Pig
Phoenix
Islands, and the Tuamotus. The pigs of
Islands Polynesia were
descendants of
wild boars native
to Eurasia.
Marquesas Polynesian rat
Islands Rats were not taken as
suppliesthey were
stowaways. They
PA C I F I C settled in every
island colonized
OCEAN by humans.
Society
Islands
Cook Tuamotu Islands
Islands
2,000 BCE
1400 CE Pacific settlers Arrival at humans
most distant
outpost, 500 CE
Polynesians from
the Tuamotus or the
Gambier Islands
The discovery and settling of the Pacic islands discovered and
is a dramatic story of human migration. Daring settled Rapa Nui, or
Easter Islandone
explorers, the worlds rst deep-sea sailors and of the most remote
islands on Earth.
navigators, crossed the vast Pacic Ocean in simple, double-
hulled boats called outriggers. They did so at a time when
Europeans were still afraid to sail out of sight of dry land.
MAC
EDO
NIA
GR
EE
CE
44 AT 481 FT (146.5 M), THE GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZA WAS THE TALLEST
The ancient world
3 EUROPE
4
5
NORTH ASIA
AMERICA 9
Area of 8
enlarged
map 6
1
B l ack S ea
AFRICA
7
SOUTH
AMERICA
AUSTRALASIA
2
Worldwide wonders
Other marvels of engineering from ancient times can be found across the world today.
Here are nine of them.
A N ATO L I A
1 Great Pyramid of Cholula 4 Pont-du-Gard This Roman 7 Sigiriya This Sri Lankan
Built in Mexico in 300 BCE, aqueduct (water-carrying palace was carved into a
this is the largest pyramid bridge) in France dates back massive column of rock in
in the world by volume. to 19 BCE. It stands 165 ft 495 CE. It is guarded by a
(50 m) high. gateway shaped like a lion.
2 Nazca Lines These
extraordinary carvings 5 Colosseum This 50,000- 8 Terra-cotta Army An army of
patterns, animals, and plants seater stadium in Italy was 8,000 life-sized clay warriors
were etched into the desert built in 80 CE, when crowds that was buried with the rst
in Peru in 350 BCE650 CE. gathered to watch gladiators. emperor of China in 210 BCE.
3 Stonehenge The arches
6 Temples of Abu Simbel 9 Daisen Kofun Built in the 5th
made of 4-ton stones
Twin temples made of rock century, this Japanese tomb
were erected in Britain in
in 126444 BCE mark the reign is the worlds largest burial
31001600 BCE. No one knows
Sea
of Pharaoh Ramesses II and mound. Seen from above, it
what they were used for.
a n his wife Nefertari. has the shape of a keyhole.
rra ne
ite
Med
ASIA Hanging Gardens
of Babylon
In around 600 BCE, King
Nebuchadnezzar built a
2500 BCE
650 CE Ancient wonders series of beautiful stepped
gardens for his wife, Amytis.
They were destroyed in the
1st century CE and no
evidence remains today.
ASIA
Plumbing,
2600 BCE
Remains of the
earliest known
drainage systems Paper, 1st century BCE
were found in the Paper was invented during
Indus Valley (modern- Chinas Han Dynasty. It
day Pakistan). They was cheap to produce and
directed rainwater into replaced more expensive
drains and stopped writing materials, such
the cities of Harappa as bamboo and silk.
and Mohenjo-Daro
from ooding.
Stirrup, Pottery,
500200 BCE 18,000 BCE
Ancient sculptures In 2012,
suggest that stirrups archeologists
were rst used in found shards
India. The stirrup gave of the earliest
riders greater control known pots in
of their horses, which Jiangxi, China.
helped them to ght
on horseback.
500 CE
CLASSIC MAYA MOHAMMADS FLIGHT
PERIOD (500s) The Maya TO MEDINA (622) The Prophet
civilization of Central Mohammad ees from Mecca and
America is at the height establishes the new religion of
of its powers. pp7071 Islam in Medina, Saudi Arabia.
Viking longship
Advanced sail power
enabled the Vikings
to cross oceans to
trade and settle in
new lands.
FOURTH TO EIGHTH THIRD CRUSADE ETHIOPIAN EMPIRE
CRUSADES (120270) Five (118992) Another (11371974) The Ethiopian
more major Crusades take attempt fails to Empire of east Africa begins
place. They are all attacks claim Jerusalem for under the rule of the Zagwe
on non-Catholics. pp6061 Christianity. pp6061 dynasty. pp6869
Mongol MONGOLS UNITED (1206) PEAK OF THE MONGOL MONGOL KHANATES (1294)
warrior Genghis Khan stops the Mongol EMPIRE (1279) The Mongol The Mongol Empire splits
tribes from ghting and unites Empire stretches from into four khanates under the
them, forming the rst Mongol Ukraine to eastern authority of the Yuan dynasty
khanate (empire). pp6263 China. pp6263 in Beijing, China. pp6263
SPREAD OF ISLAM MOORISH SPAIN VIKINGS ARRIVE (793) PAPER MONEY (900)
(632750) Islam spreads quickly (7111492) North African The rst Viking raid outside The worlds rst paper
after the death of Mohammad. A Moors invade and rule Scandinavia destroys the money is used in China.
Caliphate (Islamic state) stretches over Spain, bringing it abbey on the British island pp7273
from Morocco to India. pp6869 under Islamic rule. of Lindisfarne. pp5455
CRUSADER CALL (1095) COMPASS (104044) FINDING AMERICA SONG DYNASTY RULES
Pope Urban II calls for The Chinese military (1001) Viking Leif CHINA (9601279) Guns,
Christians across Europe is the rst to use the Eriksson becomes the rockets, and printing with
to reclaim Jerusalem from magnetic compass for rst European to land in movable type are invented
Muslim rule. pp6061 navigation. pp7273 the Americas. pp5455 in this period. pp5657
Venice
EUROPE Nothern route
An alternative trade route
Wine
Rome ran north of the Caspian
AFRICA Mediter Black
Sea on the way to ports on
ran the Black Sea.
ea Sea
Cairo n Constantinople
A Sea
xa
Lying at the end of sea lend
and overland routes, ria
Cairo and Alexandria Cairo Metalwork p ian
s
became major centers Ca ea
of global commerce. Salt S
Baghdad
Baghdad
Dates Bukhara
The capital of the Wool rugs
Islamic world was a hub of
commerce and trade along Brassware
the Silk Road. PERSIA
Sandalwood
Delhi
Bharuch
Marco Polo
Marco Polo was the
Silk Roads most
Spices
famous traveler.
INDIA
The account of
his 24-year Asian
journey in the 13th
century CE helped
introduce Europe Delhi
to the customs Indian ports In the 1200s and 1300s CE,
and geography Goods passed through Delhi was a major center for
of the East. major ports on the Indian the exchange of goods and
Ocean, such as Bharuch, ideas between India and China.
on their way to Islamic
countries to the west.
200BCE
1400 CE The Silk Road
Stretching 4,500 miles (7,000 km)
from China to the Mediterranean
Sea, the Silk Road was one of the
worlds longest lasting and most important
trade networks. It led not only to the
exchange of goods but also of
ideas, beliefs, and cultures.
New products
The Silk Road saw the import and export
of certain goods from the East and West
for the rst time in history.
WEST
Kashgar EAST
Kashgar lay at a junction Glass
Horses at the western end of the
Silk
Taklamakan Desert. Dunhuang
Dunhuang was an important Woolen goods
Oranges
Kashgar
Lapis lazuli Camel
Ta k l a m a k Gaochang
a n Desert
Changan
Chinas capital had the
Jade Dunhuang Textiles biggest population of
any city on Earth.
Lhasa A S I A
Lanzhou
Cotton
Lanzhou
An important crossing
Lhasa point over the Yellow River, Changan
The capital of Tibet was CHINA
Lanzhou was a major link
a major stop-off point
on the northern branch of
on what is commonly
the Silk Road.
called the Southwest Ivory
Silk Road.
Ceramics
Exotic goods
Ivory was moved along the
I have not told Silk Road from China to
the West as early as the
half of what 1st century BCE.
I saw.
Marco Polo, on his deathbed in 1324
KEY Town or city
The Silk Road was one of the Major routes
worlds major trade routes
from the 3rd century BCE Alternative routes
until the 14th century CE. Sea routes
This map shows the Silk
Road in 1200 CE. Goods traded
THE FIRST CENTURY CE, THE EMPEROR BANNED THE EXOTIC FABRIC. 53
KEY
Scandinavian homeland Viking exploration
Viking settlement by: Erik the Reds voyage
9th century CE to Greenland, 983986 CE
10th century CE Vinland voyages,
11th century CE c.10001015 CE
Areas the Vikings Hunting and trading
raided but did not settle routes, 10501350 CE
Major Viking raids
Greenland
In 986 CE, Erik the Red
became the rst to make
a permanent settlement
HELLULAND in Greenland.
ICELAND
GREENLAND
Iceland
Vikings began to settle on
AT L A N T I C Iceland around 870 CE.
Markland
In 1001 CE, the son of Erik
OCEAN
the Red, Leif Eriksson, LAnse aux Meadows Dublin
M
Vikings founded a
to land in North America. settlement at LAnse aux Meadows in
KL
permanent settlement in
Newfoundlanda place the Vikings
AN
Marklandthought to be Meadows
here on the Labrador coast.
793
NORTH
VINLAND
1001 CE The Vikings
AMERICA
The Vikings were the great raiders,
traders, explorers, and settlers of
medieval Europe. From their base in
Scandinavia, they established outposts in the British
North America Isles, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, France, the
The Greenland Vikings
had no wood for building Mediterranean, and Russia. They were probably
or fuel. Expeditions also the rst people from Europe to set foot in
south along the North
American coast were North Americaalmost 500 years before the
mainly to get lumber.
arrival of Christopher Columbus.
54 THE WORD VIKING COMES FROM THE OLD NORSE LANGUAGE AND
The medieval world
Viking longships
Never before The Vikings used superbly designed
boats called longships to raid and
has such terror explore. Powered by oar or sail,
Scandinavia these boats had shallow bottoms
appeared in Britain. The Vikings came
from Norway,
and could be sailed far inland
on rivers and lakes. They had
Alcuin of York, on the Viking raid on Sweden, and the added advantage of being
Lindisfarne, in a letter to King Ethelred of Denmark in light enough to drag over land
Northumberland (northeast England), 793 CE modern-day to another lake or river.
Scandinavia.
Lindisfarne
In 793 CE, Vikings raided
the abbey at Lindisfarne,
a center of learning famous
throughout Europe.
Novgorod
The Vikings
Faeroe expanded to the
Islands east and became
SCANDINAVIA
rulers of Novgorod,
in what is now
Norwegians Russia, in 862 CE.
Orkney
Islands Shetland Swedes Kievan Russia
Islands A Scandinavian
Novgorod tribe known as Rus
appeared for the rst
Lindisfarne Danes time in what is now
Russia, around 880 CE.
L AND KIEVAN RUSSIA
IRE York
Dublin BRITAIN EUROPE
Normandy
Frances Charles the Simple gave land Kiev
in northern France to a band of Vikings
led by Rollo. Rollos great-great-great
grandson was William the Conqueror,
who became king of England in 1066 CE.
FRANCE
BYZANTINE
EMPIRE
CALIPHATE
OF Constantinople
Constantinople
CORDOBA In 860 CE, the
Vikings launched
Sicily their rst assault
on Constantinople
(which the Vikings
Noirmoutier Me called Miklegard).
Vikings attacked a dit
err Further failed
monastery on the French anea
island of Noirmoutier in 799 CE. n Sea raids followed.
It was the rst recorded attack
on mainland Europe.
Dunhuang
Talas
The Tang Empire stopped expanding Leshan giant buddha
west when it met the forces of the Arab
er
Buddhism spread from India in the
Abbasid Caliphate at the battle of Talas low Ri v
River in 751 CE. According to legend,
Tang Dynasty and ourished. This buddha, Yel
carved into a cliff in 713803CE, is by far
Chinese captives passed the secret
of making paper to the West.
TIBET the largest ancient or medieval statue
in the world at 233 ft (71 m) tall.
Andaman
CHA
Sea
Illustration in ink on silk, Song Dynasty, 12th century CE
Taizong, ruler of Tang China, 626649 CE Important city Champa kingdom, 750 CE
State capital
Kyongju
The capital of the Korean kingdom
Kor of Silla was modeled on Changan.
Luoyang ea It was laid out in a grid pattern
of enclosed, gated blocks.
Changan
Kaifeng SILLA
S ea of Japan
Ye l l o w Kyonju (E a s t S ea)
Yangtz CHINA
eR JAPAN
iv Yangzhou Sea
Kyoto
er
Nara
Linan
Nara
Movable type Fuzhou
The Japanese capitals
Printing with movable of Nara and Kyoto were
type was invented in Song modeled on Changan.
Chinaa world rst. Warship
The Song government established Chinas
Wuzhou Guangzhou
rst permanent navy to protect merchant
ships sailing to the ports of Korea, Japan,
Champa, and the Khmer Empire.
South
China
618
1279 CE Chinas golden age
Sea
China under the Tang and Song dynasties was the wealthiest state
in the world and the state with the biggest population. Chinese
ideas, such as their writing system and their grid-pattern city
layouts, spread to Korea and Japan, and China also led in the world in
many technologies, including printing, porcelain, and gunpowder.
SOUTH
AMERICA
Harlech Castle
in Wales once
Krak des Chevaliers
withstood a siege
lasting 7 years.
This 11th-century castle in
Syria was built as a fortress
by Christian Crusaders who
fought to conquer Jerusalem.
Matsumoto Castle
Built in Japan in 1593,
this was the stronghold
of a series of powerful
daimyo (lords) for 300
years. It was also known
as Crow Castle.
Pakistan and
northwest India
This is a region rich in
castles. Here, they are called
ASIA forts. The sultans of Delhi,
and later, Mogul emperors,
built many of them.
Bala Hissar
Castle, Altit Fort, Forbidden City and
Afghanistan Pakistan Summer Palace,
Beijing, China Inuyama Castle,
Kirkuk Arg-e Bam Qila Murbarak,
Japan
Citadel, Castle, Iran India Potala Palace, Tibet, China
Iraq Kunamoto Castle, KEY
Gwalia Fort, India
Japan
Mehrangarh Lalbagh Fort,
Ranikot Fort,
Pakistan Nawar Fort, Fort, India Bangladesh Featured castle
India or fortication
Fasil Chandragiri
Ghebbi, Fort, India
Ghondar, Other selected castles,
Ethiopia Galle Fort, forts, citadels, and
Sri Lanka fortied cities
Great
Zimbabwe,
Zimbabwe
Australia
Castles did not develop here. British AUSTRALASIA
settlers built forts to defend harbors
in the 1800s, but unlike medieval castles,
they were not homes for important people.
800s
1600s Castles
The Middle Ages were the highpoint of castle building.
There were frequent breakdowns in law and order, which led
rulers, nobles, and other rich and powerful people to build their
homes as impregnable fortresses, to keep raiders at bay.
ENGLAND
Crusader knights
God wills it.
Pope Urban II, during his speech
London at the Council of Clermont
Mainz
12. Constantinople
GERMANY In April 1204, forces of the Fourth
Crusade ransacked the Byzantine
Speyer capital of Constantinople, which
although Christian, had become an
FRANCE Metz Vienna
enemy of some groups of Crusaders.
Vezelay 10
Without the support of the Byzantine
Clermont Empire, however, the Crusader army
1. Clermont was destroyed by Greeks and
1 Venice
Pope Urban II Bulgars and did not
delivered a Belgrade reach Jerusalem.
powerful call to Genoa
Zara
arms to Christians IT
at the Council of AL
Clermont in 1095. Y BULGARIA
Marseille
Rome
BYZA
NTIN
E EM
PIRE
Messina GREE
CE
SICILY
Medit
erra
nea
n S
ea
1095
1204 The Crusades
In 1095, at the Council of Clermont in France, Pope Urban II delivered
one of the most inuential speeches of the Middle Ages. In it, he
urged French barons and knights to take up arms to recapture the
holy city of Jerusalem, which had been in Muslim hands since 673 CE. What
followed was a series of wars between Christians and Muslims that lasted
for over 200 years. Together, these wars are known as the Crusades.
Knightly virtues
Chivalry is a code of conduct
followed by knights. The Crusades
introduced a golden age of chivalry,
2. Nicaea in which Crusaders, such as King
The rst ofcial Crusaders Richard the Lionheart of England
attacked the important fortress (right), and his rival Saladin, sultan
city of Nicaea in May 1097. of Egypt and Syria, were thought of
The city surrendered in June. as the perfect knights, living
their lives according to honor,
courage, valor, and pride.
7. Dorylaeum
At the start of the Second Crusade in October
1147, Muslims crushed King Conrad of
Germanys forces at the battle of Dorylaeum.
3. Antioch 5. Crusader States
12 The Crusaders defeated Muslim Following the end of the First Crusade,
2 forces following the eight-month the Crusaders established four Crusader
Nicaea siege of Antioch (10971098). States: the County of Edessa; the County
of Tripoli; the Principality of Antioch;
and the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
7
Dorylaeum
5 6. Edessa
6
Muslims retook Edessa
Edessa in 1144, leading to the loss
3 of one of the Crusader States.
Antioch
Pope Eugenius III called
for the Second Crusade.
Tripoli
Damascus 8
8. Second Crusade
Tyre The Second Crusade ended in
humiliation in July 1148, after
Jaffa 11 9 Crusader forces under Louis VII
of France failed to take Damascus.
