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P H
T
V
E e d
n i
t t i
o h
withforeword by
P
B
Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma
E
M
PRESSURE VESSEL PUBLISHING, INC.
P.O. Box 35365 Tulsa, OK 74153
FOREWORD
Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry are sooner or l
ater confronted with the design of pressure vessels and mounting requirements fo
r them. This is very often a frustrating experience for anyone who has not kept
up with current literature in the field of code requirements and design equation
s. First he must familiarize himself with the latest version of the applicable c
ode. Then he must search the literature for techniques used in design to meet th
ese codes. Finally he must select material properties and dimensional data from
various handbooks and company catalogs for use in the design equations. Mr. Megy
esy has recognized this problem. For several years he
has been accumulating data on code requirements and calculational methods. He ha
s been presenting this information first in the form of his Calculation Form Shee
ts and now has put it all together in one place in the Pressure Vessel Handbook.
I believe that this fills a real need in the pressure vessel industry and that r
eaders will find it extremely useful.
Paul Buthod
PREFACE This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making formulas, tech
nicaldata, designand construction methods readily available for the designer, de
tailer, Iayoutmen and others dealing with pressure vessels. Practical men in thi
s industry often have difficulty finding the required data and solutions, these
being scattered throughout extensive literature or advanced studies. The authors
aim was to bring together all of the above material under one cover and present
it in a convenient form. The design procedures and formulas of the ASME Code for
Pressure Vessels, Section VIII Division I have been utilized as well as those g
enerally accepted sources which are not covered by this Code. From among the alt
ernative construction methods described by the Code the author has selected thos
e which are most frequently used in practice. In order to provide the greatest s
erviceability with this Handbook, rarely occurring loadings, special constructio
n methods or materials have been excluded from its scope. Due to the same reason
this Handbook deals only with vessels constructed from ferrous material by weld
ing, since the vast majority of the pressure vessels are in this category. A lar
ge part of this book was taken from the works of others, with some of the materi
al placed in different arrangement, and some unchanged. The author wishes to ack
nowledge his indebtedness to Professor S4ndor Kalinszky, J&os Bodor, Lasz16F61eg
yhiizyand J6zsef Gyorii for their material and valuable suggestions, to the Amer
ican Society of Mechanical Engineers and to the publishers, who generously permi
tted the author to include material from their publications.
The authorwishesalso to thank all those who helpedto improvethis
new edition by their suggestions and corrections. Suggestions and criticism conc
erning some errors which may remain in spite of all precautions shall be greatly
appreciated. They contribute to the further improvement of this Handbook. Eugen
e F. Megyesy
9
CONTENTS
PART I Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels .............................
....... 11
PART II
Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels ...................................... 2
57
PART III
Measures and Weights ...........................................................
......... 321
PART IV
Design of Steel Structures .....................................................
......... 447
PARTV
Miscellaneous ..................................................................
............... 465
PART L DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSEL
1. VesselsUnderinternalPressure_~__~~_~~~~~~~..~ .~~~~ti~ti~~~~. 15 StressesinCy
lindricalShel~Definitions,Formulas, Pressureof Fluid, Pressure-TemperatureRating
s of American Standard ,CarbonSteelPipe Flanges.
2. Vessels Under External Pressure .............................................
............. Definitions, Formulas, Minimum Required TicknessofCylindricalSheH,
ChafiforDeteminingThicknessofCylindrical and SphericalVesselsunderExternal Press
urewhenConstructedof Carbon Steel, Design ofTall Towers ........................
.................................................. Wind Load, Weight of Vessel,
Seismic Load, Vibration, Eccentric Load, Elastic Stability, Deflection, Combinat
ion of Stresses, Design of Skirt Support, Design of Anchor Bolts (approximate me
thod), Design of Base Ring (approximate method), Design of Anchor Bold and Base
Ring, Anchor Bolt Chair for Tall Towers. Vessel Suppotis .......................
.............................................................. Stresses in Large
Horizontal Vessels Supported by Two Saddles, Stresses in Vessels on Leg Support
, Stresses in Vessels Due to Lug support. 31
3.
52
4.
86
5.
Openings .......................................................................
........................ 122 Inspection Openings, Openings without Reinforcing P
ad, Opening with Reinforcing Pad, Extension of Openings, Reinforcement of Openin
gs, Strength of Attachments, Joining Openings to Vessels, Length of Couplings an
d Pipes for Openings. Nozzle Loads .............................................
........................................... 153 Reinforcement at the Junction of
Cone to Cylinder .............................. 159 Welding of Pressure Vessels
................................................................. 170 Welded Jo
ints, But Welded Joint of Plates of Unequal Thicknesses, Application of Welding
Symbols. Regulations, Specifications ...........................................
........................ 181 Code Rules Related to Various Services, Code Rules
Related to Various Plate Thicknesses of Vessel, Tanks and Vessels Containing Fla
mmable and Combustible Liquids, Properties of Materials, Description of Material
s, Specification for The Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels, Fabrication
Tolerances.
6. 7. 8.
9.
10. Materials of Foreign Countries .............................................
................ 194 11. Welded Tanks ..........................................
............................................. 204
13. Rectangular Tanks ..........................................................
...................... 212 14. Corrosion .......................................
....................................................... 221 ti..~..~..~..u..~ 23
2 15. Miscellaneous ... ... .... .. . . . ..~...o..o...u,mv..u.mv..~..u... Fabri
cating Capacities, Pipe and Tube Bending, Pipe Engagemerit, Drill Sizes for Pipe
Taps, Bend Allowances, Lengthof Stud Bolts, Pressure Vessel Detailing, Preferre
d Locations, CommonErrors,LiRingAttachments, SafeLoadsforRopesand Chains, Transp
ortation ofVessels. 16. Painting Steel Surfaces ..~...o..o...~....a...~. U.V....
..O... 247
1NREFERENCESTHROUGHOUTTHISBOOK"CODE"sTANDSF0RASME O O C MI E EC H T AEYNN I GC I
F AN BL E O E AR I S ) L (AMERICAN S
N E R P R E VS S E CU S R S S O EE E V C D RL T II F U EO C O L N I N SO E T R I
US C T IR O N O P R E VS ES S U D SR I F EE V1 LI A S SA , I M O E N SR T I A C
N A N D NA R D .
D
1
E
S
P
V
Pressure vessels are subject to various loadings, which exert stresses of differ
ent intensities in the vessel components. The category and intensity of stresses
are the function of the nature of loadings, the geometry and construction of th
e vessel components. LOADINGS (Code UG-22) a, Internal or external pressure b. W
eight of the vessel and contents c. Static reactions from attached equipment, pi
ping, lining, insulation, internals, supports d. Cyclic and dynamic reactions du
e to pressure or thermal variations e. Wind pressure and seismic forces f. Impac
t reactions due to fluid shock g Temperature gradients and differential thermal e
xpansion MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
STRESSES (Code UG-23) a. Tensile stress b. Longitudinal compressive stress
STRESS
Sa The smaller of S. or the value of factor B determined by the procedure descri
bed in Code UG 23 (b) (2)
c. General primary membrane stress induced by any combination of loadings. Prima
ry membrane stress plus primary bending stress induced by combination of loading
s, except as provided in d. below. d. General primary membrane stress induced by
combination of earthquake or wind pressure with other loadings (See definitions
pages beginn-ing473.)
S
1.5 Sa
1.2 times the stress permitted in a., b., or c. This rule applicable to stresses
exerted by internal or external pressure or axial compressive load on a cylinde
r.
Seismic force and wind pressure need not be considered to act simultaneously. S.
= Maximum allowable stress in tension for carbon and low alloy steel Code Table
UCS-23; for high alloy steel Code Table UHA-23., psi. (See properties of materia
ls page 180- 184,)
/
,
STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL
Uniforminternalorexternalpressureinducesinthelongitudinal seamtwotimeslargerunit
stress than in the circumferentialseam becauseof the geometryof the cylinder. A
vessel under external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthquake, etc. ) are
not Tn C l factors, must be designed to resist the circumferential buckling o
p r o t m v
o hy .d i e od d h t e e ts h m s o tie rdg ee q h n u f e i r We i om o t e hl n
s t t o . a a eh d e i n n r rg s present, these combined loadings m g oa a h v
e ep a n rw yv l be n ir a i e e d qr t u l e i r l e t t p h wl a h wh a s a n
i t t i esac t f er a c hte t c os isrr y c ui m h fs b e r ou et n o ct ie a k
l nl i ln gy T s c o m p sh r edt s t se r i x e v e petu r e s a e r t ss n e s
s ea o n u d n tl trs i r e in p e lt u d r es e e r s s n se a o u l r b d h e
t ae b tr lf m o i n lr em e h d u l ay s e : F O R M U L A S T
t
.
+
.
C I R C U M F E R E N T I A LL O N G I T U D I N A L J O I N JT O I N
$
D
s, 3 .$
s~ = ~
S2

s, / ,R ~
D= P= s, = s* = [ =
M I
N O T A T I O N d ie ao vm a eei ts n e s c r e hl f , e n ot e e x r pt n r e a
ep r s l n s a ur l r s e ,
s i
Longitudinal stress, psi 1 Circumferential (hoop) stress, psi Thickness of shell
, corrosion allowance excluded, inches
EXAMPLE ;iven
D =
P=
f
=
96 inches 15 psi 0.25 inches
PD s, = ~
15 X 96
=
~
= 1440 psi
s* = $
F s s t gt i o u
=
15 X 96 = 2 2 X 0.25 h ae a t d i wd ib c c d ghao e u I y ae : p 8 l hmi v p t
8s cr e e h s
iw on n p e t d r er a er re wss nl s r a t i un cl o r r h en i o rc v v b ea e
p s p rera o s n b x t is fm a o nt re e h dm
H=%
3
w
Hh= C
2
e t t i ei f o c er h i r o (
ga w l h e t t r
f ,
.
I
1. OPERATING PRESSURE
P
N
R
The pressure which is required for the process, served by the vessel, at which t
he vessel is normally operated. 2. DESIGN PRESSURE
The pressure used in the design ofa vessel. It is recommended to design a vessel
and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A design press
ure higher than the operating pressure with 30 psi or 10 percent, whichever is t
he greater, will satis@this requirement, The pressure of the fluid and other con
tents of the vessel should also be taken into consideration. See tables on page
29 for pressure of fluid. 3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE
The internal pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to th
e ultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be:
(a) in corroded condition (b) under the effect ofa designated temperature (c) in
normal operating position at the top (d) undertheeffectof otherloadings(wind lo
ad, external pressure, hydrostatic pressure, etc.) which are additive to the int
ernal pressure.
When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as the maximum a
llowable working pressure (MA WP) code 3-2. A common practice followed by many u
sers and manufacturers of pressure vessels is to limit the maximum allowable wor
king pressure by the head or shell, not by small elements as flanges, openings,
etc. See tables on page 28 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges. See table
s on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes. The term, maximum allowa
ble pressure, new and cold, is used very oflen, It means the pressure at which t
he weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible point, wh
en the vessel: (a) is not corroded (new) n (b) t
i
h
t
(
te
and the other conditions (c and d above) also need not to be taken into consider
ation. 4. HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE
O and one-halfntimes the maximum e allowable working pressure or the design pres
sure to be marked on the vessel when calculations are not made to determine the
maximum allowable working pressure.
If the stress value of the vessel material at the design temperature is less tha
n at the test temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased pro
portionally.
H y d r t o ss t be ah ct o i cn as a d a u l ftc a t l b le r e hd il b e c act
r oi e a m ol n p le e ts e n d .
I t 1 V f P
c
t h at
pressure s i e hshall en be: s s ,
e
t
StressValueS Temperature )( M A . W.Press. a l l x xo 5 w. . StressValueS At Des
ign Temperature (Or Design Press.)
e w s tsh me e al x h a sr li l sa b n h t g e ae aa p ss r l , t se r S i e m r
av r i yc le mw o uw e o m a p r br k l e l e i si n b s m tg u i r te l sei h
t s e dt u o ra t e w hb nl n e e : e
+
900 lb
eh
d
H
y
d
rto o s m t u e a l t t ii cs v c h ea m Cs t b s U e f r eo ( G l
s d- :
e9 e
9
)
A Pneumatic test may be used in lieu of a hydrostatic test per Code UG-100 P s a
t s tr t eo e s so t ma t a f b lxa s i li so l mh w o uw o m p ar b r k le w e
i s t ns h g u r eh e n ro ae p n g o t ta n vh e c r fh s ayb c t s n o fe nm
ew l p o s ua t i tt i e se f dt a c t oh r y s o us r a a p f rn e ce s i eC c
t rU yi f o b G , e - d d1 0 n e1 .
5. MAXIMUMALLOWABLESTRESS VALUES
The maximuma
a g i it t b u i t l o n g ic t C p U o
l l to e ws a n v tb s l a p r ie e l el r f m u esd i i est f m ts fo e ae d t
r e e r nr i t a r ova p 1 eb eaT n l m 8 ng ae x a9 hn l ie l m co . o u w m e
a m p s rb e l ts es ri v e sd e o c e hy s ol ei s dn g d nsh er u i n eb ct a
jl f l le o c lt at p s ed rh d i o n do a g u ou m d p i sn r e a itl s ts r i
s v se h b hsh d ee s t a e ln a re c l ml c i t o ln r ee d i n abC cd & d -r e
2 . 3 , , .
l s ct g
s e
6. JOINT EFFICIENCY The efficiency of different types of welded joints are given
in table on page 172. The efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176
.
T f o l p h l o c aw o i t h i ac k t nm e a ns f r e q u u t e n so y s t l g f
i t l .v o ~o g eh si t T e s t t T s f a t s f f fg en o g t e ru am t s ic us
n lo at m esr p e uq d w h tu o e i a r ee ld x h s a li l mdw o uw eo m a p r
br kl ef ei st n sm g u or h oe ar ay e ph h eT ed e fn s l oa r f o h c lm dy d
l u i. s ln a e d a h r s i c e a f lr l u s n ed i ur n i a ea s tl n ug m a o
h c ,v l ee l i ry n s . n e r e l
i t t h rg se i w h s eg e r s o iot na e w v hl n te mch ir r l lc u n m e h f
je y r en n o t ie a il ii l c it e o e n ch n y te s l- ao h s n sga h in j lt
u fe d o f i f n eiia ocl w i ne n c h t y ,
besides the internal pressure additional loadings(wind load, reaction of
a d cd a l l eu or n s sg ) ii bt u n e ed o g i n tn d a e l i nT s n r i g ef
o ih a n ir .s o o e n r sh a t r hr ai t i eg s t ss i i e ph s n er g o s t na
u eq i h n per ium o na nd oe r c eh ah l s f it t h lr o ne g i h ss t eu s e d
i n na ea l m . o r f htm g u s l io a eh c s erc o r t rda e i nh g m l y :
t
PR = 24SE+ 0.4P
P=
2SEt R 0.4t
Seenotation on page 22.
I
NOTATION
P = D
P
N
R
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSJDEDIMENSIONS
w S= S
p e o p vt
E = J e o f f ip i c 1i e nan c t y 7 g. r s oe m i s a s g l aul n o rR= w ex I
a b rr . l a n se i d i n i dc u eh s e , rr p ke i s s n ug s r i i s ai m D =
eI nd i n e d tc e e h r , e o rm a e a p l t p s e u ss r a f t l g h i ,i c e
k n n ec s h tie = a i s , e C = C o rA a rl o l o is w i .n a o nn c c e h .
e s s s e
2
s
A
CYLINDRICAL SHELL (
t
L S
E O
A N
M G )
R
e
PR f= SE O.6P
P
SE t = m-m
s t su ia t t ll h r sl e i y og h s e o ev S n s e ar n en p r ep c e a d i g n
g e . 2 W [ w h t h aieh e c x ok. lh c n n o ete is la e n s nd r o a P e d x0
i cS u .e t f e s 3 o dr gE r 8h sm i i u5 t C A po h 1 p s e d b nah d e p - e
i a p x l l i 2e
1. U
gi m ne g s . s l h s i e f lv, ae s e l de .
B
SPHERE
HEMISPHERICAL
HEAD
PR = 2SE0,2P
r 1-
p=
2SE t R +0.2t
R
-1 -
f
w e ia os a t t o t h t s ej h hi o t s i e [ hh a 2 W t w h t h aie h e 0 S . t
f 6 o gE r I s b ah p a p3
1. F h
Ih r d lo u a r t ai s ue g n ft fhg si i ol a e t f it e ee ld hfno f l s i e m
h fa e s d n e c x 0k. l c n n ee s l e 3x s d R o. e P 6 hm i ti u C 5 lv A ,
a epo h s ep l li , e l d e .
t hce i , e n e c t ha c i f {e s n c . 6 c 5s e e en d n n d e ei
. .
2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
PD = 2SE O.2P 1. F
e l l ih p o m a ii o n 4 (
b
I
P= -Dy;jt

/1 = 1>/4
0
a 1
s w e o ti a hr d ra do l e ta sm h r t , a eh i je o o n x t t 2 1 os h i h C d
rA e a s po espr e nd n : , de ei c ) .
E
D
P =
X
NA :
E = 1
ED
S
AI
G T
S= 1 5 E = 0 j s
p d p e r s p 7s vt5 o 1 p @ 56 l . e . f f oi 8 s cp o os i a h h n h e
j . e o f 0f oi is c0 ei n e a , n m tc l y e s f h e a d s n i r n c ah s d i e
i8 d su e s * e is sg u i R n= r4 i e = s9 i e n if A d n c i h sa mi e e 6 d s
t e e r * rs S a0 e l 0 s D i u t e w q [ u h ia i ir c k en ln d ec s lh s , e 5
a 7 0 t0 e= r I F C = 0 . i . n c A 1 o c r 2 r h . o e 5 s i s o nn c e a l l
o w u o i 5t e - n e x , c a ym i n ef d c .o crd o i r o ng o d d vi e n t ad i
ot n e r e He t t nm sl e i f l * s d a w t c i o r a rh lt ol s o i h w oe a n
n c e l l
SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE I)c[crmincIhc rcquird lhicknms, 01 o shell
,=
SEE DESIGN[),NfA AIK)VE fhwrmine the maximum:Ill(nv;Ible If(whingpressure, P Ibr().
5()() in thi~k kh{.11 wtlrn Ihc tIS<,Il i, in IICW currditi(m. P = 17500 x ().X5
x ().5(M) - 154psi 48 + x
I(K) x 48.1?5 I7500 x 0.85 -- 0.6 x 100 + C.A.
=
().325 in. () 125 in.
in.
fJse: ().50() in, pkrfc .
SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE The head furnishedwithmrtslraigh[ Ilwrge. Detcrrnirrethe req
uired thickness. I d ii hemispherical head. /= ]00 x 48, Izfi 2 x I7500 x 0.85 --
0.2 x I00 + C.A. = ().16? in. p ,.. 0.125 in. 0.287 in. Use: ().3125 in MIN. HE
AD SEE DESIGNL)ArA ABOVE Determine IIw maximumallowuhlcvrn-kingpressure. P Ior().3
125 in [hi(k head. when it is in IICNctmdili(m
,? x I7500 x 0.X5x 0.3 I25
W + 0.2 x (),3I25
+ IOJ p~i
SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE Dctcrrninethe requiredthicknessota SCJMICSS ellipsoidal head
100 X 96.25 2 x 17500 x 1.0 SEE DESIGNDAIA ABOVE Determinethe maximumdlmv:iblc U[w
kingprcwurc. P for 0,275 in. thick. seamless head \!heni! is in corroded conditio
n. 2
X

= 0,275 in. 0.2 x 100 0.125 in, in,
+ C.A.
17500 X
1,0
X
0.275
96.?5 + 0.2 x 0.275
= 10(1psi
Use: o 437s in, MIN. THK. HEAD
I
NOTATION
P = D
P
D = I
N
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENS1ONS
w S= .
E = J R = I
= p e r s oe m i s a s g l aul n o r aw e x Oa o p rr p ke s i sn u g s r ea L S
v to m a r a ;p l t ps e u ss r a i e= I a i f r = I e o f f ip i c 1 i e nan c
t y g 7,r = W rn ai s d n i i d c u h es e ,= C
d n i s ai m i n e d tc e e hr , e hb o t i a n n u pf d fe (c lhI a e r .l e d
n eg g l r e e ,e s i r n o a s de d ii i d in su e c sh lg , k n n sr u a i i c
dd nk i e c l u e hs te h 2 a i i c k n ln ec s l s h , e l o is w i na o n n c
c e h , so r a r l o
1
CONE
CONICAL SECTION
2SEt c = 2D + 1.2t s
a
a
o

c
a (SE = O.6P) o
A %
~ 2
1 T h a a ah a p nn g l g r e .t e l e 3f o ea x h , t e 0 at D W i g h rt e 3 e
s na h pa .t an ee 0 ia rac s re l i q n y a u ;s ( AC p 1 po e- d n 5 d (e i ex
) )
E
A
F S L A M D N G I HE N ES D H E ( T O R I S P H HE R I E C A LA W = h 1 6 e/ 2 n
ED A D fr
0.885PL f= SE o. 1 ~ <
\
P=
SEt 0.885 L+0.lt
P
When Vr l
t
1e
h
s
a
s
n
PLM = 2SE O.2P
V .0 A O L F 50 U A 0 E C S T
2SEt = LM+oo2t
O MF R

M
1
3
1. J
r
1
M * : L = D + 2t
3
1
2
q
.
0 ca i
(see note 2 on
f
p a
21
E
DESIGN DATA: P = lOOpsi design pressure S = 17500 psistressvalueof SA515-70 plat
e@650F E = 0.85,efficiency ofspot-examined joints E = 1.00,jointefficiency ofsear
nless SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Cos30 = 0.866 Determine the required thickness, r of a
cone 100x 96.25
X
R = 48inchesinsideradius* D = 96inches inside diameter* wallthickness, inches ~
= required L = 300nehalfofthe apexangle t = Resuiredwallthickness inches C.A = 0,
125inchescon-osionallowance * incorrodedcondition greaterwith thecorrosion allow
ance
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.5
00 in. thick cone, when the vessel is in new condition.
2x
(17500 X 2X 0.866
+C.A. Use0,500in.plate SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE L/r = 16$ Determine the required thi
ckness, t of a seamless ASME flanged and dished head. f= 0.885X100x96.I25 17500x
1.0-0.1x 100 +C.A. Use0.625in.plate =0.486 in. 0.125in. 0.611in. 0,125in. 0.500
in.
xO.85 xO.500 x0.866= 133psi 96+ 1.2XOo500Xo.866
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.6
875 in. thick seamless head, when the vessel is in new condition.
p.
1,0x0,6875 17500x 0.885x96+ 0,1 x0,6875
= 141psi
SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L/r=
~= 1.75 from table. Determine the required thickness t of a seamless ASME flange
d and dished head. 100x96,125X1.75 t= 0.481 in. 100 2 x 17500 +C.A. 0.125in. 0.60
6in. ~= 61 (j
SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE
% Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L/r= ~ = 16 A4= 1.75 from table Determine the maximum
allowable working pressure, P for a 0.481 in. thick seamless head when the vess
el is in corroded condition. p= 2 x 17500X1.0xO.481 = 100psi 96.125X 1.75+0,2 xO
.481
Use0.625in.min.thickhead o L a i g t rt NOTE: When the r
A b4 c a ml b c tu a fl
i / e 1 an ho to6f n r eca s o- r n3 C s tn o tr uv ,d c te a oi o h n l ) o ay
tir eh e% md +u l k L l y ae ( l / : = r 3 )
u
22
I
NOTATION P=D
w S= S 1 p e op vt
P
N
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS
7 E = Joint efficiency,page 1 r s oe m i s a s gl au l n o r w e xOa u b r radiu
s, . l t einches = s i d e rr p ke s i sn u g s r: eO d ti as i mi n e d e hr ui
= tc e o rm a a e p l t p s e u ss r ai e = W a i f tl g h a i , i c e k n ln e
c s l s h , 8 9 C.A: = Comosionallowance,inches
, e
A
CYLINDRICAL SHELL (
+
R
L S
E O
A N
PR * = SE + 0.4P ~ 1 U
2
P = R y;4t
.
b
G3)
s t su ia tt lh r sl .e i y ogh s e o ev s n S e ar n en p 1 a g e 4 W t w h t h
aie h e c xo k. lh c nn o ee t is la e ns nd r o a P e d x 0i c S u. et fse 3 o
dr gE r 8sh im v u 5 t C A po h 1 p se d b nah d ep - ei a p x l l i 2e
g s lh s e l
B
SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD PR f = 2SE + 0.8P @ d
R
P - ~ y;
.
B*
f
1 F h o t h o t s S
w e ia os a t t f h r d .lo u a r t as i ue g n ft fhgsi t hce t s e j h hi i o
i la e t fi te l e e d h n f o fl is t hc a f i e t hh a e m h f ae s d n e .
R P
t
E h
,
e
1-3,shallbe applied. c
2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
PD
h
= 2S45+1,8P + u h = D14
P=D~l .
-
1 F e l l h i p o w e s ot a ih r d . od r at e al m s h a rt ,a he i j m a ii o
tn x t2 s o h C h i :A r ep as o e1p s 1r e - n d n4 ,
23
E
DESIGN DATA: P = IOOpsidesignpressure S = 17500 psistressva1ueof SA515-70plate@6
50F E= O.8&efliciencyofspot-examined joints ofshellandhemis.headtoshell E = 1.00,
jointefficiency ofseamless SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the required thickness
, t of a shell 100X48 = 17500x0.85-0.4x 100 0322 n +C.A. 0.125in. 0.447in.
X
E = 1.OOjointefficiency ofseamlessheads l? =48inchesoutsideriidius D= 96 incheso
utsidediameter t =Requiredwallthickness, inches C.A.= 0.125inchescorosionallowan
ce
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.5
00 in. thick shell when the vessel is in new condition. P= 17500xO.85xO.500 = 15
5psi 48-0.4 x0,500
Use: 0.500in.thickplate
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Head furnished without straight flange. Determine the requi
red thickness, t of a hemispherical head. t= 2x17500 %;t0.8x100
+ C
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.3
125 in. thick head, when the vessel is in new condition.
0-161 r0. i A .
ip.
1.
2x 17500xO.85x().3125
48-0.8 x0,3125
n 2 5 .
= 194psi
0.286in. Use:0.3215in.min.thickhead SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the required
thickness t of a seamless ellipsoidal head.
t=
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.2
73 in. thick head, when it is in new condition.
100x96 2 x 17500 X 1 1 +C.A.
.
.
0
x 17500x1.0X 8 p. + 2X
96-1.8 xO.273
= 100psi
0,125in. 0.398in.
Use0.4375in.min.thickhead
I
N ~ A T I O N
P
N
FORMULAS IN TERMSOF OUTSIDEDIMENSIONS
Outsidediameter.inches ~ = one half of the included(apex) P = Designpressureor m
ax. allowable d n eg g l r e e w o p r r psi ke s i s n ug r ea L u r t ,o a d s
in S= S v & o m a e a p l ts p e u ss r a i e= O a f i lg e dii i d
E = J
R=O
)
e o f ur
r = I f ip i c 1 i e nan c t y g 7, = W C.A: = t a i s d ni i d c u eh s e ,C
,e s e suc sh k n n sr u a i i c dd nk i e l c u eh te h 2 a i ic k n ln ec s l
s h , e o l o is w i na o n nc c e h s r a rl o
CONE
CONICAL SECTION
p= 2bsEf Cos CY a D 0.8t
PD =2 Cos CY (SE+ O.4P)
d
@L
1 T h a a a h ap nn g g l re .t e l e 3o f ea x h t , e 0a t 2 W i h g rt e 3 e
sna h p .a0 ta n e ea sc r e l i qny a i ra u ,s ( AC p 1 po e- d n 5 d ( e i ex
) )
E
A
F sL A M D N G I HE N ES D H E ( T O R I S P HHE R I E C A LA W h = 1 e n 6 L 2
/ r /
ED D
0.885PL 2=SE + 0.8P
P=
SEt
0.885L O.8t
h 6s n a2 s
f
. i
W
Lh
T
e e1
PL M f= 2SE+P(M O.2)
VALUES OF FACTOR M
M 1 1 / 1. 1. 2 1. 0 2 .r 2 2.
2SEt = ML t(ikf-O.2)
4 .0 0 50 3 .0 6. 3. 5 0 5. 50 3. 2 5 4 .7 5 2. 7 5 5. 2 5 6 .0 5 . 00 .0 0 16 0
% 7
q
: L-t = D
2
.
25
E
3ESIGN DATA: P = IOOpsi designpressure S = 17500 psistressvalueof SA 515-70 plat
e@650F E = 0.85,efficiency ofspot-examinedjoints E = 1.00,jointefficiency ofseaml
essheads R = 48inches outside radius SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE :0s 30 = 0.866 Determin
e the required thickness, t of a cone 00 96 =2 x0.866X(l\50; X0.85+Oc4X 100) = =0
.372 in. +-CA. Use:0.500in.thickplate SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE L/r = 16$ Determine t
he required thickness, t of a seamless ASME flanged and dished head. 0,885x 100x
96 =0.483 in. = 17500x1.0+0.8x 100 +C.A.
U 0
X
D = 96inchesoutside dimeter ~ = 3@onehalfofthe apexmgle L = 96inchesoutside radi
usofdish t = Requiredwallthickness, inches C.A = 0.125inchescomosionallowmce SEE
DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.500
in. thick cone. ~= 2X 17500X C).85X ().5()()X().866= 134psi 96- (0.8xO.500xO.866
)
0.125in. 0.497in.
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.6
25 in. thick seamless head, when the vessel is in corroded condition. 17500x 1.0
xO.625 P= 0.885
0.125in. 0.608in. in.min.thickhead s. 6e 2 : %
5
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
~ =1 Knuckle radius r= 6 i M M 1.75 from table. Determine the required thickness
t of a seamless ASME flanged and dished head. 100X96X 1.75 t= =0.478 in. 2x 175
00x1.0x 100(1.75-0.2)
+-CA. 0.125in. 0.603in.
l yb c tu f bl o a
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE K r p= 6 in. L/r= ~
=16
~= 1.75 from table. Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for a 0.
478 in. thick seamless head when the vessel is in corroded condition. 2X17500x1.
OX().478 . = 1.75X96-0478(1.75-0.2)=100ps*
Use0.625in.min.thickhead t r h o L a ie hg t r t n i / e 1 ea ,h (o n t f or ea
6 cn s or -n s C nt t o r u :v dc e t a oi o h n l ) NOTE: W
Mm ca a e tA r eh% md + u~ l ly ae ( : = 3 )
&u
Y
I
F
NOTATION
E
P
E=joint efficiency P = Internal or external design pressure psi d =Inside diamet
er ofshell, in. S =Maximumaflowable stiessvalue ofmaterial, psi t = Minimum requ
ired thickness of head, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in. t~ = Actual thickn
ess of head exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
tr = Minimumrequired thicknessof seamless shell for pressure, in. t~ = Actual th
ickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
27
I
E
E
P
DESIGNDATA P = 300 psi design pressure E=joint d =24in. inside diameter ofshell
s
efficiency
=15,0001psi maximum allowable stress value of SA-515-60 plate tr =0.243 i requir
ed thickness n of seamless . shell for pressure. t~ =0.3125 in. actual thickness
ofshell. DETERMINE THE MINIMUM REQUIRED THICKNESS, t t=d
~ 0.13 PISE = 24 ~ 0.13x300/15,000
x 1 = 1.223 in.
Use l.250in. head
t~
Checking the limitationof
d
=
1.250 24
=
0.052,
Theratio ofhead thickness to the diameter of the shell is satisfactory SEE DESIG
N DATA ABOVE c = 0.33 ; t = d = Use 1.75 in. plate Using thicker plate for shell
, alesser thickness wfil be satisfactory for the head
t~ = 0.375 i
s
= 0,33 = 24
0.243 0.3125
= 0.26
0.26 x 300/1 ~,000 x 1 == 1.731 in.
n
.
c = 0.33 +
t= d &
0.243 = 0.33 = 0.214
0.375 = 24 J 0.214 x 300/15,000 x 1 = 1.57 in.
Use 1.625 in. plate The shell thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2 d
t, from the J inside face of the head 2 m = 6 in
- .. . . . .... . .

28
PRESSURE TEMPERATURE RATINGS
F S T P O FLANGES E I E AND R P FLANGED L E FITTINGS American National Standard
ANSI B16.5-1981
150lb. 300 l
HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE, PSIG
4
l
6 b lb. 0 900 b l 0 .1
0l
. 25b 0 l
b 50
450
1125
1500
2225
3350
5575
9275
TEMPERATURE, F MAXIMUMALLOWABLENON-SHOCKpRESSURE PSIG. -20 to 100 200 300 400 50
0 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 285 260 230 200 170 140 125 110 95 80 65
50 35 20 740 675 655 635 600 550 535 535 505 410 270 170 105 50 990 900 875 845
800 730 715 710 670 550 355 230 140 70 1480 1350 1315 1270 1200 1095 1075 1065 1
010 325 535 345 205 105 2220 2025 1970 1900 1795 1640 1610 1600 1510 1235 805 51
5 310 155 3705 3375 3280 3170 2995 2735 2685 2665 2520 2060 1340 860 515 260 617
0 5625 5470 5280 4990 4560 4475 4440 4200 3430 2230 1430 860 430
Ratings apply to materials: SA-10512 SA-515-702 SA-516-702 SA-537-C1.13 SA-216-WC
B2 SA-181-70]2 SA-350-LF2
NOTES: 1. For service temperatures above 850 F it is recommended that killed ste
els containing not less than 0.10070 residual silicon be used. 2. Upon prolonged
exposure to temperatures above 800 F, the carbide phase of carbon steel may be
converted to graphite. a s t h ne hb r u i ai e at o sh ll i a cl e k 21/2 b t n
ie e do s n s v n e 3. T m
Flangesof ANSIB16.5shall not be used for higher ratings exceptwhereit is justifi
ed by the design methods of the Code.
Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock working pressures expressedas gage press
ure, at the tabulated temperatures and may be interpolated between temperatures
shown, Temperatures are those on the inside of the pressure-containing shell of
the
f l I g a en i ni g t e se r a . a t a lho n t, h c m ot s ne m ah te aa st i t
en f r e e id a l
2 -
P
F
STATIC HEAD
The fluid in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wall. The intensity of the
pressure when the fluid is at rest is equal in all directions on the sides or t
t h u e o t hif s g a e l oh tb e u p t o iof h ev d i bottom of the vessel and
i d
a w T v T w T t f a s P H F
0
t h p s e t a t h t s a b t h wa s
ri
ie c hc so
n st h sui
d re e e r
e
ds . e er h s eo p l ed ti s s ne o u t n i re
e a t ph p i a es l e l . l t r
c i eb c h ad a
b nt a d lt e d d l
o g eu n h s r eg
hb se e
lr h e e o lsb oh a w e t t it wpo w r n e ea e s hh e s .
h
pi r f e h nas os o u d fo t ren l t eh w u hr et a i y v td raa l i rn g es hi
t u ,v e e e h bb h m u l l a e w t i tl sp s li l p i g ee h d t rc o ti a fh f
v i e ic l co h tn s uy i d ei r f a e t di r ie P s a o sp u Su , 3t r qI ne 4
e fud Dn n asi 5 fr Hr f o c e e o eW r he a n ar 6 7 8 t d t 9 se
e
o e
1
d e2
b
a a F at h e r e e .q n r p h u et 4 po ia r t p e lu 3 s ssi q n s 3 uu e nd r
a e c T f t p i r pe s hns q s i o u fd e u are n fae h r o cn r en e g e ih t i
e r ta o y va ta d bh e bt o n m u t l f t h i b ep .h e l 4 ye a 3 e t d 3 y .
H o eW a i aF d Cto e r sr ee s f tper o C n n d e P it nr r g te a s si o un r
i P op S u q n I eu d nn a s r rc e h
0
w
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
i
t
30
T
f q c u o om i po r a cr e i r q ps k o ut n lh i ir aace weight fk d t n foreva
rious ne s smaterialsdand
at different degree of radiographic examination.
A Stress values at tem~. . -20 to 650 F.
S A C S 5 2 S 5 8 S 5 3 1 5 1 5 6 A B S 5 6 A 1 0 5 S 5 6 A 1 0 6
85V0J. E.
100Yo J. E.
11730 13800
12750 15000
14875 17500
B
Ratios of Stress Values 11730 12750 1.09 0.92 0.86 0.85 0.73 13800 1.18 1.08 0.9
3 0.92 0.79 14875 1.27 1.17 1.08 0.99 0.85 15000 1.28 1.18 17500 1.49 1.37 1.27
1.18 1.17
11730 12750 13800 14875 15000 17500
0.92 0.85 0.79 0.78 0.67
1.09
1.01 0.86
Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head materi
als. Table B shows the ratios of these stress values. EXAMPLE: 1. 2. Foravesselu
sing SA 5 15-70 plate, whenspotradiographed, therequiredthickness 0.4426 inches
and the weight of the vessel 12600 lbs. What plate thickness will be required an
d what will the weight of the vessel be, using SA 285-C plate and fill radiograp
hic examination: In case 1. In case 2. The stress value of the material 14875 Th
e stress value of the material 13800
The ratio of the two stress values tlom Table B = 1.08. In this proportion will
be increased the required plate thickness and the weight of the vessel. 0.4426 x
1.08 = 0.4780 in. 12600 X 1.08= 13608 lb.
31
E
D V w r e e e P rs e is g s un r e
P
X
e i sn s t f es e ne l ud s r o ee n v dx i w d t c ero e p e r r rn k re o a si
1 l s pn o u a h t b is tr c w a th m C ip e s oe e oh y t dd m e dhn c b oe o m
o et pwi l fo e x l tp o ee r er s ssn s rh u ba d l r e a e sf , ila m g ln a o
ee xa d l i x p t e r e r o 1S n s p s ao u 2 l pr ce s m f ete o r n h 5 a rr x
ta ti m p h x pt r e e w r sh n s i aiucs l r h m ee Ca, v l L e lro ( e r s d
J. 2 f e
lg r e e s s tn i a gi n c l m o r uw e m i o s n su e G 8 )
A v e w s i hd s e i s a e ic clo g nh n s n te t s C r d u r c e to q d e u di
f r dei m no e n et to es p r a e w s si h ru n er i q te b u c d d i e r hs f e
ai s e d g x n pt o oee e do r 1 s n r e p r sa n ul r o l n ne be d se e o s t
r Ci s g rd no f t ue te e dd l x op toe her e c e rs o s n rn s a ed u li tr H
o w n e e xv p te r er re r, s na m sao bt u sl r i w ha e nt o y t ohtea un m
d hp e C gi s w i l C re e o q u i s fr de e m xse p n e t tor es a e r ms n C s
a r u U le r r o ( G e nt d- eo . f2 et T s 2 F a U V C T
nh h b a a i p i o tpl v s l li ei o t h espe d e a s a tr e e f ae m tlp be e s
r dm a e t u itlr e n t d e p n rhs ie d0i se dt sg e eu b rnt rmC ei U n eo sh
d ( ( d C o y C6 e ce 2 o S ( t H a 5t v b n eA o co 1 h i e i ) s m o ts d i p
e t e y a s c f tt . lC ia t s U n ei u tr 2 o -t h G e ( sp N d: 8 ) c y eg l i
ov n G de 8 jr is ) a cn sac l e k
e w s l s ji e o U o2 ( d P re e s s s
S i n g vl e e - d w s ea sl sf l e i v gl a n so oc e p du a v ru ar to m c i s
n u a rb hlul s u b tj aei c nt h te ye d d rr to n o so an tw a e l t a ih h c
ys d r t eo t si tr n a n e t p r a c t a i pc n a be l t ue m , U e-a ( t s o i
c t 9 f . G 9 ) E d i P T V t
i
m ay c
it o t t y hs e b e p hm r a as a ea p f lr t n ed l ls et s e u1 eo 1t r h t e
s t i a t/ m s i f f b e er e nt n w o c a ee tr meo m s p n par h e e al r s t
i s cm u in r n d h e i e md s u e n a t e b p r s rn o eU a l s -u l s ( t u e
r e9 . f G 9 ) n d e tu m C e a U t -s oi c t 1d : 0e G 0 e d o os E s r2 p r u
t7
e m h se o t it f g o he l p n olh ocd a w o i t ng nA n e f g e C oS f s r Pom
M r e S s e V s c De t I 1 l iT I Is c o n Io h V p h a. 4 at . r 4 . g ta e he
s e x c nr f se r C ho di e s .
32
E
N O T A T I O N
PRESSURE X
FORMULAS
P= P = d.= L =
External design pressure, psig. Maxunumallowableworking pressure, psig. Outside
diameter, in. the length, in. ofvessel section between: 1. circumferential line
on a head at one-third the depth of the head-tangent line, 2. stiffening rings 3
. jacket closure 4. cone-toqdinderjunction or knuckle-to-cylinderjunction of a t
oriconicalhead or section, 5. tube sheets (see pa e 39) t = Minimum requiredwa f
i thickness, in. m 2
A.
1~ t. t A !
D.
,
A
i m z
CYLINDRICAL SHELL Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints When D./l equal to o
r greater than 10 the maximum allowable pressure: 4B Pa = 3(D0It ) T value of B
h shall be determined e by the following procedure: 1. Assume a value for t; See
pages 49-511) n d Determine L/DQ a b oI 2 E Fn U G t i O ( e - g42) .2 P rat8 t
he. a . value O g a n5 w t L/Dpheis greater r e t 0 of L/DO. E than 50, and at 0
.05 when L/D. is l e 0.05. h oo r i z t v o t n tl a e rl e l i p y h r e s ne o
3. M
.
B
A u z 2
~ F O t pr / o o oh t ie . rm m e o it n s ne v c tt i e o o a f i h na A t l t
dc e a t t el v r l m y ol e c u te 4 E t n a pt p l h me i ac . c ra t be ( el
h r e p i a aa 4 3 a t v o4 a A M h7 l v ) e o ur tt t et iev c fa a p p t he c
m a p le b r li a et n u r e * 5 F t ir n t e orh m s e h. cm o zan ov n t a o t
o r i ie r t ve o a B h a l d u e e f . C o tm m p a u a xh t l i e l m wo u w o
ep a m r b kr l s r e , Pa.u
u z t E M Lal L
F
A
If the maximum allowable working pressure is smaller than the design pressure, t
he design procedure must be repeated increasing the vessel thickness or decreasi
ng L b s t i rf f ei n
* a c v p p b c
t
F ao A l f o u a t t l er l l s o i t e fn h g t l ei m c p a leb r lt a ie v t
u n r ae h el of PO a l ab c t u fl a o t n r ee hm d u l y a e ~ A
s
W S TI I
1 !-$? 2
F R FTE
1 W t g b a N II H N G Np p h v
Pa =
3
/t)
(
D
0
oaD eh il l n o tu e 1 e / e th fs t i i t Cv U e G o h - 2 n s8 d ( n Ch e) l i
e de . G
33
E
D E DATA S I G N
X
P = IS e x dt ee pressure r sn a i l g n D. = 96 in. outside diatmeter of the sh
ell f e ths ra sl n t e fo tg e i a lel n m n 4n i g f t O ie n= e5 n oie tt Len
gth o t v
H 2 e e l a l i :pd s o s i d 1 a M a ots e S r h - i Ce a p 2 l ll f 8 T e m p
5 e r F a t0u r e 0 E = M o of d elasticity u o l m u a s t2 e 7 o p 4 ) a g n e
D A L e t te rr e m q i s hnut eh h i l la , r 3 0i p 0a @05 l f , , s 0 ( 0 c0
i0 s J h A 5 t e
n : 7 8
.
a e? 0
i r ce eek d ni e
s l s
. e 0 9 g . e e )
sa s s t h u h
i m ce t =k0e n l i e ( s. l ps
: 4s 5 n a
eL = 592 n in. (length g t of shell h 576 in. and one third of the depth of n .
) heads 16 i
L/DO= 592/96 = 6.17
Do/t = 96/0.5= 192
A=O.00007 from chart (page 42)determined by the procedure described on the facin
g page. Since the value of A is falling to the left of the applicable temperatur
e-line in Fig. UCS-28.2 (page 43), P* = 2A E/3( DOlt) = 2 x 0.00007x 27,000,000/
3x 192= 6.56 psi. Since tlie maximum allowable pressure P stiffening rings shall
be provided. is smaller than the design pressure
Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between the tangent lines of the heads,
Length of one vessel section, L = 200 in.(length of shell 192 in. plus one third
of depth of head 8 in.) L/DO=
* a s = = = =
from chart (page
3000 f

