Clarifications to Queries Raised by

Various Students on Lecture Slides

Shared with the Class

Lecture Sets ME2135/ME2135E

FM2_VF_M1 and M2
FM2_BLT_M1, M2, M3 and M4
Question on Cell Volume during
Deformation
 Deformation of a Fluid
FLOW FIELDS Element

Is the volume of the fluid in the deformed cell conserved?

Fluid Element Translating
with linear deformation
YES
Area of element at t t0 : xy
Area of element at t t0 +t:
v
y t D C u v
y x x t y y t
y x y
Ax B u v u v
xy xyt xyt 2
u x y x y
xt u v
x Continuity Eqn: 0
x y
u v u v
xy 0 xyt 2 xy 1 t 2
x y x y
xy assuming t is very small so that second order
terms can be neglected
MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-3

FLOW FIELDS
Fluid Element Translating
with linear deformation
Deformation of a Fluid
Element
Is the volume of the fluid in the deformed cell conserved?
YES (Alternative)
Area of element at t t0 : xy

v Area of element at t t0 +t:

y t D C
y Area of element at t t0 Green Shaded Area
y
Ax B Green shaded area consists of two rectangles
which give a total area of
u u v u v
xt xyt xyt xyt 0
x x y x y
u v
Continuity Eqn: 0
x y
So green shaded area totals to 0 preserving the
volume of the original fluid in the elemnet at t t0

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-4

 Question on Isotropic and
Deviatoric Stress Components
Q : Why use the symbol for normal stress?

A : It does not matter what symbol is used and different books use different symbols.
As long as symbols used are clearly defined what symbols are used do not matter.

Here is used for normal stress terms and the Cauchy Eqn assumes that the normal stress
terms include the pressure terms since pressure also act normal to the faces and into the face and
has the same units as stress terms.

The pressure terms form the isotropic components of the stress tensor as we decompose the stress
tensor to consist of the isotropic and deviatoric parts.

The isotropic part correspond to the hydrostatic pressure terms.

 STATE OF STRESS IN A
VISCOUS FLOW MOVING FLUID

DU
g s n
Dt
xx xy xz

where s yx yy yz

zx zy zz

STRESS TENSOR
n is the unit vector parallel to the normal to the surface
Force per unit area which is the direction of the surface area vector
depends on x,y,z and t

Let us look at stress on surfaces due

to intermolecular forces
MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-7
 STATE OF STRESS IN A
VISCOUS FLOW MOVING FLUID

xx xy xz

s yx yy yz

zx zy zz
H 0 0 xx H xy xz

s 0 H 0 yx yy H yz
0 H zx zy zz H
0

ISOTROPIC DEVIATORIC
COMPONENT COMPONENT

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-8

 STATE OF STRESS IN A
VISCOUS FLOW MOVING FLUID

H 0 0 xx H xy xz

s 0 H 0 yx yy H yz
0 H zx zy zz H
0

H 0 0 xx xy xz

s 0 H 0 yx yy yz ISO DEV
0 H zx zy zz
0
ISOTROPIC DEVIATORIC
COMPONENT COMPONENT

xx xx H
yy yy H
zz zz H
MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-9
 STATE OF STRESS IN A
VISCOUS FLOW MOVING FLUID
DU
Dt
g isotropic deviatoric n where
H 0 0 xx xy xz