11. Jaffa
King Richard I of England (Richard 4 Jerusalem
the Lionheart) and Saladin signed a 9. Battle of Hattin
peace treaty on September 2, 1192. United under a new leader, Saladin,
The Crusader States were preserved, Muslim forces defeated the Christians
but, because the Third Crusade did not at the battle of Hattin in 1187
retake Jerusalem, it was a failure. and retook Jerusalem. This
sparked the Third Crusade.
Saracen horsemen
KEY
Muslim lands in 1096, First Crusade, 109599 4. Jerusalem
apart from those that In 1099, Jerusalem fell to
Second Crusade, 114749
became Crusader States the Crusaders. Thousands
Third Crusade, 118792 of Muslims and Jews were
Christian lands in 1096
Fourth Crusade, 120204 massacred. This marked the
Major battles 1 Key location end of the First Crusade.
Crusader States in 1135 Key town
(these were Muslim in 1096)
us River
12 Ghazni
13 Ain Jalut 5. Samarkand
13. Ain Jalut Genghis took Samarkand in
The Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt defeated 1220, using captives from
Ind
the Mongols at the battle of Ain Jalut Bukhara as human shields. 7
in 1260. Defeat saw the end of the
Mongols western campaign. INDIA
12. Baghdad
The Mongols occupied
Genghis Khan Baghdad, the greatest
Revered in his homeland, but city in the Islamic world,
feared among those he conquered, in 1259. Legends tell
Genghis Khan was both a brilliant that 800,000 people
leader and a brutal warrior. He were killed.
was responsible for millions of
deaths, but he also brought peace 7. Battle of the Indus
to a vast empire that stretched In 1221, Genghis defeated
across 5,000 miles (8,000 km). Jalal-ud-Din, son of the
Khwarizm Shah, at the
Battle of the Indus.
62 FIVE TIMES THE SIZE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE AT ITS GREATEST, THE
The medieval world
1206
1294 The age of the Mongols
During the 13th century, the Mongols were the most feared
warriors on Earth. United under Genghis Khan in 1206, they
terrorized people from Russia and Poland in the west to China and
Korea in the east, and established the largest empire the world had ever seen.
1. Mongolia
Temujin completed his conquest
of rival Mongol tribes in 1206 and
received the title Genghis Khan,
meaning universal ruler.
6. Karakorum
Genghis
established Buryats
Mongol 1
Tatars
headquarters Mongols
at Karakorum Merkits
Karakorum
in 1220. 3. Zhongdu
6 RE
In 1215, Genghis starved
PI
4. Weymouth, England
A ship from Gascony, France,
carrying infected sailors docked
in Weymouth, England, on July 7,
1348. The Black Death spread
across the British Isles in a year.
4
Weymouth Gascony
EUROPE
KEY
Area reached by the
Black Death by 1351
Major outbreaks
of Black Death Genoa
Plagues progress
The Black Death arrived
in Messina, Sicily, in EUROPE
September 1347, on ships London
arriving from the Black Paris Tana Sarai ASIA
Sea. The key below Genoa Venice Caffa Astrakhan
Bordeaux Constantinople
shows how, by 1351, it Valencia Trabzon
had spread throughout Seville Messina Mosul
western Europe. Baghdad
Alexandria
2. Caffa KEY
Traders from Genoa 1347 1350
AFRICA
contracted the 1348 1351
plague during the
Siege of Caffa in 1349 Town
1346, during which Route of plague spread
plague-riddled
corpses were
catapulted over
the city walls.
1. Lake Issyk Kul
The rst record of the
Black Death can be traced
to Lake Issyk Kul in central
Asia in 1339.
2
Caffa ASIA
1
5. India
European history
records that the plague
ravaged India. However,
Indian history does not
record the event at all.
CASTILLE AND LEON (SPAIN) WAS THE ONLY REIGNING MONARCH TO DIE. 65
Pilgrimmage to Mecca PERSIA
Zheng He was a Muslim Presents from Hormuz
On Zheng Hes fth voyage KEY
and he wanted to make a
pilgrimmage to Mecca. Zheng (141719), the ruler of Hormuz Major trade center
did not manage to make the presented him with lions,
trip himself, but on his nal Hormuz leopards with gold spots, Other city
voyage (143133), he sent and large western horses.
crew members Battle
on his behalf.
Gifts from Aden
In Aden, the sultan gave
Jeddah Mecca Zheng He giraffes and
long-horned oryx.
INDIA
Arabia
Dhofar
Al Mukalla
Spices of Calicut
Aden The nal destination of
Zheng Hes rst three voyages
AFRICA was the major spice center
of Calicut, India.
Calicut
Arabian Cochin
Tribute from Mogadishu
Quilon
The gifts from this port Sea
CE
included zebras and lions.
YL
Conquest of Kotte
ON
King Alekeshvara of Kotte in Ceylon Galle
was hostile to the Chinese. The
t
Offerings
C
Mogadishu
from Barawa Barawa
The Chinese
1405
i
Barawa offered
1433
il
Zheng He
camels and Lamu
h
camel-birds
treasure fleet
a
(ostriches). Malindi
w
Mombasa S
south as Sofala
sca
Sofala
66 ZHENG HES FIRST FLEET WAS A FLOATING CITY OF OVER 200 SHIPS
Nanjing
The medieval world
Aceh
Samudera
Malacca
Battle with Sekandar
Su
Java
INDIAN OCEAN Surabaya
Nil
Muslim state that spread from Arabia.
eR
iv e
and silver.
Unlike the others pictured, it did r
not have African roots.
Dahomey Empire,
1600s1894
Known for its military, including all-female
units, the Dahomey Empire warred with the
Oyo for control of the Slave Coast, selling
captives to European slave traders.
Ethiopian Empire,
11371974
kingdoms
In around 1200, the
ruling Zagwe dynasty
of this Christian empire The lost kingdoms and empires
carved churches
directly into the rocky of Africa acquired power through
Church in Lalibela ground in the town
of Lalibela. trade and natural resources. They
Kingdom of Aksum,
100 BCE600s CE were also known for their crafts, created to
This trading kingdom is honor rulers and gods. Some kingdoms lasted
best known for building
tall stone stelae (columns), Carved hundreds of years, but none survive to the
which were probably used wooden
as burial markers. headrest present day. The later ones were
C Luba Kingdom, swallowed up in the colonization
1580s1889
A Luba was ruled by
of Africa by European powers
kings who claimed in the late 19th and early
er to be descended from
20th centuries.
g o Ri v
a mythical hunter.
Carved wooden
objects celebrated
Con
Ndongo, 1500s1671
be zi R Zulu shield
Ndongo broke away from Zam and spears
Kongo in the 1560s. It sold
people as slaves to Portugal, Kingdom of
but in 1623 the Portuguese Zimbabwe,
took some slaves by force 1100s1450
Kingdom and refused to return Medieval Zimbabwe
of Kongo, them, leading to war grew wealthy over
13901857 with Ndongo. hundreds of years Zulu Kingdom,
Kongo was the center by trading cattle 181697
of a trade network in and gold, reaching Warrior chief Shaka
cloth and pottery when its peak in the founded what was the
the Portuguese rst early 15th century. most powerful nation in
arrived in 1483. Their South Africauntil the
king was baptized as British took over at the
Joo Nzinga, and the end of the 19th century.
kingdom kept good
relations with Portugal
for hundreds of years.
Inuit
Dogrib
Kut Blackfeet
chi Sioux
n
Chin Crow Cheyenne
ook
Navajo A p a c h
Shoshone e
We do not inherit N Hopi Com
anch
e
the Earth from our ancestors; O R T
H
we borrow it from Sioux
The Sioux were great
AME
our children.
bison hunters and RICA
warriors who lived in
the North American
American Indian proverb Plains, or prairies.
1400s
15th-century Americas
Before Christopher Columbuss
arrival in 1492, the American Aztec Empire
continents had been settled Originally desert people,
the Aztecs took control of the
for thousands of years. In the North, the Valley of Mexico in the early
American Indians were a mix of hunter- 14th century. At their peak,
gatherers, who were nomadic, and they controlled an empire
of roughly 10 million people.
farmers, some of whom lived in large Their capital, Tenochtitlan
settlements. The largest settlments, (artists reconstruction, right),
was one of the largest cities
however, were in Central and South in the world, with a population
America, where developed some of of roughly 300,000 people.
Arctic California
Subarctic Southwest
Northeast woods Mesoamerican
Montagnais Southeast Caribbean
Abenaki
Plains Andean
ois
qu Great Basin Amazonian
I ro Plateau Cono/Southern
Shawnee Pacic Northwest
Maya
By 1492, the Maya people
lived in rival cities in Munduruc Rain-forest hunters
what is now south- After European contact, Many varied groups of people
eastern Mexico, these warriors of lived in the Amazon Rain Forest.
Guatemala, Belize, the Amazon raided Some used blowpipes
and Honduras. Portuguese villages to kill animals for food.
along the river.
Aztec
Maya Arawak
Tenochtitlan
Ter em em b
Central Amer
ica
Aztec
The Aztecs dominated Munduruc
large parts of Central Inca Macchu Pichu m b
America between the
p ina
14th and 16th centuries. Cuzco
Tu
Inca Chiquito
By 1492, the Inca Empire stretched
from what is now Colombia to Chile and SOU Qulla
At
Guaran
northwest Argentina, and the population TH
ac
Charra
ER
a
IC Northern
Inca Empire
Tehuelche
A
Horseshoe, 400450 CE
Metal shoes, nailed to horses
Keeping time hooves, appeared in western
The rst mechanical clock Europe by about 450 CE.
was invented by Chinas Longbow, 1200 CE
Su Sung. It was powered The English longbow was much more powerful
by the energy of falling than the ordinary bow and helped the English
water and the bucket win many battles against the French. Despite
collecting the water had its name, it originated in Wales. EUROPE
to be emptied regularly. Artesian well, 1126 CE
The rst clock to use a An Artesian well allowed access to underground
clockwork mechanism water without the need for it to be pumped. The
earliest known well was dug in Artois, France.
(powered by a wound-up
spring), appeared in
Europe more than Stern-mounted rudder, 1180 CE
The rudder enabled ships to steer through
200 years later. water more easily. The earliest known evidence
of a rudder was found in Belgian art.
Hourglass, 1338 CE
Spectacles, 1286 CE Invented by the Venetians,
In 1286, Italian monk the hourglass was ideal at
Giordano da Pisa sea because its accuracy was
wrote a description unaffected by bobbing waves.
of eyeglasses
the rst mention Heavy plow, 650 CE
of them anywhere The heavy plow
in the world. allowed farmers
to farm on dense
s
clay soil, which
lasse helped to increase
Eyeg
food production
throughout
northern Europe.
Plow
SOUTH
AMERICA
The greatest inventions
Rope bridge, 600 CE
The earliest known rope bridge
were produced in the
was built in Peru. The design has
since inspired some of the worlds times of ignorance.
largest suspension bridges.
Jonathan Swift, Britsh author, in
Thoughts on Various Subjects, 1727
450
1500 CE Medieval inventions
The medieval erabetween around 450 and 1500 CEwas a
time of great technological advancements across Europe and
the Far East. During this period, European explorers also
swapped many ideas with people from the Islamic world and China.
Compass,
ASIA 104044 CE
The Chinese
military was the
Gunpowder, 850 CE rst to employ the
Gunpowder was rst used by magnetic compass
the Chinese to scare away what for navigation.
they believed were evil spirits. Chinese sailors had
Later, it became a key part of adapted it for sea
explosives and amethrowers. Spinning wheel use by 1117 CE.
Spinning wheel, 1150 CE
Horse collar, 470500 CE Invented in China,
Windmill The horse collar enabled a horse the spinning wheel
to pull three times more weight. was used to turn
Windmill, 644 CE Evidence of its earliest known animal or plant
The rst windmills appeared in use has been found in the ber into threads
Persia and were used to grind Mogao Caves in China. for making clothes.
grain and pump water.
Wood block printing, 650 CE Mechanical
Invented in China during the clock, 1088 CE
Tang Dynasty, block printing (See box on
allowed scrolls and books opposite page).
to be produced quickly.
AFRICA
Paper money, 900 CE
Paper money rst appeared
in the great trading city
of Chengdu in China.
ney
r mo
Pape
1488
NEW WORLD DISCOVERY (1492) ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE END OF THE AZTECS (1521)
Italian explorer Christopher (1500s1800s) More than Spanish Conquistador
Columbus sails from Spain to nd 12.5 million Africans are Hernn Corts conquers the
a trade route to Asia, but instead enslaved and transported Aztec Empire of Central
discovers the Americas. pp7879 to the Americas. pp9091 America. pp8081
Sextant at sea
The sextant, invented
around 1730, could tell
sailors where they were
at sea. It measured the FRENCH REVOLUTION AMERICAN WAR OF RUBBER (1735)
angle of the Sun, Moon, (178994) With the motto INDEPENDENCE (177581) French explorer Charles-
or stars above
liberty, equality, fraternity, The US becomes an independent Marie de la Condamine
the horizon.
protestors revolt against the country with 13 states, free from brings rubber to Europe
monarchy and church. pp9697 British control. pp9293 from Ecuador. pp12021
FIRST GOLD RUSH (1693) EDO PERIOD, JAPAN FRENCH QUBEC (1608)
Gold is discovered at Mina (16151868) A military leader The rst French colony
Gerais, Brazil. By 1720, 400,000 called a shogun rules Japan. in the Americas is set
Portuguese prospectors have No foreigners are allowed up in Qubecnow in
Gold nugget
moved to Brazil. pp11011 into the country. pp11415 Canada. pp8889
QING DYNASTY, CHINA NEW AMSTERDAM (1614) The Dutch JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA
(16441912) Manchu people West India Company establishes (1607) Settlers arrive to
from the north of China replace a new city in North America. In set up the rst successful
Chinas Ming ruler and begin 1664, the English claim it and English colony in North
the Qing Dynasty. pp11819 rename it New York. pp8889 America. pp8889
European
protestors in 1848
S
TORDESILLA
In 1494, Spain and Portugal made a treaty so they would not Frobisher
ght over new territories. From Europe to the east of the line GREENLAND Tried a route
shown was Portugals, while Spain had the rest. The treaty to the Pacic
TREATY OF
failed as more lands were discovered. but got only
as far as
Canada.
3
55
by1
NORTH AMERICA ou
gh
l
Wil
Gaspar and Miguel
Corte Real Frobisher 1576
Explored Greenland and
C
Newfoundland. ENGLAND
or
te
Cartier 1534
CANADA 36
Rea
Jacques Cartier
NETHER-
l
Traveled inland in North Cabo
t 149
7
America and claimed LANDS
15
KEY EUROPE
00
Canada for France.
0
Magellans route
2
PORTUGAL SPAIN
Other Spanish missions John Cabot AT L A N T I C
Portuguese expeditions Crossed the Atlantic to
North America.
English expeditions OCEAN 1492
French expeditions Columbus
Dutch expeditions Caribbean
204
s 150
olumbu
C
1577
80 Christopher
Drake Columbus
His last
voyage left
PAC I F I C him stranded
in Jamaica
OCEAN for a year.
Pedro Alvares Cabral
Francis Drake Discovered Brazil, BRAZIL
Raided Spanish then headed east
colonies along the to round the Cape
coast of America. He of Good Hope.
M
circumnavigated
the globe during
AT L A N T I C
ag
el
this expedition. SOUTH
la
n
AMERICA OCEAN
15
80
19
26
A new discovery
Lo 77
2
15
1
15
sa
ai
e
Strait of
Magellan
l1
ra
An
b
Ca
8
9
97
a 14 Spice Is
Ga
m land s
Loa
da Vasco da Gama isa
152
6
Reached India via
INDIAN Africa, returning
to Portugal with
Mag
ella
n 15
19
21
cinnamon and pepper.
OCEAN
22
AUSTRALASIA
21
lan) 15
Cape l
age
of M
of Good er death
(aft
ano
Hope del C
Victoria
Del Canos ship was a
carrack: a large, heavy sailing
vessel developed by Portuguese
shipbuilders for crossing the Atlantic.
1488
1597 The age of exploration
By the mid-15th century, European powers began to seek alternative trade routes
from the West to the East, since the main routes were under the control of various
Muslim rulers. This led them to explore parts of the world they had never seen before.
VI
CE
Page from an Aztec book, or codex, made RO
in 155285 to tell the story of the conquest YA
LT
Y OF
Penins
Yu c a t
NE
WS
PAIN
ula
n
Tenochtitlan
1513
1570 Conquistadors Francisco Vsquez de
Coronado
Juan Ponce de Len
Francisco de Montejo
Vasco Nez de Balboa
Hernando de Soto
Hernn Corts Francisco Pizarro
Pedro de Alvarado Alvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca
KEY
The last Inca emperor
Key city
Francisco Pizarro and his 180 men
Area under Spanish arrived in the Inca Empire in 1531.
control by 1570 They met the Inca leader, Atahualpa,
and his army at a camp in northern
AT L A N T I C Peru. Pizarro kidnapped Atahualpa
and demanded a huge ransom for
OCEAN his release. Pizarro received the
ransom, but executed Atahualpa
Vasco Nez de anyway, to please his troops.
Juan Ponce de Len, 1513 Balboa, 151314
Explored lands north of Best known for leading
Two years later, the mighty
the island of Hispaniola. an expedition across Inca Empire had fallen.
On 2 April 1513, he Panama. During the
sighted what he thought journey, he became the
was an island and rst European to reach
named it Florida. the Pacic Ocean from
the New World.
an iola
Hisp
Jamaica
I and my
Panama
Santa Mari la Antigua
del Darin
companions
suffer from a
Pedro de Alvarado, 1522
A member of Cortss victorious SOUTH disease of the
expedition against the Aztecs. He
earned fame as the most brutal of the
Quito AMERICA heart that only
Conquistadors by enslaving and killing
native people. He went on to sieze more
of Central America for the Spanish. gold can cure.
