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Hi ngh khoa hc ton quc ln th hai v

S c v h hng cng trnh Xy dng

kho st a chn trong nghin cu


hin tng nt t - nt nh khu vc
pha nam th x kon tum

inh Vn Ton, Trnh Vit Bc,


Nguyn Th Hng Quang, Li Hp Phng
Vin a cht - TTKHTN&CNQG
Bi Hu Dn,
Vin C hc - TTKHTN&CNQG

ABSTRACT: Along the National Road No14 in the area located to the south the
Provincial Town Kontum the land's and houses's cracking is happened frequently
since more than past 10 years. In the consequences many houses are subjected to the
damage and some houses were destroyed. The losses are the problem, but more
serious problem is the question: where is land can be used for the construction,
especially for longterm structures? In this sense, the investigations for study of land's
and houses's cracking origin and landcracking potential zonation was carried out
during the time of 2002 to the midle of 2003 years to provide the data for territory
planing. Among the techniques used in this study, the seismic investigations were
conducted with the purpose to reveal the destuctive zones in subsurface layers and
evaluate the depths to the granite basement. The equipment used for the seimic
investigations is a 12 chanel seismograph BISON 5000 with some specific software.
The investigated results revealed a three layer structure of the subsurface
environment. The destructive section in each layer was detected by the decrease
rapidly of the P wave velocity in comparison with the neibough sections. Link the
dectructive sections from profile to profile with the consideration of geological data
we can reliably delineate the tectonic fault distribution on the observational surface.
The investigations also allowed us to define the topography of the granite basement. It
is note that, the drilling data collected at 5 places in the study area showed a good
consistency with the dectructive zones and depths to the basement determined by the
seismic investigations.
Synthesis of all the data led us to come to the tectonic origin of landcracking in the
area. Tthe seismic investigation is significance for explanation of movement
mechanism of the tectonic faults, particularly for delineation of the landcracking
potential zones, which are the main objects of this study.

1. M u

Nm v pha nam th x Kon Tum khong 10 km, gn ngay Ql14 hin tng nt t,
nt nh xy ra lp i lp li hn 10 nm qua. Nhiu vt nt c chiu di t n 60 -
70 m, chiu rng c ni t 5 - 10 cm. Cho n hin nay hin tng trn vn tip din ,
lm h hng nng mt s khng t nh , thm ch c nh gn nh b ph hu phi tho
d. Mt vt nt pht trin kh cao trong mt vng di khong n gn 1 km, rng
khong 500 - 600 m thuc a phn x Ho Bnh. ng lu l phng cc vt nt ny
khng phn b lung tung m c sp xp gn nh c qui lut. Hu ht cc vt nt
c tp trung theo 3 phng chnh: ty bc - ng nam, ng bc - ty nam v kinh
tuyn. Trong , h thng khe nt phng ng bc - ty nam thng c mt cao
hn v kch thc cng ln hn [3]. Cc kho st rng hn ra pha ngoi vng nghin
cu trong bn knh 15 - 20 km cng bt gp nhiu vt nt c phng tng t. Theo
nh gi ca mt s cng trnh nghin cu trong nhng nm va qua, th vng Kon
Tum nguyn nhn xy ra nt, trt t mt s a phng c lin quan mt thit vi
cc qu trnh ni sinh [3,5]. Theo , cc h thng t gy kin to hot ng hin i
l mt yu t ng vai tr quan trng gy ra cc hin tng ny. ng quan tm l khu
vc ln cn ca vng nghin cu, kh pht trin cc h thng t gy, vn c nh
gi l vn tch cc hot ng trong thi gian hin ti [3-5 ] (hnh 1).

107 53 108 05
14 14
27
24 24
25 28 !
24 26 4! Kon tum f2 30

!4 4! !
ks6
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f4 #
k s3 4!
19
4#
4 f12 12

k s5 13 f5
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11
f11
20
f1 f13
4# f7# b Bnh
X. Ho f3
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a
9

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7
VNC
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14 14
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107 53 108 05