q
c
r( h
4 po a
a rm 3 g t
e e
)
G : +
d f
e
t ap
e b r t m p i r n oe dh c d ee 0 c a i g n eg
sd o cu y re r ie b .
Pa = o 4B/3(DOlr)
Q 3000/3 x 192= 20.8 psi. =4x
k *
GG ;
i
*Z
00
Since the maximum allowable pressure P. is greater than the design pressure P, t
he assumed thickness of shell using two stiffening rings, is satisfactory. See p
age 40 for design of stiffening rings.
34
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS
NOTATION = External design pressure psig. P Pa = Maximum allowable working press
ure psig. DO = Outside diameter of the head, in. RO = Outside radius of sphere o
r hemispherical head, 0.9D0 for ellipsoidal heads, inside crown radius of flange
d and dished heads, in. = Minimum required wall thickness, inches. ; = Modulus o
f elasticity of material, psi. (page 43)
SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD
B The maximum = (RO/t) allowable pressure: The value of B shall be determined by
the followingprocedure: 1. Assume the value for t and calculate the value of o r
m u / ( l) (see a page49) : A using the f
2 E t
t
v
t n a p tp m lh e i a cc . t ar e ( b hel r p 4e i a a 3 a a l rg o a A. h Move
l vertically u e to e f the applicable
temperature line.* 3. From the intersection move horizontally and read R. R.
t v o a B h l u e e f .
t-
DO
-
*For values of A falling to the left of the applicable temperature line, the val
ue of POcan be cal~~TX culated by the formula:Pc = 0.0625V~R0/ t ): If the maxi
working pressure f. computed by the formula above, is smaller than the design pr
essure, a greater value for [ must be selected and the design procedure repeated
.
2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
I R. t +% The required thickness shall be the greater of the following thickness
es. (1) The thickness as computed by the formulas given for internal pressure us
ing a design pressure 1.67 times the external pressure and joint efficiency E= 1
.00. (2) The thickness proofed by formula Fa=BARo/1) where&=O.9 00, and B to be
determined as for sphere.
DO
FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD ASME
R. (
+
( T O R I S P H HE R I E C A LA
D
f,
The required thickness and maximum allowable pressure shall be computed by the p
rocedures given for ellipsoidal heads. (See above)ROmaximum=D,, W
35
E
DESIGN DATA: P = 15psigexternal design pressure Do= 96 inches outside diameter o
f head Material of the head SA-285C plate 500F design temperature
X
Determine the required head thickness. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Assume a head thick
ness: t,=0.25 i
R = 4 n i 8 . .n . e ~ d u y . e r A = 0 . 1 2 5 / ( 4 8 .= 0 0 / 0 . 2 5 0) 0 0
6 5 F F r U Ci o S( - g 42 pm 8 = 8 a.3 d 2 e g5 t ) ee br0 t m B p i r n 0 oe
h c d d e s o ct r f i b ap e hc da i g n n e eg .
Pa = 8 5 0 0 / ( 4 8 . 0 =0 4 / 0 .p245 )
,s
2
i
7
.
S t i m a n x a h cl i l m w e o u w o e pa m r r b k Pa l e is i esexceedingly
ns u g greater r e than the design pressure f, a lesser thickness would be satisf
actory.
For a second trial, assume a head thickness: t = 0.1875 in. i 8 . n0 0 . RO= 4 A
= 0 . 1 2 5 / ( 4 8 . 0 0 /=0 0 . 1 8 7. 5 ) 0 0 0 5 B = 6 f 7 c ( r 0 hp a 0 P
a oag = B/(RJt) e , r 4m = 3 6700/256 t ) , = 26.2 psi. The assumed thickness: t
= 0.1875 in. is satisfactory.
SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE.
A sah s t u he i m cf = k0 a en
Procedure(2.)
e . i s d 3s = :n 1 x 2 = . 5 in. .
A = 0.1 25/(86.4/0.3125)= 0.00045 B = 6100 from chart (page 43 ), Pa = B/( RO\r)
I= 6100/276= 22.1 psi. Since the maximum allowable pressure Pa i g
P t a s r t e t adh t s hh u i i m cs ak e t en i s def a s cst o r y s . t e p
e r h as s re is n s g e
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2.) Assume a head thickness: t = 0.3125 in., R
O=,DO= 96 in. A = 0.125/(96/0.3125)= 0.0004 f 2 c r ( h 0 4 p o Pa a = 0aB/( 3 r
m RO/t) g t= ) 5200/307 e , = 16.93 psi. B a5 Since the m
~ t a s a x a li l m po ru w P ea mi s b g l s r e tu e r t ad eh t s hh u i i m
cs ak e t en i s def a s cst o r y s . t e p a e r h as r e is n s g e
36
E
P
FORMULAS CONE A L
X
CONICAL N SE(XION D
a AX
D L
WHEN a IS EQUAL TOORLESSTHAN60< and Dl\r, > 10 a ax l i l pm o r w u e am s bs l
u e r The m
, 1 A 4 =
3(D,/f,.)

s l%
te
s a v s for au thickness, m l ~., e u e The valuesof B s b determined h a by the
l following procedure: 2 D e t t eL., r and mthe i ratios , n .L/Dl e and , a
I
L
a
DI
1
NOTATION A = factordeterminedfrom fig.UGO-21L0 (page , B = fhctordetermined from
3 charts (pages 4
D1/te 3. Enter chart UGO-28(page42) at the wdue E a 5 wn L/Dl t h e of LJDI (.L/
D&)( h o or0 i t z tov n t is greater than 5 M line representing~it. From the po
int of intersection move vefically to determine factor A, 4. Enter the applicabl
e material chart at the value of A* and move verticallyto the line of applicable
temperature. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of B.
5 C4 o l i . l ew m o t m m p2 a u ax h t
o w u e arm
4 7 ) c lh l I e u Pa fd is s f e e mdt at dl h l e pf e rh as etr si s n ( a a
g xl r d )e e e t ,e d s s ip e g r hs o n must ci , be e repeated gd e u n r Dl
= outside diameter at the increasing the thickness or decreasing L b
pressure,Pa.
a = o
h
o t
ian n p d n eeg
D s= E = L = Le = P =
large end, in. outside diameter at the small e i n modulusof elasticityof materi
al (page 43) length of cone, in. (see page 39) equivalent length of conicalsecti
on, in.(L/2)(l+D~/Df) external design pressure, .
using of stiffeningrings.
n q F v d . o a A f ol at ut l l e o l rt s ia e h n fp
g
cable line, the value of P can be calculated by the formula: Pa = 2A E/3(D,/t,.)
For cones havingD A ratio smallerthan 10, see Code UG-33(~(b)
W H I G ER E T N A 6aT H E S R A 0
Pa = flbum allowable workingpressure, psi t = minimumrequired
t
te =
The thicknessof the conesshallbe the sameas f n h e ol t se s the required t h i
f c a k
e sn s d , P c i o w o a t. mc e h q t il u a c o a rh fu h lg t e o t h e nr ef
e . c o e i nn h . g 5
h
i ic
k
n
effective thickness, in. = t Cos a
r a o d ve r eiq i d u no fa te o ctr y j l u i nSn cp d t 1 e u ar e e
37
E
DESIGN DATA F = 15 psi external design pressure Material of the cone SA 285-C pla
te 500 F design temperature CONICAL HEAD D( = 9 i
X
a =2 n
d
e 2 6 g. D, = r. O e
e 5
s
Determine the required thickness, t Length, f. =( D1/2)hncx=48/.4142= 115.8,say
116in 1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.3125 in. 2. fe = t cosa=O.3125 x .9239 =
0.288; / )l= 1 X + D( 1 + 0/96) 6 D = 58 1/ L, =L/2 ( L, /~, =58/96 =0.6 L), Ite
= 96/,288 = 333 cf p h r 4a o a r m t 2 g , 3. A =0.00037 (
4 ~ 5 p,, = = (5 c, f 2p h r 04 a . 0o a r m t g 3 ,
L (1 A7
2 1
w
e e ) )
4 X 5,200 = 20.8 psi. . 3(333) Since the maximum allowable pressure is greater t
han the design pressure, the assumed plate thickness is satisfactory. 4B
3(D,/t@)
=
CONICAL SECTION (See design data above) DI = 144 in.
D L e e
D, =96 in.
a =30 d
r k n ee e d s
e s ,
g
.
t t e r r em tqi h n u i eic
L n= [ (gD r D t J )h / 2=], / 2 t a n 4a =/ 2 t =tC
. i 45
a
7 17 s
4n .
6
.
O
0 i . 3 n7 .6 , 7 ~ X( O ) ..8 3 6 =5 0 . 3 2 4 7 4 , 0
m 1
Le=(L/2)(1
I w
+ 9
L
+ D~\Dl)=41.6\2 X
$

6 = /3 1 4 4 4. ) 6 Le/D[ = 3 4 . 6 7 / 1 4 4 = 0 . 2 4 1 D1/te= 1 4 4 / 4 0 . 3
2 4 4 =
3. A =0.00065 (from chart, page42J
1 S t i m
4 B= 8( ,c f 6p h r 0 4 a. o a0 r m t 3 g 2 1 4 4 94 6 4 X8 6 2 5. pa = 4B = 3 X
(144/0.324) 4 4 3(DJr J s i . = 25.8 p a n x ah cl i l m pe o r u w e P. ea m i
s s b ls e u r d e greater than the e p rs e i s
s g
u
P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
EXAMPLES
&
39
E
P
FORMULAS
X
7
L J
o
T L
R
Use L in calculation as shown when the strength of joints of cone to cylinder do
es not meet the requirements described on pages 163-169 It will result the thick
ness for the cone not less than the minimumrequired thickness for the joining qd
indrical shell.
7 H
Use L in calculationas shownwhen
the strength of joints of cone to cylinder meets the requirements described on p
ages 163-169
r L. 1 -a
40
E
NOTATION
P
RINGS
X
DESIGN OF STIFFENING
A : Factor determined from the chart (page 42) for the material used in the
stiffening ring. A, = Cross sectional area of the stiffening ring, sq. in. DO= O
utside Diameter of shell, in. E = Modulus of elasticity of material (see chart o
n page 43) 1, = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring about its neut
ral axis parallel to the axis of the shell, in.4. f,, = Required moment of inerti
a of the stiffening ring combined with the shell section which is taken as contr
ibuting to the moment of inertia. The width of the shell section 1.10 @ in.4.
L, = The sum ofone-halfofthe
distances on both sides of the stiffening ring from the center line of the ring
to the (1) next stiffening ring, (2) to the head line at junction, in. depth, (3
) to a jacket connection, or (4) to cone-to-cylinder
P = External design pressure, psi.
t = Minimum required wall thickness of shell, in.
I. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine its cross sectional area A I
I. Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally between jacke
ted section, cone-to-shell junction, or head line at % of its depth and determin
e dimension, L,. 111.Calculate the moment of inertia of the selected ring or the
moment of inertia of the ring combined with the shell section (see page 95). IV
. The available moment of inertia ofa circumferential stiffening ring shall not
be less than determined by one of the following formulas: D02L,(t+A~L)A ~, = DoL,
(t+A]L)A {,= ~ .s 10.9 The value of A shall be determined by the following proce
dure: 1. Calculate factor B using the formula:
[*J
2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43 -47) at the value of B and move
horizontally to the curve of design temperature. When the value of B is less th
an 2500, A can be calculated by the formula: A = 2B/E. 3. From the intersection
point move vertically tothebottom of the chart andreadthe value of A. 4. Calcula
te the required moment of inertia using the formulas above. If the moment of ine
rtia of the ring or the ring combined with the shell section is greater than the
required moment of inertia, the stiffening of the sheH is satisfactory. Otherwi
se stiffening ring with larger moment of inertia must be selected, or the number
of rings shall be increased. Stiffening ring for jacketed vessel: Code UG-29 (f
)
41
E
D E DATA: S p ,e I G N
X
P= D.=
1 9 L H M T E= M o 1 = 0
xs dt ee p i r r s5 ne . a s i s l g u rn e . i o u nd t i sao. t m i s 6d e , h
t e ehe r l fl e . eo t nv gf e ths ra h st n t e fo tg e i a lel n m n 4n i g f
t O ie n = e5 n oi e t 2 e e l a l i :p d s os i d 1a l a o t t es tr i i r f h
af S e l- i n if n e ng 3 g A 6 e m p 5 e r Fa t 0 u r e 0 o o d e l u a ols m
t u a i sc t2 ie 7 t, r f y0i p 0a@05l f , ,s 0 ( 0 c 0 i0 s h p 4 a 3 g n e ) i
. t h 5 i o cs n 0k n h 0 e se . s l f l
n : 7
. a e
I A a z =
o n6 x 4 g s3 i 4 .
-s l. e5n l e /e 0 q n ,3
cf 1 t . .
II. U
s o h
2 s s t ii fr f n e i ngq i n n u g ag p b ea o t c n wet e -d e td e eh ni hp r
( e f ia s g d u1 e in. rf s e e ) 9, Lj = r t e 1 t
m o oh m i ne o e tn e III. T selected angle: 11.4in.
i 3f
1. T
v
o a F ha
lc
t
uo e r
=
B= 3/4[PDOjct
3/4 ~5 X 96/(0.5 + 3.03 ~1961
= 2095
2 S t 2 t i v no a B hi c l l . e u e e h 5 a 0 0 n , e
A = 2BiE. =
2 X 2095/27,000,000= 0.00015 IV. The required moment of inertia: [1102L$(r+ A,\Q
4] , = 14
S m e S t i a S p
I
962X 196X (0.5+ 3.03/ 196)X 0.00015 = g 97 in ~ = = . . 14
t i r en q mhc u o io e im r e ne e ( de n i 9 r ) it ts . im fn t 9a a t l7 h l
e a h s o o im n o e te ns r et t a l h i ef( n a 1 c i t fg ) e te v d l. ne i
ae h s 1 4 s d e q s u t a i tf e f el n y e d . i r f fm e i b ns in unt algbg
a b j s u te c y T e c ke s r tl h ia b c on lo g n i . us d t d t ir te im q h
o un oo ni i m r n o e ee d rn t t i a f . a g fe e s~ t 9 i 5 r f -c o f9 a e
e l7 i c n ui l nar n t g i o ng s . i ld s ed
4
2
Cacml
owl
001 A
.
0
1
THE VALUES OF FACTOR
U I F S O REM F U V DL E AN O U SS
A
E N R S A S L
S N EE X R D L T SP EE R R
U
-
e Uolwj
I
I
I
I
n r I I I
i
z
45
II
111111
l
I
# , I
w
I
I 1 I
I \ \ w
8
E
Pa
46
e Ho13vd
..
t
1 1 1 , ,
t
I 1
I
Y-RI I\]
u)
.
\
I 1
I I I I
1 ,,
\ I \
, I I .
E
.
Ua
I
t
1 I
I
I I ! 1 I I
I
I I
1 I
I
I
I
!
4
48
E
CONSTRUCTION
P
X
OF STIFFENING RINGS
LOCATION Stiffening rings may be placed on the inside or outside of a vessel.
SHAPEOF RINGS
T r m i b ho n r e ac g t o ea a n s o g y u s let e a fn rc h t i e ro y n r s
.
CONSTRUCTION
I i p r e f t u e r p a i l b tc l ss o ae n st t a rc oe o u em cp st o is i nn
t g e s s et c ti r i of n f i e r a t ut hs hs t easa i tnr r n du s n ac hg tr
T u ad r r p ae f l e th a sl n s. h o o o i ei n i n oe t d i f f o i h r c u
o lh t l i e se el ts ri au s ncf hv tg b u aa r yp eel uo sc s o ba l t n,a u e
t s h c s t a i t d r j t t t u ich yus o r n ot v ht ase t g F h u o l re he e
d a li o a vf r l eme t . g e s rt s ee m a x p e i r m o i uo s rsm i o b uul
c ne r d n e i e at 1 as f 2 si u g l b n n t e tn a c w t s a ht h r e T n i c l
h ben he l l i d g ai m i e ti . v n s ae t n h td e l ie h mr ee e o i t mc r f
a i b c o o t pu u i l s he a ct T tt s ti f ee o cc e n hbt snf .i col a i n e
a nsu o r s mn t ot e ee l a t b u ht n t t w eo e ig ld pd e n e ltd h a e c r
e n .
n r
r a
DRAIN AND VENT
S b d a F r i r f pf i o f d t r i a h m a t d n a on t m s iC ao F n t
e li nt n aei r gc n o he hs so rd i is z n dh h o e ne ah et aa o f lg l oa l t
v s l ae c t h i pt c o r aa 3 i l y ln t a o o ia t nm t a n f gr v eh Po e rd
oa n toe .lan eo b t o e a l rh1% t i t ed noitn e a hm m a ct e do e a tc e t t
i h se a l rh t io s f tf s o e f c t d e o hr n s cd tF ei tt ii s A e o g n s
s u . r e . x a h o i s m rl u h reu m n e e s u pbl c pf e f o l o r ct g te a
i ds ut oei Ug G g d., u e 2 r e 9 . e 2 . is a f ef e
WELDING According to the ASME Code (UG 30): Stiffener rings may be attached to th
e shell by continuous or intermittent welding. The total length of intermittent
welding on each side of the stiffener ring shall be:
1 f r o it o o n u nt ghl. s r t i s o d en o h e h e t, s o a a n tu c s it hrl
n cs ue m i ff e d er ee o t v e sh s e fle ; 2 f r o it o i n n o t ghs .v r e
s in n l sh d et s e o e e ot f h le o h , s t n a c tii s r nr h c e f e o t r
v e e n sh c s e e f le . W c h o re a r l or l si o t i e b w op a nr n o c t v
e s i t di r f e sh o fd e a se e , bin a h i tn n tg t the shell with continuou
s fillet o or seal weld.ASME. Code (UG.30.) M S p a 1 tf i n 8t f e x a rt rt c
x oe o1e i ri ri n . n2 n a
lc g
g a rn l ar n l
4 1 F
E T t
X f t h
A
F iA g u r e x 3 Il Sf D % w i M R P LO : T 1 G I E UN S E ? G x2 f 4wE i R II N
N S I l S D
iB
g
u
r
e d d
o lg 6 e c l o l g 6 e c l
te l . tr te l . tr i
w t l h ee i s g ben hl esl ti ta d zt e o s e lh m o ls at h a e fl t o l s l e
n1 se w t l hio io c v h k w e n o es s e ta s sia t f e jlf f le o n l hie r r
n tt e .
f g n/ e
49
CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED T
U T C
F
V
t s c ih t a hn r wr d igt i i a se f a f, l se t tr s s h e uih nc m c k t nb e
ea d s vs aeo s i d c h bh a d ree a v t i ee a e s l c oc s p ow ne r td d d a
i n e m cn eh tse o Ait h g h S e n o S o e V dc D tI e i i 1 v I ,o i n sI i ,o
n .
~
1
30 0 40
50
2 60
70
80 090 100 110 120 130140
150 160170
180 190200
SPHERICAL, ELLIPSOIDAL, FLANGED AND DISHED HEADS c l u i s (Specified yield stre
ngth 30,000 to 38,000 p i n s
i
v
, e
)
T f t r i e h q hnu t hi e o i rd 1 c D ek e aed n t e Res2 dr E s m : t inc n .
aet th vh e a , a. r hr o R 3 M v eo r t t t ie v c fm ,ap .lle e lr4 y a M i t
u h nr o o oe r i e za ovr n, tt a . ele nl y a
I
t
R
= R = F F F
e q h ut i h e ir c ie ka dn e h e m i so ph h e e tr i i c a ra n l r d 2 e l l
o i h:p s 0 o e i. r d a1 a9 f l a a od n ih g n s e t r ih da
sd n s , . h as i s d i , i d e u n es , . l dx D s 0 n cedd hsr d rs a i i,o Rm
W=Do dd e w i e u nn s
,
D.
= Outside diameter of the head, in.
50 CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUU
M
323.
525.
502 475
5m. 475.
a
-Q5 Qo. 37s 35a s 3m. 27s Zm. 225 2ca 175 Isa 1= Im !Ea 14 Isa laa I la Ioa m m.
70. 30. 3a Q. 2a m. la 3 d
m
6a
e a
375 350. 225 2m. 27s. m 2Z-3. a r?s. (5a 123. Ice.
L
I
D
! l 1 1 , I
90.
5
3
2
m
n).
a
30.
a m
m. 5 67*9 2 3 * 5 0 7 a o ,.. !0.
1.
C Y L I N DS R I C H A LE ( S facing page f
L
L
e xe p l a o e n a t i o n r )
51 CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUU
M
525 Soo. 4?5. 492. -Q5 -QO. 3n 330. \ 325 10 Is ,Xl .25 .32 .sS .4 .5s .50 .% .(M
.05 .70 75 .s0 .03 .90 .95 !.00 S5 X0. 415 441 45. -no. 3T5 330. 325
o ~. n 2
2?5. ma ITS. ,3. 125 ICo. .10
X 7 5 .
2?s ?3a 2ZS 290. 17S Isa !25 . 15 .20 .2s .= t = ,35 .Q .65 .542 .55 .m .63 .m .
75 .m .55 .90 .s5 ICC.. ,.m
2EQ.
C Y L I N DS R I H C A LE ( S p y e t l h v h c h v c s i i tf ir 3e e e d 0tn l
3 ,g d 8t0 p h i , 0n
L
L v ,e )
0 s c 0 l 0u oi s 0i
T f 1 E 2 M M 4 M 5 E 6 M 7 M
r i e s q h nu t h hi o i rdce e k e d nl e s l s : n c o t ( h wf e p a. e ar a
c t rv r i g on ta L e h g l ) u t e e o or i z t oc v n tu r. a ee l p rl ry e
v Ds e e n ot si n g . eo r tt t i e v c m a p lle l r y a ti u ro e n e o or i
z a ov rn t D .a e l en l yo a /d d t n a h t a bt a e v o. o r raD vh t l eo u
t e / e f t o or i z t oc v n t D.a u e l l r y v o e e o r dt i v ac r oa . lt
e l v e w y n o a t h a n l d du e e f
t
= =
L
= L e o t 1 D i t 2 T g 3 T d l p h
o s ih e ln l f , . oe g v hs t s e eh s s t c e fas tea t l il e o kr a ol n t
re h f, o g l ne l ho ss e w t e t t att nw a !c e .noh e t ieg h ne n p eo n e
hte t a l o ths d nf u ei o e s hrs h r a i n u e ni s r g o e sn de t , . r d e
i h ab s t et a e a t .t s en a wt c ke s ne j e tw a i n rf c fi e i ye n o n
n ti n g ng i f s ht t c a r n o e t. c eo h fn es tti m i he rf e r tf r te h i
snf t e i n t an eh g n o i thirdl of t n h n u d ee ie h s e p l t n e hd , . v
n bs
i pe s g a g
T
P J B o H Y D R O C P A R L P o J g S ia C o p y r i g
e i n r s i c dsk t n es e N a . A s C e S e. A , do d M . .d .nC wd e FE h n V
e d aTe a h RO BC O E 5 NS N S 5 IM N 1G , p o 2 9a 5 1 7 . , y7 6 . . m A .n p
p l , it p f . .r ..i P , o e A r daVe c H seh s D s ueeo H s r s Yeie D a gR l
nO d,C A N o v 1 ep 2 m 9 b 6 e 7r 5 6 . . h t e d
52
D
WIND
T
T
LOAD
The computationof wind load is based on Standard ANSIiASCE7-93, approved 1994. T
he basic wind speed shall be taken from the map on the following page. The basic
wind speed is 80 mph. in Hawaii and 95 mph. in Puerto Rico. The minimum design
wind pressure shall be not less than 10 lb.hq. ft. When records and experience i
ndicates that the wind speeds are higher than those reflected in the map, the hi
gher values of wind speed shall be applied. The wind pressureon the projected ar
ea of a cylindrical tower shall be calculated by the following formula. F=qz G C
jA~ (Table 4) ANSI/ASCE 7-93 STANDARD (References made to the tables of this sta
ndard) Projected area of tower, sq. ft. = @x H) Shape factor = 0.8 for cylindric
al tower (Table 12) Gust response factor = (G~& GZ)* When the tower located: in
urban, suburban areas, Exposure B; in open terrain with scattered obstruction, E
xposure C; in flat. unobstructed areas, Exposure D. (Table 8) = Velocity pressur
e, 0.00256 K, (1~2 IESIGN WIND
R E Sl S m projected U R k E b ,
a
o t
I
I
Wind speed, mph. Importance factor, 1.0 (structures that . represent low hazard
to human life in event of failure). Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient* Expo
sures B, C & D (Table 6)
*See tables below for values of q and for combined values of Gh, G,& K,
VELOCITY PRESSURE, q Basic wind speed, mph, Y Velocity Pressure p 0.00256 V2, q
70 13 80 17 90 100 110 120 130 21 26 31 37 44
53
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD (Continue~ COEFFICIENT G (Gust r
Abo?eE~~~~d, il. 0-15 20 40 60 80 100 140 200 300 500 EXPOSUREB 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.9
f
c
w
E
C
EXPOSURED 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4
EXPOSUREC 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.3
The area of caged ladder maybe approximated platform 8 sq. Il.
as 1 sq. ft. per lineal il. Area of
Users of vessels usually specifi for manufacturers the wind pressure without ref
erence to the height zones or map areas. For example: 30 lb. per sq. fl. This sp
ecified pressure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel. The tota
l wind pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the projected
area ofthetower. With good arrangement of the equipment the exposed area of the
wind can be reduced considerably. For example, by locating the ladder
90 degrees from the vapor line. EXAMPLE: Determine the wind load, F DESIGN DATA:
t w b v d
s D
V
= 1
=
m
6 fi~ 80 ft. 6 ft. 80 ft. D
6
vessel height, H Diameter of tower, D Height of the tower, H The tower located i
n flat, unobstructed area, exposure
= = = . .
The wind load, F=q x G x (9.8xA qf t r a = psf ob l 2m e G from table = 1.8 Shap
e factor = 0.8 Area, A = DH = 6 x 80 = 480 sq. ft. F =26X 1.8X 0.8X 480= 17,971
Ibs.
MAP
W
S
(miles per hour)
.
r-v
i i ---- =r ~-i_.. _.T-.
i----
(q
90
i
j-----
u
--m
. .. . .. . ... ...
my ,----- -/
&
, , ~ A
I L A S K , A
i
.- \kl
2
.
M
W
S
(miles per hour)
NOTES:1 V
2 3 4 5 6
a a f a l s ts u e ra sp3 e t t -a.e m s gi e be l fr e ed l oo x c s pu va to o
Ca 3 tn .s a e ea ud s g rs r on e o rc y i w a a i pn r ono b t0 au b . ia h l
n i0 l t y 2 f . L i in t n e br peeo wl t a sa t. c w iri p oo e n i an ec n t
cn o ee pu d t d ra b s l es . C a i t u o w t s i hc o isp o . in m n en on t
e u o e rn e f tu deo aA d ri g ns oi ud n os v n i la a s i sk s e f W s f iH p
ia 8en a fw o Pe . d aRu d i n9 i e m or ii r s 0 p td c r o h o s5 . W l h r o
eo e t c ce i r o nr h. a rd e r 5 id i la 0 w cg s is-a rhn p t yi see e b u h
e a rn h d r s ae sd e, l W s m ip b a s en t bs a c e. u od b n m d e cs y et
o te ad aw a o et ee l nc in n t s nn it e a h n or l en e a t ds o e
56
D
WIND
T
LOAD
T
l a i a o l tm n e ae r b d n to a d s h ts t e s ASA a o n A58.1-1955.This e d
d d a rn d Computationof w b b s s o u l ti e s u s tic e oa lo ef t o m ldc d r
on e n u ee n i t s rg di n e s standardis o T t T a w m t p o t ri h f h a e 3
sf n l s e ua d e r gt b e v r f o tte o0 U v . ul n S oe n h it i d s ta aa p
hc a e i p g n n e eg . o h re te v su
. d oe
b a hg e b t i lw l e p vo r e i h eew f sv n ss au he r o de e a i s i ogb g u
rhf o s to t i rn d b e it cm a a t s ea h d p y e . W C P E SR I l R I E Ep S W
N S TU H H DR O ER E I H Z O wqN N T E A L O SC Q TSO IU R S EO C A T N A R N*G
E U L R A R G H M AT R A E A P S 2 3 3 4 4 o 5 5 0 5 0 2 2 0 5
o
H
5
0
30 to 49 I 25 I 30 I 40 I 45 I 50 I 55 I 60 [ 50 to 99 100 to 499 I 30 I 40 I 45
I 55 I 60 I 70 I 75 I
I I 20
EXAMPLE
F T a I I F w t t c p t v m h h y w i p ri n h P e fs nd sm eur d r a e o w p m
. ie i h n s tt s o e r a 3 Ir t e k m e z e z h li hfi
en p e i dO l e ekr s d l aw a h t o io h ie tm w ian , p c ri h m e h s n ss n
e 0 ae h a t d w rai p . rn ihe e s f s pv n s a au he r ro de sh z i s io ao u
g r nr a pe ts s f n b 0 e .q t 5 pe s m t f 0b oe 9 q . t 0 . . r r . . . .
t o g 3e n fh he n 2t s l o3g t r 4 nh f e n 3t o l
l i to n d to r ivc hw ra a sl e e bl h m su u r a l ee b t s i ls p f lh l i a
e 6 0 ee a td c t .p t h y o ri ie d s n i s f z uf d r e wo r e b 1 e na in n 1
t e l lp ssn f l r b ee s e 5p q de tc 8 t .i v r e. d w v t iieo se n ar tc bs
r tl s eeh a h i v8 o n d p e ro s i5 c sr a le l .
I m e q a u i a p na m t e f tn t y t rta st c h i oi e a h e f a ( a cc ct t o
B rr o do u ir wn t n 0g e f l c . lo y )l U e s
o sv ee u s s rss u pe sf a elml f ac s nl ui f y o aft c t w y u rp e r rri hs
w e s in rs t e u h d re o F et ae e x eTb : e q h t0 ls r t t e h n ez c h i oo
emg a no h e r s a a3 o r m p p p .s l f r p ep c r i s ef s ib he c s o du n a
r st eibl d u e l n r oe e i td f w o v o hr h ee m o s l ee sn
Relationbetweenwindpressureand windvelocitywhenthe horizontalcrosssection is cir
cular,is givenby the formula:
Pw= 0.0025 X VW*
E W v X o A M P L w P h = we
Vw = w
E
p v
r i l e pe s s n f s W u b dr e e i ml o n c i p dt
qe t y
Pw= 0
1i m v n e0 e l pdo x a p c f 0 e ri e ht r s y st u s r e : .x Vwz= 0 2 p0 o p
2e r s u q 5u a r n e f o od tp or 5 n e ts h su e rpe r o j e oc f t e a dc a y
r e l a i n d r a eah s o e 3s f i e a g g l e b hr t o o te uf v0 nt ed .
T t wo h p t ri e o a s tn e s li o u t d r p we r o o eh tn d u r p u sr c n e
h e e n at s t is f u p r o a j oe t cr t t e oW e d hg w ai e a r or f r aet no
. g t o ee hmq edu n t h it ep m x ep f hn e o a o t rw c e b ihr e an c a do f
neu s d i cd F e n ee r ea d xb l a by o r t l .m o p tc l l a e a, i h d n 9 d
e f g t rvr e l a e o 0 h i sp n mo e e r .
57
M
W
P
.
58
D E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S
WIND LOAD
~ =
v=
hr(V-
P.D, h,)
t=R2nSE
r
t
~z
h,
T J_
-
N O T A T I O N W o ti v w de i h n st s i e suh f l e tf ta e t l i c h ot E E
f f o it c w i je e no h l c iy d n e f t e d s L a ef rv e tm r , . D i f s bt
t r a s n aeu cocc eo ns tn s m ii df d e o e roea n H,HIHZ= L o ev noe v g s s
e te sfs ch e s t f il e o t r ln M =M a mx o ( i t m b m u f e la m a h n s t t
be t MT =M o a h mhe f el i n g ~t t h b t t , - ~ = r o e av dei a s i s un e
n s l f , R =M vt o m ra ae o lat s e s cu rs p t ti e r au f s l e a =S s v =T
s olh te ab rl , . f =R e dt q h ui c ci o kr r en e r x e d o c s i sl ,iu od n
e n
= = = =
D2
t Y~ I I 1 E G D L S U S T M X e i A tt
= v4 = 4
M
= HI + (HZ12) = 78-0 Pw X D X H = V X h = M = H1[2= 28-0
e w
P L E : = e = n - : = 0 = p0 s rm m ioih n m e n e e nd t w X t 5 i = p X t 44 i =
t v = to e 0
-
e
D]
i
h2 h,
HI
MT = M
o 3 cX 4 p e 30 cX 3 o o a t bm
4
e r 6 o X 2n = 7 1 08 2 8 6 , 0 1 e r 3,960 o Xn78 = 308,880 9 f l 78 , 0 0 1 0
l M,4 6 a ah lt n n t t gi o te e mnn t e = . 5
X X4 X =
t
! :)
1
3 x , k 4 u z % 5
P 2 1 ~l
D,
> 4 I z = ~
! O -
A M P L E : i D1 =v 3 ft. 6ein. H n= 100ft. : Oin. hT = 4 ft. Oin. N a f 4 o = r
pm s f D e tt e w r m m io ih n m e n e e nd t = H12= 50 f Oi t n . . V X h, = M
Pw x D] X H = 0X 5 ,= 5 5 2 0 5 V e 30 x s 3.5 xs 100 e = 1 l 9 . 4. 4 4 L a 3
xd 9 l d f e i= r2 t= n, 04 = 81 2 x 9 = 24 3 Platform 30 x 8 lin. ft. = F o 3 M
, = 6 6 9 82 T o t a V = 1 l I g M oa t m b e o t a n h t l ntt go i t e m nn f
t I e g 5 k = M hT (V f 0 PwD, h=) ~ =. 9 2 4( , 1 1 3 0 0 X, 3 0 X 6 3 8 .X 4
0= 6 . 3 5 8 f l m . S- tE X = A EF l M CP O L M EO L S B I O NP R EA 6 D A D 6
E G t
X 6
II
~ <0 s ! - J
59
D E O S T IT A GO NWL EF L R S
WEIGHT
OF
THE
VESSEL
The weight of the vessel results compressive stress only when eccentricity does
not t ia i d o et xs h tv e U ih sh s e t s u s e a f le l exist and the resulta
nt force c o i wn c
c o m p d r et st s wi o u e n i i h ni s i gg e a n oh i ie fni t c c a on n s
n tt o r o l l d i sn t g . T A E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 w r es w e hb i h c g
a la h c f e u t lt l v a l at c o eero h d ni tw l c ,u e o dt h hi e d o oti r
ttu ei s o ao fn h s ow l
l ef oe
c e wt i i i g h on . hnc ti
s h e l . l h e a d . s i n pt e w l r n ao a . lt r e k t s ur p p a o r . yt s
i n s r u l ai t i n o . n g s o p e n i n g . s s k i r . t b r a i s n . e g
a nr c ih o n. r g a nl 0 c uh o .g r s m i s c e 1 l l a n e o .u s + 6 o t 2 w
9 e o i h i . 1t tg % h f e h1 er f t m o o v e ro w t e p i g a l hw hat e at
n i b f ed e t w e l h d i n ge s E r p w e c e tt i si g o i hn h t 1u tt
sg h h e e t f : E q u i p m e n t s : 1 1 1 1 1 1 i n s u 3 l a t i o. f i r e
p4 r o o f i .n p l a 5t f o r. l a 6 d d e . p i 7 p i n . m i s c e 8 l l a n
e o .u n g m r g s
u f s go h g s d h d et m o u f s 8g
1 d h
r y .
: h e 1r e
B O 1 v 2 t 3 o C T 1 v 2 t T
e weight,which r a t i includesthe n . g weight of the: ie e sr c e s oc e n t .
d il i o tn ni r a y . s p ef r a i t qi n u . g i d o n
w w
e w i ie e sr e a
i g h s n hc ti . tw l
c , u e o dt h hi e o
sg h n
h e
e t
f
:
c e s oc e n t .d il i o tn ni ts e. t r hi bs i
c o m p hs r e d ts st rit ev we u e g s
g e v oh e y e t
n
:
=
w
where
Ct
S = u s tp n r e i ss st , i W= w o e v i a e g t sb s h s e o u t e ch c fv n o
tl n si e i d dl o ee re na t i ro c = c i r c u m o s f e o r s e h n oc te ke
m i l ie f hr li m r t ae nt e e d a t = t h io t c sk n o she hi s k es i l f r
en l t r , .
T
w
e o d h ii
fv g f
e e he r l s te ea n g s m f t e i e it n rl b a t v es b g eo i l pe n n 3 en n
a i s n
g g 7
60
D E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S
V I B RAT I ON
A a r e o w s t ut i l o s a d ntw e vl v fei d b e r rT l l a s po t i p eoo t
hnr v. ii b oh r e s hb l o i sm u li li tn a d ena pd e rt c e , o u v g r e ri
i b e aco r ll a d t t fs i na a i i n e aa of f t g l T a l l po h w e h a b r
b c el i oeea m of p d e t um r t s ane p x o d h e i r mm d ie us ef sm l i eb
c T s c h a h a l r v lm i b e o ei r n o n d a d i ti c is i oc ot n u H s ah
s s ne t dd t i b s s i t o n no r a u s a u p a a p t l l s l h isu n y ep e p
dr t o ie a d r v rrt o e ts ih n p s rt h i o ne b i gl e
F P e o V ri bi T r sec. ao t id o
O nf , l i e c
R
M
U
L
A
S
T=
o . T A T I d
=0
( D )F T
r ~ N . , n , e f , . 1 . 8
~ z
M a o V i
A x li l m Po w u e am rb b r a s t i o e nf , N
D H = O = L
O
O
g
t v w
w
= 3 = T = T = W = W
ud ti o asv m i ef ed s t e s e e rt l f , o e v ni e n g s c s t l f sku h d e
i if l n rt g t f p s2 s q tea . e uc c a ec 2r l e.e r d a. t , i o h io s c ak
t kn b e i isa s h r s fn t e t e s olh ts e b p a6 ra .l e , g , e oe t ilo gw
h eb t r f , . oe t i p o f go h wh oele te i o fg r h b r tt E X A M P L E
G
D
i
= 3
v f Oi . f l l p t2 . 4 c e
e
H
g t
v w
= 1 f Oi
= 3 = 0 = 1
=
i o w =
D : e tt p oe v 1 t 2n 5 0 t n 0 l s. e c2 7 o ~5 b4 0 b o r a n td i i nt n n
= d
e a r a cmm ih t an a u x en l ila e o m lw u d a mb ir b ir a o t i d o fn . .
. . 2 ( $ z =j e = . . g i o x n 1 = ~~ S 0 e 0
1440 X 32.2
T a
a l
v c i ht d b r n u ea o tatx ei lv oi w b a r a b t l i e
lo c oe n e h se o n
t d
R
e
f
e F r re C nE e cVee i : s b o e r . V a , e t P ri . r o t: V en i
sc e A sa f sP ul S rs1 a e e M p9 l
61 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
S
LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)
The loading condition of a tower under seismic forces is similar to that of a ca
ntilever beam when the load increases uniformly toward the free end. The design
method below is based on Uniform Building Code, 1991 (UBC). FORMULAS SHEAR F~~
t 4 1
MOMENT
&l = [F, x H + (V F,) x (2H/3)]
4
H13
V
= Z[c ~ v
IWX= [F, x
X
for X S is
x
H
B T b t b t s
Rw
MX = [F, X X + (V -~j X (X H/3)] for X > H13
S
a h
se
ae
r
4
S eL
T
are shown in Fig. (a) and (b). A portion Ft of total i o D s a i m d a hi i g o
cn rr s i ga z e of m in V ts o is a assumed m l r ito becappliedeat the top of
the tower. The remainder of the base shear is distributed throughout the length
of the tower, including the top.
O v e r t Mu r on i m n g e n t