Hernn Corts, in an appeal to
EUROPE
Where did they the Aztec emperor, 1519
originate?
Spain
The Conquistadors were Cuzco VI C
the hundreds of ambitious ER
men who left Spain to seek OY
fame and fortune in the A
LT
AFRICA
ATLANTIC Atlantic Ocean from Spain riches, Pizarro led two failed
RU
OCEAN and where they rst made expeditions there in 1524 and
1526. He returned and conquered
landfall in the New World.
the Inca Empire in 1531.
The Columbian
Exchange
Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia)
When the Old and New Fruits, vegetables, and seeds, including
worlds met in 14921600, New World (The Americas) bananas, citrus fruits, coffee, olives,
they exchanged fruits, grain, Fruits, vegetables, and seeds, onions, peaches, pears, and sugar cane;
including avocados, beans, chile grains, such as barley, oats, rice, and
vegetables, and livestock. This wheat; livestock, including chickens,
event is called the Columbian peppers, cocoa, peanuts, pineapples,
potatoes, sweet potatoes, squash, cows, and sheep; diseases, such as
Exchange. Disease-causing tomatoes, and vanilla; grains, such as chicken pox, smallpox, and malaria.
organisms (germs) were also corn; livestock, for instance, turkeys;
transferred by accident. Some nonedible plants, such as tobacco;
of these killed huge numbers diseases, including syphilis.
of Native Americans.
KEY
Journey of tomatoes Journey of cocoa Journey of potatoes Journey of sugar
before 1600 before 1700 before 1600 cane before 1600
ASIA
Middle
East Crops in the colonies
European powers
EGYPT CHINA possessed colonies with
warm climates ideal for
growing some crops. The
Spanish grew tomatoes
and cocoa in their
Philippines colony.
INDIA
PHILIPPINES
Spread of sugar
During the Crusades
in the 12th century,
sugar was brought
into Europe from
Sugar in Asia New
Granulated sugar Guinea
the Middle East.
arrived in India from
Southeast Asia and was
rst produced in around 300 CE.
6000 BCE
1600 CE The great food exchange
When cultures meet, they discover new foods by trading with each other. Possibly the
greatest ever meeting of cultures happened when Europeans explored the New World
(the Americas) for the rst time in the 16th century. People on both sides of the
Atlantic discovered a vast range of previously unknown food plants.
revolutionary leader.
PORTU
Barcelona
Madrid
SWEDEN
KEY
NORWAY This map shows Europe in 1600,
by which stage the Reformation
Church assets seized had mainly settled the pattern
In 1527, Gustav Vasa, ruler of Catholic and Protestant areas.
of Sweden, seized church Stockholm
lands and reformed the Mainly Catholic
state church according Mainly Protestant
to Luthers ideas.
PRUSSIA
Hamburg John Calvin
Emperor makes peace After becoming Protestant,
In 1555 in Augsburg, after John Calvin settled in
years of religious war, Berlin Geneva, Switzerland, in
the Catholic Emperor Wittenberg
1536. He developed his
Charles V allowed own strand of the new
Lutheranism in German POLANDLITHUANIA
religion, which became
states whose rulers
were Lutheran.
known as Calvinism.
Prague Calvin sent missionaries
SMALL
GERMAN
AUSTRIA who helped to establish
Cracow
STATES Protestant churches in
Augsburg Scotland, France, and
the Netherlands.
HUNGARY
Zurich
SWITZERLAND Debrecen
Trent Buda
TRANSYLVANIA
Milan VENICE
Venice
SMALL IT
ALIAN
STATES
Genoa OTTOMAN EMPIRE
GENOA
Florence Belgrade WALLACHIA
TUSCANY
ES
TAT
AL S Council of Trent meets
PAP
The Catholic Church, knowing it had to
Rome stop people from ocking to the new
NAPLES Protestant churches, met three times at
Trento in 154562. It decided to change itself
IA
Salonica
Istanbul
PA IN
S
W
NE Galleons of gold
Florida
OF In 1628, Dutch privateer
Piet Heyn captured the
TY
Havana
Aztec riches
Gold was carried
in mule trains Gulf of Cuba
to ports such as
Veracruz, where it
M ex i co
was loaded on to Spanish Pirate ship
Spanish galleons. galleon in pursuit
Campeche of a galleon
Veracruz
Franois lOllonais
This notorious buccaneer was shipwrecked C aribbean
at Campeche. The Spanish killed
his crew, so he spent the next S ea
10 years attacking Spanish
eets throughout the
Caribbean in revenge.
Borburata
Maracaibo Caracas
Cartagena
Nombre
de Dios
Coast raids
Coastal towns were Gibraltar The Queens man
repeatedly raided as Sailing with Queen Elizabeth Is
gold was held there, ready to be blessing in 1564, John Hawkins made
shipped. Maracaibo had 16 cannon a prot selling seized slaves in towns
on the coast to repel attacks. along the South American coast.
Colonial
1500
1733 New Orleans
America
Colonization (or settlement) of North Spanish
gold VIC
America started in the 16th century, OF EROY
NE
W S ALTY
as European countries tried to claim PAI
N
these newly discovered lands. At rst, life for New Spain
In 15001650, Spain
the colonizers was extremely tough, with many exported 180 tons New Orleans
(164 metric tons) of Some 7,000 immigrants
people dying. Within a few years of their founding, gold and 17,000 tons arrived in New Orleans
however, many settlements began to ourish. (15,400 metric tons) of from France in 1718 to
silver from New Spain. start the growth of
French Louisiana.
Ay, call it
holy ground,
The soil where rst
Qubec
RUPERTS In 1608, the French established
their rst colony at Qubec, on the
they trod
LAND
banks of the St. Lawrence River, Felicia Dorothea Hemans,
in modern-day Canada. The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, 1825
Mayower
The Pilgrim Fathers,
French religious refugees
pioneers hat Pilgrim from England, sailed
Qubec Fathers hat to the New World in
the Mayower, in 1620.
Plymouth
New
Amsterdam
Pilgrim Fathers shallop
(shallow boat for coasts The Thirteen Colonies
and rivers)
Jamestown
Thirteen British colonies
Charleston were founded between 1607
In 1670,
Charleston (Virginia) and 1733 (Georgia).
became
Charleston the rst AT L A N T I C New Hampshire
Spanish successful Massachusetts
helmet settlement in OCEAN Rhode
San Agustn the Carolinas. New Island
York
Fl
San Agustn
or
North
Florida Carolina
Spain established a
number of colonies South
in Florida in the Carolina AT L A N T I C
1580s and 1590s. Ge
or OCEAN
gia
SOUTH
AMERICA
Chesapeake
Gulf Coast
Charleston Whale
oil, lum
Cotton ber, furs
plantation
Cotton, indigo, tobacco
The majority of um
slaves shipped e s, wood, r
olass
to North America CUBA Sugar, m
were sent to work
on cotton plantations. Span ds
ish M
ain SAINT-DOMINGUE on
m
JAMAICA
ia
,d
KEY Caribbean
e
ffe
The thickness of the islands
co
rope represents the
number of slaves shipped
co
ac
BRITISH
ob
Slave traders GUIANA
,t
ar
SURINAM g
Slave-raiding zone Sugar plantation su
Europes craving FRENCH
GUIANA d,
Slave-trading ports for sugar drove the
gol
slave trade. Sugar r,
Goods exported from plantations dominated ilve
Amazonia S
Europe to Africa in the Caribbean.
exchange for slaves
Goods exported from
SOUTH Pernambuco
the New World AMERICA Recife
Gold mine
Sites of plantations or Most slaves brought
Salvador
mines in which slaves to South America
were sent to work: BRAZIL Bahia
worked in gold and
Cotton
diamond mines.
Southeast
More slaves were
Brazil
Sugar shipped to South
America than
Diamonds anywhere else.
Slavery
Gold
RO DE
1500s
Coffee
LA PLATA 1800s
Human cargo
Slave-trading port
By the 17th century, one in Conditions for slaves
four ships leaving Liverpool on board slave ships
was a slave-trading ship. were horrendous. Some
350600 people were
Liverpool
DENMARK crammed into the ships
BRITAIN hold, chained together for
NETHERLANDS months at a time, with
Nantes disease a constant threat.
FRANCE EUROPE
um PORTUGAL SPAIN
r,r Lisbon
ee
n ,b
ro
,i
th
lo
,c
ns
Gu
Arguin
The slave traders
Senegambia AFRICA The Portuguese and British
were the major participants
Slave-raiding zones in the slave trade. Three-
Slaves were captured in large quarters of all slaves were
Sierra Leone
areas of Africa and were then shipped across the Atlantic
Windward Gold Bight of sent to camps, which were in ships originating from
Coast Coast Benin known as slave factories, those two countries.
Bight of on the coast.
Biafra
Britain26%
France11%
Portugal48%
Netherlands4%
Spain8%
Great
United States2%
Denmark1%
West
Central
Africa
Middle Passage
The journey across The shrieks
the Atlantic Ocean
was known as the
Middle Passage. Southeast
and groans
Africa
Madagascar
rendered the
whole a scene of
horror almost
unimaginable.
Former slave Olaudah Equiano, on
the conditions on a slave ship, 1789
Pennsylvania
Virginia
American army
The Continental Congress (the governing body
e
of the whole Thirteen Colonies) raised an army Maryland
ar
called the Continentals, commanded by George
law
Washington. Supporting this were regiments
De
belonging to individual states. Like the British,
they were armed mainly with muskets, which
were inaccurate, so had to be red in volleys
(all together) to hit the target.
Yorktown 15
Cowpens 13 Charlotte
North
Carolina
Georgia Fort Camden
14
South
Carolina
Wilmington
12 Charleston
5
We have it in our
11
Savannah power to begin
the world anew.
Thomas Paine, from the best-selling pamphlet
Common Sense, 177576, which aimed to persuade
Americans to ght for independence
1 December 16, 1773 2 April 19, 1775 3 June 17, 1775 4 March 17, 1776 5 June 28, 1776
A band of American patriots Local people had an The British suffered British forces left A British attempt to
dressed as Mohawks armed conict with huge casualties in Boston, destroying take Charleston from
dumped tea into Boston British forces at Lexington. winning the battle all military supplies the Americans ended in
Harbor in a response to The rst shots of the of Bunker Hill, in the city as they failure at the battle of
British tea tax. war were red. outside Boston. evacuated. Sullivans Island.
92 WHEN THE BRITISH PRIME MINISTER, LORD NORTH, HEARD THE NEWS OF
The modern world
NORTH British army
In 1776, the British army was one of
Qubec
AMERICA the best in the world. Its men were
nicknamed the Redcoats. They were
joined in some battles by green-
coated American Loyalists.
10
District of Maine
New York Saratoga
New (to Massachusetts)
Hampshire
Massachusetts
Lexington
2
Philadelphia Connecticut 1
New York 3 4
Trenton 7 Boston
8
6
9
New Jersey
Rhode
Island
AT L A N T I C
OCEAN
1775
The American 1781
Revolutionary War
After years of tension over Britains growing control, the American colonies
declared themselves independent states. War was inevitable, and Britain
and the United States fought for six years, with neither side winning a
decisive victory, until the British were nally trapped, surrendering in 1781.
6 July 4, 1776 7 August 1776 8 December 26, 1776 9 September 26, 1777 10 October 17, 1777
The Thirteen Colonies The British won a series The Americans won The British entered British general Burgoyne
approved Thomas of skirmishes against their rst signicant Philadelphia under General surrendered to the Americans
Jeffersons Declaration George Washingtons victory of the war at Howe, but they abandoned at Saratoga. The American
of Independence in army and took control the battle of Trenton, the city in 1778 and victory persuaded the French
Philadelphia. of New York. New Jersey. retreated to New York. to enter the war on their side.
11 December 29, 1778 12 May 12, 1780 13 January 17, 1781 14 April 25, 1781 15 October 17, 1781
The British defeated The Americans, under The Americans, The British defeated Lord Cornwallis surrendered
the Americans in Benjamin Lincoln, headed by Daniel American forces at Fort to a combined French-American
Savannah. The rest of surrendered to the Morgan, defeated the Camden, but suffered force after being cut off at
Georgia soon fell under British after a month- British at Cowpens, heavy losses and were Yorktown. Defeat for the British
British control. long siege of Charleston. South Carolina. forced to retreat. signaled the end of the war.
Aboriginal population A U S T R
Aboriginal people had been
in Australia for more than Swan River colony We found ourselves in a
40,000 years when the The rst colony in Western
Europeans arrived. Ravaged Australia was established
on the Swan River, Perth, in
port superior ... to all
by conict and disease, the
1828. It was a free colony, but
Aboriginal people numbered
only 100,000 by 1920. They
penal colonies were set up in we had seen before.
Western Australia, in 1850,
kept their culture alive, when immigrants wanted Captain Lieutenant Watkin Tench,
however, passing down convicts to help them farm on Port Jackson (modern-day Sydney),
traditions such as dance and the tough land. January 26, 1788
body art to todays generation. Fremantle
The last convict ship arrived in
Fremantle port in 1868. It brought
the last of more than 9,000
convicts into Western Australia.
Perth HMS Sirius
Fremantle The agship of the First Fleet
(the rst 11 ships that left England) was a
Royal Navy armed escort ship. It left England
with eet commander Captain Arthur Phillip
Albany
aboard. On reaching Botany Bay, he became
governor in chief and decided to move
the settlement to Port Jackson.
94 BETWEEN 1788 AND 1850, THE BRITISH SENT MORE THAN 162,000
ea The modern world
e w Guin
N
Crossing the world
The First Fleet left Portsmouth, NORTH Portsmouth
EUROPE ASIA
AMERICA
England, on May 13, 1787. It took
eight months to reach Botany Tenerife
Bay, with stops at Tenerife, AFRICA
Rio de Janeiro, and Cape Town
SOUTH
to restock supplies and collect AMERICA
plants, seeds, and livestock Rio de AUSTRALASIA
Janeiro Cape Town Botany Bay
(horses, sheep, and goats)
to take to the new land.
Moreton Bay
Some convicts from Port Jackson
who committed further crimes in
Australia were sent to this penal
Myall Creek colony. Conditions were particularly
In 1838, 28 Aboriginal people were murdered by harsh and many convicts tried to
white settlers at Myall Creek. There were many clashes escape, but were unsuccessful.
between the Europeans and the Aboriginal people,
started by both sides. This case was unusual, however, Castle Hill
because the European perpetrators were brought to Myall
Creek In March 1804, a group of rebel
justice. Seven of the 11 guilty men were hanged. convicts escaped from a farm in
Moreton Castle Hill. It resulted in a battle
Bay between the rebels and the
Liberty Plains military. The military won and
The rst free immigrant settlers the rebels were put to death.
arrived in 1793. They were given land
grants by the British government, Port Macquarie
plus convict labor to work the land.
Port Stephens
They were also given two years food
A L I A rations and one years clothing. Wellington
Newcastle
Port Jackson
Castle Hill Australias rst penal
Port Jackson colony (area for convicts)
Botany Bay Botany Bay was established in Port
The First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay on January Liberty Jackson, where the land
1820, 1788. The area had poor soil and little Plains
was more fertile than
fresh water, so was not suitable for settlement.
in Botany Bay. The area
later became Sydney.
Risdon Cove
In 1803, a penal colony
was set up in Risdon
Melbourne Cove, after a party of
Western Port British were sent from
Port Philip
Sydney to Tasmania to
prevent the French from
claiming the island.
Port
Dalrymple
The French
1789
1794 Bordeaux
Revolution
In 1789, France was in turmoil. It was nearly
bankrupt from wars it had fought, there was a
bad harvest, and the king was demanding taxes
from the poor while the nobility lived in luxury. The people
rose up, overthrew the monarchy, and declared a republic
in a revolution that caused considerable bloodshed. SPAIN
Amiens Estres
Rouen
The Great Fear
Peasants armed themselves
in fear of being starved or
burned out by their landlords.
The panic, called the Great Fear,
began in Romilly-sur-Seine and Metz
Paris several other places, and spread
Versailles nationwide from July 17, 1789.
Romilly-sur-Seine
Nancy
La Fert-Bernard Strasbourg GERMAN
STATES
Orlans Saint-Florentin
Colmar
Tennis Court Oath
On June 20, 1789, the
kings ofcials locked the
National Assembly out of Dijon RAURACIAN
Bourges their usual meeting place, REPUBLIC
Meeting of so they met in his indoor Besanon SWITZERLAND
the Estates- tennis court. Here, they
swore to stay together FRANCHE- NEUCHTEL
General COMT
until they had produced KEY
On June 17,
a constitution for France. Cluny
1789, the king Louhans France in 1789
called a crisis meeting of representatives
of the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Territory gained
Estate (ordinary people) at Versailles. by France 178997
The Third Estate broke away to form
a National Assembly. Centers of revolution
SAVOY
Lyon
Siege of Lyon Centers of execution
In 1793, the population Places where
of counterrevolutionary Lyon anti-Republicans
revolted against the Republic. (counterrevolutionaries)
Government troops laid siege were guillotined.
to the city for two months.
Areas of
Cahors counterrevolution
Regions that were
F R A N C E against the revolution,
Orange because they were
AVIGNON Royalist (supporting
Toulouse the king) or for
Nmes NICE other reasons.