Theo xu th c mt vi t gy c th ct qua vng ang b nt mnh. Tuy nhin vng


nghin cu li b ph dy bi lp t phong ho b ri, nn chng khng c pht
hin trong cc nghin cu t trc [4,5]. Cc kho st a chn thng c tin cy
cao trong nghin cu cc yu t n trong lng t, bi vy n ng vai tr quan trng
trong vic xc nh cc t gy kin to c c ct qua vng nghin cu hay khng?
Trong thc t, nu nt t xy ra mnh m trong phm vi i t gy hot ng th vai
tr ca yu t ni sinh ng gp vo gy ra hin tng l khng th bc b. Tuy nhin,
nt do nguyn nhn no l chnh th vic xem xt nh gi tc ng ca tng yu t
lin quan nh: tnh c l ca t , iu kin a cht cng trnh, c im sn dc,
thnh phn thch hc, ch thu vn cng rt cn thit. Bo co ch ch yu gii
thiu kt qu kho st, pht hin cc i ph hu trong lng t (t gy) thuc vng
nghin cu bng phng php a chn, lm c s cho vic kt ni cc t gy chy
trong vng nt vi cc h thng t gy mang tnh khu vc c pht hin trong ln
cn vng nghin cu t trc.

2. Phng php a chn v tin p dng vng nghin cu


2.1 S lc v phng php
Hin c mt s phng php thm d a chn, ch yu khc nhau v loi sng c
s dng phn tch nh: sng phn x, khc x v.v Trong kho st nghin cu cc
tng nng, phng php khc x c ng dng nhiu nht, bi tnh n gin v tnh
hiu qu ca n. Cc kt qu c trnh by trong bo co ny cng l sn phm ca
kho st bng phng php a chn khc x. Theo , phn x l phn tch ch tp
trung khai thc cc sng khc x ghi c trn bng sng. Loi sng ny thng xut
hin u tin trn cc bng ghi, bi vy vic tch ring bit tn hiu ca sng cng
khng phc tp lm. iu ny lm cho vic x l phn tch tr nn n gin hn v
tin cy cng m bo hn. C th m t n gin phng php khc x thng qua m
phng ng truyn ca cc tia sng trong mi trng 2 lp, c mt phn cch khng
nm ngang m nghing mt gc (hnh 2).

t
Gt Gf

to
M1 O M2

i i
i i
Vg h1 V
h2
R

Hnh 2. S m phng phng php a chn khc x

Sng a chn c to ra ti im O v lan truyn trong mi trng theo cc tia. lp


th nht vn tc truyn sng l V, vn tc lp th 2 c k hiu l Vg. Ngoi cc tia
phn x t ranh gii R vi gc phn x i, cn c cc tia sau khi t n ranh gii R,
tip tc trt dc theo mt ranh gii vi vn tc bng vn tc trong lp th 2 Vg, sau
mi quay tr li my thu trn b mt quan st [3]. Bng phng php hnh hc
chng minh c rng, nu sng trong lp th nht c truyn v pha chm su hn
ca mt ranh gii R, vn tc biu kin trong lp th nht s l:

Vd = Vg/ Sin(i+ ) (1)

Trng hp sng truyn t vng chm su hn v pha nng hn ca ranh gii R th


vn tc biu kin li tnh nh sau:

Vu = Vg/ Sin (i + ) (2)


Trong thc t th Vd v Vu c th tnh c theo biu thi - khong ( th biu
din s ph thuc khong thi gian truyn sng v khong cch t ngun dao ng
my thu ). Trn hnh 2 th Vd v Vu c th tnh c nh l gi tr tang ca gc c
to thnh gia on Gt, Gf (biu thi - khong) vi trc honh (khong cch). Gi
tr gc nghin ca ranh gii so vi phng nm ngang v gc phn x c tnh theo
cng thc:

= 1/2( arcsin(Vg/Vu) - arcsin(Vg/Vd)


(3)
i = 1/2( arcsin(Vg/Vu) + arcsin(Vg/Vd)

Vi gc nghing nh hn 150 th vn tc truyn sng trong lp di c th tnh n


gin hn theo cng thc:

Vg = (Vu+Vd)/ 2VuVd (4)

su h n b mt ranh gii R ph thuc vo vn tc v thi gian truyn sng c


tnh nh sau:

h = Vto/ 2cos(i) = Vto/[ 2(1 - V/Vg]1/2 (5)

Trong cng thc trn V l ga tr trung bnh ca Vu v Vd. V nguyn tc, nu


phn mi trng pha trn mt R l ng nht, mt nghing khng b cong th Vd
v Vu phi bng nhau (theo nguyn l tng h). Trong thc t mi trng a
cht kh phc tp, nn vn tc ca lp trn xc nh theo 2 biu thi - khong
ngc v xui thng cng khc nhau. i vi mi trng nhiu lp song song
vic x l phn tch cng c tin hnh ln lt nh trn. Tuy nhin mi trng
khng phi lc no cc mt ranh gii gia cc lp cng song song vi nhau v gc
nghing ca chng lc no cng nh hn 15 0, cc thut ton gn y c ci tin
v khc phc c c bn cc hn ch nu trn. Hai phn mm c s dng
phn tch x l ti liu kho st trnh by trong bo co ny l REFRACT v SIP
cng c xy dng trn c s nhng thut ton c hon thin trong thi
gian gn y [1].