s a ih h t t e sh oo e h a r es it zre os a s in e at s hl a m l e i o a t ah o
T t swr i ee a lh e nr o fg p au . a lad eat ir t n e oh t th a s o d p hh w e i
due ea e to e that fg e a r ar m loading
The overturning moment at any level is the algebraic sum of the moments of all t
he forces above that level.
NOTATION C = Numericalcoefficient =
(need not exceed 2.75)
1
7?/3
Outside diameterof vessel ft ;=NumeticalcOef ficient :: = Efficiencyof weldedjoints
=
(b)Seismic Shear Diagram BaseS
h e
F, = Total horizontal seismic force at top of the vessel, lb. determined from th
e following formula: F, = 0.07 TV (F,,need not exceed 0.25V) = O, for T <0.7 H =
Length of vessel includingskirt, ft.
a r
62
D E O S T IT A GO NWL EF L R S
SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)
NOTATION = Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 for vessels) M = Maximum mo
ment (at the base), ft-lb. MX= Moment at distance X, ft-lb. R =Meanradius S =Sit
ecoefficient of vessel, in. for soil characteristics Rw = Numerical coefficient
(use 4 for vessels) I
r
x
-0
Asoilprofilewitheither:
(a) A rock-like material characterized bya sheu-wave velocity greater than2,500f
eetper second or byothersuitable meansof classification. (b)Stiffor densesoilcon
dition wherethesoildepthis lessthan200feet.S = 1 t s depthexceeds o 200feet. h A
soilprofilewithdenseor stiffsoilconditions, s = 1.2 A soilprofile 40 feetor mor
ein depthandcontaining morethan20feetofsoftto medium stiffclaybutn~ morethan40fe
etof softclay.S = A soilprofile containing morethan40 feetof softclay.S = 2.0
i
L.
L
H
St = Allowable tensile stress of vessel plate material, psi T = Fundamental peri
od of vibration, seconds = c, X
t = Required corroded vessel thickness, in.
=
12 M
T R2Sr E
or
12 M,. TR2Sr E
IV
= Total seismic shear at base, lb. Distance from top tangent line to the level u
nder consideration, ft. Seismic zone factor, 0.15 for zone 2A, 0.075 for zone 1,
0.3 for zone 3, 0.2 for zone 2B, 0.4 for zone 4, (see map on the following page
s for zoning)
W = Total weight of tower, lb.
63
D E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S
SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)
EXAMPLE
Given: Seismiczone: 2B D = 37.5 in. = 3.125 ft.
H = 100 ft., O in.
z = 0.2 X = 96 ft. O in.
W = 35,400 lb.
Determine: The overturning moment due to earthquake at the base and at a distanc
e X from top tangent line First, fundamental period of vibration shall be calcul
ated T =
C, Xf13/4 =
0.035X 1003/4= 1.1 sec. Rw = 4,
and I = 1,
s = 1.5
1.25S T213
ZIC
c
v=
=
Xw
1.25 X 1.5 1.1213 =
= 1.76 <2.75
=
Rw
0.2 X 1 X 1.76 X 35,400 = 3115 lb. 4
~,= 0.07 TV= 0.07 X 1.1 X 3115 = 2401b. M = [EH + (V - Ft)(2H/3) ] = =[240 X 100
+ 3115- 240)(2X 100/3)]= 216,625ft. lb.
x> H
3
thus + (v F) (X H/3)] =
M = [Rx
= [240X 100+ 3115- 240) (96 - 100/3)]= 205,125ft. -lb.
64 SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES
66
D E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S
ECCENTRIC
LOAD
Towersand their i
a a l m s f a t o o t w
qe u r a i np u ams lse u yrn m a t m ale t lre rt iyv o c a e u l r hn t tx t w
hni e o th ui s v dg s e s u h h sec e o t s m pfe sr e t e lo ts s s E ri n v p
q e u l is p y tt ta vc ho e te h s od s u c o th ec e s lu an i s a ny de um e
md esi t s n r ti ec r oa i t lb u t i d a t td w i u e n a rh gi i e gb e n so
e h es u nt t T dl d r ui n te s n h yn sm g m sa ie r t. r ri c s aa s e e m q
nu a i p p tm a l i ef o nl p pt e ,mn e nb n i s en g ag db l s et cb t ye e ud
enh , d er e x b seh s r ee e tq s u ea ai d ap v dm y d ey ti rn tt b ti o e n
s n e aht l d r r e ie s on se u sgl ro s i e ol i n o s m m d a i r c d .
n
e t
e
M c 5
M=
F O M ES
O
R NT
M T R
U
L
A
S
R E Q U I T E H IS C S K N 1 We t =R z n SE 2
~= 1
1 *
nR 2t

I
e \ * -P w ;
R
s
t
w
N O T A T I O N = E c c e t n dt r i i f cs i t htt t y ra, a o nt c c h oe x w
oe m n e e c lc e f o n t a r it c d , . = E f f o iw c jie e o ln ic d y n e t
f d s . = M o o e m c lc e e f lo n n t ta r it f b c d , r o e av dei a s i s u
n e n s l f , . = M = S vt o m ra a e o t la e s bc u r si e st a e n tp l uf d,
r ai e r n e e nxs ec c ss lo su ea r d lr l li f o i ,ons wg i ao = T h io vc
k = E c lc e l on t a r ib c d , .
E G i e
R t
X
A
M
P
L
E t 7
w
v = 4 ft. e O m: n = 15 in, i . = 0 l 0 = 1
: Determinemoment,M, and stress, S. M o Mm = Wee= 1000 n Xt 4 = , n 2 1 b W I =
0 ~
f l 5 . 12 x 4J = 2 e 0_ x 1000 . = 2 p 3 X 1 .X 0 1 5,
4
2
2
W t
t at
h i hm tee o o rk e s io h u a n el
re h n c r ec l a nes e tn o m tn r a o ei sm c h d be h s u n , mate m sa l r i
c tg a cl n el o n t t ar f il d c s .
67 Design of Tall Towers ELASTIC
A tower u
1 2 I t t s e E s i an
STABILITY
c x od m pi em r e f asr i s ti l oa a wn b iw a e oy ci nl y a s n tu oa b s s
i e l i B b u o c t k w l i v . h nh y( e go E sb l uf s u ec e e k l l e l i nr
g ) B l b o u cc k . l a i y ln g t h i n v - wea ( ls l tw e s n td e hh li o
h ce st k s n n ie h l e s ht s e o e n h lf e eos - l a t s e s i n r sh a l i
d bd oi u e e uc m c sko a l ) a ic a a u ln l cg l n u t o y t er i r h a t e h
s t q a d u as i c f a a o uti wl s u voh eh re T oes o s olf r ee h o e luu on
. t d sen ie ta hv sf h s e e i g n f i f ai i tc c a r net t s i o hu n sl r t
t a Tin b e n f i lg o i tr f h y m a i. n u v e l s oe t o i s g a t i l s a t
aa s b@ t i iil t i c r H t e a yh n d e e b in v o bn e o W slk o , ia p N e l
d e s w n omy a n l e o m t ev n ewt h ss ah s p i f r ee i u r c m ] af hr s o
i elp t y eo u h r( p d et o r s rr u p d p o ow r n bt c s moa , m b cer or n
a s sa i a) d s e ly t r i e ea f dsf g e b a n u oe i c rs n k s ls c l s o p s
L ao e n c g l i e f s ty t ud d i ii f . n f na el t c n rr e ie r of s g a th
e h is tower d e more i te y
effectively than circumferential stiffeners. If the rings are not continuous aro
und the shell, its stiffening effect shall be calculated with the restrictions o
utlined i
t C U oh( C d- c e2 e ) 9 .
E G Given: i R
t
X
A
M
P
L
E s 8 8 is
= 1 ie v = 0 i
n 4 . D e t t e a r l m l c i oh o nw m ep a s r b e (tle sus e r i vs ee S s t
i r f f i e n n e r g s L o n g s i t t u id if n f a e l n e r i n u t s o h e
e d s tn , s :1 = 5~ : 0 0 0 = tx= t = 0.25 in. 1 1= , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ~ x 00 =. 2
. 2 2P .25 4 y = t + 24 1 8 = 0 + 0 . = 0 . 2 . 0 5 2 4 9 R S e f eW r ah C e o
ei W nl Mc as e N : o e n. w N n, M t T n. S a, d r t .k r o h Te C n .y g h : l
ie t nhd i lEl u E l m S n s n Ux s s Itg, nb p 2 ila. u 1 . v5l l. 9 . l 3 5 .
. 3 , .
Ay = 1 sq. in. dy = 2 i
o nw m e pas r b e (t l e s s e r i v ee S n D : e n t t e a r I 8m l .c i oh .
n 2 5 . x 00 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 2 1 , 5 x 0 f =0 1 , , 0 5 0 = 2 0 p , s = 1 R
S93
r
68
D E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S
1
D
rowers s
r m d i
hb d o e u s t di l e g n dn m f el te d e 6 oi h c o np tr 100 c afeet o h e of
height. e ne s e f l d h e t c t t wi u e ol n m ih b o ce n a o la ae c b d u
ld t a s y ft ee oi df r h n m fl o oc r am a n lbtd y i le e e d va e r m M F O
R M U L A
A
N
O
T
A
T
I
O
N
S
AM = M D1 = W =M E
a dx e i f ( m l te t u c it m o ia o h np o ti t dwo i t hn w s i h u e le f f
at e t t ri o o e d l ua p sl t u i cs i t s yf , L e o v n e i gs n = sc ts lf
e h u l id f , er k H = R t m o o 3 i m n f e t e c n n r y , h l t o is n i r .
( R>lot) w h e n =M r ea o t td a o ii h w u n s e n r f R = T h i o c s k i k
n e i s s r n t f , t wind p r e p s s u r s e , Pw =
n ) ohn
td t f dia hr e f , .
E G i
= 2 f
X
A
M
P
L
E c u e t m i o n :
v
E H
I
R t
6i = 30,000,000 = 48 ft., Oin.
= ~ = 30 p = 1 i = 0
e t
D n
e :t t em r a m dx i he n i f e lA me n . , .
AM=
PJI,H (12H)3 8EI
I
= 1 . 31 i 31 t i s g r h0 . t f :
.i
3
30 f x 2.5 x 48 (12 X 48)3 s n 2 = 8 x 3 0 . , 0x 0 1 0 xM 3 , 0x 0 02. 0 1 n 2
5 .
.
T f
m 4
axh l i l d m oe w u f e6lai meb n c if o p l t1e c o h hn e ee 0 48 X 6 n 8 8 .
8= ~ o . = 2 ( i ) r . a t d ih e
S t ia d c n e htf cdl ue n ec e a ot e x it l ol o c e n s a t i s f a c t o r
y .
e ts h i i o g tc ns k ein e k de m s e it i d t s ,
i o,e c h t kt n n i e on e sh c sw A m e f ct a h l c d ou o e l fa d l twei c
n r t tg t h i h o n h my e ob f u C ter a 6rh lt c T ou o t8 l D a d o te i f w
n r l. gA e s g t b a i S Sn Tv . O t ev , SC 1e anM 9 . n H y d r oP c r a or k
c b o e n s s i n g
69
D
E O S T
IT
AGO
N WL
EF
L R
S
COMBINATION OF STRESSES
T s t ir h n e bsd t s up e r c e s ev d h id e os u l cyso rel shallbe aiy b d
investigatedin ei dn g s ta o l h f d qo i u dn a a pressure t k r d ee and r )
weight n , a of l
combinationto establishthe governingstresses.
C o m b o i n w a l t i i (o n eo a nr t v e sh s e le : A w + S + S S i d t d t
d t ns d w t r w e t r i p e t r w ee i a rt d ui s s n u rn s e s s t u si s g
Stress Condition
Ae l e oSd es + o S. . eh oS t e d t .d t d t s t t t e rw ri rw w i a r td d e
u is s n e p e un r s e s t se ee u si sg eh d e e r a e r) w s n ,s ae ou l n i
r e o os o
C o m b o i n w a l t i i ( o n eo a n r t v e sh s e le : S A windward side t
ta o l h f dqo e ud xa a p tk r
+ Stress due to wind Stress due to ext. press. Stress due to weight
T s
t r e s s Condition At leeward side Stress due to wind Stress due to ext. press.
Stress due to weight
p o ss h i d i t et i g e v n a e n ot sn ts e i n es g oh a dn i t ecid g o v n
m e p enor T e s t s s ie u m o m t a s t ti io r hne w ds is h f tce ee a es t
o t nch eo s m e ip r ir oge o sn sv i e or r n s so e ts w u h a m e i et a s
a d r h h bw d o e e u s e f ie rl a t e r .
I i a t t g r B r T e e s
tn nl h tqd o u d n a o da k e s c i d mo u l c ts a n o e ot u s rh tu g d iw n
oto ee e d i ha r et r n l h rq w uh o d ai k ir c ea h e t :
sn td c i ra b n eu c g c ss e ns s e t rb dih sc u i y ta m y m wla rt i l siz
s f u wl rto e i ia n or g t l nh m q ou d a a kr e d . t sr h b e h c s a sla c
a e tu sl fl a o l tl lee lh odo c wa it t n i e o g n s
dr t h e
1.
2. 3.
4 T s
At the bottom of the tower
At the joint of the skirt to the head
A t A c t D D D b oh h o ad ht t t t es o tj eha m ho e d i lo en l n i ao g . t
m eh t e is ot c t ekf v rn ee s hrs s tn l t n i nr g t s fe e l n ii n t n ei
g o
fr u h er ue ut u o
t s hs se b re h e m so x ra a e i tm l f i o n l l c el e h od on w d
1.
2 3 U s v F H
rr o e i d ci n s t mi ga o n r ei n. s g p r e ir a n . t ig o
tn d h di f c e ef o en s rr d t ie w e t ni t oeo n t h s i v, g a e c hh e so
nt s s en q fte u e e ln c t o rn d ae i a t s d i o i s l rf n B f s ee s r d s
e e inu o ed t r.r e e o sid c ,i n ts m i g ta o n n t ie n u s i s n noe otd
e le x er s p t t n re r ae r l s n s au r lr e . a n a o tl a n td m b u d r rl
o i t r u i y s zt i r oh rn et g nt g a oe t w h vn l e a fl seab od oa o x s
hk i ,tt m h rhas u e e m applied. o s r s y been
ns
70
C
The b
t T t
O S
(cont.)
O
e mn o d d im t w n e ig d un i e c t r f ne e ta b o s r d i on t s to g ht t o
t tm o h e om ot t w p h e t l h r hui ca,c a k sb t n d e el e ae s c a s rc s
e c oa nr s o d e i e nd g l y . A aa F b i B aln gc oe u n va r de t n e f i i
te e d n i td i d s h nt f s a oot n d r ce w e o t t o f o wh wa h c po e ef i
t e rh r c it i c raa h kd i n e n e q su sa t e s . * 1 1 6 . .1 1 (. 1 9 . 1
) . 1 1 . 1 2 . 3 . 0 0.5 0 m 1 . 0 3 . 1 1 2 .2 . 2 . 2 8. 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 2 . 3
4 . 4 6 . 4 8 . 5 0 .
m
0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.41 ().39 ().37 ()<35 0.33 0.32
T A A V BA OL LF U E A m EC , S T O F R S t f w d l p t i c i r i n F i f fa r e
= x
A
\ x
H
t E X A M
l o n g h is ct u d t d eti rin e an el pu t sre ier s o sn h e sa o o u l an r
c u m h f se r e t o n t rh ie a e o l t sa r n s e w q ,l h t u e h i afi r c f
e ek pt or e i er a sn v saa rt ur i l l r te ae b b s el s fi e nh o d s o t o
i t r n T nr A a u d o fb s . a m lc m i c b f e n t t, o a o gd iu r X s hn tn
ot tr tw a oh l nn o w gm iw i e e tt nh pn t ht h i ii ce c h cn k a n hl i nt
p t oe e r e r s a ds n t is ar s au lf atr cr etl o e tr w y s i ih s s u r e .
H x m tp = T r e t q h u i f i ci r kn ee n p t deroe se r s s n s a r u l r (
TH e i o n s oi on p n ) . t = T r e tq h u i f i w cw r k pee n rd ieoae t s s
sn s o d b h ur h tr e e = j t s o ih i e n l n tl o , . 2n i .3 . = 63 n, 4 W =
4 . P L= 0 E :i . r = 0 k = 100 ft. F T rm = a 0 o m = 0.43 e ab X .= lmH n 4 X
1 3= 43 df 0
z 5 g b 5 E Q Q x
1 R b a t 0 . 1 F B i oa p tt l h i i ar c o ek t q n af t e u e si s r e h d o
( t + tt t t r o t h m/w i rc e 2 k q n e ) u s o i sr c o n s h h i e d ei t r
e g e dh t . g t e d e .
71
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS EXAMPLE - A Required thicknessof cylindricalshell under in
ternal pressureand wind load. ~,- ~,, ~
A
: o v
II
D
E C O S N I D I G T I NO N S
D = 2 ft. Oin. insidediameterof vessel D1 = 2 ft. 6 in. width of towerwith insul
ation,etc. e e no l c d y i en E = 0.85 e f f oi wc i j
H d : 4 o
z
: o *
-e m
I . = \
f dt s = 4 f Oi l e o tt n o g 8 .wt . h e f r i f ts n tt b a r t nt . b a co h
. eo sm h t et hT = 4 f O i d h t s ej h oa e i d l n o l t P m= 2 p i n p5t rs
e e r s n 0 s a i u l r e Pw = 3 p w p ri s e s n s 0 uf dr e R = 1 i i r n a o
n s v d i e i d 2 s. u e s s e f l = 1 p 3s v 7 t o r s S a 5 2 e C l 0 s iu s 8
e f A s I m a a t2 e t 0 re m i 0 pa e l r a t t u F r e s o l h t e a b a l r
. =T v N a l l f o c wo ar n r o oc o se i o n r . g n s
M
i
r n e itq m h u i fu i c i m rk n e p nt d r eoe cs er o ssnn s st ai rsu dl te
r orre t ih 1 en
go e h teah n m n
t
PR 250 X 12 3000 ==0.260 i 11,538 = SE 0.6P = 13,750 X 0.85 0.6 x 250
Minimumrequiredthicknessfor internalpressureconsideringthe strengthof the girths
eams: 3,000 PR 250 X 12 =0.128 in. t 3X 0 , + 0 7 . x 25 = 8 2 0 . 3 55 , 4 4 =
2SE + 0.4P = 2 X 1
R e tq h u if i c l rok n e ng d be io t seu dsd nti w nd ra p li ru i neM s g o
n sa t u em r d e b o (e t 0 4 b 0 . .a M h n .
0 7
t _ s
PW x D1 X H = v X h] = M
3 M x 2 x 4 e o s = 3 n ( h t . x ,2 ett =0 86 5 6 f 0l 8 , m 04 ) oa t m b ~ o
t ae m =
MT = M IIT(V 0.5 Pw D, h=j= 86,400- 4(3,600 0.5 x 30 X 2.5 x 4) = 86,400 13,800
= 72,600 ft. lb. = 72,600 x 12 = 871,200in. lb. Requiredthickness: MT
t = R T S T F F = 1 x 3 8 7 x 12 . , 2 1 , 2 8 0 7 0 1 23x 0E , 1= 2 5 7 4, 4 2
5 = 8080 7 i , . 5 5 0 0 21 3 n 6
r e tq h h u i c i ca r k l w e c n e u td e l ss i a t s t or e t he td b n o g
gh sh tt e i ht e r o f ae tm m h w p ri o e s0 n s i .u r dr 1 e n6 5 . i p r
no e s 0 ts i u . r r . 1 e n2 8 . T i g h r t et t i ah h t i c s c e h aa sk l
r w c n un e ls e ia s t T O T0 A. 2 3 nn gg sih t e t L s t 9 or t h le o i tn
f e ae a l f ho rm t uh hde e r m i tn h i i0 m c i ku .s n m be2 u h s ns9 sa 3
el .
to
I D
L E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S
EXAMPLE B
R w e t q h u i o icc y r k l en is d ne u d sh rc s i n oce a m l fd l o b l oa
i ei o e t i o g w h e t r f . . ln dn p re i t rd ne e w gr s a sn s
iu a fr
P /
l
a
m m I < . 1 .
D ED S I G TN A A 3 f Oi i dn t i s na m i e .d t . ee r t = f 3 fo 6 i r w m o
vit w ne di n s si t . au s .ll h e a lf t to f i l wo ha n D] p ie p it n gc ,
. = 0 e f .f o iw c 8 i se e l ne 5 c dya e m f d s E i f s t t n t b rat t n b
a . c h o .h o e t ss h t m e teh e h~ = 4 f Oi d j o i n t . 1 f Oi l 0 o ett n
n o g 0 w .t . h e f r = 1 p i n p o t5 r s e e r s n s0 a i u l r e P p r e s
s u r e P. = . 1 ; i n s i Q d o n v e - r ea d s i 8 u . ss e f l R . 1 p 3 s o
vt 7 o S ra s 5 Ae m l 0 s a a2u 2 i t s 8e e 05 r f iC0 s t e m po e r a t u r
e . T s o l hI te ab rl , . v 2e s e a e a l :m i s c a l H dl il p : e t s1 ms
f e o rt he mn cd e e i eh a i l m f a el tn n e e cm = C i r c u o ( c o a r l
r ln o o rs w e i o q a nn uo c i r e e dt )
Minimumrequiredthicknessfor internalpressurec o n st i s d te orr t i hle n o g
nn gg ih tt e s o shdi. e a m f 150 X 18 PR 0 i . U 0 2 i pn 3 . s l 3 n 2 a. 0
.x 1 = 8 . 55 6 0 t = SE 0.6P = 13,750 X 0
M i t s r n e itq m h u i fu i c i m rk n p ent r d eoe c e s r o ssnn s s t ai
s rud l t e r or r te i h c eni g n r c gu h m te o is e h a a e ll m l f . 150
X 18 PR 0 i . 1 n1 2 X 3X 7 . x 15 80 . 55 4 0 t = B + 0 . 1 4 0 E, + 0 P
I
M I
=
i
r n e i tq m h u iu f i ch m r k en ed eo s
sa
r d
PD
t = BE 0.2P W V P L L e l a a i PW o X D, n XH a d s 30 x s 3.5 x e 100 l x 8o l
in. ft. t 30 f r m d 3 x d9 l e f r
150 X 36
= 2 X 13,750 X 0.85 0.2 x 150
= dv x h]
= 0.231 i
n
= 1
= i=
0X5 , 2 X9 2,940 t nX 0 49
Totalshear
V= 13,680
M
= 55 2O 5 O , 0 0 4 = 4 2 3 , 0 0 6 4 = 144,060 8 . . oa t b m = 692,100f l m b
a s T m )
I
M
oa t m b
e o h
s n h t
(ett
eJo t a e ma
l d
MT = M h~ (V 0.5 P#,hJ = 1 03 X ( 3 Xj 3 692,100 4 ( 1 X 6 3 2 8 1 M,
t = R2 = SE = i p f
X X X
.X 8 4 = 0 6 . 3 5f 8 l 0 , 52 t 2 ) b 7 , 6 5 8 , 6 4 , 2 2 2 .0 0 . 60

0
l t
l n ac o o oh t
F i p r no e w u. e r e r s e e r
.u r r . 1 e s0 ts s E i
n
73 EXAMPLE B (CONT.)
A
4
: o m N &
The preliminary calculation of the required wall thickness shows that at the bot
tom approximately 0.75 in.
: o , o
: 0 , -
: ~ ~
~ : o b t m ~ o : 1 o t -
u d i ~ f p s f t e lh r i e ca a e n k vn t t ea h s r se ee o i st i o g u h t
t o w e r . T t h i rh c ek f qn h u e et s i sro e o( e n d i o 0 s s i r.e np
o r2 n t r a e t s wl i l st ih so a c ot n e od r ae td a i d s td a io n f t
tr oh m p e . 0 o F t di ~ i h ( s n ft i at dnr A X ac P s e7ob a ) l m g e o t
=w 0 . 2/3 3 = 2 t/ 0 t . pX 6 =40 h .4 x H =.e4 f 7 4n cm r e eu 0q h n u n F
d r i Ba P o g 7 r a a b fm g t oa , t h i a c l.k ne o e t n ns i n s gt e r th
d sm h es dh e i f a c e te t e i U 8 sf w m i p il n t av g dt s e eh b .sh e c
s os , n a se e t r ll u e o. f r m : ( 0 t .5 8h f w 2 ic o ) i ct 5u kd r f s
. e s t ( 0 t .4 8h f w 5 ic o ) i ct 0u 3 kd r f s . e s t ( 0 t e .3 8h f w 7
ic o ) i ct 5u 2 kd r f s . e s t m T o t a l # E O I T T G H O H TW F E E R S
b a e b g o e ipl n 3 e n e ai s n 7 g g 4 n e l 0 x 195 7 3l 87Skirt 4 8 0 9 6
2 B r 4 a i 0 s n7 e 25 9 7 4 n r5 c i6 h o 2n r 0 4A .n o 3 a o1 d1 2 m p 5 A .
6 nl c uh0 o 1g r .e n 8 o t1 3 2 . m 5 . 9 3 1 a ot t r .8 e k 0 0 + 6 1 p p a
o r yt1 s 1 0 1 l ia t in o n2g s 2 0 S a 2 l n i n g9 0 0 4 I 7n s 5 u l a9 t i
o n 1 9 1 m P l a t f 4 o r 1 1% 8 L a d d e2 r 2 l 0 3i . P 9 i b4 p n1 g a y,
2 1 0 0 0 ( W t e g g s 8 % 1 9 0 6 1 8 4 , y ) 8 2 6 2
plate is required,to withstandthe windload and internal pressure, while at the t
op the wind load is not factor and for internal pressure(hoop tension) only 0.25
plate r o em i ia i a c s ra d lo v t i n s sa is satisfactory.F e c o n o
4 h x 9 3 X 1 2 x 2 H t 0 e b 0 I p wnl T s ur I n s ru O p e + 6 S
S
9960
T T O +E T
C E YR r el r r O O W e
I E W C a a i c y t qi t i
E T A 3I L O G 3 l N H, s nu g to n 3 6 2i 3
T0
S :b 0 0
0 0
1 a .
0 l
y 0
p
d l . 3l
4 0 , 0
0 0 b b0 0
0 0 . .
P T E
R WEIGHT: A A T L I 36.000 N G lb.
Test water + Erection Wt.
42,000 lb. 33,000 lb.
TOTAL TEST WEIGHT: 75,000 lb. For weight of water content, see rage 416
74
E
B(
Checkingthe stresseswith the preliminarycalculatedplate thicknesses: Stress in t
he shellat the bottomhead to shelljoint:
P S S S i e i o t i 0 ac i k t.n e e s n 7 s P 1 5 X 3 . 65 dt t ir n ep tu r s
e eS rs =s ~ n e s=a ou l r e = 1 4 x X 6 s sn e o d dt t w r e ui s Rz n t = 1
8 x 3 . 3 1 w = dt t w r ee u i s g s s h e t= o , 1 x1 0 r c e o c n t d i i ot
n n i o n 3 4 w = s== p ec ro an t d i i n tn g i o n 1 xm 1 0 C W I N lh p .D 8
70 3 s 5
3 8 , 2 2 0 = = 9 p , 6 3 x 0 7 . 5 . 1 2 7 4 , 0 0 0 3 5 s = p 5 ! . 7 5 5 , 0
0 0 3 p 9 s 5 . 7 5 5 t. DD
C O M B I N OA ST IT O R N E S S E F S D S W AI R D D LE E ES W AI R I E M ( E R
P E C C T T O NI N YO DN I ) T I O N t 4 t rw 0 e u is 9 s n , e u i s+ 9 s n ,
e S o 6 d d 3 Stress 3 5 due to weight 8 p, + 9 p, 2 s8 2 i 9 su e ts r ru oe ri
c . e t n i og n )
S d t t rw e Stress due to weight ( i p r n Nd e
o 6 d 9
S S
d t d t
t ri t rw
pe e
Stress due to weight I T T T S A A t a t l
I O P E R CA OT N I D N N I G T I O N un r s+ e o s .8 d 1s t se, S t. t3 rw e 7
u is 9 s n , e o 6 d u i s+ 9 s n e , Stress o d6 due to 4 weight 0 3 + 1 1 , 4
7 7 1 0 , 3 9 S d t t ri pe 2 un r s+ 1 es t s os 8 ,e + 1 1p , 0 s8 5 i 8 p, 1
e s nh 1 t s r 1p i ie ,le o p e 0 s es c8 sr o a 5 n to d it i i n ng wo i a v
n re wn t g i i no shd l so h w f t t a rp b ele m e l o as h wta s 0 e j tr r i
ei e . e oa f t f l ii 8 1c hi 1 n ep 5 6n t c8 sh e 0 l u h ei t c . st p h ee
7 a nd lt i b a5c o o . thk t v te ie sot a he st m i s s f afe sr 1 a e7 h f h
sd e sf o ln t t e t r l o wt t 2oho. p o n w t m l h e ie 0ac pr i kf t.n. S d
t t w r e iu s n s de o . x 7 , x X = V x ; = Mx PW x D] e
it t
o -m e
I * 1
!
i
m
Shell
P L s
b v
T S (
3 x 3 x 7 = 7 . x , 3 =0 5 2 57 6 2 2 0 , , 8 l o io r n=m240 . x - 68 = f0 1 t
. 6 ao 3 t x f , 0 Ia 0 3d X 7 d l mie = n 2 r . x ,3 0 - =0 f 1 7 t 0 .3 = T M
o o MX t m ae nl 3 t 6 f 1 t , 1 X 3 6 1 r , 9 2 8 0 1 M 2 = = R v t 1 8 X 3 . X
0 2z . =5 8 . 12 5 4 3 dt t ir n e p tu rse e r s s n e s a ou l r e , 8 c a l
p c Ar u e l v a i t o e s u ds l y ) 1 T o1 0 p t , a l
T c a l ch ou s l a t tar it ee o b ns o sh h et hf ss t e o th t ea t a mo s h
t dw or th sae n s w i ns d i o w i p a e rc r d o a n tg d i e io n a n t gt v
i e o e nf on tr hfw n e e i id h c i e n tg n i fT i h c e w a r ne i f tf t .o
u hc r ra o e l t cu i u hc tl b e a s t r i t o at e n t h e s e t nn ha t e s
1 0p d , n 1e o s 4x t a2 o e c l l ei s o s h ew 1 tt a d 1 r bp , e le T 6 e
8 tss s7h s e. 0 il 5 h ue c i t p h i nsl ia t ia c s f .at k c t o e r ys .
75 EXAMPLE B (CONT.)
Stressin the shellat 40 ft. down from the top of the tower. Platethickness0.25 i
n.
S
dt
t w r
e iu
s
n s
de
o .
PW x D1 X X = v X : = Mx S P L s S ( 8 h 30 x e 3.5 X 40 l = 4,200 l X 20 = 8 a
?0t x f o ft. r = m 8 lin. 240 x 36 = 2 30 x 19 = a d x 38 d lint ft. e = 1,140
r T M o ol t m v a e . = nl 1 ft 1 1 x 1 1 24 , , 3 1 M = = 5 RI n t = 1 8 x . 3
1 x 0 2 . 5 . 1 dt t ir n ep tu r se e r s s n e s a ou l r e c a l pc Ar u e l
v a i t o e su ds l y ) 1 T o 7 l 4 , , 6
0
1 , 6 f X 4 t , . 2 0 0 p , 3 2 4 p , p t , 8 a 1
T 0 i t .h ph 2 n f l i se a 5 c h4 o . f t kd e ie l s f r t t tl a r o tn t 0
tc . ooe i o h m w s a t i s N f a f c u t c o ra yl t .c i u h r l ee aot o q r
it uos n i r r ae e h ms d ea m n as n t e i bo e o n on
76 DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT A skirt is the most frequently u
v s e I si a s o t iw
a ts m s e na o th i ss d f sa u d cf ep t v ot p re y o r o tr t e tb l c a s o
c .n h t w iet s n e d tu lt o hd u y s ai ue nh s g t u a n r oe a e ql d h ul
d e h dz l e tdi e e t i r tfm ns hi g i no h ce t k ss n ke e s hi s r ft e .
F i A ga u B s r t en h m s c oo h o dt m w os sm y e t ok th pna i t e t a er c
I fh a tm e o c a l c ou t l r a te i q o w hnu s i t e ri v f ee l z a o d j h
l e edo u , e ig e c s t c y f f bi n i te fn v C ( o 1 m U bd u 2 a s e We ) y d
e .
G
t is
vv
E X A M P L E ac e h eo sn mi n s E s i edxee e B a r l em d p
l n e
.
D = 37.5 in. E = 0.60 for butt joint 3 f 8 l , MT = 6
R = 18.75 in.
S
= 18,000*stress value of SA-285-Cplate
, 0 b 0 0 . . . p F m uc r to u p ro a r s l e s ts . n4 ( n2 n6 r . .
W = 3 1 l 2 t 2b 0 * s t
D F w
e
t t e r r e m sq i ht u n h ke i i rc i k e e ndr e r =1 d 1 x 6 23 8 8)5 0 8 x
3 . X 17 .
1 = i o 1 MT n R2 ~ SE
, 0 2 i 2 0 6 = . ,12 0 40 . 0 00 0i . 0 = ,1 5 0 40 . = 0 i . f A L 6 ka e c o
i t kr 0 0 6 e t
F
W
w ef = o i g h r t D X 3 x SE= . 3 U
3 1 , X 1 3 7 X 1 4 , .8 X 0 T ( Y t i i ! p s h f4 s l i l
6
R E F E R TE N h Ce E rS : m
8
2
77
I
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT
V s r
e vr et s s i o o k s t t i n
c s ta e at a l o c m s nw ,b k f u es a r st d s the t s ce n t fe e d i r hu f
c d b e tr m u r rr a o a e al m a n b e cn a oy t h s b l o ( fn b t r ah e g
.
o a s e
r sd i
The number of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts m b inumultiple of s four and t for
tall towers it is preferred to use minimum eight bolts. Spacing of anchor bolts
. The strength of too closely spaced anchor bolts is not fully developed in conc
rete foundation. It is advisable to set the anchor bolts not closer than about 1
8 inches. To hold this minimum spacing, in the case of small diameter vessel the
enlarging of the bolt circle may be necessary by using conical skirt or wider b
ase ring with gussets. Diameter of anchor bolts. Computing the required size of
bolts the area within the root of the threads only can be taken into considerati
on. The root areas of bolts are shown below in Table A. For corrosion allowance
one eighth of an inch should be added to the calculated diameter of anchor bolts
. For anchor bolts and base design on the following pages are described: 1. 2. A
n approximate method which may be satisfactory in a number of cases. A method wh
ich offers closer investigation when the loading conditions and other circumstan
ces make it necessary. ? TABLE B 13 12 NUMBER OF ANCHOR BOLTS TABLE A I Diameter
of Q Minimum Maximum Bolt circle in. Dimension in.
1 q n1 .
Bolt Bolt * Size RootAreas i
Y 5 3 x 1 l l 1 l 1 1 1 2 z 2 2 3 * F b 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5
3 8 . t 5 2 8o 4 1 o 8 1 6 t 7 0 5 22 / / 8 8 . 7 1 68 t 1 41 o 2 2 3 08 / 1 4 0
. /I 2 21 1 t 1 0 2 82 o 6 / 6 1 . 1 3 - 1 1 0A 21 / 3 t 1 8 20 4 3 2 24 o 4 1
5 / 1 / / 8 1 6 1 -1 3 % 8 2/ . 1 6 -1 9 13 /1 4 AC 4/T B L E . 1 8 -1 9x 3 0 /1
XA L L M8 O US W M A B T R FL E ES S E O 3 31 A 7 - M 4 /A 8/ I . 0 -1 5 O U/ A
L 2S S A TN E BC HD O O S R L % .2 2 1 9 4B 1 5 A 1 5 / 8 2 1 / 8 . 5 1 M a a l
l x S 5 p e c i f iD c a i o mn i t ai e t ne r 4 p t r se .32 / 7 1 44- 4 N 3
u 1 / 4m b e Sr 8 38/ . 72 0 -1 4A 9 /7 lA 1 e5 t 5 e rl, s 0 / 2 A d2 i a m . 2
3 -2 0 1 S 03 % 1 , d 0 n n d8 % e / 1 B 74 / 2 a 4 u . 2 0 -2 2 3 - SA 0 193 %
. 3 7 1 5 1 8 , d 0 2 a u n n d % e S 1 B 9 1 A 3 6 - ; 1 - / 1 : 6; ; 1 6 , B
78 O v t ei r n 2 oY c 2 l 0 3 SA / . 3 6 - - 1% 8 193 5 c %, 9v n3 o26 l 7 8 t
1 ie A r1 / 7 B 8 /O . 3 6 -2 2 5- S 1 1 4 w o s o t li a t n h t t rd r se a hr
a d d s .
24 to 36
4
4
D (
O A M
B A
A simple method for the design of anchor bolts is to assume the bolts replaced b
y a continuous ring whose diameter is equal to the bolt circle. The required are
a of bolts shall be calculated for empty condition of tower.
FORMULAS Maximum Tension lb./lin. in. Required Area of One Bolt Sq. - in.
S B it Anchor r p o s e l
T
~= . 12iu w A8 Ce B,= ;+
s i s t n . N ~ A
TC8 sg - - b. N
T t I , e O . N
w r ti b t c e h is oh iri a c n l l q e ne t AB = A o f b e cr e n i io c e r l
c n f l C* = C i r c u m M oa t m b de t a w n h o te usia rt et f e n h l M= N
uo a m n b b c o e h r l o f tr N= a ax l i l s m o v w tu a om rb ab m e l le a
os p t SB = M W o e t v i d g e h u e h s r r t s el cie f e t nli w=
q e s u s e ls re i f a t i l obg n , .
. . u o dk t e rb ,
. .
.
E G b i c s i
X
A
M
P
L
E qbe .
uo re nm Dl t e e t .t e s n r 0a m ze v = io 3 i r e t l c n nh e ; n :i h n a
n b c o hl o t rs 0 q n n
u i e e d
A~ = 7
7 X. 8 . 1 6 6 , 4 02 00 =, 1 l , b i .4 i . 9 0 7 f 6l 4 t 0b 0 7 . . M-= 8 6 l
d 0 u e r b 0 r e ci t 01n i . o w= xg9 n 4 . 0 2 4 -4 p 5 t m 0s a 0 xh B i i=
0 =m . u e = m 2.196 sq. in. ~ SB = 1 9 a l l s o vw t a o r ab e l le s u s e
f Pt t a r a l m og ce h r . e O t a n b mh c a oh t F e o rT l e i r rA aa l 7-
ob 4 n uof bolts. m b 2 eb ir 2 os . i l3 q0 n t s 0 . N= (See TableB on the A d
0 id . forcorrosion, i 1 n n use: 2g 5 .
CB = 9 i
T= 4
Preceding Page)
(4)2Y bolts.
C h s e ci t a k r in b ne c g o s h 0 ls o s nt
1,402X 94 14,324p SB= 2 x .4 3 0
S t im a n ax h l ci l s m o e iw tu e a m r b e l 1 5 p t , s se 0 n l 0 heu ia
0 cs m t , e be i nd e o b a o s a t i l s rf a t c t f s o r e y .
79
D
O B
R
b l e a n t r do i g su t e r ge i h b l u n o i of t o a c r om d f nl h oy c u
r na e dn t ate nt e i t he n o n xt o u a c l d le s o h e tw o b e l a o t r
o fi o n u an g hd a d t i f o en . T t h i oh c t kb n r e se as h rs i h te s
bfn a s e e e s li n h g it d sl n r i tb d w n ee u o g s ci s e e a r t h q u
a k e . F O R M U L A S m 1
-
7
M l
a C x oim m p r b i . / 1 1 in i n . A p p r 1oW x i o m i B Ring in. a s
ue s m s ~ i .o1 n ,n c . A, . a td e e t
y C,
2 f
M
P h
t*
Is
12
t
t8 =
_Di
Approximate Thickness of Base Ring in.
B e S a e oS n p t r p td ri i r ne ne sg s
&s . ~
i
. +
9
D
B
3 x s, 1; sg s S = s i
t52
AR = Areao b As = A w
;
= Cantileverinsideor outside, whicheveris greater,in.
N ~ A T I O N r = a 0 i .( s 7 nD D f8 se i g5z Z 4 q i O n ) . r ti s t s k e i
h hi i a r q n nt e , . . = C i r c u m o fO e ro es n . ci k e iD rn n .t f , .
= S b ea l a o c rfo os i np nc eS a rg T s e Ed to a e P n ei ,b h . l e eg
. , n e
l: 13= Dimensions,as shownon sketch above. (For minimumdimensionssee Table A on
page77) M = Momentat the base due t w o e a i r t f hn l q u oa d k t erb ,
W = W o e v i d e g u o s h p rs eot trie a l f nl e t E G ; i v e = 8 6 f l , =
500 psi from n 4 X A M i g o s P nb L t E r , .
.
.
D: e t t e m r im w n i h na i iet m h d ui e c n mtk b r0 f a o. i .p ec s ro n
a nf e t d ii g t nr ig o to 0b
n h e n .
TableE Page 80
1 n b o s
Pc =
12 x 86,400
4
+
7,500
7 7
= 2
W = 7,500lb. operating
A O T
l ,b . / 2 l i n7 . 7 6
C S 1
7 5 8 l t , 0e b 0 2 s 0 , . t2 = 4 i b . f n T 5 r A ua p. 75ob t a, tl m 1 = 5
(3(3 ( co 2 h il ot 4 r !s n : ) A . m i d n i i m f m e l = n u s m i oo .2 k 4
i D i. 6r. n f 2 t 5 . 2V4 m.t 2 i a f 1 y = n n o A . n n As = h 4 s i e 7 q 6
. . u 6 i w b s ri n/a i d e 2 ns C = 7 i n $ 7 . r~ = 0.32 x 5 = 1.60 in. U 1 i
t b s h r n i a i e c% ns . k g e . h s e tc r k e i s n s g e s : = 2,273 X 77
= 305 psi S 3 x 305 X 52 = 10,167 psi e s n5 t d ri 2 ne B e s ri 4 n e g s1 s
B. 5 7 a t r
C
80
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING
When a tower is under wind or earthquakeload, on the windwardside tensional stre
ssarisesin the steel and on the oppositesidecompressive stressin the concrete fo
undation. It is obviousthen that the area of the boltingand the areaof the base
ring are related. As the anchor bolt area increased,the base ring area can be de
creased. With the designmethod givenhere, the minimumrequiredanchorbolt area for
a practical size of base ring can be found. me strength Ofthe steel and the con
crete is different, therefore, the neutral axis does not coincide with the cente
rlineof the skirt.
1 D C a D 4 C f I a c C U c s t t ev lt c r n b S c o e t t ei o t e a r u p r o
mk a i h n l. e e l s qah a u t n e ii hl 7 T o ta e B a r s nm i h s n e i u e
e r u o ee nzm d g .b e l e d e e
Sa
th s te i r t h c e a s. k nbs he a c e o s h l u n d a t i o n d e vb hi e a t
tt a i w fl o e l ean o h e w na cs tt a r u te la s sa rlr e o e rt s p g e a l
c u l a t i o n a lt c b u r lt aa h i ti ec s kn n e ee g s g u p s sl a a s n
t c e e c h t o sh a , o o m p r r ie i s i isn i eo c nf n e g af ot b s es d t
i s r t ir tei b u sr t o i sa so h i n k s n n
F
k
I 1
T D A B L E V oa C o l n u s te a sn t f s a F u no K c t i o n s s z a U 0 . :
6 0
f
X Y ,
O::s:
s .. M
e 1 M
:
:
0 1
/ b
x
0.500 0.667
1.000
1 2 3 0 T 2 f p 8 E A 2 0 I I s 1
1
. . .
- O .i 0 . 0 . b0 0 7 8 4 - o .1 0.0293&b 0 . 2 0.0558f. b2 0 f. Ii o.0972f, b2 5
0 -0.1245 0 b 0.123fcb2 0 f.bz 0 - 0 0 .b 0.131 0 0 J .b 0 -1 00 b 3. -10 0 . b
0 . 3 f,b2
O.000
s o 2 / , 3 2 . 1 1 13 1 32
B
L s 0 0 I I
I
8
E 0 0
I
I 1 I
0 0
1000
c Ii
1
fb
n
81
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING
F * 1
4
O
R
k
M
U 9
L
A
S
/(.= ~ 1+ I
9
Bt
-
1 & ~b~ +I
i
v
t
I .
I
Lb
1
f, z:::/
, i , t . , .
T T el es o n a s o n bi ni t a s r n bi
a
Fc l oa l
ehl
~o d t. M nb r s ( so ts a n r s
eS l c o p e s hl
b
B
-.
t
h
t, =e ~
Fc,
W
CirCk. @.
t
b=
(/4 + ;,)
t
B
S
n
.
f
tB = il ~ E 1 ~B
p
r
t ah i iw c g s kn u i n tl i a t B ne N O T A T
e e sg s t ss , , . I O N
eh B
t
=
b
C
d
= The distancebetweengusset plates, measuredon arc of bolt circle in.
= T
: j 1
M M
=C C = D = D = C = C = C = 1 = M
=
n :
s
w z
= R = R = T = M = W = C
a or e rt f q a ua e n b i s l ro c i ea o hd o q lr n r t . . o n , s s TtC a D
o n a , t te p s b ,r e p l c he e e a d i n g ne g e . i o a a m n b e ct c e
i io h r r o c l f rl n e t , . i o a a m n be ct c e if o h r r o c l f rl t et
, . o m p s r e i t st s cr i v o e e an t h s o c re s ue o n h t te d b t e r
e pg t ah e i r n se s o m p s r e it st s cr i v o e ean t h s b c c r s ei p
on ht e r e cs l lt e e t i , o ns s T t D ao a tne p tb r, e p l c he ee a d i
n g ne g e . t i = w o ti n4 b d r iah t ,i . h ns n f e g e , . oa t m b de t a
w n h o t e usia rt et f e l n h q e uo d a t kb r e . o w h ii c g hr S ee T v
ra eF o ta r te ep b r rs . e p l c h e e ae d i n g ne g o m a o o t e d l iu
a o s ls o t u a i ftc s c o i eE tn f y n cS s e T r f / elE a E td ee cb a o b
d c iii o r u c ls l n f e t , . e s n it a s r n i b . el p co es hl s ot n rs
i , . a ax l i l s m o v w tu a om rb a b pe l lep als u as s e t fe e i , . o
e t ti ago t bh h wl ta h e f se rb e t e , . o nS sT t Dao a t ne pt b r. e p l
c he e a e d i n g ne g e .
82
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING EXAMPLE
DESIGNDATA:
D d = 5 f Oi d t i o a an .m n be c t,c = in. diameterof anchor bolt circle.
DETERMINE:
e io . h rr oT c l fs r l a en t i h. uo nm z
anchor bolts;
n
= 1
a =1 c = 1 r = 1 = 3 = 6
r c
f=
s
w
M S A O
a i t fh h n tk o m a 0 o o t e d l u i a o ,s ls ot u i ft s c i Tet fwy e l di
c ns o (n n c T E Pr a 8e t b d a e l 0 ge o b . e r ) ai p , a l 2l c o s 0o w
s at m 0o br lp ie e n r g . t h f 11 = 6)1 o (n c T E Pr a8e b ta e l 0 ge , e
) 1 5 p a , l l0 s os v 0 w t a o0 rb ab e l i l e as u s s e f e i n g . 8 p a
, l l0 t o s e0 w s n a0 it b s l ri o i e el l e s t s s n . 6 l w , o e 0t b
ti 0 o g 0 h w h . te f r e . 9 f 2 l m, 1 o a tt 0b m b 0 e a n h . .s t e t e
.
L U T I O N : s8 i s w bu r i m n a a aeci d o m s .n pns e r ee at s t gsb r id
cv ee if.oh = sr 1,Ooo c s lpsi.l t e e t 1 1 +
Sa