Montpellier
Bram Marseille Area of Vende uprising
Napoleons empire
8
Dependent states and allies 10
CO Leipzig
N
Key battle OF FED Jena, 1806
Waterloo TH E R
1 Key event E R AT
HI I O N
NE
Russian campaign, 1812 2 Paris
Advance into Russia
2. Coronation, Ulm, 1805
Return from Russia 1804
Napoleon
had himself SWITZERLAND
4. Battle of Salamanca, 1812 crowned IL
KINGDOM PR LYR
This was a key battle in the Peninsular emperor OV IAN
OF ITALY IN
war, which French forces fought against here in Paris. CE
a British and Portuguese army and Mantua, S
N N
LA
Corunna,
A 1805
E
AT O C
9
KINGDOM OF SPAIN 9. Exile on
Elba, 1814 K
OF ING
4 Napoleon was exiled NA DOM
PORT OM OF
PL
DIN F
Salamanca
UGAL
SAR DOM O
IA
for one last campaign
against the British.
D
G
KING
KIN
The French and Spanish eets
were destroyed by British ships
commanded by Horatio Nelson.
This stopped Napoleon Sea
anean
KIN
from invading Britain.
M editerr OF G D O M
SIC
ILY
3
Trafalgar
1796
1815 Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the most brilliant military commanders
of all time. In 1796, he was given command of the French army in Italy;
three years later, he was ruling France. Over the next decade, he led
France in a series of wars that left him controlling most of Europe. However, his
attempt to conquer the immense Russian Empire ended in disaster.
M
O
You say it is
impossible. That word 1. Egyptian campaign, 17981801
Napoleon knew that if he controlled
is not French. Battle of the
Nile, 1798
Egypt, he could threaten British
dominance in India. As he occupied
1 Egypt, he brought along scientists to
Napoleon Bonaparte, in a letter demanding survey the ancient ruins, leading to
supplies for his exhausted army, 1813 a craze in Europe for all things Egyptian.
Battle of the
EGYPT Pyramids, 1798
But, although Napoleon won land battles,
the British navy forced the French to leave.
HAITI Caracas
Camp ble
aign
a
Bolvars Independentists
Admir
CUBA COLOMBIA and the Spanish would
soon liberate Gran
JAMAICA Colombia (now Panama,
Ecuador, Venezuela,
Letter from and Colombia)
Jamaica, 1815 from Spain.
While in exile in Jamaica, Bogot
Bolvar wrote a famous
letter about his
vision of a free
South America.
Bolvar meets
San Martn, 1822
Bolvar and San Martn met Guayaquil PERU
to plan the nal conquest of
Peru. San Martn handed
this task to Bolvar.
Free
1808
1826
Lima
South America
In 180708, French leader Napoleon invaded KEY
Portugal and occupied Spain, and weakened Many revolutionary leaders,
known as Libertadores, helped
both countries hold on their empires in to free South America, but the
South America. Revolutionaries in South America, such the most famous were Simn
Bolvar and Jos de San Martn.
as Simn Bolvar, took the chance to free their nations
from 300 years of colonial rule. By 1826, all of Spains Simn Bolvars route
Jos de San Martns route
colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico had slipped Key town
out of its hands, and Portugal had lost Brazil.
100 BOLIVAR
SIMON PLAYED A ROLE IN LIBERATING SIX MODERN COUNTRIES:
The modern world
ATLANTIC
Brazil becomes
OCEAN an empire, 1822
The Portuguese royal family
was in exile in Rio de Janeiro
following Napoleons invasion
of Portugal. John, the Prince
Regent, eventually returned
and left his son, Pedro, in
BRAZIL Paraguay freed, 1811 charge of Brazil. However,
Spain had never had a strong Pedro declared Brazil
hold over Paraguay. When independent and became its
Spain imposed a tax on rst emperor, Dom Pedro I.
Peru freed, 1824 Paraguays main crop, yerba
Antonio Jos de Sucre, Simn Bolvars mate, a kind of tea, making it
lieutenant, won the Battle of Ayacucho too expensive for locals to Rio de Ro de la Plata freed, 1810
and the defeated Spanish commander- afford, the Paraguayans lost Janeiro The Spanish government in
in-chief signed the nal surrender of patience and declared these parts, then called the
the Royalist army in South America. independence. United Provinces of the Ro de
la Plata, was ousted in 1810.
Bolivia freed, 1825 Jos de San Martn then joined
Sucre stamped out Royalist the independence cause
resistance in Upper Peru and and, in 1814, marched
renamed the region Bolivia on Upper Peru (then
in honor of the Libertador. part of the same
state) to complete
the liberation.
UPPER PERU
(BOLIVIA) PARAGUAY
Potos URUGUAY
Buenos Aires
Ayacucho
UNITED PROVINCES OF
THE RO DE LA PLATA
The crossing of
PACIFIC the Andes, 1818
Jos de San Martn decided
OCEAN to approach Peru via Chile.
He took Chilean independence
leaders, including Bernado
OHiggins, with him. Together,
Santiago they led an army on a daring,
Valparaiso
dangerous crossing of the
An
AMERICA
AUSTRALASIA
INDIAN
KEY Lima
OCEAN
Route of
HMS Beagle
The Galpagos
This island chain has
such unusual wildlife that
it started Darwin thinking
about how such variety KEY
Woodpecker
of life comes about. HMS Beagles nch
survey route Large
agos Islands
ground nch
p
PAC IFIC G al
O C EAN Green
warbler-nch Marine Floreana
Weird wildlife iguana mockingbird
Gaucho
AT L A N T IC
For weeks,
Darwin lived
Rio de
Janeiro
OCEAN
as a gaucho
(a cowboy of
the pampas
grasslands).
Buenos
called Megatherium. within itself; its
Aires
Guanaco
inhabitants being found
Coquimbo
This relative of
the camel was
often hunted by
nowhere else.
the crew for food. Charles Darwin, on the Galpagos Islands, 1835
Valparaiso
Darwins rhea
Darwin discovered
this smaller, southerly
Fossilized forest Valdivia
species of the giant
Some 6,000 ft (1,800m) up in ightless rhea. It is
the Andes, Darwin found trees now named after
turned to stone on top of rocks him. He realized he
that he realized had once been had a specimen
a seabed. These made him only after he and
wonder at the immense his party had
time needed for such eaten most
changes to happen. of the bird.
Kissing bug
Darwin allowed this
bloodsucking insect Storms off the cape
to drink from his arm, Darwins frog The Beagle was caught
then kept it to see Darwin discovered this bizarre frog in for weeks in storms off
how long it could live the forests of Chile. The tadpoles hatch Cape Horn.
on one meal of blood. and develop inside the males throat.
Cardiff London
1770s
The
1870s Lille
Industrial
Amiens
Le Havre
Revolution Paris
Orleans
Tours
In 1800, most people in Europe
worked the land and lived in villages, Nantes
N DS
R LA Bremen
E
N ETH
Berlin
Amsterdam Pozna
POLAND
Rotterdam
Essen
Leipzig
BELGIUM Ruhr
Brussels Lige Cologne
GERMAN
Prague
STATES
Lige, 1840s Pilsen
The Meuse Valley
Nuremberg
around Lige in
southern Belgium Karlsruhe AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
was the rst part of Stuttgart
mainland Europe to
become fully industrialized.
Industrial America
Mulhouse
The fast-owing Blackstone River in New
England was the birthplace of America's
Basel
Industrial Revolution. Hundreds of mills
SWITZERLAND worked in this valley, including Slater's
Lyon, 1801 Mill, a water-powered cotton factory that,
Here, Joseph Marie
Jacquard demonstrated
in 1790, was the rst in America to use
his inventiona loom technology from Britain. Samuel Slater
Lyon that could weave had smuggled out plans of Arkwrights
patterned fabric. water frame in his head, since exporting
the machinery was illegal.
Slaters Mill
London
Frankfurt
6
Mannheim
1
Rouen
In April, the working classes Rouen 7
barricaded the streets in their
Paris Karlsruhe
ght against the aristocracy.
1848
A year of revolutions
In 1848, people came out onto the streets to ght for their rights: for
better working conditions; for democracy (votes for all men, not just
the ruling classes); and, in the German and Italian states, for their
states to unite into independent countries. Some revolts had short-term success,
but most were put down with much bloodshed. By 1849, people had lost hope,
yet in the following decades many of their goals would be achieved.
February : Mannheim
1
4
Cracow An assembly of people of the
In March, Poles in Cracow, part state of Baden demanded a bill of
Berlin of the Austrian Empire, protested rights, triggering similar demands
Pozna and then revolted against Austrian in several other German states.
rule. Like people in Pozna, they
7 wanted an independent Poland. March: Munich Thousands
2
Dresden of people met on the citys
Cracow streets demanding workers rights,
Prague such as fair pay and employment.
Palermo
Palermo State borders, 1848 Revolt or unrest
On January 12, Sicilians German Confederation
in Palermo revolted against (association of German- Peaceful protest
the king and central rule, and speaking states)
set up their own government.
BLACK, RED, AND GOLD FLAG AS THE FLAG FOR A UNITED GERMANY. 107
1776
1890 The American frontier
In 1776, the United States was made up of just 13 colonies along
the east coast. The Wild West was the vast, unknown land that
lay to the west. Many Americans believed that it was their duty,
which they called their Manifest Destiny, to explore and settle this
er
land. Thousands of settlers endured a brutal journey across n R iv
La ipe
W
a
ew
in
ke g
the country and came h
n
S a s k atc The Great Plains
into conict with the Tribes on the Great Plains
relied on bison for survival.
American Indians Battle of Little Settlers killed them for food
Bighorn, 1876 and sport, as well as to
living there. American Indian tribes deprive American Indians of
led by Sitting Bull food and drive them away.
Pioneers in Canada defeated the US Army
The rst Europeans to in this battle, which was R
explore the Wild West part of the war over land. RED RIVE 8
, were fur trappers. N, 81
1
CESSIO
RITISH COLUMBIA Many of them trapped ive
r
B ri R
1858 beavers in the forests Missou
er
of what is now Canada. v
Rive r
e Ri
bia ston
m lo w
Yel
Colu
r
ve
u
co
an
e Riv er
tV
r
Fo
Fort
ak
Clatsop
Sn
Prospector
panning
CESSION,
for gold
MEXICAN 8
Sacramento 184
San Francisco Sante Fe TEXAS
California ANNEXATION,
CA
Gold was the major This was a key battle of the Mexican
FO
Mi
ss ADDITIONAL UNITED RED RIVER Territory, with
is the year it was
STATES TERRITORY, 1783 CESSION, 1818 established
sip
LOUISIANA
pi
PURCHASE, 1803 er
In 1830, the US government passed the LewisClark Expedition
Indian Removal Act, which allowed it to Goverment trip to explore and
Nauvoo force American Indians from the southeast map the country in 180304.
and northeast, and resettle them west of
the Mississippi River. The journey became Pike Expeditions
St. Joseph known as the Trail of Tears. Zebulon Pike sent by US to nd
St. Louis the sources of three major rivers.
Independence , PIONEER TRAILS
IES
LON Oregon Trail
CO
Earliest pioneer trail, crossing
N 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of territory.
TEE 776
California Trail
Indian Territory IR 1
TH
Tipis Key trail used to access the Gold
Plains tribes, such as the Pawnee, were E Rush in 1849.
among the many peoples resettled in Indian TH
Territorynow part of Oklahoma. In their Mormon Trail
homeland of the Great Plains, the Pawnee had Used by Mormonsreligious
lived in tents called tepees during bison hunts. refugees looking for a new home.
Natchitoches
Missis
pp
si
i Riv
er Used by US to invade Mexico.
HA , 18
San Antonio
SE 19
WHICH TOOK MAIL FROM THE EAST TO THE WEST COAST IN 10 DAYS. 109
To Klondike by boat Klondike, Canada, 189799
Some prospectors reached Klondike Accessing this gold eld was notoriously difcult
by sea, then by sailing up the gold-seekers journeyed hundreds of miles
Yukon River. across mountains and rivers in punishing conditions.
From th
e Am
eri
ca
s
NORTH AMERICA
British Columbia,
Europe
From Asia Canada,
185587
ca
Afri
Nome, Alaska, From
18991909
Porcupine,
Colorado, US, From Europe
From Asia Canada, 1909
185861
From E
urope
Fro Georgia, US,
m th
e Wes
t In
1828
die
s
Ouro Preto, Brazil,
From
From
center of manufacture,
trade, and shipping.
Euro
To California by boat
pe
The grueling 18,000-mile
(30,000-km) journey to the m Afri
ca
Fro
California gold elds by sea
Tierra del Fuego, took about six months from
stralia
Chile and Argentina, New York. Half of Californias From Au
18831906
gold-seekers took this route.
110 DURING THE VICTORIAN GOLD RUSH IN AUSTRALIA, BETWEEN 1851 AND
The modern world
Striking it rich
GOLD-SEEKERS TO THE KLONDIKE
Gold rushes are linked with wealth and good GOLD FIELDS, CANADA
fortune, yet the reality was very different.
Gold-seekers endured hard journeys, and
if they reached the gold elds, they faced
high living costs and often had to pay to pan
for gold. Of the many who set out, few ever
100,000 set out 30,000-40,000 arrived 4,000
found gold, and fewer still made any money. found gold
ARCTIC
OCEAN
Gold! Gold! Gold from
the American River!
Samuel Brannan, American merchant and entrepreneur,
stirring up gold fever to boost trade, 1848
From
Asia
ASIA
PA C I F I C
From boomtown to ghost town
OCEAN
s
the
Fro
pe
Fr
Western AUSTRALASIA
Australia, 188594
A series of small rushes
drew in people from
Africa, the Americas,
Central Otago,
Europe, China, India, and New Zealand,
New Zealand, as well as 1861
Bonie, California from the mining areas of
eastern Australia.
e
R iv
p pi Alabama
i
Union general Confederate ss
si
Mississippi
Confederate
cavalry
Vicksburg
In July 1863, Union troops took the port Southern plantations
of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River. The Southern states, such as
The river was important to the Alabama and Florida, relied on
Confederates, as they used it slave labor to run their cotton
to transport food and troops. plantations. Slaves lived and
worked in dreadful conditions.
Louisiana
Coastal blockade
Iron-clad Union ships
blocked the coast to stop
trade and supplies from
coming in to Southern ports.
Gulf of Mexico
Massachusetts
Connecticut Rhode
Island
Pennsylvania
Ohio Union infantry
(foot soldier) y
erse
J
New
Antietam Gettysburg
Mary De The largest battle of the war, in July
Union cavalry land la
w 1863, was won by the Union, with
Washington, D.C. ar
West Virginia e 20,000 Confederates killed or injured.
It was the turning point of the war.
Appomattox
Washington, D.C.
Virginia President Abraham Lincoln was shot in
the Union capital by a supporter of the
South on April 14, 1865, just a few days
after the war ended; he died April 15.
North Carolina
Appomattox
Confederate infantry Following a short battle, General
(foot soldier)
Robert E. Lee surrendered at
Appomattox Court House, April 9,
Charleston Harbor 1865, effectively ending the war.
The war started here on April 12,
1861, when Confederate soldiers South Carolina
red on the Union forces based
1861
at Fort Sumter.
Charleston
The US 1865
Choshu
Satsuma 1
soldier o ku 6
h ik
Tosa
S
114 IN THE MEIJI PERIOD (18681912), JAPAN LAID MORE THAN 7,000 MILES
The modern world
9. Battle of Hakodate
The last stronghold of
the shogun's army was Hokkaido
Hakodate, where it held out
for six months against the
anti-shogun forces, before
surrendering in 1869.
Oitsuke, oikose.
9
Hakodate
Sendai
Honshu
Kyoto 4
(11,000 KM) OF RAILROAD AND BUILT MORE THAN 1,500 STEAMSHIPS. 115
Canadian Pacic Railway, 1885
This railroad helped to strengthen
Canada against the powerful
neighboring United States,
by connecting its east and Locomotion
west provinces. No.1, 1825
NORTH Stockton/
AMERICA StocktonDarlington
Darlington
Berlin
Railway, 1825 London
Vancouver Montreal
The worlds rst public Paris
steam railroad carried
coal and passengers. The
CP No. 60 Jupiter Council Bluffs, Iowa railroads rst locomotive
, 1868 was the Locomotion, designed by
Sacramento, California
First Transcontinental British engineer George Stephenson.
Railroad, 1869
This railway was nished Orient Express, 1883
when the Central Pacic This luxury passenger train ran between
Railroad from California met Europe and the East. Its rst route
the Union Pacic Railroad ran between Paris and Istanbul.
from Iowa. Builders from
each end had raced towards Railroads in AFRICA
the middle in only 6 years. Africa, 18541900
European colonial
How rail changed the world powers introduced
railroads to Africa.
In addition to allowing convenient travel,
Often, tracks ran in
railroads helped develop many areas of from the coast, but
work and daily life. did not join up to
SOUTH create a network.
Railroad time
Lima
AMERICA
Time was slightly different in each town
before the railroads. Standard railroad time Callao, Lima, and Oroya
(the same everywhere) was established so
that trains could run without colliding.
Railroad, 18701908
Built to cross the Andes
Farming Mountains in Peru, linking
Fresh produce could be carried great Pacic ports with the interior
distances without spoiling, which helped of the country, this was the
farmers and improved diets. highest railroad in the world
Industry and employment for the next 100 years.
Railroads created jobs and boosted industry,
as materials were needed to build tracks,
and coal was needed to fuel the engines.
Postal Services
Mail cars were added to trains, and letters
By building the Union
were delivered in days, not months.
Trade
Pacic, you will be the
Railroads transported goods faster than
roads or canals. Global trade improved as
goods traveled quickly to ports for export.
remembered man
Military of your generation.