ISO DEV 0 H 0 yx yy yz
0 0

H zx zy zz
STRESS TENSOR
Force per unit area
depends on x,y,z and t

n is the unit vector parallel to the normal to the surface

which is the direction of the surface area vector

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-10

 Differential Angular
VISCOUS FLOWS Momentum Relation

yy
yy dy
y

xx
xx dx
xx x

Shear yy Normal
Stresses Stresses

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-11

 Differential Angular
VISCOUS FLOWS Momentum Relation

yy p
yy dy p dy
y y

xx p
xx dx p dx
xx x p x

yy Normal p
Stresses Pressure Terms

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-12

 Differential Angular
VISCOUS FLOWS Momentum Relation
yy
yy p yy dy
yy p y
dy y

xx
xx
xx p
dx
xx x
xx p
xx p dx
x

xx xx p
yy p yy
Deviatoric yy yy p yy dy
Isotropic
y Stress Terms
Stress Terms

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-13

 Differential Angular
VISCOUS FLOWS Momentum Relation

yy p
yy dy p dy
y y

xx p
xx dx p dx
xx x p x

xx xx p
yy yy yy p p
Deviatoric Stress Terms Isotropic Stress Terms

MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-14

 STATE OF STRESS IN A FLUID
VISCOUS FLOW AT REST

For a fluid at rest

y
is independent of n
and is parallel to n yy
is compressive i.e. - p
where p is the hydrostatic pressure x
xy yz zx 0 zz xx
xx yy zz p
z
p 0 0 1 0 0 Isotropic Stress Terms

0 p 0 p 0 1 0
0 0 p 0 0 1

pI
MD/AY2016-2017 ME2135/ME2135E:Fluid Mechanics II FM2-VF-15
Question on Non-dimensionalization
and the Scaling of Velocity

in reference to

Question 5 of Tutorial 3

x y 2 w 2 w 1 p
If we define scaling parameters x ; y ; w w in 2 2
a b b 2 p x y z
z
2w 2 w 1 p b 2 2 w 2 w b 2 p
2 2 2 2 2
a x b 2 y 2 z a x y z

b 2 p
Question : Why is w scaled by ?
z
x y w
Assume that we scale x ; y ; w where we wish to know what is the scaling factor
a b
we wish to choose.
2 w 2 w 1 p
Then we write the non-dimensional form of 2 2 as
x y z
2w 2w 1 p
2 2 2

a x b y
2
z If we are uncertain of how to scale
b2 2 w 2 w b 2 p Certain parameters use an arbitrary
2 2
a x y 2 z Scaling parameter and work it out
b2 2 w 2 w Later according to desired criteria
2 2 2 1

a x y
b 2
p
On the desired for the scaled equation
z
b 2 p
If we desire to make this term unity, then chosen criteria to determine
b 2 p z

z

w w
w w
b 2 p 2 p
b
z z
 Question on Direction of Shear Force
in Fully Developed Pipe Flow

Why the direction of shear is not in the

direction opposite to that shown?
 u ur
f
Y
g
zr
uz X z h
r z e
rz rz
zr
d r
r
O
a

b
c

Shear Stresses on Faces

abcd,dcfe and adfg
Z
 Wall shear direction

Sum of forces on the cylindrical element:

F r 2 p1 p2 2 rl
The net force acting on the element must be in the direction of motion.
Hence F r 2 p1 p2 2 rl 0
2u p p2 r r dp
2 1
y 2l 2 dz
dp p2 p1 2u p1 p2 r r dp
If then 2
dz l y 2l 2 dz
Question:

On the lecture BLT-M1 Slide

16, the g force doesn't appear
any more in the non
dimensional Navier-Stokes
equation. Why ?
Question:
On the lecture BLT-M1 Slide 16,
the g force doesn't appear any
more in the non dimensional
Navier-Stokes equation. Why ?

Considering the Momentum Equation in Answer:

the Cartesian Coordinate System
Here we compare the viscous force with
Inertial Term in the x - momentum equation : the inertial force (which is influenced by
u U 2 convective acceleration for steady flows)
u O
x L to make sense of thin boundary layer
flows. Body force terms arising can
Viscous Term in the x - momentum equation : usually be absorbed in the pressure
2u U gradient term (i.e. hydrostatic pressure).
2 O 2
y
Scaled Navier-Stokes including body
force terms lead to a Froude Number
which is important if we are looking at
surface waves in shallow and deep water.
EXPLANATION OF THE REDUCTION OF
THE EQUATION IN BOUNDARY LAYER
THEORY BLT- M02-Slide No: 116
Explanation of the Reduction of the Equation in Slide 116

Correct form of the term shown in red to replace existing term

2u u u 2u v u d 2U dU dU 3u
u v 2 U 3
xdy y x y y y dxdy dy dx y
On the wall y=0, u 0, v 0
u u v u d 2U dU dU 3u
U 3
y x y y dxdy dy dx y
u v u v
0
x y x y
d 2U dU dU 3u
0 U 3
dxdy dy dx y
d dU 3u 3u
0 U 3 3 0 U U ( y)
dy dx y y