fctj
. fc 2 c . 2kd * 1 R e aq 1
1 1 18 1 x 1
T T
= 0.35
,
,
0 + 0j z
cc
t c h o nf h s e t Da a b r l = 1.640 0 0 . = 2 3 0 =0 00 . 7 = 0 . 4
ra nn e e 3 8 2
f
~ 2N k 2 x b 0.35 X 60d 2 x 0.35 X 60 X
= 8
1
,
T i i shu f af i igc m 0w t e 0 a i s 8 n s ht u 1 l p , u v o fCb= a
B, = 2 n U 2 F
ou a i r n b r e c eod h W = ~ 2 ; 1 xz 6 2 C, S. jd
l ao f t r s M 9 2 3 d ) x 1 0x w 0! ~2 068 2 4 = 2 s 3i X, 1 8 3x 0 , 3 x . 6 0
3 0 7 08 t al r e t
3
.
7
3
1 sa n b i tc o nr hl e g rqo t h a2 u rs f io o r,r b e eo d oe on = . 1 5 i 0.
/ 1 9 2n 5 8 . r A 1 a i dob ?i
T
b al mw n m 4 ee b oo sta 8 e tu .i l rb s f ti of u ec y o al a t cd %d dr i
to g r nr o
use (12) -2 in. diameteranchorbolts. Tensileload on the anchorbolts 3 0 z, 0 x .
0 50 = 10 4 ~ 0 l 2 9 2 , 6x 1 M W D = 6 = 9 0 X.5 7 8 3 jD
T
s. =
57 5
7
es
~:;
n i t t s ar i
=
n b el
h c es o
hs l o n e tr = .1 . i 5 7 p 3 0
s , 3 09 n = . 7. d p 5 0 6 s 6 3 . i1. ) . 280 0 i
157,150 0.125 X 3 x 2
=
~d
2 3 = = 3.14 x 60
C o m pl r e o t s o sc i o v n ea Lh c= 1r ted = t8 n e e 0:
n57
F.
= r = (
193,150
7+ 1 .x 0 8 .3 7 x 1 1 5 = 2 .4 43 0 s 0
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING EXAMPLE (CONT.)
Checking valueof k whichwascalculated withassumed values of~,~= 1,000psiand S. =
18,000 Thentheconstants from
k=
1 I + 1 1 S
x
= 0.19 17 _ ,
fCb
T Da a = 1 c 9 + 6 0 = 2 c
j z = = 0.461
b r . . 1 6
l
e e 8c 8,
=
M jD
692,100 36,000 X 0 = x 5
1 5 7 X. 3 X 2 1 , = 1 .2 1
X. 5 9
= 1 ,
4
5 l
6 7
,
1
1 b 9 i
Sa =
=
F, r~rCf = 0
5 p 65
2 6 8 0
s 2 3
4
+ W = 157,192 + 36,000 = 193,192lb,
fcb =
FC (14 + n fsjr CC= (
193,192
7+ 1 .X 0 8 9 .3 7 X1 1 hs l o n t e 0 s 66
= 5 5 2. rs 0 : i
p 5 0 1
)
9 s 8 0
4
C o m p s r e i t st s ar i v n b ee h co s S = n = 1 x f 5 = 5, p. , 9 b C o m
p s r e i t st s cr i o v ee an t h s c o
res u eon h tt e d b te r = 8 p
e t g ae h i
r 0
ne s s
f e g e 5
fc = fcb x 2 :M+ 1= 596 X
R e
2 X 0.19 X 60 + 8
2 X 0.19 X 60 ss n
t q h u i oi b c rk r en f ade= i6s i
f en g 0 n 0
,
, . .
tB = 11~
= 6
d
3 X 805 = 2.406 i 1 5 , 0
T d e tc t r h ei o a c th b k so r n e eua h is e g s p u ns ls fs e g a es t ,
e ee t s U ( s g i2 p u l ts n d 4 a s i gt bs ee ) he t tts at g ,nw u c es e
h e se e n t se ,
~d 6 b= = 7.85 ; ~ = = 0.764 24 b 7.85
f T r F a = M = 0 m ~ l m e : . 1 fC1,2= 0.196 x 89 Y x & 6= 5 1 e .i U5 I = ob
0i l 6 5n 8 b e ac s .t k 0 ee . .
:
0 i t n 7 sb h M6 p n i al .
84
ANCHOR BOLT CHAIR FOR TALL TOWERS
The chairsare designedfor the maximumload whichthe bolt can transmitto them. s z
l bt h ca s ea d la t c ae d u l ee l as l ot c t e e r fd i b o e h s The anch
or b s a o b i p l an
g A c l s po o n o t a i g n e g s .
t e la o c dt t p i gnl s l g eh ba h w s t ea wf e e c l lo s d in t l fe i n e
t wid u oT l u eh s l l ie f w i z s hl g b e lh o e hfe la e o t an lt d h l n
e i fn r nk n j li he o p t n l hf e e ii a c g t
-
DIMENSIONS inches hchor 1 dim bolt
1
1 1 1 2
A
B
c
D
E 1
F
G
1 1
3
3 3 4 4
2 1
3 1
1
1
{
ls/~ 13/4
2
2 2 3
23f~ 2
2 3
4
5
3 3
3
518 5fa
1 3 e 1 1
1 1
11/4 11/4
1
13/4 1lj~
2
2 21/8
/ / 2 14 2
3 3 3 !
3lj~
3
5 s5 6
3 / 3 4
4 5 5
11 / 13
2 2 2
/
2z 21
3 3
3 12 / 3 4
6
7 7
. T B
a R
tb S a
h i at o iP z e s
fb av e S k le r c hA e e e o Ssi n .m C hm a t A n D ou n B r . c to a t h l tn
i R r e noe lg J gf e i. 1 u num 9 e r n6 , 3e .
st o
86
STRESSESIN LARGE
H
V
SUPPORTED BY SADDLES
The design methods of supports for horizontal vessels are based on L. P. Zicks an
alysis presented in 1951. The ASME published Zicks work (Pressure Vessel and Pipi
ng Design) as recommended practice. The API Standard 2510 also refers to the ana
Iysis of Zick. The British Standard 1515 adopted this method with slight modific
ation and further refinement. Zicks work has also been used in different studies
published in books and various technical periodicals. The design method of this
Handbook is based on the revised analysis mentioned above. (Pressure Vessel and
Piping; Design and Analysis, ASME, 1972)
A horizontalvesselon saddle support acts as a beamwith the followingdeviations:
1. The loadingconditionsare different for a full or partiallyfilledvessel. 2.
vesselvary accordingto the angleincludedby the saddles.
3. The load due to the weight of the vessel is combined with other loads.
LOADINGS:
1.
a a
2. Internal Pressure. Since the longitudinal stress in the vessel is only one ha
lf of the circumferential stress, about one half of the actually used plate thic
kness is available to resist the load of the weight. 3. External Pressure. If th
e vessel is not designed for full vacuum because vacuum occurs incidentally only
, a vacuum relief valve should be provided especially when the vessel outlet is
connected to a pump. 4. Wind load< Long vesselswith very small t/r values are su
bject to distortion
from wind pressure. According to Zick experience indicates that a vessel designed
to 1 psi. external pressure can successfullyresist external loads encounteredin
normaIservice.
5.
87
LOCATION OF SADDLES. The use of only two saddles is preferred both statically an
d economicallyover the multiple support system, this is true even if the use of
stiffener rings is necessary. The location of the saddles is sometimes determine
d by the location
of openings, sumps, etc., in the bottom of the vessel. If this is not the case,
then the saddles can be placed at the statically optimal point. Thin walled vess
els with a large diameter are best supported near the heads, so as to utilize th
e stiffening effect of the heads. Long thick wa!led vessels are best supported w
here the maximal longitudinal bending stress at the saddles is nearly equal to t
he stress at the midspan. This point varies with the contact angle of the saddle
s. The distance between the head tangent line and the saddle shall in no case be
more than 0.2 times the length of the vessel. (L) Contact Angle O The minimum c
ontact angle suggested by the ASME Code is 120, except for very small vessels. (C
ode Appendix G-6). For unstiffened cylinders under external pressure the contact
angle is mandatorily limited to 120 by the ASME Code. (UG-29). Vessels supported
by saddles are subject to:
1. Longitudinal bending stress
2. Tangential shear stress 3. Circumferential stress
1
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES
R o ~ A Q m t~ = =
C . 1 A
oa
n o sn t
d a a g ce d
lt
Max. Allow.Stress
I i e
:4
~d
S1 p
n
xt
pt
t s l dt t n hru r e ( e r Ps n sR s a n/u lh 2r a c l l es oh ew t adr b
uJ~
YYo Am Au
~ L ~ Z
* v
(Tensio~at ihe Bottom Compression the
n
o Sf
]+2~
AT MIDSPAN
QL 4
*
o p a $ l &
e c t a ie
4A
en g n g
e S1
4H - T
1 zr
z:
()
0
R2ts
e a t
d
l
l s o e r
v w t i
x0 t c t ie . a or a lm vb e el e s s a l .
S3 plus stress SHELL
IN
S* - K4 ~ts
n <
w
Q
.
= 0 *Q ~ti
q I/l!
u< m UJ A n a -$ M ,J
IN
HEAD ADDlTIONAL STRESS [N HEAD
= Ilth
S3. = ~
K4Q
r
n
i
o n
g
K5Q 3K6Q Q - &=-~t~(b+l .5@s) ?(:
w
2
S4
timesthe
z Q
AT HORN SA%LE s4=
!3 g
Q
4 1 t . ~
i2&QR
Lt$ 5 (
j 3
L~ BOTTOM ,= O ,=0 .= SHELL L 3
: Et AT
~ b
+ s
)
ma
K7Q s5= ts(b+1.56@@ F
89 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES
~
YY JJ
NOTES:
positive Values denote
I
$ 4 ~
t
e stresses n and s negative i l values e denote compression.
E z Modulus of elasticity of shell or stiffener ring materidpound per square inc
h
D ~ ~ z w m ~ 4 ~ n ~ ~ u z ~
The maximum bending stress S1 may be either tension or compression. Computing th
e tension stress in the formula for S1, for factor K the values of K1 shall be u
sed. Computing the compression stress in the formula for S1, for factor K the va
lues of K8 shall be used. When the shell is stiffened, the value of factor K = 3
.14 in the formula for S1. The compression stress is not factor in a steel vesse
l where t/R SO.005 and the vesselis designed to be fully stressed under internal
pressure. Use stiffener ring if stress S1 exceeds the maximum allowable stress.
& $ m m $ G z w u
~ e
If wear plate is used, in formulas for S2 for the thickness ts may be taken the
sum of the shell and wear plate thickness, provided the wear plate extends R/10
inches above the horn of the saddle near the head and extends between the saddle
and an adjacent stiffener ring. In Unstiffened shell the maximum shear occurs a
t the horn of the saddle. When the head stiffness is utilized by locating the sa
ddle close to the heads, the tangential shear stress can cause an additional str
ess (S3) in the heads. This n pu t r e e r s n se au o lr stress shall be added
to the stress in the heads d t i
W s t h i r f ae f i ue n tnns e m r rga e x s hs d i o e h m , ca u t e e ce m
a qu u h r a st
e o
A ~ ~ ~ & a L
~ Q ~ ~
Q
I w p e i u l i a sf o f e t rfr m Se df u the s l, oicknessts a n so may r r th
e be 4 taken !? maybetakenthe shellthicksum of the shelland wearplate thicknessan
d for ts ness squared plus the wear plate thickness squared, provided the wear p
late extends R]l Oinchesabovethe horn of the saddle , and A< It12. The combined
circumferentialstress at the top edge of the wear plate should alsobe checked. W
hencheckingat this point: ts = shellthickness, b = width of saddle O = centralan
gleof the wearplate but not more than the includedangleof the saddleplus 12 i sf
o e rf m S d f u t l, t o ahn si ot c hm k r b n5 t e r te s a a s If wear plate
is u
k s o t s u a h w h ue mt e n lh lf i e c a pl k r d nt o t re w vs e s i o ,id
t hw e d p d e th l e h e q a l u b +e 1 a al. s s5 t t6 I t s i nh sh t e i tf
o lm ff e e an l s x eh s tdi o t , m c ra u e s t os r s t ec h m ou h a s r dh
t d e T s ih t n br t ia e o td s ts i s d n s preSSUK4reSS. tt e h e e o rd n
o ae l I a s t i s f tf h e m n aene x rhd i n li g - m c lo m ue pi rm ae t s s
i bo n o o h st ht s o e t U s t ir s f i ft e i c in r e ce u n m r h f b e r
ge e n sft ne i ae td l xir t c ne g as e xh sd i s m m e a l l so w t ar b e l
s e s .
90 STRESSES IN LARGEHORIZONTAL VESSELSSUPPORTED BYTWO SADDLES
VALUESOF CONSTANT K (Interpolate for IntermediateValues)
K, = 3.14 if the shellis stiffened by ring or head (A < R/2) ;ONTACT ANGLE 0 120
122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152
1 1 1
K2
K3
K5
K(5
K7
0.335 0.345 0.355 0.366 0.376 0.387 0.398 0.409 0.420 0.432 0.443 0.455 0.467 0.
480 0.492 0.505 0.518 0.531 5 0.544 5 0.557 5
1.171 1.139 1.108 1.078 1.050 1.022 0.996 0.971 0.946 0.923 0.900 0.879 0.858 0.
837 0.818 0.799 0.781
0.763
0.746 0.729
0.880 0.846 0.813 0.781 0.751 0.722 0.694 0.667 0.641 0.616 0.319 0.592 0.569 Fo
r 0.547 Any 0.526 Con0.505 Tact Angles 0.485 0.466 0 4 0.448 0.430 6 8 0.413
i 0.401,
0.393 0.385 0.377 0.369 0.362 0.355 0.347 0.340 0.334 0.327 0.320 0.314 0.308 0.
301 0.295 0.289
.0.283 0.278 0.272
See chart on facing page
0.760 0.753 0.746 0.739 0.732 0.726 0.720 0.714 0.708 0.702 0.697 0.692 0.687 0.
682 0.678 0.673 0.669 ;.;;: 0:657 0.654 0.650 0.647 0.643 0.640 0.637 0.635 0.63
2 0.629 0.627 0.624
0.603 0.618 0.634 0.651 0.669 0.689 0.705 0.722 0.740 0.759 0.780 0.796 0.813 0.
831 0.853 0.876 0.894 0.913 0.933 0.954
1
162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180
0
0.585 0.599 0.613 0.627 0.642 0.657 0.672 0.687 0.702 0.718
0
0.698 0.683 0.668 0.654 0.640 0.627 0.614 0.601 0.589 0.577
0
0.380 0.365 0.350 0.336 0.322 0.309 0.296 0.283 0.271 0.260
0
0.261 0.256 0.250 0.245 0.240 0.235 0.230 0.225 0.220 0.216
0
0.994 1.013 1.033 1.054 1.079 1.097 1.116 1.137 1.158 1.183
91
STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BYTWO
SADDLES VALUESOF CONSTANT K6
0.01
0
: 0
0 : R
5 A T I O
uA
92 STRESSES IN LARGEHORIZONTAL VESSEIS SUPPORTED BYIWO SADDLES EXAMPLE CALCULATIO
NS L DesignData s 48 in. distancefrom tangentline of head to the center of saddl
e 24 in. w o is ad d t d h l 21 in. depth of dish of head 960in. lengthof vessel
tan.-tan. = 250psi. internaldesignpressure 300,000 lb. load on one saddle 60 in.
outsideradiusof shell 1.00in. thicknessof shell = 120deg.contact angle SheI.1 m
aterial: SA515-70plate Allowablestress value 17,500 psi. Yieldpoint 38,000 psi.
Joint Efficiency: 0.85
I
=
o 6
LONGITUDINAL BENDINGSTRESS (S,)
Stress at the saddles
~,
,A(.1-:jj:)3m,mx4(_l-~::;j~~)=522psi
K1R2t.
Stress at midspan
=
x 602x I
~:%(+:~j.2-%)3m*qxw(::~%)=4,,,psi = =
nRzt,
3.14 x 602 x 1
S
dt t i r
2 xd PR n p e t u r es e r s s= n s e u a o r l= 7e
Thes o t e n su s t x s c oe v t eo h rta s e g et sl d i s 1 e h u s rx 7 . ae
= ,t 1f m 0 e5 p h 4 It d n e o t
C o m ps r e i t ns f sri s o a en t o ci sO t /s n 1. os =0 0 tc R r/ 0 . e 5>
60 ;
2X1 4959+ ir o e 75(XI n s m = a s f12,459 le s psi :
2t~
5 p :
S
0 s 0
o
0
i
0: , 8 0 8 10
s 5 7 7
93
STRESSES IN LARGEHORIZONTAL VESSELSSUPPORTED BYTWO SADDLES EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
(cont.) TANGENTIALSHEARSTRESS(S,) SinceA (48)>IV2(60/2),the applicableformula: ,=
%L*H)= doesnot exceedthe s
= 14,000psi.
1;:?*OOO
t v
( :::3.4:1
)=$mPsi
of r a shellmaterialmultipliedby e l s us e 0.8; 17,500x 0.8
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS Stress at the horn of saddle (S4) Since L (960)> 8R(480),
A(48) > R/2 (60/2), the applicable formula: s4=-
4
Q
.3K6Q
t
3 X0.036X 300,000 = 18,279 psi 2t
A/R =48160 = 0.8; K = 0.036 (from chart) s, 300,000 4 X 1 (24 + 1.56 d-)
S4 does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5; 17,500
x 1.5 =26,250 psi Stress at bottom of shell (Ss) K, Q Ss = 1 ~ . . r~ +
S =
5 5=6,319 psi
6
x 300,000 1(24 + 1.56 <~)
% doesnot exceedthe compression yieldpoint multipliedby 0.5; 38,000x0.5 = 19,000
psi
94
STIFFENER RING FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY SADDLES
/ II II II l!
N O T A T I O N . A = C s re a c ot i r so
1 = K =
n s ae l
( 2 8@
L Q R = R
= @ =
s o o o o a d
aI i
ad n = db u
dl s
ne
A S ~ R I ni s n i d g e . K C o m p r e s s S i o ~ n 6K ~ a t S h h e l t e Il
G 1 ov e r n s =9 Q / . 5 sm Q ,
1 t r
Q .
1 .
~
5 +
<
c
~ Saddle
and Ring
- ,r 3
d
~ O u tn s i dK ge K .~ 9 S at t r e s h s ~ s ~ ~t e = S h e l l % R O ui t s n
i d ge . K9Q Stress at the S ~ 6 . K, ~QR = o t h f l/d e
& 5
Q +
Es
: ~

,
-

U
w
, -
+
-
d
S R ! +
h I j ! ~ t ni ~
e s ~ 3
l n i d K S . a sh
l g e . tq K ~ e I
9
w G $ Q 6 T Q / =

c
! 3
$
~
:
s 6 = - K # - K :j ~ R : e < m
and Ring +
95 STIFFENER RING FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY SADDLES
VALUES OF CONSTANT,K (Interpolate for Intermediate Values) Contact Angle e
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
K9
.34
.33
.32
.30
.29
.27
.25
K1o
.053
.045
.037
.032
.026
.022
.017
NOTES: 1. In figures & fmrnulas A-F positive signs denote tensile stresses and n
egative signs denote compression. 2. The first part of the formulas for S6 gives
the direct stress and the second part givesthe circumferential bending stress.
3. If the governing combined stress is tensional,. the stress due to internal PR
shall be added. pressure, $ CALCULATION OF MOMENTOF INERTIA (1) 1. Determine th
e width of shell that is effective to resist the circumferential ; 0.78 ~~ bendi
ng moment. The effective width = 1.56 ~~ on both sides of the stiffener ring. 2.
Divide the stiffener ring into rectangles and adculate the areas (a) of each re
ctangles, including the area of shell section within the effective width. Add th
e areas (a) total area = A, 3. Multiply the areas (a) with the distances (Y) fro
m the shell to the center of gravity of the rectangles. Summarize the results an
d denote it AY. 4. Determine the neutral axis of the stiffener ring,the distance
(C) from the shell to the neutral axis c = Amy 5. Determine the distances (h) f
rom the neutral axis to the center of gravity of each rectangle of the stiffener
. 6. Multiply the square of distances (h2) by the areas (a) and summarize the re
sults to obtain AI-IZ b d3 7. Calculate the moment of inertia Ig of each rectan~
es Ig =~,where b = the width and d = the depth of the rectangles. 8. The sum of
AH2 and Z I gives the moment of inertia of the stiffener ring and the effective
area of the & en. See example calculations on the following pages.
96
M O O MINERTIA(I) E N OF TSTIFFENER~NGS F
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
A R=7 D I M E L I N I S IN O L N C S H O U RT A SO I SD D 2 I HE U E E N S S L F
L
1= 0.78~x
11
=
X
~
=
X
1 A R I 1 E
-
i A @
b2d: =
1
0.5 x 63 = ~.oo in. 4
b, = 9.86
+
MARK I AREA I i 0
@ A= ~ A = =
d ;
I S . 9 1
h
I A 0 .
Y
R
a
E
I
I
b
I
1 5 3
=
4
2 1 3 .
-
5 .1 2
2. 3 7
0.10 .
1
I=
2 +
=
+
=
i 4
n
A
\ *
q
251-F%-225
x
1=1.56 ~~
=
=
h,d;
77-
X
=
in4
=
12
1
MARK I AREA I
a o @ A= Y h
b a X h2
=
~ - A A
O =
1=
lY = 2 +
s
+
=
4
MOMENTOF INERTIA (I) OF STIFFENER RINGS EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS ALLD1MENS1ONS ININC
HES R = 72 in. OUTSIDE RADIUS OF SHELL CJ $ , I
I *
1 = 0.78 ~~ m
A
0.78 J72 X0.5 = 4.68
RI
12
E
o =g
A
~
@
b, d: ~
*
=
x 12
4x0 12 = 12 a 1 2 3 A= ~
=
=0
b
.
4
.
5
Y
h
2
-
=
-
AY A
25.23 = 2S4
1
=
=
9
.
I = AH 2 + Ig = 6
9
3
+ 94l z 7 . i 3 4 0
. 3 n 1 .a
7
/
~ = A
2 8
~ 2 =2
.
I 9 2 + 7I = 3 5 .= A= 4 3
+ 90 2
4 7 g0 . 3 n 7 3 = 5 . .H i 9
6
.
D
S
M A
A R
X
E
1
T c
s s r
aa t hd l o d s .h e w l m e ce e r t t u s e t ieh ts o s r ni f ih z s ( too T
nt e t r~e af l f c h e) c e o o tc s t s at i r h o sd te n d l s il f hoei o
te s o i o h s e ra s e d t at n v i r d h s(R). sd e f i
F=K1lQ,Where
Q= the load on one saddle, lbs. K,, = constantas tabulated.
Theaveragestressshallnot exceedtwothirdsofthe compressionyieldpoint ofthe materi
al.(See examplebelow.) VALUES OF CONSTANT K,l
A Intact Kll
120 n .204
g 130 l
.222
140 e .241
150 .259
160 .279
170 .298
180
.318
EXAMPLE: Diameter of vessel= 8- 6 Weight of vessel= 375,000 lbs. Q= 187,500 Ibs. S
addle material: SA 285 C Web plate thickness = 0.25 in. Contact angle = 120 Kl, =
0 f t a
R =5 =1 i F F = K,, x
0.204 x Q 187,500= 38,250 = lb.
To resist this force the effective area of web plate= lU3 x 0.25= 4.25 in.2 38,2
50/4.25 = 9,000 lbs. per square inch. The allowable stress = ?4 x 30,000= 20,000
psi. The thickness of the web plate is satisfactory for horizontal force (F). 2
. The base plate and wear plate should be thick enough to resist longitudinal be
nding over the web. 3. The web plate should be stiffened with ribs against the b
uckling.
99
E X O A P A AN C S O I N O T NNR A C T I DO N E L S
H O R I Z V O N E T SF A L S
B
4 9
~ ~ BOLTS
~B O R I L 2 T S QS A D
~ D 2 L E
S
*
-

+ +
EXPANDING VESSEL
CONTRACTING VESSEL
For thermal expansion and contraction, one of the saddles, preferably the one on
the opposite side of the pipe connections, must be allowed to move. In this sad
dle for the anchor bolts slots are to be used instead of holes. The length of th
e slots shall be determined by the expected magnitude of the movement. The coeff
icient of linear expansion for carbon steel per unit length and per degree F = 0
.0000067. The table below shows the minimum length of the slot. Dimension a calcul
ated for the linear expansion of carbon steel material between 700F and the indi
cated temperature. When the change in the distance between the saddles is more t
han 3/8 inch long, a slide (bearing) plate should be used. When the vessel is sup
ported by concrete saddles, an elastic, waterproof sheet at least 1/4 thick is to
be applied between the shell and the saddle. MINIMUM LENGTH OF SLOT (DIM. a) a H
@ z : ~ u ~ $ ~ & le width of
h s h d n l e o i bc + y q l
DISTANCE FOR TEMPERATURE oF BETWEEN SAD-DLEs -50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Ft.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
u 8
800 3/4 1-1/4 1-5/8 2-3/8 3 3-5/8
900 3/4 1-3/8 2 2-1/2 3-3/8 4-1/8
- /8 -7 / 8
0 0 1/4 1/4 3/8 3/8
0 0 1/8 1/8 1/4 1/4
1/2 0 1/4 3/8 3/8 1/4 3/8 5/8 3/4 1 7/8 1-1/8 1-3/8 3/8 5/8 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2
1-7/8 1-3/8 1-5/8 2-1/4 1/2 1 5/8 1-1/4 1-5/8 12-1/8 2-3/4
3 1 / s 3 1 / f 1-3/4 7/8 t 1 1 [
5/8 1-1/8 1-5/8 2-1/8 2-5/8 3-1/8
1 1 o a el t 1 3 a m e . 90 5[8 ho o l r318 5 33 0 4 1 *
12 3- 7 1/ - / 2 - 3 2 4/ 3 4 1 / 84 - 1 / 84 5 / 5 4 3- 1 4 5 1 / 7 / 8 2/ - 0
/ 2 - 1 2 / 8 8/ 4 2
2-3/8 3-1/4 4
21 -0
4-5/8 5-3/8 6
3 - 7 84 - 58 / 5 - 5 / 86 - 1 / 8 6 1 / 8 - 12
S
FOR SUPPORT OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS
r
B
H O
j
]
H
i
L
;
E
I
G Ii
k ~
MH
E
E
T \
&D-
H I
I

&
Q :
SU B
E
P A ;~
L A : -L SC Y E -
C: C :
J
L
The design based on: 1. the vessel supported by two saddles 2. toresisthorizonta
l force ()duetothemaximumo peratingweightofvessel as tabulated. 3. the maximum al
lowable stress is % of the compression yield point: % of 30,000 = 20,000 psi. 4.
the maximum allowable load on concrete foundation 500 psi. 5. the minimum conta
ct angle of shell and saddle 120. Weld: % continuous fillet weld all contacting pl
ate edges. Drill and tap % weep holes in wear plate. At the sliding saddle the nu
ts of the anchor bolts shall be hand-tight and secured by tack welding.
SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENS1OIW
101
SADDLE
{OMN.U lwAMEITR )F\EY$EL
OF
MAXIMUM
G H K
c
D
E
F
0
4 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 I-6 1-7 1-8
4
o-3~z
!/Z Y? Yl % V2 % K !4
/2
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
1 3-
1-2 1-4 1-6 1-8 1-1o 2-o 2-2 2-4
l-x 1-2 1-3!L 1-5!4 1-7 1-9 1-1OY2 2-2Y2
4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2-6
2-8 2-1o 3-o 3-2 3-4 3-6 4-o 4-6 5-o 5-6
22
2-4 2-5 2-6% 2-9 2-11 3-!4 3-6 3-11
4
1-9 4 1-1o 4 1-11 6
2-o 6
0-4 4 0-5 4 0-6 4 O-6YZ 6 0-7 6 0-7% 6 0-8 6 0-8% 6 0-9 6 0-9!4 11 0-1o 11 0-11
4
% h % N % % % %
/2
% % % % % % % /4
%
A
%
42,000 50,000 56,000 62,000 70,000 76,000 84,000 90,000
98,000
104,000 112,000 128,000 134,000 144,000 210,000 220,000 252,000 282,000 312,000
344,000
/ 402,000 8
% % l/2 !4
3/4
% !4
Y2
% %
A
% %
/4
2-1
2-2 2-3 2-6 3-o
3
6
6 6 6 6
6-
11
11 11
1-0
1-1 1-2 1-4 1-6
-1
11 11
1
3A % % h
4%
% 5 !4 % % %
3/4
%
/4
h
A
3/8
3/8
3/8 1
8
3/8
4-9!4
3-6
6
11
1-1o
%
1
%
6-O 6-6
5-25 5-8
3-9
4-o 4-3 4-6
9
9 9 9
18
18 18 18
2
2-2 2-4 2-6
%
3/4
1
1
%
3/4