Railroads transported soldiers and their
equipment quickly during times of war, US President Abraham Lincoln,
which made rail vital to military success. to industrialist Oakes Ames, 1865
116 PERUS CALLAO, LIMA, AND OROYA RAILROAD CROSSES THE ANDES
The modern world
KEY
The colors show
the date of the rst
railroad line in each
country. Some nations
Trans-Siberian Railroad, 18911916 still have no railroads.
Golden Eagle, The worlds longest railroad, measuring
Trans-Siberian
Express
5,753 miles (9,259 km), played a key role 182549
during World War I in transporting 185074
military supplies to the front line.
187599
190024
Moscow 192549
195074
EUROPE 1975present
No railroads
Vladivostok
Istanbul ASIA Key historic
railroad route
Beijing
TokyoYokohama
Baghdad
Cairo Railroads in Japan, 1872
The British built Japans rst railroad,
Calcutta
between Tokyo and Yokohama. This
(Kolkata) was part of a new era in which Japan
Bombay embraced Western innovation.
(Mumbai)
Madras
(Chennai) Trans-Australian Railway, 1917
Spanning 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of
at, dry land, this railroad was vital
in uniting Western Australia with
the rest of the country.
1825
1917 The age of steam
The opening of the rst passenger steam railroad in Britain in 1825 revolutionized
transportation. Soon, people and goods would travel huge distanceseven abroad
quickly and easily. Railroads soon spread throughout Europe and North America, then
across the world. They connected cities, provided jobs, and improved trade. Within a
few years, rail had become the worlds most important means of transportation.
NORTH
AMERICA
The Caribbean
Islands throughout the EUROPE
region were shared among
European empires.
AFRICA
Former colonies
Spain and Portugal had Liberia
colonized most of Central Americans created
and South America 300
SOUTH this territory in
years earlier, but in the AMERICA 1822 as a country
early 1800s, revolutions for freed African-
gained these countries American slaves.
their independence.
Congo Free State
This was a private colony,
or efdom, belonging to
King Leopold of Belgium.
By 1900, the major powers in Europe had empires that stretched across
the world. (There were other imperial powers, too, including
China, Japan, and the US.) The European powers
gained global importance and also wealthby
taking it from their colonies. The
ASIA ercest competition of the
Russia India
Three-quarters of the Russian British rule, or Raj, divided
time was for control
Empire was in Asia, with one- India into eight provinces, of Africa.
quarter in Europe. It included each with its own governor.
around 200 small nations in
addition to Russia.
China
The last dynasty of
Chinathe Qingruled
a huge empire including
Mongolia and Tibet.
Japan
Japans empire building
accelerated after 1900, and the
country annexed Korea in 1910.
AFRICA
Airplane, 1903
American brothers Orville and
Wilbur Wright developed the rst
powered airplane, whose maiden
ight lasted for 12 seconds and Piano, 1709
SOUTH covered 120 ft (36 m). Italian Bartolomeo
Cristofori developed
Pasteurization, 1865 the piano. Compared
AMERICA Frenchman Louis to earlier keyboard
Pasteur discovered instruments, it allowed
that liquid foods could musicians much
Eraser, 1735 be heated to destroy greater control of the
During an expedition harmful bacteria loudness of notes, and
to Ecuador, Frenchman Charles-Marie without affecting it became a mainstay
de la Condamine came across rubber. their food value. of Western music.
The material became famous back
in Europe, and in 1770, Englishman
Joseph Priestley discovered that
it could rub out pencil marks,
thus inventing the eraser.
120 ALTHOUGH MODERN CANNED FOOD DATES BACK TO 1810, PEOPLE OPENED
The modern world
Modern
1500
1900
Motor car,
1886
German engineer
Karl Benz
inventions
demonstrated
the rst car, the
Motorwagen, which The modern period (15001900) was a
had three wheels
and was powered time of great development in Europe and
by a small engine.
North America. The Industrial Revolution
in Britain saw the birth of the factory, as well as
many machines for manufacturing. There were also
major advances in the elds of transportation, science,
and medicine, with inventions that would eventually
transform peoples lives throughout the world.
THE CANS WITH KNIVES UNTIL THE CAN OPENER WAS INVENTED IN 1870! 121
21st centuries
The 20th and
Into space
The most recent chapter of Earths
history hasnt taken place entirely
on our planet, as people explored
space for the rst time in the 20th
century. Here, NASA astronauts
(Greg Chamitoff, shown; and Mike
Fincke, reected in the visor)
make a space walk to repair the
International Space Station in 2011.
RADIO ACROSS THE SOUTH POLE (1911)
ATLANTIC (1901) Radio Norwegian explorer Roald
pioneer Gugliemo Marconi Amundsen becomes the
sends the rst radio signals rst person to reach the
from England to Canada. South Pole. pp12627
1900
THE WRIGHT FLYER (1903) TITANIC DISASTER
The rst powered, controlled (1912) The luxury cruise
ight takes place at Kitty ship Titanic is sunk by an
Hawk, North Carolina, US. iceberg, killing more than
pp13233 1,500 passengers and crew.
NORTH AND D-DAY (1944) British, GERMANY INVADES THE WORLD WAR II
SOUTH KOREA (1945) US, and Canadian troops SOVIET UNION (USSR) (1941) (193945) England and
Korea is divided into the land on French beaches The wars largest invasion, on France declare war on
Soviet-controlled North and to gain access to German- the Eastern Front, changes the Germany after it invades
the US-occupied South. held territory. pp14243 course of the war. pp14041 Poland. pp13843
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1947) APARTHEID (194894) MOUNT EVEREST (1953) VIETNAM WAR (195675)
Gandhi inspires the end of British South African apartheid Sir Edmund Hillary and North and South Vietnam
rule in India, and the country is law severely restricts the Sherpa Tensing Norgay are united in 1975 after the
divided into Hindu-majority India and rights of black people. It conquer the worlds US lose the war to stop
Muslim-majority Pakistan. pp14445 is abolished in 1994. highest mountain. Communism in the South.
CHINA POWER (2013) END OF THE COLD WAR EMAIL (1971) WALKING ON THE MOON
China becomes the (1991) Aggression between Computer programmer (1969) US astronaut Neil
largest trading nation the US and USSR nishes, as Ray Tomlinson sends Armstrong becomes the
in the world, overtaking Communist government ends the rst email. rst person to walk on
the US. pp15455 and the USSR splits up. pp15253 the Moon. pp15051
AMELIA EARHART (1937) THE GREAT DEPRESSION END OF THE WAR (1918)
Aviation pioneer Amelia (192939) A global economic A temporary truce was
Earhart disappears in the crisis is fueled by companies agreed to end World War I,
Pacic when trying to y losing value and unemployment with a formal peace treaty
around the world. pp13233 rising disastrously. pp13435 signed in 1919. pp12829
By the early 20th century, the South Pole was explorations To reach the South
last great challenge, and British explorer Robert Falcon Pole, explorers must
climb over the thick
Scott was determined to reach it. But as he and his team ice sheet that covers
the continent
made their way to the Antarctic in 1910, he heard that Norwegian
Roald Amundsen also had his eye on the prize. What followed was
a race that captivated and shocked the world.
pot 1
Po l a r De 1
3 1, 19
ec3
D
Plateau
(Antarctic
Ice Sheet)
Dev
ils G
4. Climbing the glacier Nov lacier D
29, e
Amundsens team crossed the 191 pot
1 pot
f. First casualty
Great Ice Barrier in 28 days. They Ma r De Teddy Evans, of
No in De 5 Butc
her cie
started their climb of a glacier v1 s Gla 911 Scotts team, died
7, 1 pot
91 4
Nov Shop
2 per 21, 1
(which they called Axel Heiberg 1 1, 1 Depot Up Dec on February 7, 1912.
85 rg 911
er e
After struggling through some
Amundsens route
ci or
Mountains f of the most severe weather
a
a
Scotts route
G l rd m
Be
conditions ever recorded
in the Antarctic on their
Site of depot (Amundsen) t
84 epo return journey, Scott
No De lacier D 1
1
Site of depot (Scott) v1 p -G and his team
3, 1 ot Mid c 17, 19
91 De reached Mid-
1 t
Place where a member epo Barrier Depot
lacier D
of the team died er G 911 in March.
Low ec 10, 1
D d
Final camp d. Base of the climb p
Cam
83 Scotts team reached the Shamble,s1911
1 a Order of events 9
No Dep
v9 base of the Beardmore Glacier Dec
, 19 ot
11 on 9 December 1911. It had
taken them 39 days to cross pot
the Great Ice Barrier. r De
Barrie 1
1
2. Detailed preparation th
Sou ec 1, 19
D
Before setting off for the
pole, Amundsen laid food 82
depots (stores), positioning No Dep 2
v4 To strive, to
, 19 ot
them carefully along the route. 11 h. Second
He placed a line of 10 black casualty
ags mile (800 m) apart on seek, to nd and On March 17,
t g
each side of the depots epo
rrier D 1912, Titus Oates,
to ensure he could -Ba 911
81 not to yield. Mid v 26, 1
No
of Scotts team,
nd them even in Oc De walked away from
t3 p
the most extreme 1, 1 ot
91 Alfred Lord Tennyson, inscription on the camp and died alone.
conditions. 1
cross on Observation Hill, McMurdo Sound,
as a memorial to Scott and his fallen men
ot h i. Final camp
Dep Scott, Bowers, and
arrier 1
80 er B 91 Wilson made camp
Upp ov 21, 1
Oc De
p N
t2
3, 1 ot for the nal time on
91
1
Great Ice Barrier March 1911 miles
(Ross Ice Shelf) b. Preparing the ground (17.7 km) from One
Before leaving on his journey i Ton Depot. Their
to the pole, Scott and his frozen bodies were
Ton b found the following
team laid depots along their One t
o
e
D p , November.
7. Triumphant return route. However, because of 15
Nov
Amundsen and his team returned bad weather, Scott decided 1911
to Framheim. The journey to the to lay One Ton Depot
f
Framheim 37 miles (59.5 km) short Bluf
1 3 7 pole and back had taken 10 fewer p ot
D e
days than scheduled. of its intended location at
80 South. The decision had
B ay of fatal consequences.
Whales er
Corn p
Cam
3. Departure for the pole ty Cape
c. Departure for the pole Safe
m p Evans
Amundsens team left Framheim for the South Pole Scotts main party left Cape Ca
The Norwegians set up camp (which they called Framheim) a. Scotts vessel Terra Nova arrives
on the icy shore of the Bay of Whales. Their base was On January 4, 1911, the team set up camp
rd
The 20th and 21st centuries
Mc ound
o
60 miles (97 km) closer to the South Pole than Scotts. at Cape Evans on McMurdo Sound.
127
U-boats
UNITED KINGDOM German submarines (undersea boats, or U-boats) attacked merchant
London ships, battleships, and even passenger and hospital ships belonging
to Britain and the US. This nally prompted the US to join the
war, in April 1917.
Drowning in mud
Heavy rains made the mud on the
Passchendaele battleeld so deep
that injured soldiers drowned in it.
Gas attack
In 1915, gas was used as Ypres,
a weapon for the rst time, 1915
by German forces against Passchendaele,
French soldiers at Ypres. 1917
Messines,
1917
Zeppelin Lys, 1918
air raids Soccer at Christmas
From 1915, German An unofcial cease re
airships attacked on Christmas Day 1914
London and other allowed troops from the Loos, 1915
British towns, as British hospital ship two sides to meet. Some
Ri Cambrai,
well as Paris. ve even played soccer in
rS Arras, 1917 1917
om no-mans-land.
me
The Hundred Days Somme,
A successful Allied offensive at Amiens in Battle of the Somme
1916 More than 1 million
August 1918 started the Hundred Days of
KEY victories that pushed Germany out of France. Amiens, soldiers were killed
This map shows the Western 1918 or wounded in this
Front of World War I. Tank warfare four-month-long battle.
The rst tanks were invented to push beyond
The 19141916 front line the trenches over rough terrain. The Allies
Major battle had the rst tanks, and the
greatest number of them
National border Compigne Chemin des
thousands against
Town Dames, 1917
the Germans 20.
r British
In the trenches e Rive Whippet tank
Ois
Living in a trench gave soldiers S eine River
River Marne
some protection from gunre, but Versailles Chateau
trenches were muddy, waterlogged, Paris
Thierry, 1918
disease-ridden, and infested with
Paris attacked
rats and lice. Both sides dug In 1918, the French capital
trenches on their side of the front Treaty of Versailles was shelled by a newly NC E
line. The space between the A peace treaty was invented German long-range F R A
trenches was unclaimed and was nally signed here in gun. Hundreds of people died.
called no-mans-land. No soldier June 1919. Germany had
wanted to go therehe would to give up territory and
be too likely to be killed. pay the victors for the
losses and damage
caused by the war. The end of the war
An armistice (truce)
Hell cannot be
was signed in a railroad
car at Compigne, and
ghting came to an end
Loir
e Rive
r this dreadful. at the 11th hour of the
11th day of the 11th
month of 1918. The war
Albert Joubaire, French soldier, would not end ofcially
Verdun, 1916. until the peace treaty
was signed in 1919.
NET
H E RLA
ND S 1914
1918 World War I
In July 1914, Austria-
Hungary declared war on
Antwerp, 1914
S cheldt River Serbia. This triggered a
The rst battle
The Belgian city wider war between the Central Powers
M of Lige fell to and the Triple Entente, two rival
E L GIU the Germans in
B 1914, in the rst European military alliances (groups of
battle of the war.
countries). Over time, more nations
joined in, including the US. Battles
Meuse River
Mons, 1914
Lige,
1914
were fought across the world, but the
Charleroi, 1914 most crucial ghting was in western
Europe. New weapons such as machine
guns, planes, and tanks made this one
German of the bloodiest wars in history.
Fokker Dr. I
British Sopwith
Camel
Dogghts
Fighter planes were rst used during this
war. In air battles known as dogghts,
Allied breakthrough skilled pilots tried to shoot enemy planes
A massive offensive by the US down while dodging incoming re.
army in 1918 broke through RG
U
the German defensive line. LUXEMBO
AN Y
Ri
ver
E R M
G
Moselle
Argonne, 1918
Verdun,
1916 German troops
Marne,
1914, German troops made advances
1918 into France and Belgium in 1914.
The front line Germany was one of the leading
The border between the St Mihiel, 1918 nations of the Central
two sides did not move Powers, along with Austria-
much from this position Hungary and the Ottoman
between 1914 and 1916. Empire (Turkey).
Battle of Verdun
The erce battle in 1916 for this fortied
French town lasted 10 months and left
more than 300,000 soldiers dead.
Allied troops
French and British troops
Battles of the Marne
(including Commonwealth
Two major battles were fought here.
troops, such as Canadian,
The rst, in September 1914, stopped
Australian, and Indian) fought
the German advance on Paris. The
on the Allied side of the
second, in July 1918, stopped another
Western Front. Along with
German offensive and turned the tide
Russia, these powers were
in the Allies favor.
known as the Triple Entente.
SWEDEN Petrograd
Reval 4 6
(Tallinn) (Leningrad / 3 7
2 8
LATVIA St. Petersburg)
ESTONIA
Pskov
5 5. Lenin returns LITHUANIA
In April 1917, after years in 2. Protests and demonstrations
exile, political activist Vladimir GERMANY
As the war continued, thousands of
Lenin returned from Switzerland workers demonstrated in Petrograd,
to Petrograd with the goal demanding change and bringing Vitebsk
of overthrowing Russias Minsk
the citys industry to a halt.
provisional government. POLAND Smolensk
9 Brest-Litovsk Mogilev
Gomel
SWITZERLAND
9. Peace treaty
In March 1918, the Bolsheviks
signed a treaty to bring Russia
IT out of World War I.
AL UKRAINE
Y 1
1. World War I Kishinev Yekaterinoslav
Odessa Nikolayev
Fighting on the Eastern Front
during World War I claimed millions Soldiers of the Russian
Empire trudging home
of lives and was a major source of from the Eastern Front
the Russian peoples discontent. Sevastopol
Novorossiysk
1917
1922 The Russian Revolution
World War I caused food shortages, and life for the working people
of Russia was brutal. The czar, who once ruled with absolute power,
stepped down, but this was not enough. Workers councils, called soviets,
sprang up all over the country. These and the Bolshevik party organized a peoples
revolution that led to the establishment of the worlds rst Communist state.
130 THE SOVIET UNION WAS THE WORLDS LARGEST COUNTRY AND REMAINED
The 20th and 21st centuries
Soviet Union
In 1922, the triumphant
The symbol on the Soviet Unions ag
Bolsheviks united most was a hammer, standing for industrial
of the former Russian workers, crossed with a sickle, standing
6. Bolsheviks take Empire under Communist for farm laborers. The star stood for
the Communist Party.
power in Petrograd rule, creating the Soviet
On October 25, Union. This included
1917, under Lenins Ukraine, Belarus,
command, the Georgia, and other areas,
KEY
Bolsheviks seized as well as Russia itself. Soviet Union
control of Petrograds
telegraph systems,
bridges, and
railroad stations. Archangel
10. Exile and execution
After his abdication, the czar and his family
were placed under house arrest in a remote
Petrozavodsk retreat near Yekaterinburg. They were shot
7. Storming of the Winter Palace by their Bolshevik captors in July 1918.
Later on October 25, armed Bolsheviks
entered the Winter Palace and arrested
Novgorod leaders of the provisional government.