cht--a vt l cho p dng phng php a chn vng nghin cu


2.2 Tin a cht

Trc khi quyt nh s dng bt k mt phng php no trong kho st nghin


cu, cng vic u tin l d bo kh nng ng gp kt qu vo gii quyt tt
nht cc nhim v t ra. Vng nghin cu thuc ni pht trin cc Macma
xm nhp granit tui Pecmi sm, b phong ho v phn ct mnh do cc hot ng
kin to xy ra sau thi k thnh to. Trong khu vc, lc c mt vi ni cn bt
gp cc thnh to tui Neogen v T, gm ct kt, bt kt v t b ri
[3,5]. Lt ct a cht c trng cho vng nghin cu gm: trn cng l lp t
trng v cc sn phm phong ho trit , b ri cao; lp th 2 vn l sn phm
phong ho t granit, i ch c th l trm tch Neogen c lin kt tt hn nhiu
so vi lp th nht; lp di cng l granit rn chc, c chiu dy rt ln. Theo
kinh nghim th lt ct a cht nh trn s to ra cc lp phn d kh r rt v vn
tc truyn sng, trong lp su hn c vn tc ln hn. iu ny cho php ta tin
tng p dng phng php a chn khc x vo vic phn tng cu trc v xc
nh phn b cc i ph hu trong lng t vng nghin cu.

2.3 H phng php quan st thc a

Thit b o l my a chn 12 knh BISON 5012 c ch to ti M. Cc my


thu c b tr cch nhau 5 m. Nh vy mi ln ri dy ta o c mt on c
di 55 m. m bo thu c thng tin lin quan n c tng nng ln tng su
nm trn b mt nn gc, mi on o tin hnh gy dao ng ti 5 im
cc khong cch khc nhau n my thu. Trong c 3 im gn trong phm v
t cc my thu, 2 im cn li cch xa cc my thu ti thiu l 55 m. nhng ni
gc nm qu su c th b sung thm cc im gy dao ng to sng cn xa
hn. Do my c ch cng sng nn ngun dao ng c to ra trong trng
hp ny c tin hnh bng cch p ba t nhiu ln, cc im cng xa s ln
p cng tng, m bo cho tn hiu thu c r rng. Thi im gy dao ng
c my ghi t ng nh du trn bng ghi sng. Do xc nh thi im to
sng rt quan trng, nn trnh ri ro cho vic nh du th im ny, trong
kho st vng nghin cu b tr thm 2 my thu gn ngun dao ng mt
khong cch bit, trn c s ny c th kim tra chnh xc ca thi im
gy dao ng v cng c th s dng hiu chnh khi cn thit. Kinh nghim
cho thy, theo qui trnh kho st nh trn s cho php ta thu c cc bng ghi
trng sng c cht lng tt.

3. khi lng cng vic v kt qu kho st

Cc tuyn o c b tr trong vng nt t vi mt kh dy, vi khong cch


gia chng t 50 - 80 m. C n 10 tuyn o trong vng nt mnh vi kch thc
500 x 600 m. Cc tuyn gn song song vi nhau v chy gn vung gc vi
phng ca cc t gy pht hin c ln cn vng nghin cu ( hnh 3 ).
Ngoi khu vc nt mnh nu trn mt s tuyn o cng c tin hnh nhm cung
cp thng tin cho vic lin kt s liu gia trong v ngoi khu vc nt. Qua xem
xt ti liu thu thp cho thy, cc bng ghi trng sng u t cht lng tt [3].
Vic x l phn tch ti liu nh nu trn c tin hnh bng s tr gip ca
2 phn mm chuyn dng REFRACT v SIP, l 2 phn mm u c s dng
rng ri M.