/2 3/8
436,000
470,000 502,000 536,000 760,000 806,000 852,000
7-o 6-1 7-6 6-6 8-O 6-1I Y2 8-6 7-4% 9-o 7-9% 9-6 8-3% 1o-o 8-8
1 1
4-9
5-o 5-3 5-6 5-9 6-3
9
9 9 9 9 9
18
18 18 24 24
2-8
2-10 3-O 3-2 3-4
1
1 1 1 1% 1% IK 1% 1%
10-6
11-0
9-1%
9-6!A 1o-o 10-5
6-O 9 6-6
6-9
24
24
3-6
3-8 3-lo 4-o
11-6
12-O
9
9
24
24
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 21 31 31
3/4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Yl Y
Y2
3/8
3/8 /2
% /2 h 3/4
3/4
!L? /2 /2
Y2
896,000
940,000
% A ?4
Y2 % %
986,000
1,030,000 1,076,000
102
r
S
V
LEG SUPPORT
w,
NOTATION:
W = Weight of vessel, lbs. n = number of legs
Q = ~
Load on one leg, Ibs.
R = Radius of head, inch
* @lI o
Q El
H = Leverarmof load, inch. 2A, 2B = Dimensionsof wear plate S = Stress, pound pe
r sq. inch t = wall thicknessof head, inch K = Factors,see charts C = inch C = r
adius of circular wear plate, in D=1,82S f Rt E
n
LONGITUDINALSTRESS:
Q [
C
K (Kl + 6 O K2) + ; f
R ~ S(K3 + 6 K.)
1
CIRCUMFERENTIAL
STRESS:
+ 6 KG)+ KH
Q [
NOTES:
cos a
(
Rf
f (K7 +5 6 K8) ]
Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression.
Computing the maximum tensile stresses, in formulas for S1 and S2, K,, K3, K5 an
d K, denote negative factors and K2, Kq, KGand K8 denote positive factors. Compu
ting the maximum compression stresses, in formulas for SI and S2, K,, K2, K3, K4
, K5, KG, K, and K8 denote negative factors.
the tensilestressdue to ~ The maximum tensile stresses S1 and S2, respectively,P
IUS internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable tensile stress value of hea
d material. The maximum compression stresses S1 and S2, respectively,plus the te
nsile due to internalpressure shall not exceedthe allowablecompressionstressvalu
eof head material. 4
103
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT
0.2OAO.6 0.81.01.2 1.5
2.0
3
4
.
D
& K5
020.40608101.2
1.5
2.0
4.0
D
VALUE OF Kz 8LKG
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT
0.20
~ k O 0 0
.0.2040.60.81.01.2
1
2
3.0 D
4.0
VALUE OF K3 8ZK,
0.60 0.50 k!? -0.40 Q? 0.30 0.20 0.10 020.4060.81.012 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0
D
VALUE OF Kz 8ZKg
105
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS DESIGN DATA
800,000 lb, weight of vessel n = 4, numberof legs w 800,000 Q d = 200,000 lb, lo
ad on one leg
R = 100 inch, rr,diusof head H= 5 inch, leverarmof load
2A = 30 inch, 2B = 30 inch, dimensionsof wear plate ? = 1.8 inch thicknessof hea
d Cos~ = 0.800 P = 100 SA 51570
Allowable stress value: 17,500 psi Joint Efficiency: 0.85 Yield point: 38,000 ps
i. Factors K (see charts): c= ~ = == 15 inch
K1 = 0.065, Kz = 0.030, K3 = 0.065, Kq = 0.025, K5 = 0.020, K6 0.010, K, = 0.022
, Kg = 0.010.
LONGITUDINAL STRESS: 1.) Maximumtensile stress:
S1 =
200,000
1
[
5 0.800 (0.065 + 6 x 0.030) + r . 8 2 100
(-0.065 + 6 X 0.025)
100
1.8 = + 7,634 psi
1
The stress due to internal pressure: PR 100 x 100
2t
2 X 1.8
= + 2778 psi
The sum of tensional stresses:
7.634 + 2.778 = 10,412 psi
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi
106
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT 2.) Maximum compressional stress:
S1 = ~
S1 =
Q
cos ~ ( K, 6KZ) + g V [ R
1.82 [ 0.800 ( 0.065
R T( K3 6KQ)
1
= 17,0:44 psi
200,000
5 6 X 0.030) + r 100 ( 0.065 6 X 0.025)
100 G
1
= + 2778 psi 2t 2 x 1.8 The sum of stresses: 17,044 + 2,778 = 14,266 psi It does
not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 17,500 x 0,85 = 14,875 psi
C i r c u m f es r e tn t ir a l e s s :
The stress due to internal pressure: PR 100 x 100
1.) Maximum tensile stress:
Q =~
[
1.82
cos ~ ( K5 + 6K6) + ; V
0.800 ( 0.020
R ~ (K7
+
15K8)
1
100 =
S2 =
200,000 [
5 + 6 X 0.010) + v 100 (0.022 + 6 X 0.010)
The stress due to internal pressure: PR = 100 x 100 2 X 1.8
1 =+
2,849 psi
2t
= + 2778 psi
The sum of tensile stresses:
2,849 + 2,778 = 5,627 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
17,500 x 0,85 = 14,875 psi 2.) Maximum compressional stress:
Q =~
[
cos m ( K5 6 K6) + ~ R r
R 7( K7 6K8)
1
STRESSESIN VESSELSON LEG SUPPORT
S2 =
200,000 1.8Z [
0.800 ( 0.020
5 6 X 0.010) + v 100 (0.022 -6 x 0.010)

100 1.8
1
= -5,837 psi
The
due to internal pressure:
PR 100 x 100 = + 2778 psi 2t 2 X 1.8 The sum of stresses: 5837 + 2778 = 3,059 psi
. It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875
psi
.
-
LEG SUPPORT
Notch out angles \ to clear seam I I I I \ I ! I I I
I I I f; & ~1
8 + *
A

!!!!
1
SECTION A-A
I X f 5 84 5/ / / 7 1 5 6 8 2 7 1 8 0 a
V D
E
S V S EE H I E M I
S L ANG.LE S E L G H A T m A SIZE 3 X3 X3
I
0 / 0 ,
x
2-6

10-0
~
X3
x .3
.
x
x1
x5 x 1
6 X6 X5
21
o
.


... .
109
STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO
L
S
U N S T I F F E N E D S T S H E L LS
I
F H
F
E E
N L
E
D L
N
W = Weight of vessel, lb n = Number of lugs ~=:. Load on one lug, lb R = Radius
of shell, in H = Lever arm of load. in
2A, 2B = Dimensions of wear plate O
S = Stress, pound per sq. in t = Wall thickness of shell, in shape factor, see t
able Factors, see charts K= ~.d 3 B A R r
LONGITUDINAL STRESS: ,,.
N
~ E
D R2t
I t~ t s
K2R CIK1 + 6 + (
v t oh ra s
D
2 (1.17 + B/A) ~A
c2t
)
e S p nE t s s l i: d t o tn h i ru n
n ep 1tu s r se eP e r s sn s R es a n ou h el / r x ae2 o c
l t e
e m l h as t etue s e t i ee rl f im ff lao i hg cle i s ei s n e cer y a t
f m
CIRCUMFEREN ST I T AL R
E
S
S
:
QH
2 = *
DR2f
Kd R C3K3+ 6 (
c4t )
NOTE: In tension S2 plus the stress due to internal pressure PR/t shall not exce
ed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5.
110 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
8
6
4
2
0
0
0
0.10
0
n
0
0
VALUE OF K]
111 STRESSES IN VESSELS
DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 (
0
VALUE OF Kz
112 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
10
5
0
0
0
0
VALUE OF Kj
0
0
D
0
STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
0
0
0
0
0 0 0.05 0.10 0.15
( C3 0.95 0.97 1.04 1.10 1 1
0
C
0
VALUE OF K4 BIA R/t 50 100 1/2 200 300 50 100 1 200 c, 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.60 1 1 C
2 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1 1
C4 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1 1
1 1
0.85 1.15 1.32 1,50
1 1
1.10 1.07 0.98 0.90 VALUE OF C
1 1
0.85 0.81 0.80 0.79
1 1
0.92 0.89 0.84 0.79
300
50 100 2 200 300
114 STRESSES IN VESSELS
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
D E D S IA G T N A
DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
.
W = 1,200,000lb. weight of vessel n = 4 number of lugs Q = : = 1,200,000 = 300,0
00 lb. load on one lug 4 R = 90 in, radius of shell H = 5 in, leverarrn of load
2A = 30 in, 2Z? = 30 in, dimensions of wear plate t = 1.5 in, thickness of shell
p = 100 psi internal pressure
Shell material:SA -515-70 Allowablestress value 17,500psi Yield point 38,000 psi
Joint Efficiency:0.85 Shape factors C, (see table):
RI, = $ = 60, B/A = 15/15) = 1,0
c1 = C2 = CJ = C4 = 1.0
The factors K, (see charts)
K1 = 2.8,
K2 = 0.025,
w=
s
, ~ C,K1 + 6 2

=
%
=
6
0
K3 = 6.8
s
Kd = 0.021
:
L o n g i St u t d i r n ae l
, =
&
UR

(
+
2 (1.17 + B/A) x ~A
.~
D
_
)
~ = 300,000 x 5 , X228+ 1 0.167 x 902 x 1.5 (
+
~ 0.025 x 90 1 x 1.5
11,795 psi
+
902 0.167 x 5 x 15 ) 2 (1.17 + 15/15)
Stress due to internal pressure:
PR =
z
100 x 90 2 x 1.5
=
3000 psi
The sum of tensional stresses: 11,795 + 3000 = 14,795psi
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 ps
i
115
STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
C i r c u m f S e r e t n t ri a le s s :
s~ = & s~ =
QH
DR2t
(
C3K3 + 6
KJ?
c~i
)
0.021 x 90
300,000 x 5
0.167 X 902 X 1.5 (
100 x 90
1 X 6.8 + 6
1 x 1.5
)
= 10,616psi
Stress due to internal pressure:
PR =
t
1.5
= 6000psi
The sum of tensional stresses: 10,616 + 6000 = 16,616psi
It does not exceedthe stress value of shell materialmultipliedby 1.5: 17,500 x 1
.5 = 26,250
116
L
S
FOR INSULATEDVESSELS
r !1 L u Lb,d h T
hl h
I J
[-
--l,& t 6(Y
t
ug
3 T }
_
_
_ V o e L i un
4 L L
a
Ax l i l o One o L u
wu a m b lD eI M E N S I O N S W ~ a ~ ~ d ~n ~ ~ ~ ~ O L w F bI g s 1 , . 1
m o
1,400 2,200 3,600 5,600
6!/2
5
5% 3Y4
6 5
4 5% 7 9y8
~8
5%
% /4 /4 /4
/4 /4 /4 1/4
7 9 16 24
674 5VZ
5/8 5% Y4 6?4 1 8Y2
8~4 63/4 7y4 6Y4 10Y4 83A 9Y4 9%
9,000 14,000 22,000
12y* 13y4 llfi
14Y414%
1
10Y2 ~8 1l!A %
%
3/8 3/8
58 72
12V4 17 17Y8 1
15y2 13 1374 lg% 1878
90,000
22Y4 18!/2 19k 31
lti
18
388 482
140,000
25% 2072 21Y23478 3578 2
20
All dimensionsare in inches Stressesin vessel shall be checked. Use wear plate i
f necessary
I
117
L
S
FOR UNINSULATEDVESSELS
Jl
t T
hl
j
h
l L T w ~
~ L L
l m l o uw o Oo ~ a ~n L u b1 g
A i
a m bD lI M E N S I O N S W ~ d ~ n e~ ~ ~ ~ O L w F s I , . I
4
60
2
o e L
i un
g b
1,400
2!4
2
2%
4
4?46 YJ4 1% %6 full full
1/4 %6 %6 3/8 /2 y16 5/8 5/8 /4 /4 /4 /4 3/8 3/8 3/8 3/8
1 2 4
9 21 28 45 80 148 218 260
2,200 3,600 5,600
9,000 14,000 22,000 36,000 56,000 90,000 140,000
A S U
3!4 2Y2 3 5% 5?46 4 3y4 3?4 6~4 (jl~b 53/4 5y4 6y4 974
7Y4 7 9y~ 8~z 9y4 10 12 15 10 1 1 774 14~ 14%6
2Y?2 %6 full
4 5% 6ti 7 9
17 17%6 1 18y8 lti 22Y2 1%
9y 10M 18 11!4 2Y2 22
15 6V4 28H 29 !46 1Y2 12 161/2 1574 7 31 y? 32yg 174 13 18 17% 8Y4 34Y2 3578 2 1
4
d i m e al n i si i o n r n l c s h e n s t ir v e e s s bs h c e sh s a ee n c
ll k el de w p i es n l e a c a ee s t rs a e r f y
,
L
:
L
a I . . I .&
J
VESSEL WEIGHT (LBS) 12,000 20,000 30,000 50,000 70,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 2
50,000 300,000
D (IN) 1 1% 1% 1% 2% 2Y? 3 4 4% 4fi
(1:) ~/~ 3/4 1 1% 1 172 11/4 2 2 21/!
R (IN) 1v? 2 2Y8 2YI 3Y2 4Y2 5 6 6Yz 7
H (IN) 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14
L (IN) 10 10 10 12 12 16 16 18 18 20
WELD (Min) c o _ .-&J~ ~.= gL &s 25 .5 ~ %b= EL as =5 ~ ~
Notes: 1. All dimensionsare in inches 2. The design is based on conditions: a. x
= 45 maximum b. Minimumtensile strengthof lug material 70,000 psi.
c. Direction of force is in the plane of lugs. s necessary to eliminate e buckli
ng due to normal or sudden 3, U wear plate if loading.
LIFTINGATTACHMENTS
f-h
MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF LIFTINGLUGSUSINGSHACKLE ~~;d
q
Sh~~kle HoIe Diam. Di~m. m Lug D1
5/16 3/8 7/16
I l
. J-
Sheared Edge H
.4U Al .U4
.94
A
I
I I
Rdl;d cut B
Arm of Mo~ent
I
.
710 1060 1600 -%/
I
I
1
/,- , 117 ., - I 1 - ,5
.[>
cl? .OL
1
I
1
I 1
I
1
-1 1
./
u-l /
. ,
282(-)I SIR 6375
11300 13400
21A I -I I 11
I ]
/
u / .69
L .90
1
1/0
8 1-1/8
I
: 7/8
7/$?
1-1/8 1-1/4
1 la
..<
1 .U2
1.13
I
I
1.22 1.47
1 cc
718
1 1-118
m I
1-1/4 1-1/2
A a - /. ,
1.44 . -1.75 : 2.12
1-1/4 IQ 1-2 A u
1L
-
1.72
L I
4-1\+
L
2
16500 1-3[8 20000 1-1/2 23750 1-518 32350 2
4 5 6 8 . 22 42 72 3 1 3 506 0 -
1-1/2 1-5/8 1 9 1A 1-d/+
1.75 1.88
1 3 5 7
2.28 2.45
/ .2 4 .3 / 2 .3 / 4 1. .3
Y
j
2 - 2 / 2 01 - 0 2 / 2 01 - 0 2 2 0 / - 0 2 0 0 3-1;8 . A d
82 . 3 85 . 4 88 . 4 89 .
2 1 4 5 34 / 5 -9 2 3 6 -3 1 35 / 3 1 66 - 6 39 /1 1 5- 48 2 / 1A 1 2 7. . 5-7/;
6 ;:;f : I 8 : l
I
2-5/8 2-7/8 A . ,- >-l/ 1
-1
.
1-3175
1--!LB 13.62 2 II4.06 .
I I 3.06
Z.Y4
J
. 3 .4 .8 .6 Q .
6 / / 0
i
m
ei l n i
s ni
oc n l hs
e
s n
.
I
120 LIFTINGATTACHMENTS (cont.) RECOMMENDED MATERIAL: A 515-70, A 302 or equivale
nt. The thickness, and length of the lifting lug shall be determined by calculat
ion. WELD: When fillet welds are used, it is recommended that throat areas be at
least 50 per cent greater than the cross sectional area of the lug. To design th
e lugs the entire load should be assumed to act on one lug. All possible directi
onsof loadingshould be considered(during shipment,storage, erection, handling.)
When two or more lugs are used for multileg sling, the am gle between each leg o
f the slingand the horizontal should be assumedto be 30 degrees. EYE - BOLT Thre
aded fasteners smaller than 5/8 diameter should not be used for lifting because o
f the danger of overtorquingduringassembly. Commercial eyebolts are supplied wit
h a rated breaking strength in the X direction. For loadingsother than along the
axis of the eyebolt, the following ratings are recommended. Theseare expressed
as percentage of the rating in the axialdirection. 100%0 Y = 33% 20% w = 10% z=
r
w
EXAMPLE: An eyeboit of 1 in. diameter which is good for 4960 lb. load in tension
(direction x) can carryonly 4960x 0.33 = 1637lb. load if it acts in directiony.
The abovedimensionsandrecommendations are takenfromC. V.Moore:Designing Lifting
Attachments,Machine Design, March 18, 1965.
q Assuming shear load only thru the minimum section, the required thickneas
may be calculated by the formula:
R I
P t = 2S (R-DIP)
where
t = required thickness of lug, in. P = load, Ibs. S = allowable shear stress, ps
i.
6
see page
for designofweldand lengthofW.
121 SAFELOADSFOR ROPESANDCHAINS
The stress in ropes and chains under load is increasing with the reduction of th
e angle between the sling and the horizontal. Thus the maximum allowable safe lo
ad shall be reduced proportionally to the increased stress. If the ailowable loa
d for a single vertical rope is divided by the cosecant of the angle between one
side of the rope and the horizontal, the result will indicate the allowable loa
d on one side of the inclined sling. Example: The allowable load for a rope in v
ertical position is 8000 lb. If the rope applied to an angle of 30 degrees, in t
his position the allowable load on one side will be 8000/cosecant 30 deg. = 8000
/2 = 40001b. Forthetwo-rope sling the total allowable load 2 times 4000 = 8000 l
b. The table shows the load-bearing capacity of ropes and chains in different po
sitions. Multiplying with the factors shovm in the table the allowable load for
a certain rope or chain, the product will indicate the allowable load in incline
d position.
FACTORS TO CALCULATE SAFELOADSFOR ROPESANDCHAINS
L
.
A
A
A
&
1(-JO 0.17
Angle of Inclination On One End On Two Ends
9(30 1.00
600 0.85
450 0.70
300 0.50
1.70
1.40
1.00
0.34
122
O
externalpiping is connectedto the vessel,the scope of the Code includes: (a) the
weldingend comection for the first circumferential joint for welded connections
(b) the first threadedjoint for screwedconnections (c) the face of the first fl
angefor bolted, flangedconnections (d) the first sealingsurface for proprietaryc
onnectionsor fittings CodeU-l(e)(1) SHAPEOF OPENINGS:
P
Openingsin pressure vessels shall preferablybe circular,ellipticalor obround.An
obroundopeningis onewhichis formedby twoparallelsidesand semicircularends. Theop
eningmadeby apipeor acircularnozzle,theaxisofwhichisnotperpendicular tothevessel
wallorhead,maybeconsideredanellipticalopeningfordesignpurposes. Openingsmaybe of
shapesotherthan the above. (See CodeUG-36.) SIZEOF OPENINGS: Properlyreinforced
openingsare not limitedas to size,but, whenthe openingin the head of a cylinders
hell is largerthan one half the inside diameterof the head, it is recommendedto
use in place of heads, shell reducer sectionsas shownin the Code FigureUG-36, NO
ZZLENECK THICKNESS(CodeUG-45) For vesselsunder internalpressurethe wallthickness
of openingnecks shall not be less than: (1) the thickness computedfor the applic
ableloadingsin UG-22 on the neck (pressure,reaction of piping, etc.), plus corro
sionallowance. (2) forotherthan accessandinspection openingsshallnotbe lessthanr
equired for the applicableloadingsand not less than the smallestof the following
: (a) the thickness of the shell or head (to which the opening is attached),
required for internal pressure (assuming E = 1), p
a b nf w c evu e o le i nd , cs tle s rt ad e 1e
c o l r a r ou l s li ih l s /n s oae n 1s n
i tn h h i i o m cs k u t e na w m en p s d r lf lrd a p (b) t m p sa a ci o r l
ou l l s o ew i s o a The minimumthicknessof a pipe (ANSI/AB36.1OM)is the nomin
al thicknessless 12.5percent allowabletolerance(see page 140).
I
1

123
I
O
All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal c
orrosion, erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhol
e, handhole, or other inspection openings for examination and cleaning. The requ
ired inspection openings shown in the table below are selected from the alternat
ives allowed by the Code, UG46, as they are considered to be the most economical
. INSIDE DIAMETER OFVESSEL 1NSPECTION OPENING REQUIRED INSPECTION OPENINGS ARENO
TREQUIRED: 1. for vessels 12 in. or less inside diameter if there are at least t
wo minimum % in. pipe size removable connections. 2. for vessels over 12 in. but
less than 16 in. inside diameter, that are to be installed so that they must be
disconnected from an assembly to permit inspection, if there are at least two r
emovable connections not less than 1% in. pipe size. UG46(e). 3. for vessels ove
r 12 in. inside diameter under air pressure which also contain other substances
which will prevent corrosion, providing the vessel nontains suitable openings th
rough which inspection can be made conveniently, and providing such openings are
equivalent in size and number to the requirement of the table. UG-46(C). 4. for
vessels(not over 36 in. I.D.) which are provided with teltale holes (one hole m
in. per 10 sq. ft.) complying
over 12 in. less than 18 in. I.D.
two - 1% in. pipe size threaded opening
18 in. to 36 in. inclusive
I.D.
min. 15 in. I.D. manhole or two -2 in. pipe size threaded opening
over 36 in.
min. 15 in. I.D. manhole or
I.D.
two -6 in. pipe sizenozzle
withthe provisions of the CodeUG-25, which are subject only to corrosion and are
not in compressedair service. UG-46(b).
The preferablelocation of smallinspectionopeningsis in each head or near each he
ad. In place of two smaller openingsa singleopening may be used, provided it is
of
such size and location as to afford at least an equal view of the interior. Comp
ressed air as used here is not intended to include ~ which has had moisture remo
ved to the degree that it has an atmospheric dew point of -50 F or less. The man
ufacturers Data Report shall include a statement for non-corrosive service and Code
paragraph number when inspectionopeningsare not provided.
NOZZLENECKTHICKNESS The wall thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection used
as access or inspection opening only shall not be less than the thicknesscomput
ed for the applicableloadingsplus corrosion allowance.
1 .
2 -
4 .
Below the most commonly used types of welded attachments are shown. For other
O
W
R
P
typessee Code, Fig. UW-16.I.
125
B
the e
O
l
o
W
w
R
THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS
T
F
I B GH U S E RTL E H E M S OC O O O HW M UM W S T O EN SO T YL W YE P E C O N N
E C S T CI O F N S O U E. W I F D-~ G 1 E T E6H O .Y . 1EP
LE D D R E R
N
O
T
A
T
I
O
N i3i t c 7 sh , m 5 e. r v i a, h e l s e se rl t e n s ns e t , . .
a=~ t o (
+ = 1
) w .h
o
- t i s 1 mm o / a t h t lo e 4 1 li r = the smallest of t, t. or 0.375in. o to
1 i io c S h k 1 p n
t
f , . r
b= no minimum sizerequirement
c = the smallest
d=t
t
h
1 n e w c s ei i 6 sa
f r 2 . p l f h n 0l e
,
.
e = the smallest of t o 3/4 in. c k w e n le s ac s s os e lr ae r l f lo lls o
is w ,i a o s nn cn e , t= t h i o v t =n o t m h i io f c n ki wan. tl e l ct s
a o s ie r a nrl l fo lg so is w i l a os nn cn e
T
w
s
d ehi e h
f zla
ti e em e nd i es r rn e h d qi u i m e r eu m e e mn t s .
S
N
O ~ E F
A P E C E
I A S
N N GG
E
.
.
THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS
T F
I B GH U $ E RTL H E E M S OC O O O HW M UM W S T O EN SO T YL W YE P E LE D D S
E C O N N E C S T CI O F N S O U E . I1 W F D O- G E T 1T E O 6Y .H . P E R E R
S
SEENOTATIONON FACINGPAGE: GJ I a I 318in. min.
t
t 7: %+
s
d
Dm
= o
ud .
ai t
o as p
m + i 3 e xid i t e e .
pr/ -
n
f e
4
3i i .
z
ne
FITTINGS NOT EXCEEDING 3 IN. PIPE SIZE. In somecasestheweldsare exemptfromsizere
quirements,or fittingsandboltingpads maybeattachedtothevesselsby filletwelddepos
itedfiomthe outsideonlywithcertain limitations(CodeUW-16 (f) (2) and (3)) such a
s: 1. The maximumvesselthickness:3/8 in. 2. Themaximumsizeofthe openingis limite
dtothe outsidediameterof the attached pipe plus 3A in. 3. Theweldthroatshall bet
he greateroftheminimumnozzleneckthicknessrequired by the CodeUG-45(a)or that nec
essaryto satisfythe requirementsof UW 18for the applicableloadingsof UG 22. 4. T
heweldingmayeffectthe threadsof couplings.It is advisabletokeep the threads abov
eweldingwith a minimumYin. or cut the threads after welding. 5. Strengthcalculati
onof attachmentsis not requiredfor attachmentsshownin Figs. A, C and E, and for
openings: 3 in. pipe size fittingsattachedto vessel walls of 3/8 in. or less in
thickness,2 in. pipe size fittings attached to vessel walls over 3/8 in. in thic
kness. (Code UG36(c)(3)).
128
SUGGESTED MINIMUM EXTENSION OF OPENINGS The tables give the approximate minimum
outside projection of openings. When insulation or thick reinforcing pad are use
d it may be necessary to increase these
1
dimensions. OUTSIDE PROJECTION, INCHESUSINGWELDING NECKFLANGE NOM. PRESSURERATIN
GOF FLANGELB PIPE 900 I 1500 2500 300 600 150 SIZE 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2
4 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 10 10
10 10 10
6 8 8 8 10 10 10 10
10 12 12 12
8 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 14 14 14
8 8 8 10 12 14 16 16 16 18 18 20
8 10 12 14 16 20 22
OUTSIDE PROJECTION, INCHESUSINGSLIPONFLANGE PRESSURERATINGOF FLANGELB NOM. PIPE
1500 2500 900 600 300 150 SIZE 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
INSIDE EXTENSION
a & P c a t ti c
6 6 6 8 8 8 8 10
6 6 8 8 8
8 10 10
6 8 8 8 10 10 10 10
1
10 10 10
1
10 10
12
1
12 12 12
8 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
8 8 10 12 12 12 12
8 10 10 12 12 14
1
- S f d n -lc E xu s tf me n in s n io f o o rn it m e tn ir e o e uM o i sue n
tx h t r p e o f a tupt h c u e r tv ho ew t eu o rle o e d o o i p n t r u g h
129
R D
F
I
O P
E
Single, welded openings not subject to rapid fluctuationin pressure do not requi
re reinforcing if they are not larger than: 3 inch pipe size - in vessel wall 3/
8 in. or less. 2 inch pipe size in vessel wall over 3/8 in. (Code UG-36 (c) (3).
Larger vesselopenings thantheaboveshallbereinforced. Therules for reinforcement
of openingsare takenfromthe Code,UG-26 throughUG-44, andareintended toapplyprim
arily toopenings not exceeding thefollowing: Forvessels 60in.indiameter andless:
%thevesseldiameter, butnot > to exceed20 in. Forvessels over60in.indiameter: %th
evesseldiameter, butnotto exceed40 in. Largeropeningshouldbegivenspecialattentio
nas described in CodeAppendix 1-7. Fig.A Hereisgivena briefoutlineofreinforcemen
t designforbetterunderstanding oftheprocedure described in thefollowing pages. T
hebasicrequirement is thataroundtheopening thevesselmustbereinforced withanequal
amount ofmetalwhichhasbeencutout for the opening.The reinforcementmaybe an inte
gral
part of the vessel and nozzle or may bean additionalreinforcingpad. (Fig. A.) Th
is simple rule, however,needs further refinementsas follows: 1. It is not necess
aryto replacethe actuallyremovedamountof metal,but only the amount which is requ
iredto resist the internalpressure.@). This requiredthicknessof the vessel at th
e openingsis usually less than at other points of the shell or head. The plate a
ctually used and nozzle neck usually are thicker than would be required accordin
gto calculation.The excessin the vesselwall (Al) and nozzlewall (AJ serve as rei
nforcements.Likewisethe insideextensionofthe opening(Aj) andthe areaof the weld
metal (AJ) can also be taken into considerationas reinforcement. The reinforceme
ntmust be within a certain limit. The areaof reinforcementmustbe proportionallyi
ncreasedif its stressvalueis lowerthan that of the vessel wall. The area require
dfor reinforcementmust be satisfiedfor all planesthroughthe center of opening an
d normalto vessel surface. The required area for the sell or head to resist the
internalpressure, (A).From this area subtractedthe excessareaswithinthe limit(Ai
.4zAj AJ). If the sumof the areasavailable for reinforcement(AJ+A?+Aj +A,) is eq
ualor greaterthan the area to be replaced, (A), the opening is adequately reinfo
rced. Otherwise t difference must h be supplied by e reinforcingpad (AJ). Somema
nufacturersfollowa simplepracticeusingreinforcingpadswith a cross-sectionalarea
which is equal to the metal area actually removed for the opening.This practice
results in oversized reinforcement, butwiththeelimination of calculationstheyfin
d it moreeconomical.
f
2.
3. 4. 5. .
The required cross sectionalarea of the reinforcementshall then be:
130 REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS
DESIGN 1. FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
1
(continue@j
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT
u
d
D
I-Q--l
E
~
0.8D
,
For vesselsunder internalpressurethe total cross-sectional area required for rei
nforcementof openingsshall not be less than: A = d XI,, where d= the insidediame
terof openingin its corrodedcondition, inches. t, = the requiredthicknessof shel
l or head computedby the applicableformulasusingE = 1.0whenthe openingis in soli
dplateor in a categoryBjoint. Whenopeningpasses throughanyotherweldedjoint, E= t
he efilciencyof that joint. When the opening is in a vessel which is radiographi
callynot examined,E = 0.85 for type No. 1joint and E = 0.80 for type No. 2 joint
. When the opening and its reinforcement are entirely withinthe sphericalportion
of a flangedanddishedhead, t, is the thickness required by the applicable formul
as usingAl= 1. Whentheopeningis ina cone, t, is the thicknessrequired for a seam
lesscone of diameter,D measuredwhere the nozzle axis intersectswith the wall of
the cone. Whentheopeninganditsreinforcementare ina2: 1ellipsoidal head and are l
ocated entirelywithin a circle the centerof whichcoincideswiththe centerof the h
ead and the diameter of which is equal to 0.8 times the head diameter,t,is the t
hicknessrequiredfor seamlesssphere of radius 0.9 times the diameterof the head.
If the stress value of the openingsmaterial is less than that of the vesselmateri
al,the required area A shall be increased.(See next page for examples.) 2. AVAIL
ABLEAREASOF REINFORCEMENT i the vessel wall (tt,)d or Area of excessthicknessin )
(tt,) (t,, + ~2
f
f
NC!?@ r
use the largervalue, square inches, If the stress value of the opening% material
is less than that of the vessel material, area AI shall be decreased. (See next
page for examples.) h,)5t or Areaof excessthicknessinthenozzlewall (t,,
(L-t,,,) 5t,,use the smaller value, square inches.
Area ofinside extension ofnozzle square inches (t,,-@2h.
d u
Area of welds,square inches. IfthesumofA, A2AJandA~ is less thanthe area forrein
forcementrequired,A the differencemustbe suppliedby reinforcingpad.
131 . .
REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (continued) G xx 3. LIMI
TSOF REINFORCEMENT
Themetal usedas reinforcementmustbe located within the limits. R n k trn The lim
itmeasuredparallelto the vesselwall~= dor R. + t. + t, use larger value. t Y The
limit measured parallel to the nozzle wall Y= 2.5 tor 2.5t., , R 1, use smallerv
alue. troy When additional reinforcing pad is used, the limit, Yto be d measured
fromthe outsidesurfaceof the reinforcingpad. + Rn= insideradius of nozzle in cor
rodedcondition,inches. NOTATION: t= thicknessoftheves- For other notations,see t
he precedingpage. selwalllesscorrosion allowance, 4. STRENGTHOF REINFORCEMENT in
ches. If the strengthof materialsin AI Az Aj AJ and A5 or the t, = seepreceeding
page materialofthe reinforcingpad are lowerthanthat of the vessel 1.= nominalthi
ckness material,their area consideredas reinforcementshall be proof nozzlewallir
respective ofproduct portionately decreased and the required area, A in inverse
formles~co~osion proportionincreased.Thestrengthofthe depositedweldmetal allowan
ce, inches. shallbe consideredas equivalentto the weakermaterialof the tm= requi
redthickness joint. Of;fy:;:sno=e It is advisableto useforreinforcingpadmateriali
denticalwith the vesselmaterial. h= dist~nce riozzle projects beyond the No cred
it shall be taken for additional strengthof reinforceinnersurface ofthe ment hav
inghigher stress value than that of the vessel wall. vessel walllesscorrosion al
lowance, EXAMPLES: inches. 1. a. The stress value of nozzle material: 15,000psi.
c = corrosion allowThe stress value of shell material: 17,500 psi.
ance,inches.
,
d= seeprecedingpage.
Ratio 15,000/17,5000 = 0.857 To the required area, A shalI be added: X (1Q 0.857
) + 2tM
H r
fn(f-1, ) f Im TF \ ------I I
tr
I
b. From the area AI shall be subtracted: (1 0.857) 2t. 2. Usingidenticalmaterialfo
rthevessel andreinforcingpad, the requiredarea for reinforcementis 12 square inc
hes. If the stress value of vessel material= 17,500psi., the stress value of the
nozzle material= 15,000psi., ratio 17,500/1 5,000= 1,167 Inthisproportionshallb
e increasedtheareaofreinforcing pad: 12x 1.167= 14.00square inches.
P t. x t,
132
REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (continued
DESIGN FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE. The reinforcement required for openings in single-
walled vessels subject to external isthewall pressure need be only 50 percent of
that required for internal pressure where t,
thicknessrequiredbytherulesforvesselsunderextemalpressure.CodeUG-37(d) (l). REIN
FORCEMENT OF OPENINGSFOR EXTERNALPRESSURE. The cross-sectionalarea (A)of reinfor
cementrequiredfor openingsin vesselssubject to externalpressure: where ii= Diame
ter in the givenplane of the openingin its corrodedcondition,inches. 1,= The wal
l thicknessrequired for externalpressure,inches. F = Factor for computation of t
he required reinforcement area on different planes
(as the pressure-stress varies) when the opening is in cylindrical shell or cone
and integrally reinforced. For all other configurations the value of F = 1
/4=
dxt ~