Vologda 10
Kaluga
Nizhny Novgorod
BOLSHEVIK RUSSIA
Mogilev Kazan Izhevsk
Novocherkassk
Tsaritsyn Orenburg
Rostov-on-Don (Stalingrad / Volgograd)
KEY
Border of Russian Empire, 1914 11. Ongoing conict
Eastern Front of World War I, 1917 The Bolsheviks, renamed the Communists in
Movement of Czar Nicholas II 1918, met with immediate resistance to their
leadership. They controlled the large area shown
Movement of Lenin
here in 1919, but civil war raged until 1922.
Towns under Bolshevik control, 1918
Having seized power in Petrograd, the
Bolsheviks fought for control in other areas.
Area under Bolshevik control by 1919
By 1919 the Bolsheviks had retreated,
but kept control of Russias heartland.
Border of Soviet Union, 1922
By 1922, the Bolsheviks had Russia under
History will not forgive us if we do
Communist rule, although they lost Finland,
Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
not assume power now.
1 Key event Vladimir Lenin, in a letter to Bolshevik leaders in
Petrograd and Moscow, September 1214, 1917
UNDER COMMUNIST PARTY CONTROL UNTIL 1991, WHEN IT SPLIT APART. 131
1903
2013 The story of flight
Until the 20th century, ying was the hobby of a few adventurous
balloonists. In 1903, however, the Wright brothers made the rst
controlled, powered ight in an airplane. Within a few years,
planes were being used both as vehicles
taking paying passengers and NewfoundlandIreland, 1919
Alcock and Brown ew a Vickers
as weapons of war. Vimy across the Atlantic in 16 hours,
ConnecticutOhio, 1942 receiving a 10,000 ($45,000) prize
The rst mass-produced from the UKs Daily Mail newspaper
helicopter, the Sikorsky R-4, ew and knighthoods from
761 miles (1,225km) on a test ight. the king of England.
California, 1947
The Bell X-1 rocket
plane, piloted by Chuck
Yeager, became the
rst manned aircraft
to travel faster than
sound in level ight. Clifden
Wenatchee
St. Johns
Edwards Air
Force Base
California, 1976
The SR-71A Blackbird
became the fastest and Kitty Hawk, New York
highest jet aircraft. North Carolina, 1903 London, 1970
The Wright brothers made The Boeing 747
the rst-ever controlled heralded the age of
ight in a powered wide-bodied airliners,
airplane. which carry hundreds
of passengers each.
California, 2013
SpaceShipTwothe worlds
rst commercial passenger
spacecraftmade its rst
powered test ight. ParisRio de Janeiro, 1976
Tampa Bay, An Air France Concorde made one
Florida, 1914 of the worlds rst two supersonic
Round the world The St. Petersburg scheduled passenger ights. The
(California Tampa Airboat Line, other, on the same day, was by a
KEY California), 1986 launched the worlds British Airways Concorde from
The arrows on this map show Dick Rutan and Jeana rst passenger London to Bahrain.
nonstop ight milestones. Yeager ew the Rutan service to use
Model 76 Voyager winged aircraft.
First nonstop ight nonstop around the
across the Atlantic world. The ight took
First nonstop ight 9 days, 3 minutes,
across the Pacic and 44 seconds.
FrankfurtRio de Janeiro, 1936
First nonstop ight The zeppelin LZ-127 Hindenburg
around the world began to take passengers on
scheduled ights across the Atlantic.
132 THE FIRST AIRLINE WAS FOUNDED IN 1909 AND FLEW ZEPPELINS
The 20th and 21st centuries
Southeast Yorkshire, England, 1853
England, 1940 George Cayley developed a
The Battle of Britain manned glider that ew across
was the rst major the valley in front of his home.
campaign fought
entirely by air forces. Lichterfelde, Germany, 1896
Otto Lilienthal launched himself
from his own man-made hill in a
series of homemade hang-gliders.
Paris, 1783
Piltre de Rozier and Rostock, Germany, 1939
the Marquis dArlandes The experimental Heinkel He 178
became the worlds was the rst jet-engine-powered
rst pilots, ying aircraft to y.
the Montgoler
hot-air balloon. JapanUS, 1931
Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon
crossed the Pacic in 41 hours in their
Bellanca Skyrocket, Miss Veedol.
Sabishiro
Moscow, 1932 Beach
The TsAGI-1EAthe rst MoscowAlmaty, 1975 Round the world
successful helicopter with The supersonic Tupolev Tu-144 (SwitzerlandEgypt),
a single rotor for creating went into service, ying mail 1999
lifttook off. and freight to Alma-Ata (now Breitling Orbiter 3 was the
Almaty) in Kazakhstan. rst balloon to y around
the world without landing.
Somewhere in the
Pacic, 1937
Pioneering female
pilot Amelia Earhart
SydneySingapore, 2007 and her navigator
The Airbus 380the heaviest-ever disappeared on
airlinermade its rst passenger ight. their round-the-
world ight.
There is no
sport equal to ... CaliforniaAustralia, 2001
The unmanned aircraft
being carried through Global Hawk ew unaided
across the Pacic.
London
Johannesburg, 1952
The de Havilland
the air on great
Comet became the
rst jet airliner to y
with passengers.
white wings.
Wilbur Wright, 1905
BETWEEN FRANKFURT, DUSSELDORF, AND BADEN-BADEN, GERMANY. 133
Great Plains, 1930
An ongoing drought led to severe
dust storms that spread across Britain, 1936
North Americas Great Plains, People marched
ruining the livelihood of farmers. against poverty and
The affected area was known unemployment in
as the Dust Bowl. northeast England.
ground to hope
nothing of man.
Calvin Coolidge, US president,
An American family left homeless by the Depression 192329, speaking during the
Great Depression in 1932
134 BEFORE THE START OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION, THERE WERE 25,000
The 20th and 21st centuries
USSR, 1930s
The USSR built lots of factories, expanding
its industry despite the Depression, but
Germany, 1933 millions of people died in a terrible
Joblessness among the famine in 193233.
German people helped
the Nazi party rise to SSR)
I O N (U
power. Although the party SOVIET UN
had racist views, people voted
ANY the Nazis in because they
promised to create more jobs. ASIA India, 1930
EUROPE The British introduced Japan, 1931
a salt tax in India to Japan tackled the
boost its own weakened Depression by creating
economy. Police beat weapons factories. As
AN
protestors who marched P a result, it became a
against the tax. JA mighty military power.
1929
1939 The Great Depression
The Great Depression was the biggest economic crisis in history. In 1929, the stock
market in the United States crashed. Banks lost money, factories closed, and trade
collapsed across America, and then the rest of the world. The Depression led
to poverty, hunger, and mass unemployment, and it lasted for almost a decade.
BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES. BY 1933, ABOUT 11,000 HAD FAILED. 135
KEY Ningxia Suiyuan
4,000 men
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) base
CCP base destroyed by Nationalist forces 10. Battle of Lazikou Pass Wuqi
In September 1935, the First 11 Yanan
Major battle during march Red Army engaged in its nal 6,000 men
Yell
Blockade battle with Nationalist forces,
ow R i v e r
Controlled by a local warlord, who who were guarding
a mountain pass. 11. The march nally ends
agreed to let the First Red Army pass. The First Red Army reached
8 Key event during march Wuqi, near Yanan, ending the
Long March in October 1935,
The First Red Army after 1 year and 3 days.
The main group of Communist troops, led Wei River
by the heads of the CCP, including Mao. Gansu
The Fourth Red Army
An army of 100,000 troops led by Lazikou
6,000 men
Zhang Guotao. It briey met Maos Pass Shaanxi
First Red Army, but Zhang challenged
10
Maos leadership and insisted on 8. The armies meet
taking a different route. In July 1935, the First Red Army met
the Fourth Red Army in Lianghekou.
9
After a disagreement, the Fourth Red
9. Crossing the wetlands Army traveled west and was
The army had to cross then virtually destroyed by
250 miles (400 km) of Nationalist forces.
wetlands. Of the 10,000 men
who entered the marsh, only 10,000 men
7,000 made it across.
r
ve
8
Ri
Lianghekou
e
tz
7
ng
Ya
Sichuan
3. Zunyi Conference
6
In January 1935, Mao
7. Crossing the Luding Da
du gained the armys
mountain passes Ri
ve support after a speech
The army marched r and took a leading role
through mountainous in directing the march.
terrain. Thousands
died in the process. er 3
v
Ri
ze
gt
Zunyi
n
Ya
4
Guizhou
5. Crossing the Yangtze
The First Red Army secretly
crossed the Yangtze River 40,000 men
and avoided a major battle.
Yunnan
The ploy boosted the
armys morale. 4. Outsmarting the enemy
In April 1935, Mao split the army
and sent smaller units south
to confuse Nationalist forces.
136 DURING THE LONG MARCH, THE FIRST RED ARMY OF THE COMMUNIST
The 20th and 21st centuries
1934
1935 Chinas Long March
In the 1930s, China was ruled by a Nationalist government that
wanted to crush the rebel Chinese Communist Party. To escape
destruction, the First Red Army of the Communist Party marched
6,000 miles (10,000 km) across some of the harshest territory in China. Guided
by their future leader, Mao Zedong, about 6,000 Communist soldiers made
it to their new base in Yanan, from where they eventually took over China.
Ya
n gt
ze Mao Zedong, The Long March poem, 1935
Ri
ve
r
BASE AREA
Xia
Guangxi
Mao Zedong
1939
1945 World War II Battle of Darwin
The biggest attack on Australia was
a Japanese air-strike of 242 planes
over Darwin, in February 1942.
When Germanys dictator, Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France
declared war. As more countries joined in, the world was divided into Axis powers,
led by Germany, Italy, and Japan; and the Allies, led by Britain, the US, and the
Soviet Union. By the time war ended in 1945, millions of people had suffered and
died, some while ghting, some from bombing raids at home, and others through
the Holocaust (Hitlers killing of certain groups, especially Jews).
138 DURING THE WAR, MANY CHILDREN HAD TO LEAVE THEIR HOMESAS
The 20th and 21st centuries
Pearl Harbor
A Japanese surprise
attack in 1941 destroyed
this US navy base in Hawaii,
prompting the US to join the war.
German Minsk
Panzer III tanks
GERMANY
Berlin
Warsaw
German
Berlin bunker, 1945 Focke-Wulf Fw 190 German
German leader Adolph ghters Junkers Ju 88
bomber
Hitler didnt spend
much time in the
German capital city Battle of Kiev, 1941
during the war, but In September 1941 German Kiev
from January MAY 1941 troops trapped and slaughtered
1945, he made his four Soviet Red Army groups in
headquarters here Kiev. The Red Army lost nearly
in a bunker. two-thirds of its total numbers.
1941
1943 The Eastern Front
In 1941, Hitler launched Operation Barbarossaa surprise
attack on the Soviet Union. In JuneDecember 1941, the
German army and its allies advanced steadily eastward.
As Soviet counterattacks pushed the front line west again, it became
a brutal battleground with many killed on both sides. German defeat
at Stalingrad in 1943 was the beginning of the end of World War II in
Europe, as German forces were eventually pushed back to Berlin in 1945.
140 FOUR MILLION AXIS TROOPS AND 3,500 TANKS LINED THE 1,800-MILE
The 20th and 21st centuries
Battle of Moscow , 1941
Soviet Ilyushin Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union,
Il-2 Shturmovik
declared Moscow to be under siege KEY
antitank aircraft
in October 1941, but the German This map shows the changing position
advance was hampered by savage of the Eastern Front, as Axis troops
weather. After a Soviet counterattack, made advances and the Soviets made
Germany withdrew in December and counterattacks. This key explains the
Moscow was saved. advances in the order they happened.
German advances in
JuneDecember 1941
These pushed the front east
Rostov
German
Junkers Ju 88
bomber NOVEMBER
1942
German
Panzer IV tanks
Sevastopol
US
4th
Sherman tanks were
Infa
launched at sea. A
This operation is
ntry
canvas skirt helped
them stay aoat to
Divisi
planned as a victory, US P-38 reach the shore.
on
Lightning ghters
LCM Landing
Craft
and thats the way German gun emplacements
Coast guard
Ch Sa
Support from the air er
bo
int
e-
Around 1,900 planes and gliders made ur M
g re
10,750 ights during D-Day. Many, such as -
US infantry
gli
se
the Douglas C-47, dropped paratroopers,
while others were ghter or bomber planes.
ivision
Airborne D
US 82nd D o u v re
River
Douglas C-47
KEY transports
isi
on
Div
Town rne
bo
Areas liberated by Allies Troops arriving by air st Air
101
(British, US, and Troops arriving by sea US
Canadian troops) by US paratroopers
evening of June 6 US troops Soldiers were parachuted
in before dawn to attack
Area liberated by Allies British and
by June 12 Canadian troops
the Germans from behind
their coastal defenses.
Barrage balloon
Horsa glider
Br
transport
DUCW Landing craft
iti
sh
Special at-bottomed
6t
hA
boats were built to
irb
take the troops from
or
ne
Br
itis the ships to the shore.
Div
h3
isio
rd
Inf
an
n
try
Div
Ca isi
na on
dia
n3
rd
Inf
an
try Higgins Boats
Di
Br vis
iti ion
sh
50
th
Inf
an German
try infantry
Di SWORD Ou
vis ist
ion re
US h am
29 Sa
th int
an O -A
d
US JUN Co
ub
in-
ur su
1s se r-M
tI ull er
nf
an
es
-s
tr ur
yD -M
iv LD A er
is
io GO r
n Ba rom Ca
en
ins an
c he UK paratroopers
Lo s-
ng les British soldiers were dropped
ue -
s- here to take control of an
Or
su
r-M important bridge over the eR
n
A Sa er iver
OMAH de inte
s- -H Ba
Orne River, to stop German
Vie Pe on
rte or
ye
u reinforcements arriving.
rv ine x
ille s
-s -
Po ur
int -M
ed er
uH
oc British infantry
German defense
German infantry
Only one German tank unit was in
place to counterattack the Allies.
The German command planned to
V i re
er
Ca
able to get them there.
re
nt
an
Landing craft
Different types of landing craft were used on D-Day.
The Higgins Boat, LCI (Landing Craft, Infantry, shown
right), and LCA (Landing Craft, Assault) were basic,
at-bottomed craft that could transport soldiers all
OCCUPIED the way to the beach; while the amphibious DUKW,
nicknamed Duck, was like a boat with wheels that
FRANCE could also be driven as a truck. Even tanks were
made to oat with a canvas skirt designed to keep
the water out, but many sank by Omaha Beach
as they were swamped by high waves.
AT JUNO BEACH, AND BRITISH TROOPS AT GOLD AND SWORD BEACHES. 143
PERSIA
1914
Gandhi
1947
independence
protested by making a 24-day
march, ending in the salt-
manufacturing town of Dandi.
There, he broke the law by
picking up a stful of salt.
KEY
Key sites of
nonviolent
Partition of India, 1947
resistance Gandhi wanted India to be independent
WEST
as a single state in which different PAKISTAN
Route of the religions would live at peace, but many
Dandi Salt Muslims wanted their own state. After
EAST
March ghting broke out between Muslims PAKISTAN
and Hindus, the British divided India INDIA
1 Key location CEYLON into two states. Muslim-majority
in the story areas became Pakistan, divided into
of the Indian
struggle for
East and West parts, and the rest
self-rule became Hindu-majority India.
2. Amritsar massacre
On April 13, 1919, British
General Dyer ordered
troops to open re on
6,000 Indian protestors,
killing hundreds. The act
strengthened Gandhis
determination to
liberate India. Amritsar
2
4. Chauri Chaura incident
In 1922, a nonviolent protest turned
INDIA nasty when angry people set re to
a police station, killing 22 policemen.
The government blamed Gandhi for
inciting the violence and imprisoned
him for two years.
CHINA
1. Champaran satyagraha
(nonviolent resistance)
In 1917, Gandhi organized protests on
behalf of farmers in Champaran, who
NEPAL were forced to grow indigo dye
instead of food crops. They also
had to pay taxes, even in times of
famine. Gandhi refused to leave the
Chauri Chaura 4 village until the British authorities
1
Champaran dropped their demands.
Gandhi addresses his
supporters in Bengal
8. Gandhis triumph
Britain nally granted India
its independence in February
1947. Speaking during a tour
of the Bengal region, Gandhi BHUTAN
called it the noblest act of
the British nation.
8
Calcutta 3
Bengal
(Kolkata)
3. Noncooperation Movement
Launched in Calcutta in 1920, the
campaign attracted millions of
followers who stopped buying
British goods and, in doing so,
refused to be part of the
British-led economy. Burma
Intercontinental Ballistic
Cuban Missile Crisis Missiles (ICBMs)
In 1962, the US and USSR These missiles were designed
threatened each other in an to launch nuclear weapons that
argument over the Soviet were capable of destroying
plan to station nuclear cities thousands of miles away.
weapons in Cuba. GUATEMALA CUBA
1954 1961,
1962 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
EL SALVADOR
196566
197992
NICARAGUA
198190 GRENADA
1983
KEY
This map shows the total number of military vehicles, hardware, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
and other weapons held by the US and the Soviet Union in 1985. The US and its allies (as they were in 1985).
Korean War
Backed by the USSR
and China, North Korea
fought against the US
and its allies in an
attempt to occupy
South Korea.