Kt qu phn tch ti liu cho thy rng, vng nghin cu c lt ct phn tng gm
3 lp chnh. Trong lp th nht gm t b ri, chiu dy thay i t vi m
n hn 10 m. Vn tc truyn sng trong lp ny thp, ph bin thay i trong
khong 350 - 750 m/s (hnh 4,5). Lp th 2 c chiu dy thay i mnh, trong
khong 7 - 8 m n hn 20 m. Trong hnh thi cu trc, lp ny phn nh tnh
phn ct mnh m ca b mt gc. iu cho thy cc hot ng kin to xy
ra khu vc vo sau giai on hnh thnh cc th cu trc ln cng rt si ng.
Vn tc truyn sng trong lp th 2 ph bin t khong 1000 - 1600 m/s. y lp
th 2 cng l b mt nn gc granit, c phn ct mnh v nm su t
hn 10 m n hn 30 m.
Tuy n
10
a ch
n

Tu yn 8 a chn

CChh D
Dn
n

Tuy
n
Kh u d oanh tri

9
a
ch
n g Q u c l

T2d c

n
T5dc
ng mc a h nh , s ng

dc
T1
T6dc
T uy n o a chn v
s hiu im o T 1dc

T 3d c

T5 dc
T4d c
T 2dc

T4 dc
T3d c
Tu y
n7

T6d c

T5d c
a
ch
n

Hnh 3. S phn b tuyn o a chn


ngoi vng nghin cu c tin cy. nhng vng tn ti cc i ph hu (
t gy ) trong lng t, vn tc truyn sng gim hn so vi xung quanh ( hnh
4,5 ). Qua kim nghim bng ti liu khoan mt s v tr cho thy, c su n
b mt gc ln cc i ph hu xc nh theo ti liu a chn c tin cy cao
( hnh 6 ).

Nh vy, ti liu a chn cho php ta xy dng c cc lt ct vng nghin


cu, xy dng c s phn b b mt nn gc. Phn tch cc c trng
truyn sng trong cc lp ti liu ny cng cho ta xc nh kh chnh xc cc
i ph hu pht trin trong lng t. Lin kt vi ti liu lin quan n cc t
gy chy qua ln cn c v c thc dch chuyn ln phn b khng gian cho thy
cc t gy pht hin trong ln cn vng nghin cu bng cc ti liu khc c
chy ct qua khu vc kho st ( hnh 7 ). Trong s cc i t gy ct qua vng
nghin cu th c 2 t gy ln phng ng bc - ty nam, khi i vo vng kho
st cc t gy ny chia ra lm nhiu nhnh. B rng i ph hu ca cc nhnh
t t 70 m n hn 100 m ngay trong vng nt mnh. ng ch l cc h
thng t gy va nu c nh gi c tnh hot ng tch cc trong thi gian
hin ti. Vng xy ra nt mnh trong hn 10 nm qua li phn b trc tip trong
cc i t gy ny. Ngoi ra, trong phm v bn knh khong 15 - 20 km, cc
kho st gn y cng xc nhn, mt s s c trt l qui m ln v nt t
trong phm vi rng cng tng xy ra dc cc i t gy nu trn. Xem xt
cc yu t tc ng khc th vng nghin cu kh bng phng, yu t sn dc
khng c kh nng gy trt t. Vy nt cng khng th l hu qu ca trt
t y. Cc phn tch v tnh c l ca t v c im a cht cng
trnh, ch a cht thu vn v mc nc ngm cng cho thy tc ng ca
cc yu t ny khng th tr thnh nguyn nhn chnh ca nt t v nt nh
trong vng nghin cu. Tng hp phn tch nhiu yu t i n kt lun rng
gc khn i
g c ca sa u