1-JJ
REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1. t tr ~ I tr T * + h w d P? I I Rn D
ESIGNDATA: Insidediameterof shell: 48 in. Designpressure:250 psi at 200F. ShellMa
terial: SA-285-C n S 13,800 psi = t= 0.265 in. , The vessel is spot radiographed
t No allowancefor corrosion Nozzle material:SA-53-B S=15,000 psi. tn=0.432 in.
Nozzle nom. size: 6 in. Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 1.5 in. h = 2.5t~=
2.5 x 0.432 = 1.08in. The nozzle does not pass through seams. Fillet weld size:
0.375 in.
Wall thicknessrequired: for shell,t SE . 6P = 250 X24 = 0.440 in. 13,800X 1.0-0.6X
250 X 2.88 = = 0.048 in. 15,000X 1.0-0.6X 250
2.535 sq. k.
for nozzle, tm=~*p
AREAOF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED A,= dt, = 5.761 x 0.440=
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE A,= (Excess in shell.) Larger of following:
(ttr)d = (0.625-0.440) x 5.761 or (t-t,) (...+ ~ 2 = (0.625-0.440)x (0.432+ 0.625
)x2=
1.066Sq.in. 0.391 sq. in.
q n . .
Az = (Excessin nozzle neck.) Smallerof following: (tntm)5t = (0.4320.048)x 5 x 0.6
25 = 1.200 s i (tntm)5tn= (0.432-0.048) X5 X0.432 = (No credit for additionalstre
ngthof nozzlematerialhaving higherstress valuethan that of the vesselwall.) Aj =
(Insideprojection.)t. x 2h = 0.432 x 2 x 1.08=
0.829 sq. in.
0.933 sq. in. A,= (Area of fillet weld) 0.3752 Aj = (Areaof fillet weld inside)0
.3752 TOTALAREAAVAILABLE Sincethis area is greaterthan the area required for rei
nforcement,additionalreinforcementis not needed. 0.140 Sq.in. 0.140 Sq.in. 3.108
sq. in.
134
REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 2. t tr
I
tr ~
DESIGN DATA: Inside radius of shell: R =24 in.
Designpressure: P = 300 psi at 200 F. Shellmaterial: t= 0.500 in. SA-516-70plate,
n S = 17,500psi The vessel is spot examined There is no allowancefor corrosion
Nozzle nominal size: 6 in. Nozzle material: SA-53 B S = 15,000 psi. t.= 0.432 in
.
J ! h
T
Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 1.5 in. Fillet weld size inside:0.500 in.;
Fillet weld size outside: 0.625 in. Ratio of stress values: 15,000/17,500= 0.857
Wall thickness required: Shell, t,=
SE - 0.6P
sap
R
=
-. Since the strength of the nozzle material is lower than that of the vessel ma
terial, the required area for reinforcement shall be proportionally increased an
d the areas available for reinforcement proportionally reduced. AREA OF REINFORC
EMENT REQUIRED 2.397 sq. in. ~ = dt, = 5.761 X 0.416=
= Nozzle, t,.
300 X 24 = 0.416 in. 17,500X 1-0.6X300 300 X 2.88 = = 0.058 in. 15,000X 1.0-0.6
X 300
Area increased:+2tnxt,(1-15,000/17,500) = 2 x 0.432x 0.416 (1-0,857)= 0.051 sq.
in. 2.448 sa. in. AREAOF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE Al = (Excess in shell.)Largerof
the following: (1- t,)d= (0.500- 0.416)x 5.761= 0.484 s i o q n . (t-t,) (t. +
t,)2=(0.500-0.416) x (0.432 + 0.500)x 2 O.156 sq. in. (t-t,) (1-0.857)= Area redu
ced:-2 x t. -2 x 0.432x (0.500-0.416)(1-0.857)= -0.010 sq. in. 0.474 sq. in. A2=
(Excess in nozzleneck.) Smallerof following: (t. - t,n)5t= (0.432-0.058)5X 0.500
= 0.935 (t. - t,n)5tn= (0.432-0.058)5 X 0.432= 0.808
Area reduced: 0.857 x 0.808 = 0.692 sq. in. Since the strength of the nozzle is
lower than that of the shell, a decreased area shall be taken into consideration
. 15,000/17,500 = 0.857, 0.857 X 0.808 = ,43= (Insideprojection.)tn x 2A= 0.432
x 2 x 1.080.933 Area decreased0.933 x 0.857 =
.
0.692 sq. in.
0.800 sq. in.
AJ (Area of fillet weld)2 x 0.5 x .6252x 0.857= ~j (Area of fillet weld inside)2 x
0.5 x .5002x 0.857 = TOTALAREAAVAILABLE Additionalreinforcementnot required.
0.334 sq. in. 0.214 sa. in. 2.514 SCI. in.
135
REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 3.
t
t rn
tr t r #
h
d u
+ t
DESIGNDATA: Insidediameterof shell:48 in. Designpressure:300 psi at 200 F. Shellm
aterial:0.500 in. SA-516-60plate, The vesselfidlyradiographed,E = 1 There is no
allowancefor corrosion Nozzlenominalsize: 8 in. Nozzie material:SA-53B, 0,500 in
. wall Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 0.5 in. The nozzledoes not pass thro
ughthe main seams. of fiilet welds 0.375 in. (Reinforcement pad to nozde neck.)
300 X 24 = 0.486 in. 15,000X 1-0.6X300 300 X3.8125 = 0.077 in. = 15,000X ].00.6 X
300 3.706 sq. in.
Wall thicknessrequired: Shell t,= R SE O.6P = SAP .
Nozzle, t,. =
AREAOF RE~FORCEMENT REQUIRED A = dx [,= 7.625 X 0.486=
AREAOF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE AI = (Excess in shell.)Largerof the following: 0.
106 sq. in. (t -t, )d= (0.500 - 0.486) 7.625= or (t - [, ) (t. + t) 2 = (0.500-0
,486)(0.500+ 0.500) 2 0.028 sq. in. Az =(Excess in nozzle neck.) Smallerof follow
ing: @-t,.)5t = (0.500-o.077)5x 0.5 = 1.058or 1.058sq. in. (tntr.)5t. = (0.500-0.
077)5X0.5= 1.058 0.500 sq. in. A3= (Insideprojection.)L x 2h = 0,500 x 2 x 0.5 =
0.141 sa. in. AJ o f w 0 (The area of pad to shell weld disregarded) 1.805 SQ.i
n. TOTALAREAAVAILABLE Thisareais lessthantherequiredarea,therefore thedifference
shallbe provided byreinforcingelement. itmaybeheaviernozzle nec~ kirgerextensio
no fthenozzle insideofthevesselor reinforcing pad.Usingreinforcing pad,therequir
edareaof pad:3.7061.805=1.901sq,in. UsingO.375 in.SA-516-60plate forreinforcing p
adthe widthofthe pad 1.901/0.375=5.069in. Theoutsidediameterof reinforcing pad:
Outsidediameterof pipe: 8.625 widthof reinforcing pad: 5.069 13.694in.
136 STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL
At the attachments, joining openings to the vessel, failure may occur through th
e welds or nozzle neck in the combinations shown in figures A and B. The strengt
h of the welds and the nozzle neck in those combinations shall be at least equal
to the smaller of: 1. Thestrength intensionofthecross-sectionalareaofthe
a b
P c
P
1.
considered,or o p s o sfa i a bt i l elementof lh e u s reinforcementbeing r f e
h r a o un g
2 T
2. h The strengthin tensionofareaxf (A = ~ f less the d .@ @ ) strengthin tensio
nofthe excessinthe vesselwall @j. The allowablestressvalueof the weldsis the str
essvalue of the weakermaterialconnectedby the weldsmultiplied by the followingfa
ctors:
,
a i & e b c
Groove-weldtension Groove-weldshear Fillet-weldshear
0.74 0.60 0.49
Possible pathsoffailure The allowablestressvalueof nozzleneck in shear is 0.70 t
imes the allowablestressvalue of nozzle material. 1. Through@and@ 2. Through@ @
and@ The strengthof thejoints shallbe consideredfor its entire d @ 3. T h r a o
u ng h @ lengthon each side of the plane of reinforcementarea. EXAMPLE3 A = 2.39
7 sq. in. AI = 0.484 sq. in. b d.= 6.625 in., outside diameterof nozzle ;% a dttr
= 6.193 in., mean diameterof nozzle 8 S = 17,500psi allowablestressvalue of vess
elmaterial S.= 15,000psi allowablestressvalue of nozzle material Ft A G= 0.432 i
n. wall thicknessof nozzle. dm c * t = 0.500 in. wall thicknessof vessel 0.375 in
. fillet weld leg. ~heckthe strengthof attachmentof nozzle load to be carriedby
welds. Loadto be carriedby welds (A-AI)S = 2.397-0.484 x 17,500= 33,478 lb. STRE
SSVALUEOF WELDS: 0.49 x 17500= 8575 psi. Fillet-weldshear 0.74 x 17500= 12950psi
. Groove-weldtension 0.70 x 15000= 10500psi. Stressvalueof nozzlewall shear STRE
NGTHOF WELDSANDNOZZLENECK: ~ xweldIegx8575= 10.4065 xO.375 x8575 =33463lb. a. Fi
llet-weld shear ~, Xt. X10500=9.72x0,432 X10500 = 44090lb. b.Nozzle-wall shear c
Gr~ove.weldtensi~n~. xweidleg x 12950-10.4065X().50()X 12950=67382lb. POSSIBLE P
ATH OFFAILURES: 33463+44090= 77553lb. 1.Through a.andb. 2.Through a.andc. 33463+
67382=100845 lb. Both pathsarestronger thantherequired strength33478lb.
127 /
STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL
EXAMPLE4 DESIGNDATA A= 3.172sq.in.,A,=0.641sq.in.,A.F0.907sq. in.
= 1
2 i o . u d 8 ti n 4 o s a r m e i5 i e dn p . tf e oe r ra c
i
nf g d
8.625in.outsidediameter of nozzle.
8 i .m d 1 i e no a2 n m a o 5e z t . nz e rl e f . S = 1 7 p a ,l l5 s os v 0 w
t ao0 rv ab leim e le a ss u t s s e e re S 1 5 p a. ,l l0 s os v 0 w t= a o0 r
n ab l eio mle s a z ut s z e e rl t =0 i .t h 5i o v cn 0 k w e n 0es a s . s s
l e f l l . t =0 i . t h 5i o c n n 0k w o.n 0ez a s . zs l l f l e . 0 i .l o
f 3 - w i n 7e a l 5 el . eg l f t d 0 i .l o f 2 - w i n 5e d l 0 el . e gl f t
d i . t h 2i o r cne 5k i nn p0e f os . r s a c i nf g d t, = 0 n t k ag o cn t
h oh m e z n zt l e f . W D R IE O E EL D D SY :
C L
h s the T OB
t e of r a c et C A R B
(AA,)S = (3.1720.641) 17,500= LOADTO BE CARRIEDBY WELDSa, c, e: (A2+21 OS= (0.907 +
2 x 0.500x 0.500) 15,000= STRESSVALUEOF WELDS: Fillet - weld shear Groove- weld
tension 0.49 x 17,500= 8,575psi 0.74 x 17,500= 12,950psi
44,293 lb. 21,105 lb.
STRESSVALUEOF NOZZLEWALLSHEAR: 0.70 x 15,000= 10,500psi STRENGTHOF WEL~S ANDNOZZ
LENECK: a. Filletweldshear ~ x weldlegx 8,575= 13.55X0.375X8,575= 43,572lb. b. N
ozzlewallshem ~ x tnX10,5OO = 12.76X0.500X 10,50066,990 lb. c. Grooveweldte~ion @
x weldlegx12,950= 13.55X0.500x 12,950=87,7361b. d. Filetweldshear Z#2Xweld1egx
8,575= 20.18X0.25X8,575= 43,260lb. e. Grooveweldtension ~ weldlegx 12,950-13.55
x 0.25x 12,950=43,868lb. POSSIBLE PATHOFFAILURE: 1. Throughb andd 66,990+ 43,260
= 110,250lb. 2. ThOU@c and d 87,736+ 43,260 = 130,996lb. 43,572 + 87,736+ 43,86
8= 175,176lb. 3. Througha, c ande Paths 1.and2. arestrongerthanthetotalstrengtho
f 44,293lb. Path3. is strongerthanthe strengthof 21,105lb. wi d sl e t l 43,260
r e e llb. n is t greater g d than t h the reinforcing pad strength of The outer
f (dP-do) t. X 17,500= 1.055x 17,500= 18,463lb.
12R
.
LENGTH
OF COUPLINGS
AND PIPE FOR OPENINGS
139 LENGTH OF COUPLING AND P FOR OPENINGS
140
N
N
T
FOR NOZZLE NECKS IN VESSELS PRESSURE (Code UG-45)
THE REQUIRED THICKNESS UNDER INTERNAL
1 T
t
c
f
t
a
l
i U
p
c
h
but for other than access and inspection openings, not less than the smaller of
the following: 2. The thickness required for the vessel for internal pressure (a
ssuming joint efficiency, E = 1.0), but in no case less than the minimum for she
lls and heads specified in UG-16 (b); 3. The minimum thickness of standard wall
pipe plus corrosion allowance. THE REQUIRED THICKNESS FOR ACCESS AND INSPECTION
OPENINGS (manways, handholes) IN VESSELS UNDER INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE. 1.
The thickness computed for the applicable load plus corrosion allowance (there
is no other requirement). For selection of required pipe under internal pressure
, see table Maximum Allowable Internal Working Pressure for Pipes on the following
pages. EXAMPLES for using the table: 1. Opening Diam: 18 Design Pressure: 800 ps
ig. Corrosion Allowance: 0.125 The Required Pipe for Manway: The Required Pipe fo
r Nozzle: 2. Opening Diam: 18 Design Pressure: 150 psig. Corrosion Allowance: 0.1
25 The Vessel Wall Thickness: 0.3 125 The Required Pipe for Manway: The Required P
ipe for Nozzle:
Sch. 60, Sch. 60,
0.750 Wall 0.750 Wall
Sch. 10, Std. Wt.
0.250 Wall 0.375 Wall
3. Opening Diam: 18 Design Pressure: 140 psig. Corrosion Allowance: 0.125 Vessel W
all Thickness: 0.750 Sch. 10, 0.250 Wall The Required Pipe for Manway: The Require
d Pipe for Nozzle: Std. Wt. 0.328 + 0.125 Corr. Allow. = 0.453, Min. Wall= Sch. 40
Pipe
141
THE REQUIRED NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNALPRESSURE(Code UG-45
) 1. Thethicknessforthe applicableload
t s m o t ah f l o ll l h eo e w r i nf e g :
less t
h
2. The thicknessof head or shell required for internalp r u e s t s sexternal u
i r hen designpressureas an equivalentinternalpressure,but k no case less than t
he minimumthicknessspecifiedfor material in UG-16(b)(1/16 in. for shells and hea
ds,3/32in.incompressedair,steamandwaterservice,%in.forunfiredsteam boilers),plus
corrosionallowance; 3. The minimumthicknessof standardwall pipe plus corrosiona
llowance. EXAMPLE1. Externaldesignpressure: P = 35 psi. MaterialSA 516-60; S= 15
,000 Outsidediameterof cylindricalshell: Do= 96 in. Shellthickness:t = 1 in. The
requiredticknessfor 14 O.D., 12 in. long nozzleneck: 1. To withstand25 psi exte
rnalpressureapproximately0.05 in. wallrequired,but the thicknessshall not be les
s than the smallerof; 2. Thethicknessrequiredforthe shellunder35 psi internalpre
ssure(as equivalent externalpressure) = 35x 47 = O~lo in PR = SE - 0.6P 15,000- n
3. The minimumthicknessof standard wall pipe: 0.328 in. (0.375 in. nom.) The sm
allerof 2. and 3.0.110 in. for wall thicknessof nozzleneck is satisfactory. EXAM
PLE2. Externaldesignpressure: P = 15 psi.
Material SA 516-60; S= 15,000 Outside diameter of cylindrical shell, Do = 36 in.
Shell thickness: t= 0.3125 in.
The requiredthicknessfor a 14 in. D.O., 12 in. long nozzleneck: 1. To withstand1
5psi externalpressureapproximately0.02 in. wallrequired,but the thicknessshallno
t be less than the smallerof the following: 2. The thicknessrequiredfor the shel
l under 15psi. internalpressure PR = 15x 17.6875 = o 0~8 in 15,000-9 t =SE - 0.6
P 3. The minimumthicknessof standardwall pipe: 0.328 in. (0.375 in. nom.) The sm
allerof 2. and 3. is 0.018 in.,but the thicknessof the nozzleneck shall in no ca
se be lessthan 0.0625 in. UG-45 (a) (2).
142
I
M W
A P
P=
F
23Et D+ 1.2t
P
, where
The Calculations Basedon the Formula:
P = The max.allowableworkingpressure,psig. S = 15,000psig.the stressvalueof the
most commonlyusedmaterialsfor pipe (A53B,A106B)at temperature-20 to 650F. For hig
hertemperature see notes at the end of the tables. E= 1.0joint efficiencyof seam
lesspipe D = Insidediameterof pipe, in. t = Minimumpipe wall thickness,in. (.875
times the nominal thickness). The figuresunderlinedare the maximumallowablepres
surein corrodedcondition for the pipe of which wall thicknessis minimumthe stand
ard wall plus corrosion
allowance. NOM. DESIGIPE NATION UZE PIPE WALL THICKNESS NOM. ~ MIN.
CORROSION ALLOWANCE IN.
T=E
3/4
I
1
xX-STG. 0.294 STD. 0.113 X-STG. 0.154 SCH.160 0.218 XX-STG. 0.308 STD. I 0.133 X
-STG. 0.179 SCH.160 0.250 XX-STG. 0.358 STD. 0.140
1-1/4
X
1-1/2
2
I
SCH.160 XX-STG. STD. X-STG. 0.200 SCH.160 0.281 XX-STG. 0.400 STD. 0.154 X-STG.
0.218 SCH.160 0.343 XX-STG. I 0.436
0.191 0.250 0.382 0.145
0.095 0.129 0.164 ~;::g 5392 I 2658 0.257 12153 I 8526 0.099 1072 I I I 288 0.135
4299 2192 100 1985 0.191 6386 4069 2515 0.270 9712 7041 %7 0.116 2847 1261 744 I
0.154 3959 2287 732 0.219 5764 3946 2274 0.313 8820 7423 4842 .3099 0.123 2362
1126 0.167 3282 1988 774 0.219 4424 I 3059 ! 1779 ] 578 ! 2848 0.334 7194 G 31 0
.127 2118 1046 806 0.175 2982 1864 947 0.246 4333 3139 2013 0.350 6481 I 5164 39
24 2754 126 0.135 1786 938 852 44 1696 0.191 G 0.300 4215 I 3260 I 2348 1477 262
9 0.382 5537 X2 G
14 252
580
I
I
I
1494
I
1582 I
I
I
I
1648
642 1744
143 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE (cent) NOM. PIPE SIZE PIPEWALL THICKNESS
NOM. MIN. 0.203 0.276 0.242 I 0.375 0.328 0.552 0.483 0.216 0.189 0.263 0.300 0.
438 0.383 0.600 0.525 0.226 0.318 0.636 0.237 0.337 0.438 0.531 0.674 0.258 0.37
5 0.500 0.625 0.75C 0.280 0.432 0.562 0.71$ o.86f 0.25( 0.27t CORROSION ALLOWANC
E IN. 3/16 o I 1/16 I 1/8 I 1/4 Max.Allow.PressurePsig. 561 1245 577 2707 1971 1
261 I 831 1525 2245 2991 3766 2599 3359 5822 4969 Z
DESIGNATION STD. X-STG. SCH-160 XX-STG. STD. X-STG. SCH. 160 XX-STG. STD. X-STG.
XX-STG. STD. X-STG. SCH.120 SCH.160 XX-STG. STD. X-STG. SCH.120 SCH.160 XX-STG.
STD. X-STG. SCH.120 SCH.160 XX-STG. SCH.20 SCH.30
2%
l
I
3 . 3
~ 2398 3597 5113
4
0.198 1546 0.278 G 0.557 4701 0.208 ~ 0.295 2075 0.383 2739 0.465 I 3379
0.590 0.226 0.328 0.438 0.547
0 0
12 556 1116 658 1801 1221 1754 2964 2350 3134 4432 3773 78 555 1044 691 1689 118
3 2992 3546 4115 137 561 995 730 1616 1168 1802 1350 2= I 2890 1- 2412 I 1946
3880 902 1488 2140 2808
6 39 2 81
111 1175 2515 211 1937 280 908 1490
2412 425 1042 1673
4394 1259 G 2520 3201
.3 .1
3379 552 1127 1767 2X
2890 208 773 1401 2044
5
30 5 3 40 6 2 1 96 2 7 0 9 5 6 4 5 45 4 2 3 5
6
0.378 1793 0.492 2368 0.628 3077 0.756 3767 0.219 777 0.242 861
1485 G 2748 3427 552 634
1181 G 2425 3093 329 411
882 1431 =6 2764 113 190
58~ 112[ F 2440
8
X-STG. SCH.1OO SCH.120
0.500 0.438 1587 1353 1121 892 665
0.593 0.718
0.519 0.628
1896 2319
1658 2075
E 1835
1189 =
959 u
144 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE(con~ NOM. PIPE DESIGNATION SCH.140 SCH.16
0 XX-STG. SCH.20 SCH.30 STD. X-STG. SCH.80 SCH.100 SCH.120 SCH.140 SCH.160 SCH.2
0 SCH.30 STD. SCH.40 X-STG. SCH.60 SCH.80 SCH.100 SCH.120 SCH.140 SCH.160 SCH.10
SCH.20 STD. SCH.40 X-STG. SCH.60 SCH.80 SCH.100 SCH.120 SCH.140 PIPEWALL THICKN
ESS NOM. MIN. 0.812 0.711 0.906 0.793 0.875 0.766 0.250 0.219 0307 0.269 0.365 ~
0.319 0.500 0.438 0.593 0.519 0.718 0.628 0.843 0.738 1.000 0.875 1.125 0.984 0.
250 0.219 0.330 0.289 0.375 0.328 0.406 0.355 0.500 0.438 0.562 0.492 0.687 0.60
1 0.843 0.738 1.000 0.875 1.125 0.984 1.312 1.148 0.250 z 0.312 0.273 0.375 0.32
8 0.438 0.383 0.500 4 o.43t 0.593 0.51$ 0.75G 0.65{ 0.937 0.82( 1.093 0.95( 1.25
0 1.094 CORROSION ALLOWANCE IN o I 1/16 I 1/8 I 3/16 i;/4 Max.Allow.PressurePsig.
2647 2400 2155 1913 1675 2977 2725 2476 2231 1988 2868 2617 2370 2126 1885 90 26
4 441 621 228 50 406 585 766 370 193 549 729 ~ 712 532 1263 l= 894 948 ~ 1506 13
18 1132 1838 1647 1458 1270 1085 2179 1984 1792 1601 1413 2611 2413 2216 1986 18
29 2963 2760 2560 2362 2166 371 222 76 522 540 389 692 91 240 635 483 ~7 333 184
701 549 248 854 398 904 751 486 1059 598 1194 1038 ~ 730 578 ~ 1469 1311 1154 ~
1820 1659 1500 1341 1184 10 81 54 1530 2178 2 1690 23 10 31 1810 2467 2 1972 2s
72 2910 2 2 2 69 202 475 338 49 184 319 456 594 167 303 440 716 577 287 423 561
839 699 407 544 682 962 ~ 585 pJ 863 1146 004 ~ 1173 1031 1460 316 1550 1406 126
2 1843 696 2166 2017 1869 1722 1576 2500 2348 2198 2048 1900
S
8
10
12
1
I
145 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE(cont.) NOM. DESIGPIPE NATION SIZE 14 SCH.
160 SCH.10 SCH.20 SCH.30. STD. SCH.40X-STG. SCH.60 16 SCH.80 SCH.100 SCH.120 SCH
.140 SCH.160 SCH.10 SCH.20 STD. SCH.30 X-STG. SCH.40 18 SCH.60 SCH.80 SCH.100 SC
H.120 SCH.140 SCH.160 SCH.10 SCH.20 STD. SCH.30 X-STC SCH.40 SCH.60 20 SCH.80 SC
H.100 SCH.120 SCH.140 ISCH.160 PLPE WALL o THICI iESS gOM. MIN. 1.406 1.230 2834
0.250 0.219 m 518 0.312 0.273 625 0.375 0.328 & 0.500 0.438 0.656 0.574 1108 0.
843 0.738 1436 1.031 0.902 1771 1.218 1.066 2111 1.438 1.258 2517 1.593 1.394 28
09 368 0.250 G 460 0.312 0.273 554 0.375 0.328 649 0.438 0.383 744 0.500 0.438 8
38 0.562 0.492 0.750 0.656 1129 0.937 0.820 1418 1.156 1.012 1766 1.375 1.203 21
18 1.562 1.367 2425 1.781 1.558 2789 T B m 4~ 0.375 0.328 0.500 0.438 668 0.593
0.519 795 0.812 0.711 1097 1.031 0.902 1403 1.281 1.121 1760 1.500 1.313 2078 1.
750 1.531 2446 1.968 1.722 2774
ROSIONALLOWANCE IN. 1/4 1/8 3/16 1/16 [ax.All :P s i x E ~ 5 166 43 6 1 398 279
146 6 2 504 384 355 7 4 717 596 617 3 7 C4 861 937 0 1310 1185 1 1263 3 8 1643 1
515 1 1595 7 2 1980 1851 1 1990 1 2 2384 2251 2 2275 4 0 2674 2540 2 5 262 157 3
8 4 1 354 248 130 3 2 447 341 222 2 3 541 434 315 2 4 636 529 407 1 5 729 621 68
9 7 1015 ~6 974 0 8 1306 1195 1 4 2 1314 1652 1539 1 18 78 77 1658 2002 1 21 09
70 2308 2 1958 2314 25 45 30 2669 2 4 m x 2 3 0 117 1 402 3 7 4 7 284 ~ 5 0 6 0
407 697 ~ 8 0 900 998 1004 1 1 0 1303 1202 1353 1 4 5 1657 1555 1665 1 7 6 1974
1870 2025 2 1 2 2340 2234 2346 2 4 5 2666 2558
146 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE(cont.) NOM. PIPE SIZE PIPEWALL THICI JESS
MIN. N 0.250 0.219 0.312 0.273 0.375 0.328 0.437 0.382 0.500 0.438 0.562 0.492
0.625 0.547 0.688 0.602 0.750 0.656 SCH.10 0.250 0.219 SCH.20 STD. 0.375 0.328 X
-STG. 0.500 0.438 SCH.30 0.562 0.492 SCH.40 0.687 0.601 SCH.60 0.968 0.847 SCH.8
0 1.218 1.066 SCH.100 1,531 1.340 SCH.120 1.812 1.586 SCH.140 2.062 1.804 SCH.16
0 2.343 2.050 DESIG NATION
0.250 0.312 0.375 0.437
22
24
376 452 G 606 681 761 839 916 275 414 z 625 766 1089 1381 1753 2093 2399 2750
2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7
26
0.500 0.562 0.625 0.688 0.750 0.312 0.375 0.500
0.219 0.273 0.328 0.382 0.438 0.492 0.547 0.602 0.656 0.273 0.328 0.438
214 289 365 440 519 G 672 750 827 196 334 475 5Z 685 1006 1297 1667 2006 2311 26
60 181 244 308 372 438 502 567 633 697 211 267 379
I
128 116 202 31 192 278 106 267 136 353 344 431 258 419 332 507 409 496 584 486 G
661 z 649 738 40 117 97 176 255 236 315 395 304 464 384 443 524 6X G 842 924 12
14 1131 1048 1582 1498 1413 1919 1833 1747 2223 2135 2048 2571 2482 2393 37 4 5
108 98 7 26 1 171 162 2 90 8 235 225 6 152 4 298 291 2 218 1 364 354 6 281 7 428
419 1 345 4 493 F4 7 410 0 558 548 2 474 7 622 148 204 315 85 141 252 23 78 188
T
30
275 330 443
147 NOTE: IF THESTRESSVALUEOF PIPELESSTHAN15,000PSIG. DUETO HIGHERTEMPERATURE, M
ULTIPLY THEMAX. ALLOWABLE PRESSUREGIVENIN THETABLESBYTHE FACTORS IN THISTABLE: T
EMPERATURE NOTEXCEEDING DEGREEOF 900 950 750 850 1000 650 700 800 A 53 B Stress
15000 14350 12950 10800 8650 6500 6500 4500 2500 12950 : 15000 s 14350 + : s 108
00 8650 A 106B 1.000 0.9566 0.8633 0.7200 0.5766 0.4333 0.3000 0.1666 FACTOR
Example:
The MaximumAllowancePressurefor 6 x Stg.PipeWitha Corrosion Allowance of 1/8 From
Table= 1181psi.- at Temperature800F The Max.Allow.Press.1181x 0.72= 850 psig.
Example to find max. allow. pressure for any stress values:
The Max.Allow.Press.1181Psig.From Tables The StressValue 13000psi. For ThisPipeT
he Max.Allow.Pressure ~Wo
x 1181 = 1023psi.
NOZZLEEN~CMKpTT~CKNESS
I
2 Vessel Wall
C
O
R
R
O
S
I
O
N
w
I
o
0
1 Requiredfor Loadings(UG-22)
0.250$ 0.018 J.E. 0.85 0.250 J.E. 1.00 0.213 NOM. MIN. 0.280 0.245
0 6 i 0 - rc 0 6
0.3125 0.3125 0.2660 0.280 0.245
0.250 0.213 0.280 0.245
3 6 in. Std. Pipe
Minimumf
4 I C F * U m o m nS T i
S
& hH p A rS e f o B ti
o e U e l
(G al
r
s d
b1 s
. 0 ) 0 . 06 0 . 2 6 0 5 2 .e b 10 .)0 0 0 . 6 09 ) .93 3 08
st i W s e en Sd a ra e U m tr , ( v G &e o rU e i e r( lG ad e mr bs 1
8
r n e i ht a m h u iu fei cn m rk o n en
d eo z se z s
l cr
e
2 . 05 2 . 0 5 2 0 0 0 .C 0 kI 0 . 3 1
148
R U
W I
T P
F
P
The required wall thickness for pipes, tabulated on the following pages, has bee
n computed with the following formula: PR = SE O.6P t = the required minimum wall
thickness of pipe, in. P = internal pressure, psig. , where
S = 15,000psig.t
s
vt
o hr a t
m e l c s o eo u h sm u m e s m o f asen tfor t l epipe. ye r
i
a dl
A 53 B and A 106 B @temperature 20 to 650F. E = Joint efficiency of seamless pipe
R = inside radius of the pipe, in. For the inside diameter of the pipe round fig
ures are shown. With interpolation the required thickness can be determined with
satisfactory accuracy. The thicknesses given in the tables do not include aIlow
ance for corrosion. For the determination of the required pipe wall thickness in
piping systems the various piping codes shall be applied. Selecting pipe,the 12
.5% tolerance in wall thickness shall be taken into consideration. Theminimum thi
ckness of the pipe wall equals the nominal thickness times .875.
149
REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
1.s. 11AM, 50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PRESSURE PSIG. 100
. 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 , 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . . 0 0 . . 0 0 . , 0 0 . 0 . 0 . . 0 . 0 . 0
. 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
150
0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0
. 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 .0 0 .0 0
. 0 0 . 0 0 . 0
200
0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 1 0 .00 0 1 .01 2
0 .02 0 2 .03 2 0 .04 25 .0 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 3 0 .8 3 0 .9 3 0 .0 3 0 .1 3 0 .2 3
0 .3 4 0 .4 0 4 .5 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 5 1 .0
250
2 0 . 0 0 3 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 1 8 0 . 0 2 0 0 . 2 2 0 . 0 2 3 0 . 0 3 5 0
. 0 7 3 0 0 . 3 8 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 4 2 0 . 3 4 0 . 5 0 5 5 7 0 s 8 0 6 0 2 6 0 3 6
1 5 7 1 7 1 8 7 1 0 8 1 8 2 1 4 8 1 5 9 1 7 9 1 8 9 1 0 1 7
300
3 0 .0 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 3 2 0 .0 7 2 0 .0 0 3 0 .0 3 0 .0 7 4 0 .0 0 4 0 . 0 3
5 . 0 0 7 5 0 . 0 0 6 0 0 4 6 0 0 7 0 0 0 0. 4 8 0 7 8 0 0 9 0 4 9 0 7 0 0 00 4
1 0 7 1 0 0 2 0 4 2 0 7 3 0 0 3 0 40 7 4 0 0 5 0
350
0 5 0 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 5 0 2 0 . 0 0 2 . 0 5 0 3 0 . 0 0 . 4 5 0 4 0 . 0 5 . 0 5 0
6 0 . 0 0 6 . 5 0 7 0 . 0 0 , 8 5 0 8 . 0 0 . 9 5 0 . 0 0 . 6 0 . 1 0 . 6 . 1 .
7 . 1 . 6 . 1 . 6 . 1 . 6 . 1 . 6 . 1 .
400
0 . 7 0 0 . 0 3 1 0 . 2 0 0 . 7 0 3 0 . 4 4 0 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 7 5 0 0 . 4 0 6 0 .
0 7 0 0 8 . 7 1 0 . 4 9 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 7 1 0 . 1 4 0 . 1 0 . 1 o . 1 0 . 1 0 1 0
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 3
450
. 0 0 8 1 . 0 0 2 7 . 0 0 5 3 . 0 0 4 . 0 0 2 5 . 0 0 6 1 0 . 0 9 7 . 0 0 8 7 .
0 1 6 9 . 0 4 1 0 . 0 1 3 . 1 0 2 . 0 1 3 . 0 1 4 . 1 0 5 . 0 1 6 .2 0 7 0 . 2 8
. 0 9 . 0 0 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0 4 . 0 5 . 6 0 . 0 7 . 8 0 . 9 , 0
500
0 1 . 0 . 2 0 3 . 0 . 4 0 . 5 1 0 . 7 1 0 . 8 1 0 1 . 9 0 1 . 0 0 . 1 0 1 . 3 0
1 4 . 0 1 . 5 2 0 1 . 6 2 0 2 7 . 0 2 . 8 ~ 0 0 . 3 2 . 0 2 1 2 0 . 0 2 . 0 2 .
3 0 2 . 3 0 3 . 0 3 , 3 0 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 4 0 4 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 4 . 4 5 0
. 5 0 8 . 6 0 9 . 8 0 1 . 1 9 3 . 0 1 5 . 2 1 6 . 3 1 8 . 4 1 0 . 6 2 1 . 7 1 4
. 9 2 6 . 0 7 2 . 1 2 9 . ( 2 1 2 . 4 3 5 . 2 . 7 3 . 8 3 . 9 3 , 1 3 . 2 3 3 .
3 . S 3 . 6 4 . 7 4 . 9 . 0
0
0 3
0
0
0
150 REQUIRED PIPEWALLTHICKNESS FORINTERNAL PRESSURE (cent)
1
IAM.
1
2 3 4 5
PRESSURE PSIG. 550
D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
600
) . . 3 . D 3 . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
. . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
650
0 . 0 . 0. . 0 0 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 2 , 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0
3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 0 4 0 4 . 0 4 . 0 4 . 0 4 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0
5 . 0
700
0 1 3 0 5 0 0 7 9 1 . 1 . 3 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 8 2 .0 0 2 .1 2 .2 4 2 .3 6 2 .4 8 3
. s 0 3 .6 1 3 .7 3 .8 5 3 .9 7 4 .00 9 .01 1 .02 3 4 .03 5 4 .04 6 5 .05 8 5 .
06 0 5 .07 2 5 .08 4 5 .09 6 .00
750
9 2 0 7 4 0 6 0 8 5 0 4 0 1 2 1 0 4 1 0 0 6 1 0 9 8 2 0 7 0 2 0 6 2 0 5 4 2 0 4
6 2 0 2 8 3 0 1 0 0 3 0 2 3 0 9 4 0 3 7 6 4 0 6 8 0 4 5 1 , 0 4 . 0 4 2 . 0 4 1
. 7 0 5 0 9 . 0 5 9 . 1 0 5 . 7 3 0 5 . 5 0 6 5 . 7 0 6 4 . 9 6 0 2 . 1 0 6
800
0 . 1 . 0 2 .0 2 . 0 2 1 .0 3 . 0 3 5 . 0 4 7 , 0 4 0 . 0 5 2 . 0 5 4 . 0 6 . 0
6 8 . 0 7 1 . 0 7 . 3 0 8 5 . 0 8 . 0 7 9 0 . 0 9 . 0 2 0 4 . 4 5 . 6 5 . 8 5 .
1 2 5 . 3 6 2 . 5 6 3 . 7 6 3 . 0 6 4 . 2 6 4 4 7 5 . 6
850
0 0. 0 0 . 00 . 0 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 8 2 . 0 0 2 . 2 0 2 . 0 5 2 . 0
7 3 . 9 3 . 0 0 1 3 . 3 0 4 . 0 6 4 . 4 . 0 8 0 4 . 0 4 .0 3 8 5 . 0 0 5 0 7 2 0
5 9 5 0 5 2 7 6 0 4 0 6 0 2 6 0 8 4 6 0 1 7 7 0 3 9 5 7 0 2 7 0 I
900
950
1
2 8 5 8 3 1 0 4 8 7 5 0 3 3 0 6 8 9 5 2 3 3 5 1 4 8 4 4 6 4 3 4 6 1 5 8 9 5 6 2
5 3 6 1 8 0.694 6 0.729 1 6 4 7 7 0 7 3 8 6 8 9 8 2
1 9 5
0.031 6 . 0 2 0 2 0.062 2 . 0 5 0 5 0.093 7 . 0 7 0 8 0.124 3 . 0 1 1
.0,156 9 1 2 1 3 .0.187 5 1 5 1 6 .0.218 0 2 8 1 9 .0.249 6 2 0 2 .0.280I 2 3 2
4 .0.311~ 8 2 5 2 7 .0 8 3 0 . 0 3 0 3 . 6 30 . 8 .0 4 .0 1 4 3 4 .0 0 6 4 . 0 9
. 5 0 S 0 1 5 0 4 4 . 0 8 . 6 0 2 . 9 0 6 1 . 0 0 4 . 0 4 7 . 0 8 9 . 0 2 2 . 6
0 4 . C 7 0 . 3 4 0. . 9 3 . 5 3 1 8. 7 4. 1 2. 4 8 6 4. . 4 9 5 . 0 5 2 5. . 1
6 . 6 7 . 6 3 . 9 7 . 5 7 . 0 7 . 6 7 . 2 8 . 7 8 3 . 8
9 9 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 3 4 3 7 2 0 1 3 1 6 0 9 2 9 6 8 9 7 2 7 5 6 8 5 1 5 4 7 3 0 3
4 2 7 1 0 1 3 0
6 7 8 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
3
9 8
151 REQUIRED PIPEWALLTHICKNESS FOR INTERNALPRESSURE (cont.) 1.s.
)IAM.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
PRESSURE PSIG.
1100
1200
0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
. 0 . 0 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
1300
0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 4 0 . 4 0 . 5 0
. 5 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 8 .1 8 .1 9 1 . 9 .1 9 .1 0 .1 0 .1
1 .1 1 .1
1400
0 . 0 7 .0 0 1 0 . 5 . 0 1 9 0 . 2 3 0 . 2 6 0 . 2 0 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 8 00 . 4 2 .
01 4 6 02 . 5 9 03 . 5 3 04 . 5 7 . 05 6 1 . 06 6 5 . 07 7 9 . 08 7 2 . 09 7 6 .
00 8 0 .11 8 2 4. 1 9 3! 8. 1 9 4 2 1 . 0 5 .5 01 91 .6 0 3 1 .7 1 7 1 .8 1 9 1
1 . 2 5 1 .0 2
1500
. 0 0 4 7 0 . 0 8 5 , 0 1 2 3 0 1 . 6 2 0 . 1 0 0 . 2 5 8 0 . 3 9 7 . 3 0 5 . 4
0 7 . 4 0 2 2 5 0 . 6 0 0 . 5 9 . 5 0 4 7 0 . 6 8 5 6 0 . 3 4 0 . 7 2 7 0 . 1 0
8 0 . 5 9 8 1 . 1 8 9 . 4 . 5 1 9 8 4 . 1 0 2 2 1 0 6 1 0 . 9 . 1 5 . 7 1 9 1 6
. 2 3 4 1 . 2 7 1 2 . 3 1 1 . 3 6 .
1600
0 4 . 2 . 0 9 4 1 0 . 3 6 . 0 6 1 8 . 2 0 . 0 7 2 . 3 0 2 4 3 6 .0 4 1 . 0 8 4 5
. 0 0 0 0 . 5 2 .0 5 4 0 9 . 6 0 . 6 4 8 0 8 . 7 0 0 . 3 7 2 0 7 . 8 4 2 .1 8 6
1 6 . 9 8 1 . 1 9 0 0 .1 6 2 .1 0 4 .1 5 6 1 . 1 9 8 1 . 2 4 0 .1 8 2 1 . 3 4 1
. 3 8 6 .1 4 2 8 .1 4 7 0
1700
0 4 . 0 6 . 1 0 9 1 4 . 1 0 7 2 . 3 0 9 2 4 . 9 0 3 9 . 4 0 3 4 . 0 9 4 6 . 0 4
4 1 . 0 9 5 7 . 0 . 5 3 0 4 6 . 9 0 . 6 4 0 . 7 9 0 . 6 7 0 4 . 8 0 2 9 1 . 7 9
4 . 1 3 9 9 1 . 8 0 3 . 0 1 4 8 3 1 . 1 0 . 8 1 1 6 . 32 1 . 2 1 8 7 . 3 1 3 . 1
8 3 . 4 1 3 4 . 4 1 8 0 . 5 3 1 6 . 5 1 8
1800
0 . 9 5 0 1 0 . 9 0 1 8 6 . 0 1 2 .8 0 6 2 .7 0 1 3 .7 0 7 3 .6 0 2 4 .5 0 5 7 5
. 0 3 5 .4 0 6 8 . 4 0 3 6 3 . 0 7 3 9 . 0 7 4 . 2 0 8 9 . 2 0 9 5 . 1 1 .1 9 0
0 0 .1 5 0 .1 1 9 1 6 .1 9 8 . 1 1 2 8 7 . 1 3 .7 2 .1 3 7 . 6 1 4 3 . 6 1 4 .
6 8 1 5 3 . 4 1 5 9 . 4 1 6 4 .4 1 7 9 . 3 1
1900
0 5 3 .0 1 6 1 .0 7 0 1 .0 3 2 2 .0 6 8 3 .0 9 4 3 .0 2 9 4 .0 6 5 0 4 . 9 1 5 .
0 2 7 0 6 . 2 5 6 .0 8 0 7 . 4 0 1 7 . 9 0 5 8 . 5 8 9 .1 1 1. 9 1 0 6 4 . 2 1 .
0 8 1 8 1 .1 4 1 2 . 2 9 7 .1 5 0 3 .1 1 3 3 .1 6 7 4 .1 2 0 5 .1 8 5 3 1 . 3 6
6 1 . 9 8 7 1 . 5 3 7 .1 0 6 2 8 .
2000
0 . 6 7 0 0 . 4 2 1 0 . 1 8 1 . 8 0 4 2 0 . 5 0 3 2 0 . 6 3 9 0 . 2 4 6 . 0 8 5
3 0 . 4 5 0 0 . 0 6 7 6 0 , 7 4 . 3 0 7 1 0 8 9 8 8 . 5 1 9 5 1 . 1 9 2 . 7 1 0
. 3 9 1 0 6 1 . 1 9 . 5 3 1 2 0 . 1 1 2 . 7 7 1 3 . 4 1 3 4 1 . 1 9 4 8 5 . 1 5
5 . 2 1 6 1 8 . 6 8 4 . 1 7 5 0 2 . 8 2 . 6 8 . 2 2 9 0 . 1 6 1 , 2 2 . 2 9 2 .
3 5 3 . 4 2 4 . 5 8 4 . 6 5 5 . 6 1 . 6 7 8 6 . 8 4 9 7 . 1 8 0 . 7 . 0 4 9 1 .
0 . 0 2 7 0 3 . 3 1 4 . 9 . 2 6 4 3 5 . 2 3 6 . 9 4 7 . 5 5 . 8 2 5 . 8 8 9 6 .
5 7 0 . 1 1 7 . 8 2 8 . 4 2 . 9 1 9 3 . 7 0 . 4 I4 9
152
4
REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (cont.) 1.s. lM
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PRESSURE PSIG.
2100 2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 .
0 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 9 .1 9
.1 0 .1 1 .1 2 .1 2 .1 3 .1 4 .1 5 ,1 6 .1 6 .1 7 .1 8 .2 9 .~ 1] 9 .2 0 .2 1 .
2 2 .2 2 .2 11 9 ,2 13 9 0. 71 1 .4 41 2 .5 21 .6 91 3 .7 71 4 .8 1 5 .9 21 6 .0
1 0 6 .1 1 8 7 .2 2 5 8 .3 2 3 9 .4 1 0 25 2 8 0 .6 2 6 1 .7 2 4 2 .8 2 1 3 .9
2 9 4 .0 . 1 7 6 0 . 1 3 4 0 . 1 0 2 1 . 1 6 0 2 . 1 3 8 3 . 1 9 6 4 . 1 6 4 5 .
2 1 6 . 1 8 0 6 . 5 1 8 7 . 2 1 6 8 . 8 2 4 9 . 2 4 3 0 . 2 0 1 . . 2 7 9 1 . 2
3 7 2 . 0 2 5 3 . 6 2 3 4 , 2 3 1 5 0 1 . 5 1 1 1 . 5 9 2 1 . 6 8 3 1 . 6 6 4 1
. 7 5 5 1 . 7 3 5 1 . 7 2 6 1 . 8 0 7 1 . 8 8 8 2 . 9 7 9 2 . 9 5 0 2 . 9 4 1 2
. 0 2 2 . 0 2 3 2 . 0 9 3 2 . 1 8 4 2 . 1 6 5 2 . 2 4 6 2 , 2 3
1 . 6 1 . 3 1 5 2 . 8 1 3 2 . 1 2 3 . 7 1 . 4 1 0 5 . 9 1 6 . 0 8 1 7 . 4 2 7 8
. 9 2 5 . 9 3 2 4 0 . 8 2 3 . 1 2 2 . 6 ] 2 3 . 1 2 0 4 . 5 2 8 4 . 0 2 7 . 5 4
2 6 , 9 3 5 7 .
.1 0 .1 2 1 .1 2 0 .1 3 9 .1 7 4 8 .1 6 5 8 .1 4 6 7 3 .1 7 6 1 .1 8 5 . 0 2 9 5
. 8 2 0 4 .2 7 1 3 .2 6 2 3 .2 4 3 2 .2 4 1 2 .2 1 5 0 .2 9 6 5 .2 7 8 9 .3 6 8
8 .3 5 9 7
1 1 . 6 2 . 6 1 1 3 . 5 4 4 1 . 5 6 5 1 . 5 9 6 1 . 4 1 7 . 4 1 8 . 4 7 9 2 3 9
. 0 2 . 3 2 1 2 . 3 4 2 . 7 3 2 . 0 4 2 . 5 2 . 1 5 6 2 . 1 7 7 2 . 1 0 8 3 0 .
3 9 3 . 0 5 0 3 . 0 8
. 1 1 4 1 1 . 2 1 , 1 3 7 1 1 , 4 1 1 . 5 1 1 . 6 8 1 . 1 7 4 2 . 1 8 1 1 2 . 8
9 2 1 . 1 5 2 1 . 1 2 2 . 3 8 2 2 . 4 5 2 2 . 5 1 2 . 2 6 8 2 2 . 7 5 2 . 3 8 2
3 2 . 8 9 2 . 3 0 5 2 . 1 2 3
2 . 0 5 . 3 1 6 4 . 2 6 . 5 3 7 . 6 3 7 . 7 4 8 . 8 5 8 9 . 6 9 7 .9 0 . 1 8 0 .
9 2 0 0 . 4 1 1 . 5 1 2 . 6 2 7 2 2 . 3 . 8 3 4 9 . 3 . 5 0 4 6 1 . 4 2 7 5 .
153
N
E C
F V
M
,
P b i t a p d i j n oh n o ie g n z l ixzs y ne o l igtet ev cr r s eT e am sth
s e s l below,to s teh h n determine l e o. de thenozzleloadsisbased inpartonthe
Bulletin107of WeldingResearchCouncilandrepresents a simplificationof it. The ves
selsare not intendedto serveas anchorpoints for the piping.To avoid excessiveloa
ding in the vessel,the pipingshall be adequatelysupported.
r{, I 4
FRJW
A R. *
-. - - .
,
E x t F e or & M nr ao c l m e e s n t s T calculate the maximum forceoand momen
t, first evaluate ~and y. Then determine
CL2, and A from Figures 1, 2 and 3, for the specified~ and ~ substitute into the
aquationsbelow, and calculate FRRF, fl=.875 ($)
Determine CL~and A from Figures 1,2 and 3.
Y=+
CalculatePressure Stress (~. 0= (q(R.-;) [f a is greaterthan S0,then use S. as t
he stress due to designpressure. FM= R; (STO) roSy A4RCM = R~2
x
Mm =&
S Y 0)
Plot the value of FN a FWand the smaller of .~~c~and s MM as A4w.The allowable n
ozzle loads are bounded by the area O,A41w, of FRF,
~R\f
EXAMPLE: Determine Resultant Force and Moment T= .7511 SY= 31,500 psi@ 460 Rm= 37
.5 P = 150 psi S. = 17,500 psi rO= 15 b= .875(%)= .875 (&)= .35 From Figure2,2= 1
,070 From Figure 1, a = 440 y= + = ~= 50 () From Figure3, A = 340
154 NOZZLE EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS IN CYLINDRICAL VESSELS (continued)
;alculatePressureStress 2(150)375 ~ = 14,850psic&=17,500 =%m-3= 75( ~ - 2) Jse o=
24,850in the equationsfor calculatingFRRF and MkM ~alculateAllowableForces and
Moments Fw= ~ (~y. @ =(#2(3 1,50014,850) = 53,214 lb.
psi
~RcM= Rm2~o~y =37.52 (15) (31,500) = ~zo 984 in-lb 9 1,070 z (37.5)2 (15)= (31,5
0014,850l,032,97~ in-lb. M-m= y (sy -= ~
IL
S P R T S o s ~ Y a O =N =M = S T A o O R =Y S T e m = S p = S p Dt s Vt s
h P f t v l o a oo a h FRF l a tt u s r e m eo n af k f a ~, aQ A 1 ~ n T 7a &f
l f Ll n o d W h M w o l as z.o b a b o b u t r an o d e he d e y e a FRF, r 0, M
m. T k n b 6 * T I u zR O N :
l s l e lz e a f
=
i
h e ar n e r o f oe zroa F e= zc2 , tl0 li a eo , n b0 0f 1 0 i l 0 ? w, b 0 bo
a n 0= l u l0 s( o lA w p. .a o d b l ie -n lr b z o a F. = a o e u zc fs 4 0 5
t ll t ,i a e oJ 0bn 0n 2 i 0 l , w0 n 0 b on b0a * u l s l (o o l. w B p . da o
b t l ie N U a ob vt s s oi ae t l gl : u r u te eh a e p s h n
= DesignPressure,poundsper sq. in.
Z
= DimensionlessNumbers
r
t za i s o d l n i ie d c A u e= h sD i , e s N m e n s i ou n lme s bs e ea o S
d ia h i. n e u n c l FRRF s h f e, s Resultant Radial Forc( = l Maximum
T hh
=D i m
i ice k n n l e c s l sh , e pounds* s k f M a gR xc te i ,sm C ui @u rl c t u m
m a f n e rt i t or e Me an laytD g e d te r h is a f i R l n M o , m e n t m i
n c h p o u n d s * p p e r ao p t su u r q i e n , e u dn a s r cr e h R x ei m
u o Mn u l gtm iMat un d t Dr u e s ie g e n P sp r te ss o s Iu o u r eM , n a
W d s sL m i n e c h n p o t u n d , s * q i e u n a r cr e h M R x ei o u l to
m r a u nc n t o ra f M e S la s .p t h u e se o r FRF eliu= a l nl a , d s sF m
u p q i e un a c r r h eF = .M a x R Re i sm MuMu l o t m n n i ma e p o u n d
s * e n N s i ou n lm e s bs e r s * e e a r r b s Uv s s a o sl l u ue t ee s
= D i m e n N s i o u n lm e s bs =D i m e n N s i o u n lm e s bs
REFERENCES:
Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings, K.
R. Wichman, A. G. Hopper and J. L. Mershon Welding Research Council. Bulletin 10
7/August 1965 Revised Printing December 1968.
Standardsfor ClosedFeedwaterHeaters, Heat Exchange Institute, Inc., 1969.
155
NOZZLE LOADS Fig. 1
1OJ
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1
9 ; 6 5 4 3 2 a 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
,,, , , f,
i::: i
I 1 !, I
I I [ WI
,
1
,
I
[ I
,
, ,
,
,
I
I I I I I
I I I 1 t I I ! I I [ ! ,: I
t
I
1 1 I 1
1 i
I
I 1 1
I I I
I
I
1I I
I
I I I [1 I I
I
I 1I I I I I ( , I
t
,
-
,
I :-+-!r i
!{I --+--L
-
l-l++
+--l-%-l-~
-: . .: I
\. I I :
i I
~i i ~
I, ;,I ]02
; I
,, ; I,
1
I!
!;,1
:
I
II
I
,
?
I
,-, 4 ----: : : 4-%-4
~ i
!
. .!
i!
!:m!!!-
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 . . . .
!.
1
,
!