KOREA
UNION OF SOVIET 195053
SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
(USSR, OR SOVIET UNION)
Vietnam War
EAST GERMANY The US entered the war in
194849, 1953, 195862 Vietnam in 1957 to stop the
POLAND
army of North Vietnam from
1956, 198081 spreading Communism in the
South. The North claimed
CZECHOSLOVAKIA victory two years after the
1948, 1968 TAIWAN
HUNGARY US withdrew in 1973. 1958
1956 Iron
Curtain
TURKEY LAOS
194547 195375
IRAN AFGHANISTAN
194546, 1979 SOUTH
YUGOSLAVIA 195153
IRAQ VIETNAM
194853 INDIA
GREECE 1958 194654,
1962 195775
194549 EGYPT LEBANON
1956, 1958
1957, CAMBODIA
1973 196975
YEMEN
ETHIOPIA 196270
197778
Diama
tur
Sa
uttle
aur IV
nt A
Space Sh
n9
Minot
Falco
Kodiak Launch
Complex (US) Wallops Flight
2001present Facility and Mid-
3+ launches Atlantic Regional
Spaceport (US)
1960present
45+ launches
Kennedy
ne V
Space
Aria
Center (US)
Vandenberg Air 1967present
Force Base (US) 150+ launches
1959present
500+ launches Cape
Canaveral
Air Force
Station (US)
KEY 1958present
This map shows every launch 600+ launches
site that has ever launched
rockets into orbit or beyond. Hammaguir
(Algeria)
Unmanned missions 19651967
4 launches
Both manned and by France
unmanned missions
The
1957
present
Guiana
Space Centre
(French Guiana)
1970present
Across the
After World War II, the US and USSR (Soviet sea of space,
Union) raced to be the rst into space.
The Soviets won that race, but in 1969, US the stars are
astronauts were the rst men to reach the other suns.
Moon. Since then, 10 more countries and Carl Sagan, American astrophysicist,
an agency of European states (ESA) have in Cosmos, 1980
148 THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL OBJECT SENT INTO SPACE WAS THE SOVIET
The 20th and 21st centuries
Launc r Satellite
Kosmos-3
icle)
Plesetsk
h Veh
Long March 2F
(Pola
Cosmodrome
Shav
H-IIA
(USSR/Russia)
PSLV
it
1966present
1500+ launches
Svobodny
Cosmodrome
Sohae Satellite
(Russia)
19972006
Launching station
5 launches (North Korea)
2012present
1+ launch
Yasny Launch
Base (Russia)
Kapustin Yar 2006present
(USSR/Russia) 7 launches
1962present
85 launches Taiyuan
Satellite Launch
Center (China)
1988present
45+ launches Naro Space Center
Baikonur
(South Korea)
Cosmodrome 2013present
(Kazakhstan) 1+ launch
1957present Jiuquan Satellite
Semnan 1300+ launches Launch Center (China)
Palmachim (Iran) by USSR, Russia, 1970present, 65+ launches Uchinoura Space
Air Force 2009present and Ukraine Center (Japan)
Base (Israel) 3+ launches 1970present
1988present 28+ launches
7+ launches Tanegashima Space
Center (Japan)
1975present
55+ launches
Satish Omelek
Dhawan (Marshall Islands)
Broglio Space Space 20082009
Xichang 2 launches
Centre (Kenya) Centre
Satellite by US
19671988 (India)
1980present
Launch
9 launches Center
by US 35+ launches
(China)
1984present
80+ launches
Woomera
Into Earth orbit (Australia)
Space is a busy place. 196771
There are more than 2 launches by UK
1,200 operational
satellites orbiting the
Earth. This image shows
these and other objects
tracked by ESA.
landings Luna 17
Change 3
Luna 17
The USSR had already landed a spacecraft on First spacecraft to deploy
a lunar rover, Lunokhod 1,
the Moon when, in 1961, President Kennedy 1970. This Soviet rover
of the US announced that his country would worked for 322 days and
traveled 6 miles (10 km).
launch manned lunar missions before the
end of the decade. Sure enough, between Luna 13
1969 and 1972, 12 American astronauts Luna 9
First spacecraft to make
walked on the Moons surface, during a a controlled landing, 1965.
total of six Apollo voyages. Since 1972, This Soviet craft also sent
back the rst photos of
however, the Moon has been explored the Moons surface.
Luna 9
only by unmanned probes and rovers.
KEY Surveyor 1
Apollo 12
This map shows the landing sites of 30 Surveyor 3
Apollo 14
successful Moon missions. The rst ones
aimed simply to crash on the Moon to study
the accuracy of rockets. Later, engineers
designed robotic spacecraft (probes) that Ranger 7
would make safe, soft landings. Since the
era of manned exploration in 196972, there
have been only three more of these soft Surveyor 1
landingsthe Soviet Luna 21 (1973) and 24 First US spacecraft to make
(1976), and the Chinese Change 3 (2013). a controlled landing, 1966.
It tested the lunar surfaces
Probe crash-landing temperature and hardness to
on the Moon prepare for manned landings.
Probe soft-landing
on the Moon
Saturn V rocket
Luna 2 The Apollo astronauts were blasted
First spacecraft to land into space inside the nose cone of
on the Moon, 1959. Sent the largest rocket ever built.
by the USSR to crash
Hiten
First stage
Launched the
rocket from the
Earths surface,
then was
Lunar Prospector jettisoned.
Kaguya Kaguya
Chandrayaan-1s Japanese mission to map the
Moon Impact Probe Moons surface and to study
the origins and evolution of the
Human,
Moon. The mission ended with 6 ft (1.8 m)
a planned crash-landing in 2007.
MOON IN 2013, IT WAS THE FIRST SOFT MOON LANDING FOR 37 YEARS. 151
Google
The worlds most popular Facebook
search engine was invented This social networking
International
in 1998 by Larry Page and site was created in ARPAnet
Sergey Brin in a garage in 2004 by Harvard In 1973, the rst
Menlo Park, California. student Mark international
Zuckerberg. connection linked
London to the
ARPAnet at UCLA via
Kjeller, Norway,
and Virginia.
Kjeller
NORTH
AMERICA Cambridge
Twitter London
This microblog site
lets users post short BBN and Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts Webcam CERN
messages, or tweets, In 1991, the rst online
for anyone to read. Stanford University and
Menlo Park, California video camera was used in EUROPE
The rst tweet, by site Virginia the computer science lab
creator Jack Dorsey UCLA, Los Angeles
at Cambridge University,
in 2006, read just UK, to check if there was
setting up my twttr. coffee left in the pot.
ARPAnet Email
The rst message on the The rst email was devised
ARPAnet was sent from UCLA and sent by Ray Tomlinson
(University of California, Los in 1971 at the technology
Angeles) to Stanford University, company BBN.
in 1969. The system was set up
and used by universities and
government departments.
The
1969
present
SOUTH
AMERICA
World Wide Web
Invented by Tim Berners-Lee
at the European Organisation
for Nuclear Research (CERN)
in 1989, the Web went
internet KEY
global in 1991.
152 THE FIRST MESSAGE EVER SENT OVER THE ARPANET WAS LOGIN.
The 20th and 21st centuries
Skype Baidu
Launched in 2003, this voice-over-internet Chinas biggest search
system lets people make audio and video calls. engine was invented
Yandex by Robin Li and Eric
Russias biggest search engine Xu in 2000.
Tallinn was launched in Moscow in 1997.
Moscow
ASIA
Seoul
Broadband
Beijing In 2005, South Korea was the rst
country to convert completely to
broadbandthe technology that
allows fast transfer of multiple
types of internet data at once.
Shenzhen
The nation is still the world leader
in internet connection speeds.
Tencent
Launched in 1999, this
AFRICA is Chinas most popular
social networking site.
We are still in
the very beginnings
of the internet. Lets AUSTRALASIA
use it wisely.
Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, 2009
THE L AND O ARRIVED, BUT THE SYSTEM CRASHED ON THE LETTER G. 153
Germany
The Netherlands Imported
Spent more than clothing from
$29.2b
$21 billion on engines, China totaling
NORTH pumps, and construction almost $4
equipment from China. billion.
AMERICA $369.1b
Canada
Bought almost
$1 billion worth of $51b
$67.4b
toys from China. $60.3b
UK
Imported the majority
of its high-denition
$29b television sets
from China.
US EUROPE
Imported one-fth $18.9b
of its goods from
China, which included $26.9b $25.8b
factory machines.
Spain
Spent almost Italy
$1 billion on The bulk of the
organic chemicals clothes and
$36.2b made in China. computers sold
Mexico in Italy were
Imported about from China.
$8 billion worth of
electronic equipment France
manufactured in China. SOUTH Imported more than Turkey
$5 billion worth of Bought $0.5 billion
AMERICA electronic equipment worth of vehicles
from Chinese factories. from Chinese
Brazil manufacturers.
Healthcare industry spent
$2 billion on medical
equipment from China. AFRICA
1978
present The rise of China
Since the late 1970s, Chinas wealth has increased at KEY
an incredible rate. It is now the worlds largest trading Country that is among the top
nation after overtaking the US in 2013. One of the main 20 importers of Chinese goods
reasons China is becoming richer is that it sells more $10 billion worth of Chinese
goods to the world than any other country. In 2013, goods imported in 2013
China sold products worth $1.2 trillion in US dollars, Export of Chinese goods
154 IN 200010, CHINAS ECONOMY GREW SEVEN TIMES FASTER THAN THAT
The 20th and 21st centuries
$49.6b
South Korea
Imported $2 billion
worth of crude oil
from China.
$17.8b $150.4b
ASIA $91.2b
$18.7b
$48.4b
CHINA
Japan
India Imported 85 percent
$32.7b
Spent $10 billion of its knitwear from China.
on machinery
from China, which
included sewing Singapore
machines. Spent more than
$36.9b $5 billion importing
Saudi Arabia Chinese-built ships.
Imported $0.8 billion $45.9b
worth of Chinese cars. Indonesia
Spent a total of $12.5
billion on Chinese factory
Thailand machines and electronic
Spent $1 billion on Chinese equipment, such as fridges
organic chemicals, such and washing machines.
as fertilizers.
$37.6b
AUSTRALASIA
Yes, China has Australia
Imported more
than $2 billion worth
fully arrived as a of steel products
from China.
superpower.
Shaun Rein, founder, China Market Research
Group, writing for Forbes.com, 2009
OF THE US. ON AVERAGE, THE CHINESE BECAME 2.5 TIMES WEALTHIER. 155
Index
A Argentina 12 Boyac, battle of 100 Catholic Church 8485
Aboriginal people 13, 77, 94, 95, 124 Arkwright, Richard 104, 105, 120 Brazil 77, 100, 101, 110, 134 cave art 7, 1213
Abu Simbel 23, 45 Armstrong, Neil 124, 150, 151 bricks 46 cave men 6, 7, 89
Acropolis 44 ARPAnet 124, 152 Brin, Sergey 152 Champaran Satyagraha 145
Actium, battle of 39 art, cave 7, 1213 Britain Changan 56, 57
Afghanistan 25 Artemis, Temple of 7, 44 age of exploration 7879 Charlemagne, Emperor 51
Africa Artesian wells 72 American colonies 88, 89, 9293 Charles V, Emperor 85
ancient 16, 1417 Asante Empire 68 ancient 10, 16, 24 Charleston 89, 92, 113
colonial rule 116, 118 astronauts 14851 British Empire 11819, 14445 Chartist movement 106
early humans 89, 1213 Atahualpa 81 Chartists 106 Chauri Chaura incident 145
great kingdoms 6869 Athens 2829 Great Depression 134 Chavn culture 27
railroads 11617 Atlantic, battle of the 138 Industrial Revolution 104, 116 child labor 10405
scramble for 118, 119 atomic bombs 138, 139 medieval 58, 60, 64 Chile 9, 101, 134
slave trade 9091 Australia railroads 116 China
World War II 138 British colonies 119 Reformation 84 ancient 8, 15, 91, 21, 25, 47
agriculture early humans 8, 13 Romans 38 golden age 50, 51, 5657, 59, 63
ancient 7, 1415 gold rushes 77, 111 slave trade 91 Great Wall of 3435
medieval 72 Great Depression 135 Vikings 55 Long March 13637
modern 90 railroads 117 Britain, battle of 133, 138 rise of 124, 15455
Ain Jalut, battle of 62 transportation to 76, 9495 Bronze Age 6, 2425, 46 Silk Road 5253
air-conditioning 120 World War II 139 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 75 Space Age 14950
air raids 128, 138, 141 Austro-Hungarian Empire 107, 118, buccaneers 8687 treasure eet 51, 6667
aircraft 120, 124, 13233 129 Buddhism 50, 56, 57 World War II 139
Aksum, Kingdom of 69 Aztec Empire 4849, 51, 70, 71, 80, 86 Bull Run, battle of 113 Chinook 70
Alamo, battle of the 108 Bunker Hill, battle of 92 chivalry 61
Aldrin, Buzz 151 burial mounds 27 Christianity 7, 4041, 6061, 8485
Alexander the Great 7, 3233 B Byzantine Empire 50, 55 Churchill, Winston 138
Alfonso XI of Castille and Lon 6566 Babylon 7, 25, 30, 31, 33, 41, 45, 46 cinema 120
Algeria 134 Baghdad 52, 62, 63 cities, rst 7, 1819
alphabets 20, 21 Balboa, Vasco Nez de 81 C civil rights movement 124
Alvarado, Pedro de 81 balloons 132, 133 Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nez 80 Clermont, Council of 60
Amazonia 71 Barents, William 79 Cabot, John 78 clocks 46, 72, 73, 121
American Revolutionary War 76, Bastille, storming of the 96 Cabral, Pedro Alvares 78 cocoa 82, 83
9293 HMS Beagle 102, 103 Caesar, Julius 38, 39 coins 7, 46
Americas Beijing Olympics 12425 Caffa, siege of 65 Cold War 124, 125, 14647
15th-century 7071 Belgium 105 Cairo 52 Colombia 100, 101
ancient 6, 9, 17, 14, 20, 2627 Bell, Alexander Graham 120 calendars Colosseum 45
conquistadors 76, 8081 Benin 68 Aztec 4849 Colossus of Memnon 22
see also North America; South Benz, Karl 121 Maya 26 Columbian Exchange 82
America Bering Land Bridge 9, 11 California 77, 108, 110, 111, 134 Columbus, Christopher 54, 70, 76,
Amritsar massacre 125, 144 Berlin Airlift 147 Caliphate 5051, 68 78, 79
Amundsen, Roald 124, 12627 Berlin Conference 118 Callao, Lima, and Oroya Railroad Communism 13031, 13637, 147
anesthetics 120 Berlin Wall 125 11617 compasses 57, 73
ancient world 447 Berners-Lee, Tim 124, 152, 153 Calvin, John 85 Condamine, Charles-Marie de la 120
timeline 67 the Bible 4041 Canada 9, 10, 77, 89, 108, 110, 116, Confederate States 11213
wonders of 4445 Black Death 51, 6465 118 Congo Free State 118
Andes Mountains 101, 11617 Black ships 115 Canadian Pacic Railway 116 conquistadors 58, 76, 8081
animals Blackbeard 77, 86, 87 Cannae, battle of 37, 38 Constantinople 50, 55, 60
domestication 14, 15 blast furnaces 47 Cano, Juan Sebastian del 79 Continental Army 92
evolution 10203 the Blitz 138 Cape-to-Cairo Railway 117 convicts, transportation of 76, 9495
Ice Age 1011 Bolvar, Simn 10001 Caral 19 Cook, Captain James 42
in Pacic islands 43 Bolivia 101 Caribbean Coolidge, Calvin 134
Annam 63 Bolsheviks 13031 colonial rule 110, 118 copper 24, 25
Antarctica 12627 bombers 125, 138, 139, 14041, 142 discovery 78, 81 Coral Sea, battle of the 139
Antietam, battle of 113 Bonaparte, Napoleon see piracy 77, 8687 Corte Real, Gaspar and Miguel 78
Antioch, siege of 61 Napoleon I, Emperor Carrier, Willis 120 Corts, Hernn 51, 58, 80, 81
Anzio, battle of 138 Bonny, Anne 76, 87 cars 121, 125 cotton 90, 104, 105
apartheid 124 Boston Tea Party 92 Carthage 3637, 38 Council of Trent 85