chung ln
bi chui

bnh x
ngoi doanh tri
bp T 2

648 542 693 697


507 512 570 512 567 580
529 517

1696 1570 1689 1663


1592
1391

1242 1156 1578 1892


1263
1492

1995

3206
3250 1764
3320 2842
3382
2818 3300 3300
2809

2500

Hnh 4. Mt ct tuyn a chn nm ln cn vng nghin cu


C 14 v C17
lkhoa nLk5
-h ng r o

gc nh

gia c lkhoa n LK3 gc s n ba y c


lkhoa n LK4

498 541 519 532 400 442


613 887 593
415 542

1483 1792
1547 1473 1800 H =12.5m 1597
1266
1236
1254 1228
1213

H=23 m

1938
H =26.5m
3140 3875 2516 2439
2085
2484 2100
2222 2080

1693

Hnh 5. Mt ct a chn tuyn c i chng bng ti liu khoan

8 8 0m


.0
25
20.0

ch n
Ch
n nu
i
Tuyn
1 0
a
f4 f7
14

0
QL

CH

B2
CB
B1
10

3
C
DB
.0

25
Ch .0
M

n
HC

W nu
C i
p

B1

C4
CB

Tuyn 8 a
C 10 B p
0 chn 495m
C1
0 C9

f5
C

V C
W

12

f13
bi nh C9
N h
kh
B

ch C 11
D

Tu

.0
25
y

DB
10
15

B3
n
.0
.0

CH
9
25 .0

T 2dc

20 .0

1
C1

T5dc

PH
a

CM
ch
n

dc
T1
T 6dc

20
.0
T 1dc
C 24
y

T3dc
hu
ch

f5b
nh
S

T 5dc

20.0 x
T 4dc

HC
94

f3
CT
5m
25
C

o
Kh

TM Kh 0
yE

+K o
T .0
hu

20
Ch

K ho
C 15
0

nh
B

15.0
C2

xe .0
C 20

kh
20
oH K h
B
16

n
T 2dc

C
C

i .0
B 25
T4 dc
7
C1

T 3dc

20. 0
WC
Tuy
C 14

20 .0
n
T 6dc

7
T5dc

B
15 .0 a c
88 h
0m n
8

W
C1

C
TL
H

C6
CMC

.0
15
PH

C5
C5

D BB
.0 TL 2
CH

20
C8
.0
15 15 .0
B C7
i

.0
n nu

20
c h

0
2 0.
.0
25
ng ng su b mt gc 15 .0
25.0

0 0.1 0.2
2 0.0
t gy k in t o th eo c c t i liu
C h gi i: vin t h m v t i liu a ch t T u yn o a ch n
K ilometers

C c on t g y a h n h , su i Kh u nt mnh
p h t h in t h eo a ch n

Hnh 6. B mt gc theo a chn Hnh 7. kt ni t gy trong v ngoi


nt t, nt nh vng nghin c ngun gc ni snh. Bi vy gii php tt nht cho
phng trnh gim nh thit hi l trnh xy dng cc cng trnh kin c ngay trn cc
i ph hu t gy. Ring trong vng nghin cu th lin kt ti liu a chn cng
mt s ti liu khc cho php ta khoanh vng kh chnh xc cc i ph hu trong lng
t. y cng l nhng i c tim nng nt t tip trong tng lai. Mc tiu ny t
c c mt phn ng gp khng nh ca cc kho st nghin cu bng ti liu a
chn nh trnh by trn.

kt lun

- Kt qu kho st bng phng php a chn khc x l ngun ti liu ng tin cy


cho phn tng cu trc v xc nh phn b khng gian ca cc i t gy vng
nghin cu, vn b ph dy bi cc trm tch v t phong ho b ri.
- Cc kt qu ny thc s h tr c lc cho vic kt ni cc t gy pht hin c
trong phm vi kho st vi cc h thng t gy mang tnh khu vc pha ngoi. iu
ny cng c ngha l ti liu a chn ng gp mt phn quan trng cho vic tm
hiu nh gi nguyn nhn ca hin tng nt t, nt nh ti din trong hn 10 nm
qua khu vc x Ho Bnh.
- Kt qu khoanh vng d bo tim nng nt t ca vng nghin cu cng phn ln
da trn c s ti liu a chn cng c th coi l mt ti liu rt ng tham kho cho
qui hoch xy dng trong vng kho st. Cc kt qu ny cng cho ta suy lun thm, l
trong vng rng c cc t gy hot ng chy qua, trc khi tin hnh xy dng cc
cng trnh kin c cn phi c thm bc kho st b sung bng mt s phng php
c tnh nh lng cao hn.

Ti liu tham kho

1. Thorne Lay, Terry C. Wallace, 1995 - Modern Global Seismology. Academic Press.
Univ. of California, Santa Cruz.
2. inh Vn Ton v nnk., 1998 - Kho st nghin cu v xut cc gii php x l
nt st l a cht khu vc K802 v TK 762. Bo co khoa hc ti cp B Quc
phng.
3. inh Vn Ton v nnk., 2003 - iu tra kho st, nh gi nguyn nhn v d bo
khoanh vng tim nng nt t phc v qui hoch mt bng xy dng khu vc v
pha nam th x Kon Tum. Bo co khoa hc ti cp B Quc phng.
4. Nguyn nh Xuyn v nnk., 1996 - nguy him ng t trn lnh th Vit nam
v cc bin php phng chng. Bo co khoa hc ti c lp cp Nh nc.
5. Nguyn Trng Ym v nnk., 2001 - Nghin cu bin ng mi trng do thc hin
qui hoch pht rin kinh t - x hi Ty Nguyn giai on 1996 - 2010. Bo co
khoa hc ti cp Nh nc - KC.07.05.

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