I 1
1,
1[ I I
r
,
t
10
1
5
6
NOZZLE LOADS Fig 2
!
1 1.11
NOZZLE LOADS, Fig. 3
1OJ
9 8 7
6 5 4 3 2
6 5
4
3
2
A
lo] 9 8 7 6 5 4
3
2
]02
9 8 7 6 5 4 3
2
10 0
.05
.1
.15
.2
.25
.3
.35
.4
.45
.5
.,
1
R T U J I C P C
A the junction of cone or conical section to cylinder (Fig. C and D) due
to bending and shear, discontinuity stresses are induced which are with reinforc
ement to be compensated. DESIGN PROCEDURE (The half apex angle cz<30 deg.) 1. De
termine P/S,EI and read the value of~ from tables A and B 2. Determine factor y,
For reinforcing ring on shell, y = s~~~ For reinforcing ring on cone, y/S~E~ TABL
E A - VALUESOF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END P/S,, EI 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009* 28.5 30 15 18 21 23 25 27 A, deg. 11
TABLE B - VALUES OF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.0
40 0.080 0.100 0.125* P/S,, EI 30 17.5 12.5 24 27 4 6 9 A, deg. o gP/S~EI aa 0 t
l . e r ur e f *A= 3 d f g e r v e o
W 3 D
t
v f
o Ai l
t
c r
s
b p e
e
=y/S, E, (Use minimum 1.0 for k in formula).
4. Design size and location of reinforcing ring (see next page). NOTATION
E = with subscriptss,c or r modulusof
elasticity ofshell,coneorreint20rcing ringmaterialrespectively, psi. Seechartsbe
ginningonpage43 for modulusof elasticity. E= with subscriptslor 2 efllciencyof w
eldedjoints in shellor cone respectively. For compression E=l.O for butt welds.
fi= axialload at largeend due to wind, deadload,etc.excluding pressure, lbfin. j
= axialloadat smallenddueto wind, deadload,etc.excluding pressure, lblin. P= Des
ignpressure,psi Q~=algebraic s~ofPR~/2 andfi 1b/in. Q,= algebraicsumof PIL/2 and
fi lb/in.
R~=insideradiusof largecylinderat large endof cone,in. R=inside radiusof smallcy
linderat small endof cone,in. S= withsubscriptss, corrallowable stress of shell,
cone or reinforcingmaterial, psi.
t= minimum required thickness of cylin-
der at thejunction,in. t,= actualthickness ofcylinderatthejunction,in. t,= requi
redthicknessof cone at thejunction,in. t.= actualthickness ofconeatthejunction,
in. U= halfapexangleof coneor conicalsection,deg. A= anglefi-omtable A or B, deg
. ~ = factor:SS E, orSCEC
160
T
J
R
C
C
FORMULAS
M
JUNCTION AT THE LARGE END x . Required area of reinforcement, A sq. in. when ten
sion governs (see notes)
;
~ r~ .
kQLRL 1 .L S,EI () a
tan a
E!l
FIG. C
Area of excess metal for reinforcement, sq. in. A.L = (t,t) G+ (t.t~ {h./ cos CZ
The distance from the junction within which the additionalreinforcementshallbe s
ituated, in. G
P
M;x. 30 FIG. D
The distancefromthejunction withinwhichthe centroidof the reinforcementshallbe s
ituated, in. 0.25 X~
JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END Requiredarea of reinforcementA sq. in. whentension gov
erns(see notes)
kQsR, A la tan a ,, = S,E1 () Area of excess metal available for reinforcement A.
, sq. in. A,, = (t, /zj cos (aA) (t.+ m+ (tC/t,)
x
(aA)
{Rst. / cos a
The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement sh
all be situated, in. K The distance from the junction within which the centroid
of the reinforcement shall be situated, in. 0.25 X &
N OW T atthe E hj u n c S tion e c:o m pl r en ssi o ovref i eax c e e dd t h es
t e l n s~ ido n oea l t b ea r y md 2o P r e R s p e,t c d t i/ s v e erb 2 lh
s ih ya , c i c a g w o er U l nd ( a ( i l n s ec gan tt e ap h ) rh a bo2 fo :
v t r o tu C h S l o eh V e d cD e I s ti e l f v i eI io , s. I n i o , n ) W
t r he m d h o eu o c a oe nm f rc e u d ts oo s w n e o ci trf o t dc a i ir a
fe aof l en w p n r sei k gn e tn t l h u a w t h ha n a ah ea p ni g d g l n r
t e l3 e df a e hx t d e t , em a e g s r h b s a .n oi a s 0y , gp a e s bn n e
aece ( 1 C( ( o - d~ g e ) 5 & .
161
R T J E C C
DESIGN DATA: = 30 deg. half apex angle of cone.
a
;.ECE,=30x 1 m o e p = 1.0,joint efficiencyin shell and cone = 0.55,joint effici
encyin reinforcingring = 800 lb/in, axial load at largeend = 952 lb/in, axial lo
ad at smallend = 50 psi., internaldesignpressure = 100 in., insideradius of larg
ecylinder = 84 in., insideradius of smallcylinder = 13,800psi., allowablestresso
f shell material = 13,800psi., allowablestressof cone material = 14,500psi., all
owablestressof ring material = 0.429 in., requiredmin.thicknessfor large cylinde
r = 0.360 in., requiredmin. thicknessfor smallcylinder = 0.500 in. actualthickne
ssof cone. = 0.4375 in., actualthicknessof large cylinder = 0.375 in., actualthi
cknessof smallcylinder dL
t,L = 0.41 in., required thickness of cone at small cylinder = 0.49 in., require
dthicknessof cone at large cylinder
Jsing the same material for shell and cone. = 0.0036 f t 50 .. P/SsEI = 13,800 X
1
A A= 1 e e
S
Ai l
t
~ r r
i r
! U r ~ SsE.= 1
o t
s
106 3 0 X 1. Factor k=y/SrE~= 13,800 x30x 106/ 14,500x30x 106= 0.95 Use k = 1 =5
+ 800= 3,300 lb/in. 1. QL=PRL12fI , l
X
j. The required cross-sectional area of compression ring: kQLRL~ - + t a = 1 X 3
,300x 100 1- 19.8 ~ tan 30= 4.69 sq in. ArL= SE ( 13,800 X 1 () The are: ofexcess
in shell available for reinforcement: AeL= (ts- ~ ~+ (tc- tr) @t~ /COS~ = (0.437
5 - 0.429)X ~100 X 0.4375 + (0.5 - 0.49) x{1OO X 0.5/cos 30 = 0.132 sq. in. A,L -
AeL= 4.69-0.132 = 4.55 in. the required cross sectional area of compression rin
g Using 1 in. thick bar, the width of ring: 4.55/1 = 4.55 in. Location of compre
ssion ring: Maximum distance from the junction = ~= ~100 x 0.4375 = 6.60 in. Max
imum distance of centroid from the junction= 0.25 ~~ = 0.25 {100 x 0.4375= 1.65
in.
162
R T J E
JUNCTION AT SMALL CYLINDER 1. PAS, El = 0.0036; fromtable B A = 5 SinceA is less
than et,reinforcementis required. 2. Factor~= S, E,=13,800x30x10s 3. Factork=l 4
. QS=PR, /2+~lb./in =50~84+ 952= 3,0521b/in 5. Therequired cross-sectionalarea of
compressionring: ~ 184l~o tan 300= 8.94 sq. in. ~r, = kQsRS ~-~ tan ~= 1 ~~>~~~
S,E, () u () ?
The area of excess in shell available for reinforcement: A,. = (t, / t,)
C
(continuea)
C
A) (t, - ~ %+
(LI t,)
/cos a x cos (a A) (tc- t,) * StC (30-5) X (0.375 - 0.36)X 484X .0375 (0.395/0.3
6) X COS + (0.5/0.41) cos (30-5) x (0.5-0.41) x ~84 x 0.5/cos 30= 0.77 sq. in. A,
. - A,, = 8.94-0.77 = 8.17 sq. in., the required cross sectional area of compres
sion ring. Using lfi thick bar, the required width of the bar: 8.17/ 1.5 = 5.45
in. Location of the compression ring: Maximum distance from the junction: a = 48
4 x 0.375 = 5.6 in.
Maximum distance of centroid from the junction: 0.25 fi= 484 x 0.4375 = 1.5 in.
Insulation ring may be utilized as compression ring provided it is continuous an
d the ends of it are joined together. Since the-moment of intertia of the ring i
s not factor, the use of flat bar rolled easy-way is more economical than the us
e of structural shapes. To eliminate the necessity of additional reinforcement b
y using thicker plate for the cylinders at the junction in some cases maybe more
advantageous than the application of compression rings.
1
R T
D, t-l
J U
C E P
C
L. d r !$! ;L w
I
I
3
Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction of cone e o c to cylinder, or at
the junction o t l section to cylinder when cone, or conical section doesnt have
knuckles and the value of A, obtained from table E, is less than ct. TABLE E -
VALUES OF A P/SE o 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.10 15 21 29 33 A,deg. o 5
7 10 P/SE 0.125 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 57 60 40 47 52 A, deg , 37 6 d f g e rv
e o o a gP a l0 t .u / e r re S s f E CX=
N I n o t e rt m p ob e l ma t f i: ia o a nn t e rvo dm y a e d e le i a ur t e
e
I T FIG. F
The required moment of inertia and cross-sectional area of reinforcing (stiffeni
ng) ring when the half apex angle a is equal to or less than 60 degrees shall be
determined by the following formulas and procedure.
1. Determine P/SE, and read the value of A from table E. 2. Determine the equiva
lent area of cylinder, cone and stiffening ring, ATI,, sq. in. $3:: pa~~ 46 for
construction of stiffening ring) 3 FIDI. A~lJ= ~ + ; + A., Calculate factor B B
= ~ (~ ,) where 2 2 3RI,tan a 3. From the applicable chart (pages 43 thru 47) re
ad the value of A entering at the value of B, moving to the left to the material
/temperature line and from the intersecting point moving vertically to the botto
m of the chart.
For values of 1?falling below the left end of the material/temperature
F[.= PM+ J tan a
M = -RL tan a + L[ + R{?-R.?
line
for the design temperature, the value of A=2WE. If the value of B is falling abo
ve the material/temperature line for the design temperature: the cone or cylinde
r configuration shall,be changed, and/or the stiffening ring relocated, the axia
l compression stress reduced. 4. Compute the value of the required moment of ine
rtia For the stiffening ring only: AD[.2A 1[. Is = ~400 For the ring-shell-cone
section: ADI,ZA 71, I,Y = 10.9 5. Select the type of stiffening ring and determin
e the available moment of inertia (see page 87) of the ring only 1, or the shell
-cone or the ring-shellcone section 1.
164
T
J
R
C
(continue~
C
If 1 or 1 is less than I, or 1[, respectively, select stiffening ring with larger
moment of inertia. 6. Determine the required cross-sectional area of reinforceme
nt, A,~,sq. in. (when compression governs): A,~ = @fi;;an~ [,@&):]
NOTE: Whenatthejunctionthe compressiveloads determined byPR~2 orPRJ2 are
exceeded by~l or~J tensional loads respectively, the design shall be in accordan
ce with U-2 (g) (as safe as those provided by the Code Section VIII, Division 1.)
Area of excess metal available for reinforcement: A,~ sq. in.:
A.~ = 0.55 ~D~t, (t, + t. /COS @ The distance from the junction within which the
additional reinforcement shall be situated, in. a The distance from the junctio
n within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situated, in. 0.25 ~ R
, .~ L~ LL ~ = =I Reinforcing shall be provided at the iunction of small end of
conical section without flare to cylinder. The required moment of inertia and cr
oss-sectional area of reinforcing (stiffening) ring shall be determined by the f
ollowing formulas and procedure. 1. Determine theequivalentareaofcylinder,cone a
nd stiffening ring, Am L, L, t L I R1 A I 2. L,t, An= ~+ Calculate factor 1? B .
; ( :~ where Fs = PN +jjtan a RL2- R~2 N=~ + Z+ 6R. tan a Let, ~+A,
)
FIG. G
165
R T
3. F
J
C
(continued)
C
t a c ( t r e a p v o B m t t l t t m l a f at i p m v t t b o t nc F v o t l e
f n l f t d d t t v o =2 e of B is falling above the materialhemperature line fo
r the design I t v
temperature: the cone or cylinder configuration shall be changed, and/or the sti
ffening ring relocated, the axial compression stress reduced.
e
4. Compute the value of the required moment of inertia: For the ring-shell-cone
section: ~; = AD,2ATS
5.
For the st~~e~~~ ring only:
~.= 1:.0 10.9 Selectthe type ofstiffeningring anddeterminethe available moment o
f inertia (see page 89) of the ring only, land of the ring-shell-cone section, I
! Iflorl is
Iessthanl..orli respectively,selectstiffeningringwith largermomentofinertia. 6.
Determine the required cross-sectional area ofreinforcement. A,,, sq. in:
A~s= kQSR~tan~ SE
metal available for reinforcement Ac,sq. i A.s = 0.55 % [(t,-~ + (tc-tr)/cos ix]
n
.
The distance from thejunction within which the additional reinforcement shall be
situated, in.G The distance from thejunction within which the centroid of the r
einforcement shall be situated, in. 025 G NOTE:Whenthereducers madeoutoftwoormor
econicalsections ofdifferent apexangles withoutknuckle, andwhenthehalfapexanglei
sgreaterthan60degrees,thedesignmaybe basedon specialanalysis.(Code1-8(d)and(e).)
NOTATION
A,
ing ring, sq. in. A,,L = requiredareaofreinforcementwhen AT = equivalent area of
cylinder, cone and stiffening ring, sq. in. QLis in compression, sq. in. B = fa
ctor At. = requiredareaofretiorcementwhen D~ = outside diameter of cone or large
QLis sq. in. end of conical section, in.
a ev = area of excess m reinforcement, sq. in.
af t i
cross-sectional area lA.a a = b ol l e r of the stiffen-
66
T
J
R
C
(continued)
C
shelljunctionandone-thirdthedepth ofhead o theotherendofthelarge
D,, . outsidediameterofcylindricalshell, in. D., outside diameter at small end o
f conical section, in. E
. lowest efllciency of the 1ongitudi-
shell.
L, design lengthofavessel section, in. forstl~enedvesse[section: distance betwee
n the cone-to-small-shell junction and an adjacent stiffening ring on the small
shell.
f
naljoint inthe shell,head or cone; E = 1 for butt welds in compression. E
with subscriptsc, r ors modulus of
elasticityof cone, reinforcementor shell material respectively,psi. k A
S&L5RER but not less than 1.0. .
unstlflenedvessel o section: disr tance betweenthe cone-to-small-
shelljunctionand onethirdthe depth ofheadontheotherend of the small
shell. P external design pressure, psi. PRL PRs +fi Q,= ~ +fz 2 axialcompressive
force duetopressure and axial load. outside radius of large cylinder, in. outsid
e radius of small cylinder, in. allowable working stress, psi. of cone material.
allowable stress of reinforcing material, psi. allowable stress of shell materi
al, psi. minimumrequired thicknessofcyl-
axial load at large end due to wind etc., Ib./in.The value offi shall be taken a
s positivein all calculations. etc. lb./in. The value of~2 shall be taken as pos
itivein all calculations.
fi
axial load at smallend due to wind,
Q~
I T
= available moment of inertia of the
RL R, s sR s. t
stiffeningring, in4
availablemomentofinertia ofcom-
bined ring-shell cross-section, in4. Thewidthoftheshell whichistaken as contribu
ting to the moment of inertia of the combined section: 1.IO~D,,t IS I,
.
required moment of inertia of the stiffeningring, in4.
e o e
= r
L L,
. .
i w n i da t l he l o of r wu a m q u o oi i m r no e et ed n r t t c i of ar i
o s i o n n , c m r i n b g i- s n h c e el l rd - c oo n e s s t. a c t h t i o
cuc k w an o ei l s t s ic t n i o n4 , . c o r a rl o si w i a o n n cne l o a
l x e o c in i o a g nt l n t, he f , . m i rn e q u i i rm e d tu oh i c mf k
n e I e n g t a h os fl cu o o o n r f e f cn a o w c g n e e to , h i c r a r l
o o l u o si w it o a o d i bs e t s at t n iw r f c ef r ei e e n nin n g g s a
c t h t i o cus k w an h ei l s e t t, o c i o n n e f , . a l l f o c wo a r r
n i o oc s ei o ex g
el s eo a v in e s gg e s nt c as h t ih e f oa l na a , pd LL . d n l g ee l f
in~or stifle-nedvessel section: the A valueto indicateneed for reinforcedistance
between the cone-to-large ment, from table E, deg. shelljunction and an adjacent
stiffening ring on the large shell.
for umtl@enedvessel section: the
distancebetweenthecone-to-large-
167
R T
t,
J E
C
DESIGN DATA DL = 96 in., o Ds = 48
~ =
C
T
d
o l
c
E,, Ec, E
m a r m
a
c
fl
o e p
o s
= 100 lb./in., axial load due to wind
A = 30 lb./in., axial load due to wind. LL = 120 in., design length of large ves
sel section. L, = 244 in., design length of small vessel section. Lc = 48 in. ~
= 15psi, external design pressure F = 48.00 in. outside radius oflarge cylinder
LL R = 24.00 in. outside rad;us ofsmall cylinder Designtemperature=6500F SS = 13
,800 psi. maximum allowableworking stress of shell and cone material. SR = 12,70
0 psi. maximum allowable working stress of reinforcement material. = 0.25 t t =
0.1875 in. minimum required thickness of small cylinder. t. = 0.25 in. actual th
ickness of cone. t, = 0.25 in. minimum required thickness of cone.
t. =
0
i a
t
o c
JUNCTION AT THE LARGE END 1. P/SE= 15/13,800= 0.0016; from table E A = 4 since A
is less than U, reinforcement is required. 2. Assuming As=O, A~~ = h/.2+LJd%A.
= 120X0.125 +48 X0.125+ O=21 in2. -&2 LL RL2 48X 0.5774+ ~0+ 482242 ~. RL tan ~ a+
=66.9 2 +3RLtana= 2 2 3 x48X 0.5774
=
FL=Pk?+fi
tan a = 15 x 66.9+ 100x 0.5774 = 1061
168
T
~ = :(~L)
TL
J
R
CONE TO CYLINDER EXAMPLE
(continue~
= 0.75 x 1061 X96/21 = 3636
3. A = 0.0003 from chart page 43 4. Required moment ofinertiaofthe combined ring
-shell-cone cross section: ADLATL 0.00035 x 962x 21 = 5.32 L= 10.9 = 10.9 5. Usin
g two 2% x $4flat bars as shown, and the effective width of the shell:
1.10 x ~= 1.1 ~96 x .025 = 5.389 in., The available moment of inertia: 5.365 in.
(see page 96)
It is larger than the required moment of inertia. The stiffening is satisfactory
. 6. T
r
c
a
o r
X X
r
S,E, = 13,800 X k= ~12,700 X ~L= ~ fi 15 j48+ kQ~RLtan a A,L = I SE
s
106= 3 ~ 09 0 106 3 0 100 460
L
= 1.09 X 460X48X 0.5774 ~-025( 13,800 X 0.7
15 x48 -460 4 460 )33]=
1.412 in?
The cross-sectional area of the stiffening ring is 2.5 in2.It is larger than the
area required. The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the jun
ction: m,, = 448x 0.25= 3.46 in. = 0.25~48 x 0.25 = 0.86 in.
The centroid of the ring shall be within a distance from the junction: 0.25 ~ JU
NCTION AT THE SMALL END 1. The conical section having no flare, reinforcement sh
all be provided. 2. Asuming A,,= O, ATS= LJJ2 + L~tJ2 + A., A,.,= L.,tl 2 + L&J
2 + A.,= 244 x 0.25/2 + 48 x 0.25/2 + O= 36.5 i
~ = R 8 t + ~ ;n ~ ~ + + a 2 ; ~ ; + + ;4 5 : ( X =7 ~ 7 4x 4 = 4 149.7 2 in. : +
j
169
R T
F,= PN +fJ t
I
J
a
E
=1
C
(continue~
C
X 149.7+30X 0.5774= 2263
3 F$.DS = 3/4~22;; :48) = 2232 B ? x 3. Since value of B falls below the left end
of material/temperature line: A= 2 B/E = 2 X 2232/30X 106= ().()()()14 4. Requi
red moment ofinertiaofthe combined ring-shell-cone cross section: AD.?An = 0.000
14X 482X 36.5 = ~ 08 in ~ 1,, = 10.9 10.9 5. Using 2% x % flat bar, and the effec
tive shell width: 1.1448 x 0.25 = 3.81 in. The available moment of inertia 1.67
in.4 (see page 96) It is larger than the required moment of inertia; the stiffen
ing is satisfactory. 6. The required area of reinforcing: k = 1.09 A,., =Q,= ~ +
j=
15 z X24 + 30 = 21O lb./in.
. ~ 05
kQ,~. tan a = 1.09X 210X24X 0 13,800X 0.7
in T z3
T
2 4
8
Area of excess metal available for reinforcement: A. =~~a
==
(tc - t,)+ ~,
(t., -Z)
.
(0.25 - 0.25) + d24 x 0.25 (0.25 - 0.1875)= 0.153 i
Ar,,-A, = 0.328-0.153 = 0.175 in.2
T
of ring used for stiffening 1.25 in.2. It is Iargerthan the required area for re
inforcement.
a
The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction:
G,=d24 x 0.25 = 2.44 i
n .
and the centroid of the ring shall be within a distance from the junction: 0.25
~R,,t,,= 0.25424 x o
= O . i . z n b s l .
170
O
P
WELDING
V
R
There are several methods to make welded joints. In a . particular case the choi
ce of a type from the numerous alternatives depend on: 1. The circumstances of w
elding 2. The requirements of the Code 3. The aspect of economy
1. THE CIRCUMSTANCESOF WELDING.
In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In
a small diameter vessel (under 18 - 24 inches) from the inside, no manual weldin
g can be applied. Using backing strip it must remain in place. In larger diamete
r vessels if a manway is not used, the last (closing) joint can be welded from o
utside only. The type of welding may be determined also by the equipment of the
manufacturer. 2. CODE REQUIREMENTS. Regarding the type of joint the Code establi
shes requirements based on service, material and location of the welding. The we
lding processes that may be used in the construction of vesselsare also restrict
ed by the Code as described in
paragraphUW-27. The Code-regulations are tabulated on the followin~ the titles:
-. DaEesunder a. Types o W eJ l o d i e nf d t s ( J permitted o i by n the Code
, t s their efficiency and limitations of their applications.) Table UW-12 b. D
eo W s eJ i lg o dn i e nf d t s
(
o J
t b u
f
v
d i
i v
s
s
a
u
c
tain design conditions.) UW-2, UW-3 c. E x a m io nW a t e iJ o l n o
e nf d t
The efficiency of joints depends only on the type of joint and on the degree of
examination and does not depend on the degree of examination of any other joint.
(Except as required by UW-ll(a)(5) This rule of the 1989 edition of the Code el
iminates the concept of collective qualification of butt joints, the requirement
of stress reduction. 3. THE ECONOMY OF WELDING, If the two preceding factors al
low free choice, then the aspect of economy must be the deciding factor. Some co
nsiderations concerning the economy of weldings: V-edge preparation, which can b
e made by torch cutting, is always more ec~ nornical than the use of J or U prep
aration.
[
171 Double V
V a
Lower quality weldingmakes necessarythe use of thicker plate for the vessel. Whe
ther using stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite is more economical
,depends on the size of vessel,weldingequipment, etc. This must be decidedin eac
hparticularcase.
172
T
W
J
JOINTEFFICIENCY, E
-
TYPES CODEUW-12
F R g
a r
b us E d x a p
c ; pN ~ o ia E mo x i a -n m h e r
w an s B as s b rh c o m t i w
m oe e tl o h s u i t n 1.00 d s e i ue r f la c ci u t k i rs n ig e a am o fl
v tl e op w l e e t i ol n
a e d e e e
d l 0d e d . p fd d e r d f .
n .
8
c j
S i n g l b e -j w e u lo d e di t n t t w b a is c tk t i r nh ig 0 p w r h e i
m i ac i h n s n p a lw f e a lt c d e i e nr g
.0
8.
3
S i n g l b e -j w e u lo d e di t w i u o t b h a o s c u k t i s t r i n t e n
f g p t 0 .
D f
o u l ij
b
l e - f u l o la i e
l
l nt

p
t
5
S w i n fg l ie - lf u ll l e t l j o a i n p t p w i l e t lu hd g s
;
S
i f p
u n l l ; gj i w l e
~l o l lu
$e a ;i ~ d g
n