Apollo missions 15051 Botany Bay 76, 94, 95 Cartier, Jacques 78 Cristofori, Bartolomeo 121
aqueducts 46 Boulton, Matthew 104 castles 51, 5859 crops 1415, 43, 8283, 90
156
Index
Crucixion, the 6, 40, 41 Fertile Crescent 15 H Iron Curtain 14647
Crusades 5051, 58, 6061 re 7, 46 Hadrians Wall 38 irrigation 19
Cuban Missile Crisis 125, 146 fjords 10 Hagia Sophia 44 Islam
Cyrus the Great 3031 ight 124, 13233 Hakodate, battle of 115 Crusades 6061
Florida 89 Han Dynasty 34 golden age 50
food Hanging Gardens of Babylon 7, 45 Israel 8, 124
D canned 120 Hangzhou 63 Italy, unication of 106
D-Day 124, 14243 trade in 77, 8283 Hannibal 3637
Dahomey Empire 68 forts 5859 Harappa 19, 47
Daisen Kofun 45 France Hasdrubal 36, 37 J
Dandi Salt March 144 ancient 24, 38 Hatshepsut 22 Jacobins 96
Darby, Abraham 104 cave art 1213 Hattin, battle of 61 Jacquard, Joseph Marie 105
Darius I of Persia 31 colonial rule 118 Hawaii 43 Jaffa 61
Darius III of Persia 32, 33 Great Depression 134 Hawkins, John 87 Jamestown 77, 88
Dark Ages 25, 50 Industrial Revolution 105 helicopters 133 Japan 119, 135
Darwin, battle of 139 medieval 58, 60 Henry VIII of England 84 ancient 13, 17
Darwin, Charles 77, 10203 Reformation 84 Heyn, Piet 86 medieval 57, 59, 63
Denmark 106 revolutions 76, 9697, 106 hieroglyphs 21 Meiji Period 11415, 117
Detroit 134 under Napoleon 9899 Hirohito, Emperor 138 Space Age 149, 151
DEW Line (Distant Early Warning) Vikings 55 Hiroshima 139 trade with 77, 114, 115
146 World War I 12829 Hitler, Adolf 138, 139, 140 World War II 138, 139
Diamond Sutra 5051 World War II 138, 14243 Holocaust 138, 139 Jenner, Edward 120
diamonds 90 Fremantle 94 Holy Roman Empire 6 Jerusalem 39, 58, 60, 61
disease 8081, 82, 91, 94, 120 French Revolution 76, 9697 Homo erectus 6, 9, 46 Jesus Christ 6, 40, 41
DNA 8 Frobisher, Martin 78 Homo sapiens 7, 89 jewelry, ancient 12, 24, 46
domestication 14, 15 fur trappers 108, 109 Hoovervilles 134, 135 Jews
Dong-hu 35 horse collars 73 exile of the 7, 41
Dorsey, Jack 124, 152 horseshoes 72 Holocaust 138, 139
Dorylaeum, battle of 61 G hourglasses 51, 72 Jofre de Loaisa, Garcia 78
Drake, Francis 77, 78, 87 Galpagos Islands 102 Hudson Bay Company 88, 109
Dunhuang 53 Gama, Vasco da 76, 79 humans, early 6, 89
Dust Bowl 134, 135 Gambia 16 Hundred Years War 51 K
Gandhi, Mohandas 124, Hungary 62, 107 Kaifeng 56
14445 Huygens, Christiaan 121 Kaiser-Wilhelmsland 119
E Genghis Khan 50, 62, 63 Kalka, battle of 62
Earheart, Amelia 125 Germany Kanem Empire 68
Eastern Front (World War II) 139, ancient 13, 16, 20 I Karakorum 63
14041 Cold War 147 Ice Age 7, 1011 Karnak Temple 22
Ecuador 100, 101 colonies 118, 119 Iceland 54 Kashgar 53
Edessa 61 Great Depression 135 immigrants 76, 95 Kharkov, battles of 141
Edison, Thomas 77, 120 Industrial Revolution 105 Immortals, the 45, 31 Khwarizm Shah 62
Edo Period 77, 11415 Reformation 84 Inca Empire 51, 71, 77, 81 Kiev 55
Egypt unication of 106, 107 India Kiev, battle of 140
ancient 6, 13, 19, 21, 2223, 24, 40, World War I 12829 ancient 13, 17, 21 King, Martin Luther Jr. 124
44, 45 World War II 124, 13843 British rule 117, 119, 135 Klondike 76, 110, 111
Napoleons campaign in 99 Gettysburg, battle of 113 forts 59 knights 60, 61
Eisenhower, General Dwight D. 142 Ghana, ancient 51, 68 independence 124, 14445 Komei Emperor 114
Elizabeth I of England 87 ghost towns 111 medieval 65, 66 Kongo, Kingdom of 69
email 124, 152 glaciers 1011 partition of 144 Korea 17, 57, 119, 124
empires, European 11819 glass 7, 46 Silk Road 52 Korean War 147
Eridu 18 Gbleki Tepe (Turkey) 16 Indonesia 17 Kose Dag, battle of 62
ESA (European Space Agency) gods and goddesses 22 Indus, battle of the 62 Krak des Chevaliers 51, 58
148, 149 gold 76, 77, 90, 108, 11011 Indus Valley 15, 18, 19, 47 Kremlin, Moscow 59
Essen 105 Good Hope, Castle of 58 Industrial Revolution 76, Krupp, Arthur 105
Ethiopia 8, 21, 118 Google 152 10405, 115, 121 Kursk, battle of 141
Ethiopian Empire 50, 69 Great Depression 125, 13435 ink 47 Kutchin 70
Etruscans 29 Great Fear 97 Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles Kyongju 57
Everest, Mount 124 Great Pyramid of Giza 6, 22, (ICBMs) 146 Kyoto 57, 114
evolution 77, 10203 44, 45 internet 125, 15253
exploration, age of 76, 7879 Great Wall of China 7, 3435 Inuit 7071
Great Zimbabwe 68 inventions L
Greece, ancient 6, 21, 24, 2829, ancient 4647 Lake Trasimene, battle of 37
F 30, 31, 3233, 44, 45 medieval 7273 land bridges 9, 1011
Facebook 124, 152 Greenland 54 modern 104, 12021 landing craft 14243
factories 120 guillotine 9697 Ireland 16, 55, 106 LAnse aux Meadows 54
farming 1415 gunpowder 56, 57, 7273 iron 104 Lanzhou 53
157
Laos 17 Mexico 26, 80 North, Lord 9293 Plain of Jars (Laos) 17
Lapita culture 42 Midway, battle of 139 Novgorod 55 plows, heavy 51, 72
Lascaux Caves (France) 1213 migrations 7, 89, 10809 Nubia 23 plumbing 47
Lee, General Robert E. 112, 113 mines 90, 105, 11011 nuclear weapons 138, 139, 146 Poland 99, 107
Leif Eriksson 51, 54 Ming Dynasty 34, 51, 6667 Polo, Marco 52, 53
Leipzig, battle of 99 Moche culture 27 Polynesia 42, 43
Lenin, Vladimir 130, 131 modern world 74121 O Ponce de Len, Juan 81
Leningrad, siege of 140 inventions 104, 12021 Ogaden War 147 Pont-du-Gard 45
Leshan giant buddha 56 Mohammad 50, 51 OHiggins, Bernardo 101 pony express 10809
Lewis and Clark expedition 109 Mohenjo-Daro 19, 47 Ollonais, Franois l 86 population, world 7677
Lexington, battle of 92 money Olmec culture 20, 19, 26 Port Arthur 95
Lhasa 53 coins 7, 46 Olympia 28, 44 Port Jackson 76, 94, 95
Li, Robin 153 paper 51, 73 Operation Barbarossa 140 Portugal
Liberia 118 Mongolia 17 Operation Overlord 14243 age of exploration 7879
Liberty Plains 95 Mongols 35, 50, 51, 6263 Orange Free State 118 colonial rule 77, 10001, 110, 118
Lige 105 Montejo, Francisco de 80 Orient Express 116 early humans 8
Liegnitz, battle of 62 Moon landings 124, 125, 148, 15051 Ottoman Empire 50, 51, 77, 107, 119 slave trade 91
lightbulbs 77, 120 Moors 51 Ouro Preto 110 Poseidonia 28
Lighthouse of Alexandria 44 Morgan, Henry 86 Oyo Empire 68 postal services 10809, 116
Lincoln, Abraham 113, 116 Morton, William 120 potatoes 77, 82, 83
Lindisfarne 51, 55 Moscow, battle of 141 pottery
Little Bighorn, battle of 77, 108 Moses 40 P ancient 12, 13, 46, 47
Long March 13637 moundbuilders 27 Pacic, settlement of 6, 4243 Chinese porcelain 56, 57
longbows 72 Munduruc 71 Pacic, War in the 139 Japanese 13, 115
longships, Viking 50, 55 musical instruments 7, 46, 121 Page, Larry 152 Prague Castle 5859
Louis IX of France 6061 Mussolini, Benito 138 Paine, Thomas 92 Priestley, Joseph 120
Louis XVI of France 96 Mycale, battle of 30 Pakistan 59, 144 printing 51, 57, 72, 73, 8485
Luba Kingdom 69 Mycenaean civilization 24 Panama 100, 101 production lines 125
Luding Bridge, battle of 136 paper 47, 56 Protestantism 8485
Lumire, August and Louis 120 Papua New Guinea 83, 119 Pteria, battle of 30
Lunda Kingdom 69 N Paraguay 101 Pumapunku temple complex
Luther, Martin 84, 85 Nagasaki 139 paratroopers 14243 (Bolivia) 17
Lydia 30 Nanjing 67 Parthians 39 Punic Wars 7, 3637
Lyon 105, 106 Napoleon I, Emperor 76, 9899, 100 Pasargadae, battle of 31 pyramids 22, 23, 4445
Napoleonic Wars 76, 9899 Pasteur, Louis 120
Nara 57 pasteurization 120
M Narmer Palette 22 Paul, the Apostle 7, 40, 41 Q
Macedonia 3233 Native Americans 70, 77, 88, 10809 Pawnee 109 Qin Dynasty 34, 35
Machu Picchu 51 Nativity 40, 41 Pearl Harbor 139 Qing Dynasty 119
Magellan, Ferdinand 77, 78 NATO 146 Pelusium, battle of 30 Quebec 77, 89
Maine 88 navigation 42, 76 Peninsular War 98 Quipu knots 20
Mecca 66 Nazca culture 27, 45 Perry, Commodore Matthew 115 Quit India Movement 144
Malaysia 8, 11 Nazi Party 135, 138 Persepolis 31, 33
Mali Empire 68 Ndongo 69 Persian Empire 45, 7, 19, 26,
Malta 16 Nefertiti 22 27, 28, 3031, 32, 33 R
Mao Zedong 13637 Neolithic Revolution 7, 1415 Persian Gulf 11 radio 120, 124
maps 46 New Amsterdam 77, 88 Peru 20, 81, 100, 101, 116 railroads 76, 77, 104, 11415,
Mapuche 71 New Orleans 88 Pest 62 11617, 120, 121
Marathon, battle of 29 New World 76, 7879, 82 Petra 44 Read, Mary 76, 87
Marconi, Guglielmo 120, 124 New York 77, 88, 93, 134 petroglyphs 12 Red Army, First 13637
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 96 New Zealand 11, 42 Petrograd 131 Reformation 76, 8485
Marne, battle of the 129 Newgrange burial chamber 16 pharaohs 2223 Rein, Shaun 155
Marx, Karl 130 Nicaea 61 Philadelphia 93 religious wars 8485
Matsumoto Castle 59 Nicholas II, Czar 130, 131 Philae 23 Revolutionary Wars 96, 97
Mausoleum of Halicarnassus 44 Nile River/Valley 18, 19, 2223 Philip, Captain Arthur 94 revolutions
Maya culture 26, 71 Ningxia, siege of 63 Philip II of Macedonia 33 1848 77, 1067
Mayower 88, 89 Nixon, Richard 147 Phoenicians 21, 29 French Revolution 76, 9697
Media 31 Noahs Ark 41 pianos 121 Russian Revolution 125, 13031
medieval world 4869 Non-cooperation Movement 145 pictographs 21 Richard I (the Lionheart) of England
inventions 7273 Normans 55 Pike, Zebulon 109 61
timeline 5051 Norte Chico civilization 19 Pilgrim Fathers 88, 89 Ro de la Plata 101
megaliths 7, 1617 North America pioneer trails 10809 Risdon Cove 95
Meiji Period 11415 colonization 77, 8889 pirates 67, 76, 77, 8687 Robespierre, Maximilien 96
Memphis 18 early humans 9, 12 Pires de Andrade, Ferno 79 rockets 51, 56, 14851
Mero 23 Industrial Revolution 105 Pizarro, Francisco 77, 81 Rocky Mountains 10
Mesopotamia 1821, 24, 46 Vikings 51, 54 plagues 40, 41, 51, 6465 Romania 8
158
Index
Rome, ancient 7, 29, 3639, 45, Soto, Hernando de 80 Thermopylae, battle of 29, 30 Vicksburg, battle of 112
5253 South Africa 8, 13, 58, 77, 110, 117, Timbuktu 6869 Victory in Europe (VE) Day 124,
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 138 118, 135 tin 24, 25 140
rope bridges 72 South America can openers 121 Victory over Japan (VJ) Day 124
Rosetta Stone 21, 22 early humans 9, 12 Titanic disaster 124 Vietnam War 147
rubber 76, 120 independence movements 76, Toba Fushimi, battle of 114 Vikings 50, 51, 5455
rudders 72 10001, 118 Tokyo 115
runes 20 South Pole 124, 12627 tomatoes 82, 83 W
Russia 13, 62, 117, 149 Soviet Union 13031, 135 Tomlinson, Ray 124, 152 wagon trails 10809
civil war 131 Cold War 124, 125, 14647 Tordesillas, Treaty of 78 Wales, Jimmy 153
Napoleons campaign in 9899 Space Age 125, 148 Tower of Babel 41 Wall Street crash 134
Russian Empire 119 World War II 124, 139, 14041 trade Wallachian Revolution 107
Russian Revolution 125, 13031 see also Russia China 124, 15455 Warring States period 34
Vikings 55 Space Age 12223, 124, 125, 132, food 8283 Wars of the Roses 50
see also Soviet Union 14851 railroads 116 Warsaw Pact 146
Spain Silk Road 523 warships 139, 14243
age of exploration 7879 slaves 9091 Washington, George 92, 93
S colonial rule 10001, 118 Trafalgar, battle of 98 Waterloo, battle of 98
Saguntum, siege of 36 conquistadors 76, 8081 Trail of Tears 109 Watt, James 104
Sahul 11 Reformation 84 Trajan, Emperor 38, 39 Webcam 152
St. Augustine, Florida 89 Spanish Civil War 134 Trans-Australian Railway 117 wheels 6, 4647
St. Bartholomews Day Massacre 84 treasure eet 8687, 88 Trans-Siberian Railroad 76, 117 Wild Goose Pagoda (Xian) 57
Saladin 61 Sparta 2829 transportation 76, 9495 Wildlife see animals
Salamanca, battle of 98 spectacles 50, 72 treasure eet, Chinese 6667 William the Conqueror 55, 58
Samarkand 62 Sphinx 22 trench warfare 128 Willoughby, Hugh 79
samurai 114, 115 spice trade 52, 66 Trenton, battle of 93 windmills 51, 73
San Martn, Jos de 10001 spinning wheels 73 Trevithick, Richard 120 Windsor Castle 58
Santa Fe 88 Sputnik 1 125, 149 Triple Entente 129 Witwatersrand 110
Saratoga, battle of 93 Sri Lanka 8, 66 Turkey 16 World War I 125, 12829, 130
satellites 149 Stalin, Joseph 138, 140 Tutankhamun 22 World War II 124, 13843
Saturn V rockets 148, 151 Stalingrad, siege of 139, 140, 141 20th and 21st centuries 12255 World Wide Web 124, 152, 153
Scandinavia steam engines 77, 104, 11617, timeline 12425 Wounded Knee massacre 109
ice sheet 11 120 Twitter 124, 152 Wright, Orville and Wilbur 120,
Vikings 5455 steamships 7475, 115 124, 132, 133
Scipio Africanus 36, 37 steel 105 writing 6, 2021, 26, 47
Scott, Robert Falcon 12627 Stephenson, George 116 U
Scramble for Africa 118, 119 stirrups 47 U-boats 128, 138
scripts 1821 StocktonDarlington Railway 116 Ummayad Caliphate 68 X
sea levels 1011 Stone Age 6, 89, 1217 Union Pacic Railroad 116 Xiang River, battle of 137
search engines 153 stone circles 1617 Union States 11213 Xianyang 34, 63
Seattle 134 Stonehenge 16, 45 United States Xiongnu 34
Sekandar 67 sugar 82, 83, 90 American frontier 10809 Xu, Eric 153
Senegal 16 Suleiman the Magnicent 77 Civil War 77, 11213 Xuanzang 56
Sevastopol, bombardment of 141 Sumer 18, 19, 21 Cold War 14647
Seven Wonders of the World 4445 Summer Palace, Beijing 59 gold rushes 11011
sextants 76 Sunda 11 Great Depression 13435 Y
Shanghai 155 supersonic ight 124, 132, 133 independence 76, 9293 Yandex 153
Shi Huangdi 34, 35 Swan River Colony 94 railroads 116 Yongle Emperor 66
shogunate 11415 Sweden 85 Space Age 124, 148 Yorktown, Virginia 92, 93
Siam 119 Syracuse 28 trade with Japan 77, 114, 115 Yuan Dynasty 63
Sicily 28, 64, 107 World War I 125, 128, 129 Yuezhi 34
Siemens, Werner von 121 T World War II 124, 13943
Sigiriya 45 Taharqa 23 Ur 18
Silk Road 50, 51, 5253, 56, 64 Tang Dynasty 50, 5657 Urban II, Pope 51, 60 Z
Sioux 70, 109 tank warfare 125, 128, 14041, 143 Urneld culture 24 Zagros Mountains 19
HMS Sirius 76, 9495 telephones 120 Uruk 1819 Zama, battle of 36
Sitting Bull, Chief 108, 109 temples USSR see Soviet Union Zapotec culture 26
Skype 153 ancient 1617, 44, 45 zeppelins 128, 13233
skyscrapers 155 Egyptian 22, 23, 45 Zeus, statue of 44
Slater, Samuel 105 Greek 28 V Zhang Guotao 136
slavery 76, 77, 9091, 11213, 118 Ten Commandments 40, 41 vaccines 120 Zheng He 51, 6667
soap 6, 46 Tencent 153 Vsquez de Coronado, Francisco 80 Zhongdu 63
Somme, battle of the 128 Tenochtitln 70, 80 Vende uprising 96, 97 Zimbabwe, Kingdom of 50,
Sonderbund War 106 Terra-cotta Army 34, 45 Venezuela 100, 101 68, 69
Song Dynasty 51, 5657, 63 Teutoburg Forest 38 Verdun, battle of 129 Zuckerberg, Mark 124
Songhay Empire 68 Thailand 119 Versailles, Treaty of 128 Zulu Kingdom 69
159
Acknowledgments
Dorling Kindersley would like to thank: 32 Corbis: Araldo de Luca (clb). (bc). 87 Corbis: Baldwin H. Ward &
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