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18/1/2014

..,2013 1


[1091012m](0,0110)
keV.

To
:1,63,2eV.

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..,2013 1
18/1/2014

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Nobel2009

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan E.Yonath


Lab.ofMolecularBiology, WeizmannInstituteof ThomasA.Steitz
Cambridge,UK Science,Israel YaleUniversity,CT,USA
..,2013 3

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..,2013 4

..,2013 2
18/1/2014

1 1895 Prof.W.
Rntgen (1o Nobel )

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..,2013 5

() Ne (1.2
cm).

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(,, 99%
).
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..,2013 3
18/1/2014

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Rntgen.

( Coolidge)
V=103106V

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kin h max
..,2013
min 7

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c
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(nm)

..,2013 4
18/1/2014

99% e
.
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e

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lid

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0,10,5m.

e
.
..,2013 9

(107atm) ?
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.



().
:

j AT 2 exp
=
kT


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(Fermi).
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..,2013 10

..,2013 5
18/1/2014

()
(e) , L,
M .
e e.
e&

.


L K K

h()<h()<h()
..,2013 11


()
:
: V (>2000eV)
: V (1002000eV)


V

:Moseley
v Z b

,,&b
()



V

V

( min). eV h c
min
..,2013 12

..,2013 6
18/1/2014


e.


(Moseley

v Z b

..,2013 13

Ne &.

..,2013 14

..,2013 7
18/1/2014

r CO2 2

()

r CO2 2
..,2013 15

Moseley(1913)


:
v Z b

f 2.48x1015 Z 12 Hz
, b Z .
Moseley:



.
Moseley
Tc (technetium), Pm
(promethium) and Re(rhenium).

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,

(.. ). 16
..,2013

..,2013 8
18/1/2014

J J o e x [J m2 s1]

Jo J
,.

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m
m

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32(

)

(eV)

..,2013 18

..,2013 9
18/1/2014

3 3
: m c Z
c=,

.
( )
.

..,2013 19


&
.

Ir
Pt.

.

..,2013 20

..,2013 10
18/1/2014

Compton :1924
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..,2013 21

Compton
.



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1 cos
C mc


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.
..,2013 22

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18/1/2014

():
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E kin 1 m2
2

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2eV..
<min e.>min
ekin0.

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Compton :

.

:
(5)
(<50keV)



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.
..,2013 24

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18/1/2014

1.

.
.

CdSe

2.
&
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3.GeigerMller (19081928)
Geiger Mller
.
.


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.
..,2013 26

..,2013 13
18/1/2014

4.
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1. ,
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1

e
()

e
e


V 12kV ..,2013 27


(stage)

x
.
nx x n [2,4]
..,2013 28

..,2013 14
18/1/2014


.
.


m33
&
: (=1),C(Z=6),N(Z=7),
O(Z=8)
&
&
:Ca(Z=20),P(Z=15)

Pb (Z=82):
Be (Z=4):.
..,2013 29

:A
(CATcomputeraxialtomography,CTcomputerizedtomography)

1 .

.CT
.
3D .
..,2013 30

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R:
D:

:
:

..,2013 31

Bonereconstructedin3D

3D
.



.
.

..,2013 32

..,2013 16
18/1/2014

CT
.3D
.
CAT
.

,


.
.

3D

..,2013 33

.,
Maryland,.

:http://www.antiquetrader.com/antiques/antiques
americana/museums/look_inside_a_mummy_at_the_walters_museum#sthash.Ja7
Mtake.dpuf
..,2013 34

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2500
.
.

..,2013 35

:
(real
time) .

.

Video
camera .


..,2013 36

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18/1/2014


.

.

..,2013 37



( He), ()
.
1
135eV.
35eV.
( , )
(keV) .


(
)
.

q
m 0C
P=1atm.
q
(Cb kg-1 )
m ..,2013 38

..,2013 19
18/1/2014

ToRntgen (R) .

2,08x109 1cm3 ,0C P=1
atm.
SI:1R=2.58x104 Cb/kg.
500 R 5
500R 5
, ,
.

J/kg (Gray) rad. 1 Gray (Gy)=1 J/kg=100 rad
O rad rem:
Rad (Rntgen absorbed dose): 1 rad
105J gr ( 0.01 J/kg).

Rem=Rntgen equivalent man= Rntgen . To rem


( Rntgen)

..,2013 39

1 Rem
1 rad 250 keV. :
sievert (1 sievert =100 rem)
( , , ,
)








RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness)

RBE

RBE
200keV 1
200keV,
1

(e) 1
,..
10 10.
1020
2
..,2013 40
10

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(mSv)


.
194050100
.
1960
100
.

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0,075 rem/
(<150 keV) 0.2 rem/
(5 MeV) 20007000 rem/
()
400 rem/ ( )
/ 9 Rem



,



.

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, , ,
,



(
(

)
)

:
gr .

<25 rad
25100 rad , ,
100300 rad + , ( )
300600 rad ++ (,
)
>1000 rad ( + )
..,2013 43



1945 195052
project
Manhattan p j 2

20

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Hiroshima
.

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