p
t
s
173
T
W
J
NOTES
E ,D
I A
WELD TYPES
C oa tA Bie
L I M I T A T I O N S P PV L A Y R I IN N O G U O g ,n o N : ,
S
FOR TYPE 1:N
J F J
r Ct y
T 2 NY O O P RN E 1 C oa tA ie , g 1 n o 3 r ,t y C: E bx w cw uo e ep ip o t l
lft n t fat d f c i r c u mjo f e oo r e n itn i ra n l l t F T J C oa C i r c u
mjf e 5 i t a n h 1 o d i a m e 3 Y O tA ie g, n o r ooe nn t i o n i a ln n2 i
i o nv c o u8 t e r . P R2 r B t y :, l vto y .t k en sd
I t: E t ah a s t bhi t r . lo n ys h ew p ,o w D w a h pe n f i d t e r c s ej
lo di th s e b ei e t tC m t it a o ah e g d d r y ne w y s e p . lr od c i e s
n s ge s . E T j s a te tpi re s: oh t h e a t dp b . he g e Co b b iu t n s t b
-e s hw de a u ly d , te p c r or m f m pu a li s so e t ti d 4 n . e et r a t i
o n .
3 B j u o s b i h ft n f a . t r t l rs e P R E u n : d o e rv c a eu a rt sl b
, a n rp o l t 1e n sr ta . Tgl an l e t i r v 8d a se s ys d s h u . g n o r t
ty w : e l d h ag c r oo o mv e er sl e p f s iwt r lm 8 l m e ee b b dl tu u ,a
a d i l n v o t /e t mh e n i st h c. k n g. n o r. a t y r :e i n f C o rT c e
o t r e i n f h o sr c n e hm f ee n a t e x t f c o l et lh e d i o i c wk n e
ne s g F T 5 Y O P R E ( Circumferential ajoints f a t ) t o aP c t lh h r i i-
a c M k at n rxe n e i s ie sm i u ment of heads n o 2 i ov o u te n s u t ir d
i . e n 3 c t 4 p l/ o . 3 d i t a s m n h o e 1 eti t e v l o rh l / eo in s o
ct r t k2 1 vi . . n Y e 1 c r lz o / . 3 e / r 1 1 s v o J ao t h ti ea m n ci
sh htp ih t e se nr g i ca a l o d s a h e xe c l l r u l d s e de . J o n t B i
w e t l s d es i o h c n iog owr eu eb b jl l u o td ee i t d n ( C i r c u m b
f j e r e o f n [t i )a l n o h l a d s m t iw e h s ir e sf l d a t t t a s c
ohh j m ae n e on c l t k l v eo o s t i fe s p o tu tr r f i s b r e b m c o h
v e e i s h n a l g l 5 i i n ot/ m h n i wi c t n kh 8 a n . ne el s h ps r e g
ie r g o i n mn e d go ilt ,nt g i u p l u s e s c mo f u eu c r o tn m e o p a
d l w t t e e o t pd lhi n l l gh d ao e e o e t fp e s ee n s e ta t s fr a u t
F i ss no n i ou o n t 1 t h - t i d 1a i m oa 1 t hm ne 2 e ts h em e r e a wf
r e e g c l rhde o i i dpn pgc i h f t p o l ol h u e g r e . a g ri t o c oi r
r v ha e e t c n e J C o a t e i g o n r y t: C m e n d e d . F T 4 Y O ( L o n
gj i a t nou o d 3 i i n a ) v n t h i ca tA k J C o ie ( C i r c u mj b f e nr
oe on 5 t i i ) a i t h ca tBk ie . J in C o F T 6 ( F t a t ta oa oh h c t p r
t es s nh s o r e t q h ui o ci w kr f w i o i l e on s l A JointCategory:
Y O P R E m a x h a li l m jo . u w e oa m b c h e m o) e r ane n t 5d v T fe s
x e f f i c g i ei i n t c it v e s h ae b u 5 e ir v o l o e l / oe sn a tt br
u 8 i . r f s o r w m e eu o lhe a d n ue ne o dis s l . st t y j h o e f h iby
arc n or gas t e s made se h l i t e d d l n e l weldingprocesses. f : , B n a r
vt di e e ne rl6 oJ d 4t nv . o e e ir e dl e s t ls n e l g f d y r. t y : f n
s g f s f iE =c I fi b en j n .c toy u o, i . l e oo ti c e o dm tp r r e s s i
o n . e l h t d e . B
( F a t t ba o o hc h h m e a e ) p r o ee s si s t u [ si r nh h d e o 2 i i v
dn i a e sn a n m o i re 1 r e t q h 1u i w icf r kw iie n4 o o uo h t f s o e l
i ad n n a J C oa tA ie g n o
1 . -.
7
4
D
W
J
WELDED
JOINT
LOCATIONS
qin u c o i ar n i e a m p w eln p a h tt sl i y e ay rI s . r ce s m r hav e tt
e i e hdc ri aen ic ,ak l n ee o d w .
s o
T t j o u hi c n enc d ro ot e n t se sd a p i r r i e te f ja o d em o is i b n
i g ed nt a er l ts ne e t d t i t c T s h p r e e q uc si rw ie e m aa eh b n l
t sio ,a s d t e c o h sn d a ei i t t g air o bb n nu rs e l, a l t
D C O
E N
S D
P W O E N E A P H OI C I JI TO N D PI O T G RE J G N IY R A H E AF TF I IO C E E
N A C T Y A D M NT I R A NT N E E GX O R I YN I AT C I O l
u c a i A ta gD ee b gn F o snu r l y t dl t 1 T d ie A hs .l wo s i s e o n ln
s b o ja s i ve e i se l e n d s c nd tt a i h e n.e c n y a d d s e f f 1i c 0
o 0 . r 9 A c a B to C e lb g s ou r l p y t T r (o Tt y ( ( d S e w s ( eeni i
b g n l e c nd l o uu d s i t n t 1.0 g 0.9 c o n d t i ti n ih o oon o z s zs l
ee n s r l bi sec o m t lm e o uc n h i d c aaw tmi nb g e r s ) w f h w u i eh
n tlt e i n r slc e hc h t s e r a d i o c g ar A atw p e h i vy g e oe l r s y
d s se n l i n s e o c h t o eis o N an sd o r s r m a n) d c a to s o n r v ya
e n . m e e l cs e t ss se 0 l 0 . Uw-11 s e o c h t ei o a n sd r s U 1 2 W (
d ) r Joints Band C butt welds C a Ata e Bb g o n ur y t din t e n c w i ve s e
l e s c dc t s ise o n l n s s n e a h s eb o nhT a a dy d l s p l1 e in f ee wa
ll UHT-57 (1) or T ( y 2p thickness do not e require ) 2 F r a d e x a i n m a U
l y u T ( ol Ty ( . b l 1 yp s u 2pe p ) t r T e (o ) Tt ( 0 0 . i o w g r j a
e p h o l i cd i e n d t s m i n a t i o n o s t n d a t o r y W ( b 1 )
2p e t y 1p P C o e U C S e
.
e
8
8
5
r i
f p t
P t yC1 p U . C 8
2 po e e S 8 5
175 I
DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT.)
D C O E N S D
O ET O I CP I W N JI T N DP I O T G R EJ A P H GO N IY R A H E E A F TF I I O CN
E E N A C Y M A N TN E E G X OA D R I YN I AT C I O TI R T M
( 1p ) r y e l l .p 6e rd y 2 ) ione i my r T a op w h yi j ec ol p d n e f t (
s 0 g 0 P3 .pC 6e o e ) r y ( i n a t i o n U C 0 .p 5eS ) r y ( 4 o s t 0 . 5e
T y p ( 5 ) a t o r y . . p 4 T ( 0 y e 6 ) hs s e e l s i g no e d r e r n a l
s n s u rl e y ( c ) o A s i b hn at ls l e I. F e . )u l l ~ N ( p o 1 J W( ( 2
( 1 aa ) ) ) o Ba i Cs n b h nt a s l d l e / ef sa s b ec s r soN e , V ( y o
l n . s op 1e . ) 1 r T ( y 0r a . o c 1pt a t al i e n N t i ( hn g a o 2 l . )
0 ( . 2 9 j l a s l o s u b s J t a Wn ( (c- e 2 s ( 1 b a ) ) ) h b p a o U W
2 ( a ) v h t e re ]intsB andC butt J D os bi f h n aiut b w l s l e ull e l l t
d e l t W d J 2 n p e n w e t r e a t i l o n d s o c D i s i hn et ls n l e x t
t e h t n rd i o, h nuh gs ge h n n h a ea d d l s l x e tn h i to t c i k } n r
f e rh e s u s a l f de l iey 1 v oe n sw o sz } ae z g e l lr l ra t x e p cl
h e e dp t U W( ( 2 d ( 1: a x ) ) c r c t h ) u a .n g b e r e s o e xs o c d s
x r J oo c ai C tf n e m g t e o r fh y a n g r e r J a a - n 2 p (t2 na ) ) d
e s t f a b l rj h i c o a t W i e( e d p 3 a p n e ) d r s e U t W n- 2 (u a d
) ( l b ) (s c ) n J l ( W ( - 4a 1 ) ) r U F u r a d i o e x a m i n m a n d T
v ie d e fs e x t p r oe Uw-1 l J Ao s b iT h Nn ay t ls p l e e o ( ( ef a x u
1 c s t eoe p n ) i t f iT r c ( Type y ( c h n r os i m t c ai i uk n m le e l
s s s t e e l ) . . l B o s b i t h N n a y t l s o p l e e . eo s ps e e l .r s
) b te le( o d w 2 U 0 W( a- ( 2F ( 1r n b 2 ) ) d ) o2 F s m t i p a J e C of
p ci s e n utn e t t t r sl a st i ol i n spot e fq u ro e d r welds iextending
through No m a tthehentire e r i of the ae l section w m e e t l a r d l joint W
2 ( b ) J D of p i e n un e t t r l a s t i ol n w e ex tt le h n r dd o i sn u
g g h t e s n ea h tt c i t ri e h o e n t e j U o W( ai- ( 2 n ( 2 n bt 3 ) )
d ) A osr e er Bos s N o(t W iu i t i i 1p 2 e 0
$ V a i r t o U
PhC
o e
UCS-56
6 U
nstean f J i ( with d p e sr s e xu c J n i 5 p S n a o( be o i t c oh U l a d e
s c o 4 n d i
boilers
ul l el e t d l e t d be i t h. d N n aA yt b w l s o p e . j i os i h n e t s l
V nef l s a 1 ) cl s o . cal a a s e nh a 1 a d d g sn - h o l a s l r u a l d l
ie y e de - b f s b p h o g e r a x p c h e e r p t bit h N n a y t l s o p l e
e . g 0 i w i. h t 1p e r T e ( v r y u t ) n p r . r d) 1 h o e 1 2 v e eo e U
W ~ T ( 0 y . 2 p o n s f - mn 2 s (n s C o )i U l ( W ( 4 a I ) ) g t n o n :
A
s b t r o ao e 0e 2 9
176 DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT.)
D C O E N S D l :
P W N O E GO N IY R A JI T N D PI O T G REJ A P HOI C IH E T E AF TF I IO C E E
N A C Y I AT C I O A NT N E E GXO R I YN A D M NTI R T Aos bi t h N n 1 ay t ls
o p ) l e e .
J Bo s b i t h Nn [1) o N ( 7 P r ve s s e u wr s. t e t h e i c x 5kc is cn s s
ut e b j l e d fi i rN w r e je i c ooln t t ( a p e r f 3em r A o Bj ioa i t h
i c k n U W 2 e .l g u 8 E l e c tA r b ow s U l a w e l ( d i n 6 g
ay t ls o p l e e . T y o h 2- F he r . u ) n ( Te l( I. 0 e e s e / s n d s 8 .
p o. t os D 0 N g . d i yn e o d t p 0 s f e 0 i i t to ) e e h d e r r n n t r
s n y e s s ( d ) W l ( F d l - t as u 1 I T ) ( l 0 T ( ) F u l
w t t h h l a w e e l o o ci a n ; (t P 1) e - e : y 1x p5 i c 2p e e m a .l t h
90 i tf e l n s 8 .8 5 s o l t a s le . 7 6 0 , to P t h h ~ 1 p w o o I t r e
ei a t n a n d a o y . P l C 1p 0e S y . U 2C p 9 l
9 F c o v
1
1
S v s h U ( U J c b u
U l t e r a xs o n a i cm o y . P nC 1p 0e . r l l e i d nw Aon w s a u e n y a
ts t h 1 iT ( o he n e S 2C p 9 U l (e W ( 7 a o n 1 s t ) r )u0 c T t i( o ny .
U s s l f s- c d n p o e r oe m si t t r a d i o g r a p h s e a 0m l e s. s s
p o t e s s e l Pe C o e e o c Jt i o oo n s c i n vn n e e c tr ts N i s ns g o
e l n o w A o B h e r n r C5 U S e d t s ae a c h ies o n an s d d s 0 . 8 w a
te 3 l y r d p s e e , l W ( a 1 ) 4 5 6 , , ( 5 b ) ) W 1 2 ( d ) o 1 i n t . s
N g rt e o a h t ea t o m p A lW e t e e n d l d y s , 8 0 u r e s s u r y e w
1 2 ( f ) i l e E F F I C (I E T N B CU Y E I S C A L C )EU O L EA D T I ON N S
O S E A M H L T E EHS F I S CA A K N Code D E S S UW-12(d) S M E
TYPE OF HEAD
H s O p h t e e h
T
OFY JOINT
i l s
P
E
r
N m i cN a e Ar
o1 00 N 1
.0 .0
l 2 Y .
0.0 9 .0 0 0
0 8. 8. 0 . 0
* c a F l i c u n lv o a ot il r ov n i n g c i r c u ms f e ort , e n rt i a ae
l s @ s t h i o s c ek h an m e se l se s af s
r r d
177
EXAMINATION
OF WELDED JOINTS
RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATION
FuUradiography is mandatory of joints: (Code UW-11) communicating chambersofunji
red 1. All butt welds in shells, heads, nozzles, steam boikrs having lethalsubst
ances. 2 All .
1 1
Exemption: B and C butt welds in nozzlesand communicating chambers that neither
exceed 10 in pipe size nor 1 1/8in. wall thickness do not require radiographicex
amination in any of the above cases. 3 All categoryA and D butt welds . in vesse
l sectionsand heads where the design of the joint or part is based on joint effi
ciency 1.0,or 0.9. (see preceding pages: Design of Welding Joints). 4 All butt w
eldsjoined by electroslagweldingand , all electrogasweldingwith any
greaterthan 1
radiography, as a minimum, ismandatory of
B or Cweldswhichintersectthe . Category A buttweldsinvessel sections(including n
ozzlesand communicating chambers above10 in. pipe or mmect seamless vesselsectio
nsor headswhen size and 1in.wallthickness) the designof Catego~ A and D buttweld
sinvesselsectionsand headsbasedon ajointefficiency of 1.0or 0.9. 2 S . t weldedj
oints(~ radiography p isoptionalofbutt o 1 2 w a hn i
1
r c o
) h
required to ~ filly ~diographed. If spot radiographyspeciiled for the entire ves
sel, radiographicexaminationis not required of CategoV B and C butt welds in noz
zlesand communicatingchambers. No Radiography.No radiographicexaminationofwelded
joints is required when the vessel or vessel part is designed for external press
ure only,or when the design of joints based on no radiographicexamination.
ULTRASONICEXAMINATION
n I f e m r a r te i l e etr c w i tn ar ca o l e e ss l l lea w c gn d t wr e a
os s g li d a is d n t sg h l y p g rat e 1 1 as ih s t b es u h a /l rtn r aa
ns e o ln x 2 i .c at a lh m l e lr y i ot nu g e h hd o eu t i e ln e t n i g r
t eh . d t d t ir e t q iu ih n a md e i o noet gxs r a a m p i ah n wifa c tm
ie ob l nt l,a d d lh 2 I a .oornr e e l b e c p ter or b o t o ac in e na m sc
e h os r n t dnr iy if n er r u a oi i d u c s tv i e o n w e p l r sd o b i u h
c ln t er a ga ss e o s ln x i c af a l tm l e l e y i h n lno e e td n i g r r
rt eh 3 U l t e r x a as m om in n b i .s a ct u ib o as f n t r i a t d u i yt
fo o ee r a cpio h r hy o tg d f l n s a ru e s i t e c o n sa th o rt uv c m t
d ei f o en hs np o s e i n efto e ree r l m r p a rs ed i tt i a o t b gl e r a
p
178
B P
I T O E
W C L
J U T
B T A IP T E D R I F EF E H E D I T R H E N F I EC I M E K NT E O S 1N S H R O O
N EN - F O O T UT R. H T R H PIH N LC N A F UE EO W TR U- E 9 D W .( -C E 1 ) ,
3 L E O HN T T G ATE T H P H RE A R NF SSE EI D T H B I M O AI N N 3L T I T M L
I UM E F B FE S T T W A E D ET J H ES A U N C R E F TE N A W T C EM SH E B. p L
A A OE R D N T I IT R T E A L S P HY E O C R N AT E ED D I J T O AI C N E N R T
O
x2 3 & 1 T & r L e g i e nn t e L &3 e ai t ~ p o e o{ e vu $ j tr ~ s~ i

s
L
@
&
y $
H
T E S AH E D LS L A T T A C H M E N T
z ~ l
/ 2 ( t @ T s p h c h le en ma t e l e r t l l ia e b o e si o t h i h e ee dh n
r p c le n t a e r tl i n e e

~ Y
% Y e n
% - t ~ ; ~ H
a S 1 a n
n L Y
g~ -. ~ z
e- n ti L i n
$ /e
g
@ e
7 :
~ t c me e i l oe i s h ~m tn r u g e a W t e h~ t,., e n nhd ~ e- s , e xt 1 d e
f il 3 ba n t n n e g e u1 x h ei c o e w n e h c t pe r s er s o e a l q v nr
o e uy i t in d a ro e ge t u 1 e . tn h al 2 k s s oel 5 a on h rr f W l t i e
h t oql e s t f r s la bi ash gu n f hf a fat g i r lc e l nn e i q o e ue c ee
m b o e .le r t l i la i ent e i t Ta s p p h l h n e r ta es o t h p cee h l n
t aae r f l te id n e e . -
T E S AH D E LS L A ~ A C H M E N T ~ 3 Z z l / 2 ( t h - ty
th
1
APPLICATION OF WELDING SYMBOLS WELD MEANING OF SYMBOL
SYMBOL
n m +rt
v m =
P
v m K
6
8 & & w
~

~
&
APPLICATION OF WELDING SYMBOLS WELD SYMBOL MEANING OF SYMBOL
b
G
ig%N:i;EE g~g2g9D
~,
~q
SYMBOL INDICATES L d
D
m
SYMBOL INDICATES 1/4 IN. INTERMITTENT FILLET WELD. EACH 2
P
*
8
E
-
P
s
181
C
Service
i
R
RELATED
To
VARIOUS
SERVICES Code paragraph
Brief extracts of Code requirements
A ip r v e lse r f su s u w s r cl e o e im s l pa s r et e r sxi e a s hU e c -
d r e( p , 4t p e r o m t i h ti et t r p e wa d h ir ssa e b gih p r ra n ao p
s h v l i dl ee d w s u i i i n t s t ap o e bp chl e t e i n oi n n g . V ew sa
r s e i em q l ui t si tn r h ih e i o mcl d k u f s 2n t nm ? ee U hs - s s a C
i t an t h b u c i ra c s o h m tpa e r e s e o ee ss ds r be i nh vd i a c r l
e l p r o w vc i o i d r a r e l ot d l sno il wh o ta n n1 e o coh e s a / t s
n 6 -2 t c a l c p h u t l lh a i t c aM e k d t nt he i is 3 e c s i .kn n 1 U
e 1 .s 3 n s( 6 d se c en t h d bi uo r s s n a ss o l e l d t U -e .( 4
~ l a mE mx a p c b o a l nne n m o n o x d o g a u s e s m l i q u i dd L s u e
b B t s st W w T S s S t V i e
w h uej a lo il v t f cr e a u a d ab h n s i f ah b o r ci e h te r e e l j o o
v hi a c
( cl e s d i e t ec n t s o dst l ne se s tlu ntb as s i hU to a n- a n ol g r a
l p e h y e d . c ao a l tn r a e dbs l s o o t fb l np h e o rUa wo e - y( l l
s l e a a t de td . nra t it s e e ogs c o h u orf s ti nape f as lr o a r lg m
r a po h 2( -6 ( ,8 C 3 a f s
Uw -2.
p t c l oe an f t e to s p r e em l c is f n Si c g aA St i o An o sU 3n hb u a
s o l e l dt e . ew sar s e i em q l ui t sitn r h ih i eo mcl d k u t a m c n h
nm e e ucs ss % h s -25
n
i
&
n
.
i W ( a V ew sar s t 2 i t ane t h b w ac o i r a c u p l t a lh M t h i i 3 c
s
& hh
n e
~l
l
. d s
I s
J
( G
-
e i em q l ui t sitn r h ih i eo mcl d k u ss a t nm ? e e ucs h s -25 r ) u c i
ra w s hs a te s e e tr b o h e p v e dri n ao rc v le i dl r l t o l soo ni h
w lo a tn n 1e c o oh e t cs a f / t as h n it c a ek nd t e se s . u s ( G( i k
ns n / & h eh.s 3 e ns e l 2 a l . d s
f s n ee d 6l f -
N O T E S : 1 U ns f b t i om r eai eb l . ca dol e an m r si a t s s rc uc y c
o o t r ee d d a n c n e w t i ht h e 2 V ei w s s s a e e x tw l f.c s et il j
u n ru cr r d ie o es h o t dd i c m t i o h e n c a l o ii srd t ee e d n
.
1 Q?
1
C V
n a T i h i e 1 s 241 p5l 6 8i 9 c o 1 1 t 1 ha e 9 i s
R W T
R V ?
5 2 4 6 ,8 ,95 ,1 1 , ,1 , 1 2 44 , , 4 1 4A 3 6 4 4, 6, , 8, , 9, , 7 1 , 11 1 ,
, 12 ,1 41 , , 5 1 % 36, 7
N
p
c k n3 s < 3 , .A x 6 24 1 5 2 3 4 5 2 4, 5, 6 l 8 e9 1 8 9 , 1, , 5a 6 ab 9 6 1
1 I1 1 e 1 1 2 1 1s 1 2 , ,2 ic k l n5 s ~ 1, . 16 3
A % 6 4 , , 7 8, 9, 1, 8, 9, 1 1 1 , , , 4 , , , 2 1 I 1 1 1 2 4 5 , 4 5 516 4
v t n i a N p
1 4A
1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 , ,0 3 , 1, 1 , , 07 3 , ,0 7 3 1 1 , ,0 7 3 1 c7a , , 07 3
p 7 l1 i b 0l7 11 e 1 07 1 , , 06 1 2 , 06 1 2 , 06 1 2 o e2 41 2 s 2 4 , ,6 5 1
2 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 , ,6 5 1 2 ha s1 i lc n1 s1 k 1l - 1 l 3 6 ,< . 1 <A
i T m i \ N p
7 1 , p 7 l 1 i1 c 7 a1 1 b 3 l 7 61 e 1 3 1 62 o t e s 1 2 7 1 2 7 1 2 2 ,
7 1 1 , ,1 , 3 1 6 1 , 07 1 2
1 1X 7 o6 X 15 6 A % 3 & v 1, 1 1 ,37 6 1 37 6 1 1 3 7 61 , , 3 6, , , ,27 , 01
9 , , 7 , 818 , 1 2 1 21 8 , , 1 ,7 , 7 ,,1 1 0 , 0 2 2 2 29 0 2 1 2 29 01 2 , ,
92 0 ,
( 1 T l T s m i t 1e m i e sr
B E
N o t e s x r ot Ci r Rae e o q c f u ti r sd e m e fn et s )
tn h h i i o m c p .k uf e n lw m e e a s c o s oln t s d tsf r e u b e c n hr t
dui o a (n G o l h / s 1 a s6 n . tnh h i i omcs k ue a hn m he e s u es l n i
cl a sof m s dp ad e r se s ds ien d 1. v s t ie a c e rw e va s, a i e n smc tr
b e h 3v e i i d a /rc le 3 nU l G e ( 2 it t a nd gh d l s e te l a a e m e r
i Un i ( pn G g p e .-
6
2 M a n u f a m c t u a r s e rr b .s k h o 3 I l c t o
U S e m p a r s e sai t s .wen e d sr a n e ac tro , m rv ae r l d i o l rc s no
i e wo aC n n oc 1e oh t c s a a /l p ch s u t n ll h a 6 i tsface e bk dp ht n
r e o ae s v s il d e l de .
(C e 4 S i w n eo g p l l eue d .n t ,e 3i i ndp g s s d in n ip r p o e zU . qo
e ( u r e i n f o r c e m e n t . 5 T s 6 D 7 S f 8 S o 9 M 1 1 M S a c
io- r
m i tnh h i i om cs .k u ea hn mh e e so eu s l n nlas f f s bdti d o r us e i e
( fG l ad b e -m) r n hb l ta o 1 e il h ls a t ne s n % . of f u l iu b j U W
l bs l f l oll. loe a n i eg l i w o tt n ue jpd t i l i ona ra c dil c ,e e nT
p d tt a a sb e p ro z q e o . i-u e U n ei f( o (G r o t re c
iw n e o g pl l u e d te n2 . i, e i p nd s gd i n sn ir o r c e m e n t .
td eT n Ut a f i f n l iu jg l wl o l p .l ae w iie l fl tn a ett p t ut a oo lh
ch h g n me ra 2 i v o u d e t in s a t sm r i h4 a e d . ce t ec ee l p r l t
as o b ,l e . a a i f c tx h i i omcr e k u i .n nmf eo f rs b c se w m e3uf n o
ti e tx 0 h i i omcr ek u i . n mf eo f rs b c se w m e1uf n o it e f1 n lu i g
j l l wo l . lp e a e p t a b l e . w i ei l /t t l U r 3 nt ( d W / l rUW n t d
W b f d
2 8
-
( .
Tn o l ft ne ct pi r u tlc u h m od fj g e rt es tU ir aa l .
Wi b
183
C R O U R E D L LT V A E E A T S E R W D I T O H A IU C O K SL N O EV S L SE E S
S ( C o n t i n u e d ) N x r ot Ci r o t e s Rae e o q c f u ti r s e d m e fn
et s ) c W bh r S
( 1 S m W Bs S f i
B E
a f 2 n li ug j l l o w l. l a e ii p et n lw ht lt a o p ec sc u u le f tp a d
t tg a Tb t so U l ae o h e c e on t a p n r d t tv e s fs e s h s xe u rl o e l
s o . ej 3l o p d i r b t h ( o a y( w i 4 neb jg l
1
ev en . se d st s s u s ut s d br f e e jfi l e iir sc c re c eo (nt g W g a t t
iU o Pl w 1 p 2 l ho et ee) r es )e rr a l .e t a tq m d u e i tn r (2) t e d .
w u d l o . i eu itt o d bh n ao t s s ctu a k tc t ci e r fe n p f tg i a bp o
l e
r n d y
1
P-1 shall be fully radio- UCS-57 graphed. UCS-56 19. Post weld heat treatment of
P-1 materials is mandatory for all welded Table connections and attachments. uw
-lz 20. Double welded butt joint or single welded butt joint with backing Table
strip shall be used for circumferential or longitudinaljoints. 21. Pull radiogra
phic examination of butt welded joints of P-1 Grade 1, 2, 3 materialsis mandator
y.
22. Post weld heat treatment of P-1 materialsis not mandatory provialedthat mate
rial is pre-heated. See page 179 f
N P b p l t e m o p oo e p r ae t r ru a w r te i o n .
Note (2)(a)(b)
O T E : w h o t e r ee si n al t e at rm i d e e nq tt n pt u h r ioe fh rs o d
i ti o e r d jr ie b o n t r s e a tu w s st e t e as n e ii o n tn tt i P l ece
8 g e s - s hr ( l NT o sa o o b fu e u . l p a t. e d 1 ) a 8 g e 5 .
1 - .
8
4 -
T
C F
A
A
V C L
Excerpt from the Departmentof Labor OccupationalSafety and Health Standards(OSHA
),ChapterXVII, Part 1910.106, (FederalRegister,July 1, 1985) CLASSIFICATION ATMO
SPHERIC TANKS Storagetank whichhas been designedto operateat pressuresfrom atmos
pheric through0.5 psig. REGULATION Atmospherictanks shall be built in accordance
with acceptable good standards of design. Atmospherictanks may be built in acco
rdance with: 1. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Standards 2. American Petroleum I
nstitute Standards No. 12A, No. 650, No. 12B, No. 12D, & No. 12F. Low-Pressure t
anks shallbe built in accordancewith acceptablestandardsof design. Low-Pressuret
anks may be built in accordancewith 1. American Petroleum Institute Standard No.
620. 2. ASMECode for PressureVessels, Section VIII. (These tanks are not within
the jurisdiction of the ASMECode SectionVIII (U-id) but may be stamped with the
Code U Symbol U-lg)
LOWPRESSURE TANKS Storagetank whichhas been designedto operate at pressuresabove
0.5 psig. but not more than 15 psig.
Stora e tank or vessel which i? asbeen designed to operateat pressures above15 p
sig.
P
V
P
V
s
b b
i a
with the ASMECode for PressureVessels, SectionVIII.
In addition to the regulationsof the above mentioned standards and code, the occ
upationalsafety and health standardscontainrulesconcerningtanks and vessels as f
ollows: 1. Definitionof combustibleand flammableliquids 2. Materialof storagetan
ks 3. Locationof tanks 4. Ventingfor tanks 5. Emergency reliefventing 6. Drainag
e 7. Installationof tanks
185 LOW TEMPERATURE
I am i d n m ei t m e s e m uipaf tem tg r aa htn n e s s - c oo mc b i na aa lt
i a r o n s b ln i to o b t c e i uF l Ur h oC fv i S w tm e G eei s p6 s r e q
u i r e d . .
I I I
OPERATION
u n i r l e -c k d l ef n o ed wl y s s na 6. t , ci n t g s N I tO H aT t n mhE
d c b o. o o oe m k ss uh mn m a at l e i Fr o is rs a t t Al h e o sC d ee eo
. r S A c aa p a a n S A G S A G S a s &6 &7
I 0 / 1Y
/ { /{ A
o r M
~ I
1 8 6 : 40
; 20
I I
I I I I
I I
0 0 /0
/
. .~
r sl l l b t ni itl o e f l son e o l t dl h y oe s gb h n ee o4 o l s w od t w
n 5& 0 5 8 , A Sr 5 G1_ A 2B5 r 5 n o 1 r6 m6 o i n a l 5 i z 0e f o1 r 6 o a rl
5 i m
-
A G 5 &6 i n5 n
0 z f
I
j
4i
a e
: :F
I
0.394 1
I 8 N IC I
tm 2 ot
e n p x s a p t cid 1 0 3 4 5 hm ii c i k n n ae 6 E A U.
t n t rt
t m in d nn h m e i ms . e du i e t m g m p i ce r t o a 1 t u l i h r e m 2 d 0
ea p s r a F e da s t b tu eh r U e si C a da S e l-l 6 dl 6 e gm
U
M S TG P C
N qm ua cs o it t e ro re t s id a sl i s , tm i r m p ee f a S G A B a -t e 1 m
p 9Fa e rw 3 a ta Ru 4 7rr nt e m 6 C R S ST V A GEB T a t- S e m 3 p 0 F ea r
w 7 a tau 2 r rr n te m
F s t av t e o i w os t n c s ah oe r r i ry l n hs e c a i, d i F U C1 i i l S
t - go e 6 t hn F6 ,n s ,ih a g es s p r f o ub v r t i uadtm e ha sw s e t siie
r t r s h i i tm e U psG t a - i6c n 6 t(g b . ) . R E D O U MC I T IN O I N M
U FM M TE E M T P E R AA T L U R E E X A M P L E : > 3 : 0 ; . ~ @ o.4; ~ Z < 0
V . c S 2 6 \ 3 Z g W A a
-
~
F d
1
t ee
O R ms ip f ei F r U ag r tC u IS n r- e o6 6G 5 s tm
J ; * .
I t a sc i th tt e r uf ni e af e n s r s l t i se oo p r a eo s l s t i 1u o n
hp r 2 ae te s @d r i On s m a a zl s li o om tt h we u m r a a tm be e n la l e
i as 1 5 , s p t r s a i h t .i o , e : 1 ~ 0 0 =0 0 / 1 5 , 0 .0 0 a f r n t r
o e d i d2 m uh c 0 t i T m i d n the e i ms mip 5 e u i e r3 0m ag t - u sn0 r
2e ( A p jp e l f io fc isa cib ii l h ee nn i cc ai t le sul
o
T
s 1t n 2t a
w a a o t f i o sl l l t h oj w Ji n l t h oi m c h a k l tn i i c ee A. r s deu
s i e 1x i eo e 1 ne t d t h oi m c h a k l tn i i c ee r s~ eu s i D n1 d
3h t v ii h e y dc s hr o t ss h t a e te i .sc e al t l l sye d 4f g t e d: t e
e ms h ip n el i r t ag o -t. eF un or hw e 2 ea n Fg o h sh 5d e a t r n 0 t a
a r o fe l h v td i e 6n e 5t2 h ml a h ao no c li a .oc,y a d c lc i l n ik . m
e e rcs h o a cd o d o r en o e l qg slu ii s ir n t eg m g e t lan f e li n w
nn s d ti r
P
Form Specification Nominal Composltlon Number Grade c c C - Si ~ 2 C - Si C - Si
C - Si C - Si C - Si C - Mn - Si C - Mn - Si a&: CS ~z u c1 e E z M G .3 m C - Mn
- Si C - Si C - Mn C - Mn - Si C - Mn C - Mn SA-283 SA-285 SA-515 SA-515 SA-515
SA-515 SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 SA-105 SA-181 SA-350 SA-53 SA-106 I LF1 LF2
B B B7 * 2H B* c c 55 * 60 * 65 70 55 * 60 * 65 * 70 *
M
CARBON & LOWALLOYSTEEL* APPLICATION Structural uality. For pressurevessel maybeu
sea withlimitationsseenote: 1 Boilersfor stationaryserviceand other pressurevess
els Primarilyfor intermediateand high temperatureservice 99 For moderateand
temperature service 99 99 99 For hightemperatureservice For generalservice For low
temperatureservice For generalservice For hightemperatureservice For hi temperat
ureservice Bolt2* in. dam. or less For hightemperatureservicenut Machinebolt for
generaluse *For lowtemperature operation seepage185
ICr-1/5Mo. SA-193 SA-194 SA-307
* Dataof the most frequen~yused materialsfrom ASMECodeSectionII and ~11
PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL (cont.) Specification Number SA-283 SA-285 SA-515 SA-515
w b e 2 SA-515 SA-515 SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 .a J z ZQH <z~ ~<_ & u ~ 2W E%
3A m u z G : SA-I05 SA-181 SA-350 SA-53 SA-106 SA-193 SA-194 SA-307 I LF1 LF2 B
B B7 2H B Grade c c 55 60 65 70 55 60 65 70 P Number 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 Yield Tensile Point Strength 1,000 psi. 1,000 psi. 55.0 55.0 55.0 60.0 65.0
70.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 70.0 60.0 60.0 70.0 60.0 60.0 125.0 55.0 55.0 30.0 30.0
30.0 32.0 35.0 38.0 30.0 32.0 35.0 38.0 36.0 30.0 30.0 36.0 35.0 35.0 105.0 DIA
M> 2k2 in and<4 in See Notes 1 2,6 3 3 3 3 3,8 3,8 3,8 3,8 2,3 2,3 2,3,4,7 3 5
Form
188 PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL (continued)
NOTES: 1. SA-36and SA-283ABCDplatemaybe usedfor pressureparts inpressure vessels
providedall of the followingrequirementsare met: (1)
(2) (3) 2. The vessels arenotusedto contain lethal substances, either liquid or
gaseous; Tmaterial isnotusedintheconstmctionofunfiredsteamboilers(see Code U-1 (
g) ~; Withtheexception of flanges, flatboltedcovers, andstiffeningrings on which
strength welding is applies does not exceed 5/8 in. I
For service temperatures above 850 Fit is recommended that killed steels containi
ng not less than O.IOOA residual silicon be used. Killed steels which have been
deoxidized with large amounts of aluminum and rimmed steels may have creep and s
tress-rupture properties in the temperature range above 850 F, which are somewhat
less than those on which the values in the table are based. Upon prolonged expo
sure to temperatures above 800F, the carbide phase of carbon steel maybe converte
d to graphite. Only killed steel shall be used above 850 F. Not permitted above 4
50 F, allowable stress value 7000 psi. The material shall not be used in thicknes
ses above 2 in. For welded pipe maximum allowable stress values are 15Y0less. No
increase in these stress values shall be allowed for the performance of radiogr
aphy. The stress values to be used for temperatures below -20 F when steels are m
ade to conform with supplement (5) SA-20 shall be those that are given in the co
lumn for -20 to 650 F. MODULI OF ELASTICITY FOR FERROUS MATERIALS
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8.
Material
70 C C H a s a s a w rt Cbe 0 i oe .2 w rt Cbe 0 i oe 2. 7 si l t lg e -. oe T v
ia t h E l
s m p Foe o i r a t .u r e Millionp f T e 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1
100 5 7 2 . 3 2 8 5 2 . 8 2 6 . 6 2 6 . 7 7 2 5 . 3 2 . 5 2 5 . 0 2 . 4 7 4 2 ,
5 4 2 , 5 4 2 . 3 2 .1 2 .1 8 3 2 . 7 . 0 5 . 0 3 . 2
nl 3 2 t s 9 20 h 8 2 C <2 . 8 k 2 . 7 nl 2 t 3 s 9 2 I 8 h 2 0 >2 . % I 2 . 7 8
3 7 ly 6 2 s 2 2 7 2 6 h -.
x u P t hr ee eCe r s sa n h n is ae an u l ftrr e ree t xnpts dr oe e e r d s n
s c a l c o u l a nt i o l n s y .
1
8
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS CARBON& LOWALLOY STEEL Maximum Allowable Stress Values i
n Tension 1000 psi.* Specification Number
G :r
For Metal Temperature Not Exceeding Deg. F.
, a 5, d~ :0 e 5
900
0o
950
0
0
o
c
SA-285 SA-515 SA-515 SA-515
13.8
-
-
-
8.4 8.4 8.7
6.5 6.5 6.5
4.5 4.5
2.5 2.5
-
-
-
c
55 60 65
13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4
9.0
9.3 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.3
6.5 4.5
6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 8
8
-
SA-515
SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 SA-105 SA-181 SA-350
70
55 60 65 70
17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0
13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0
17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0
I LF1
15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 1 41 3 7 . 0 5.0. 3.0 4 . . 1.5 0 15.0 1
SA-53 SA-106 SA-194 SA-307
LF2 B B 2H B
]7.5 lfj.b 14.&l12.(.) 7.8 5.() 3.0 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6:5 -
!.$ -
-
-
-
15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 -
2.5 -
SA-193 B7~2% 25.0 25.0 23.6 21.0 17.0 12.5 8.5 4.5 -
Seepage177forlowtemperatureope;ationo
* The StressValuesin this table may be interpolatedto determinevaluesfor interme
diatetemperatures.
I
190
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS STAINLESS STEEL
P No.8 Group No.1. -

sN d pG u aA 316-t
317 TP316 TP316H
TL~?l~\
TABLE 1
P
Plate 00
TAklLE3
eN r c o t c ao 2 3 :
2 2
r
S o N dp G u
304
. dt P . P
Plate ;? & 33 =-~ Z g ? ijg
e re
o S l S
cr e N
ot 6 o a 4
. . g
~ ; ~ 5 s z [
z
y ~
~
3
+@ q
gg
Tb. Smls. Tb. y::
H::
S
m SA-213 l TP304s
SA-213 SA-312 SA.312
W;:
;:
;;:
TP304H TP304 TP304H
z
. . C
SE Forg. Forg. Bar
Pp.
a SA-452 s
SA-182 SA-182 SA-479
Q * a g
p304 2 TP304H TP304H t F304 2 F304H 304 235
.
%: ;;: Smls. Pp. Smls. pp. Smls. Pp. Smls. Pp. Smls. Pp. Cast Pp. Forg.
SA-240 SA-213 SA-213 SA-312
SA.312
2 2 3 e 2 3
2
:
g < :
a d Product
TABLE 2
Spec. No. SA-240 SA-213 SA.312 SA-479
g
G
304L TP304L TP304L 304L
F b t d
Product =jS ~g j ~ >* ;::: Tb . . Smls. Pp.
o e
317 SA-312 TP316 SA-376 SA-376 TP316H SA-452 TP316H F316 SA-182 g SA-182 r F316H
316 SA-479a
2 2
2
235
. r
N r
5
~
z O*
~
~~
Plate Smls. Tb. Smls. Pp. Bar
g o a u
A : s g
TABLE 4
Spec. No. SA-240 SA-213 SA-312
s
G
316L TP316L TP316L
Nr

oa
~
B EL E 1
S P US .
aA 316L E S0 S
54 r d, 0
7
M
MATERIALS
A
X A
L I
LM O S U W M A TVB R L A
0
1
2
1 1 1 1
18.8
1 1 1 1
18.8
81 81 61 61
18.4
71 51 61 41
18.1
. 61 . 41 . 51 . 21
18.0
. 61 . 21 . 41 . 11
8 . 51 8 . 21 7 . 41 3 . 01
N O 8 . 51 6 . 51 2 . 51 9 . 51 9 . 51 9 . 4 19 . 4 6 . 1 . 110.fj 9 . 10.6 1 .
10.4 4 Io.z2 7 . 111.1 7 . . 15 ( 3 0. 5 . 41 3 . 31 7 . 3] 4 . 3 3 3. . 1 . 0 3
. 01 8 . 0 9 7 . 0 9 9 . 8
16.3 16.1 15.9 15.7 15,6 1
3
4
M A
TAyLE
17.0
16.7
1 1 1 T E
1 81 1 61 1 61 RF I M A
71 . 51 . 41 8 . 31 7 . 2] 6 . 21 3 .2 1 3 . 11 . 41 7 41 . 0 . 31 6 . 31 8 . 31
6 . 61 1 . 1 7 5 41 . 21 . 11 7 . 01 1 . 01 7 . 0 9 7 . 0 9 9 . 9 L T SE E OM T
P E RA A RT U LR E S
6 . 11 3 . 1 1 . 1 0 . 3 8 . 2 15 . 4. . 2 . 0 .
9. 2. 8
1
1
3
N T d w t F 1 S e h s
1 1
s c a a a q [ p v
1 1
e p d I 1 w 6 c
51 11
s
5] 11
T l v v c
. 49 . 19
e s a b o
1 1 . 2 7 4 . 5 3 . . 4 5 . 3 I4 . 2 8 . 1 4 1 5 . . 17 4 . 5 3 . . 4 2 . 3 0 ,
2 8 . 1 4 . 1 5 .
y v m s r c m m b p s r o t f 0 t h h am t g t s v o a r
. 11 . 1 .
. . . 1 .
c t t r m s s
o
191 -
THERMAL EXPANS1ON LinearThermalExpansion between70F andXndicated Temperature, In
ches/100Feet THE DATAOF THISTABLEARE TAKENFROMTH~:AM~KIcANsTANllAItll ~Ol)E: O T
S T FOR PRESSURE H~lNC. I 1 N
MATERIAL ~mp. g::;.;toy; 5 Cr Mo ;:::;:C 120 17 Cr )gF Low-Chrome thru 9~ 18s!W8\i
27 Cr -2.04 300 -2.24 -2.10 3.63 -1.92 275 2.11 1.98 -3.41 -1.80 2s0 -1.98 -1.86 -
3.19 -1.68 -1;85 -1.74 22s -2.96 -1.s7 -1.71 -1.62 -1.46 200 -2.73 17s -1.S8 - I
.50 1.3s -2.s0 -1.37 1so -1.45 -2.27 -1.24 12s -1.30 -1.23 2.01 1.11 -1;15 -1.08 -1
.7s -0.98 100 f,oo -0.94 -1.s0 -0.8S 7s -0.84 -0.79 -1.24 -0.72 so 0.63 0.98 O.s7 0.
68 25 -0.46 -0.49 0.72 0.42 0.27 -0.30 -0.46 -0.32 2: -0.13 0.21 -0.12 so -0.14 0 0
o 0 0.22 0.34 1:: 0.23 0.20 0.40 0.42 0.62 0.36 125 0.53 0.61 0.S8 0.90 150 0.76
1.18 0.69 17s 0.80 0.94 1.46 0.86 0.99 200 1.13 1.7s 1.03 22s 1.21 1.33 1,21 1.
40 2.03 2s0 1.s2 1.38 1.61 2.32 275 1,S6 1.71 2.61 300 1.82 1.74 1.90 2.90 32S 2
.04 2.10 3.20 1.93 350 2.26 2.30 3.s0 2.11 2.48 37s 400 3.80 2.30 2.70 2.s0 2.72
4.10 2.50 42S 2.93 2.93 4.41 2.69 3.16 4s0 3.14 4.71 2.89 47s 3.39 3.3s 3.08 3.
62 Sol Soo 3.28 3.58 5.31 3.86 S25 3.49 4.11 3.80 5.62 S50 4.02 3.69 4.3s 5.93 S
7S 4.24 3.90 4.60 :.;; ::; 4.47 4.86 4.10 4.69 4.31 6:87 5.11 650 4.92 4.S2 7.18
5.37 675 4.73 5.14 7.s0 5.63 700 4.94 S.38 7.82 5.90 72S 5.62 8.15 S.16 6.16 7s
0 5.86 8.47 5.38 6.43 775 82S 8S0 87s 900 92S 9s0 97s 1000 102s 10s0 107s 1100 1
12s 1150 117s 1200 122s 1250 1275 130 0 132S 13s o 137 s 140 0 142 s 14s o 147 s
1s 00 25 Cr 20 &l ~:n~cu 2.62 -2.50 -2.38 -2.26 2.14 -2.02 -1.90 -1.79 -1.s9 1.38 -
1.18 -0.98 -0.77 0.s7 0.37 -0.20 0 0.28 0.s2 0.7s 0.99 1.22 1.46 1.71 1.96 2.21 2.
44 2.68 2.91 3.25 3.52 3.79 4.06 4.33 4.61 4.90 5.18 5,46 S.7S 6.05 6.34 6.64 6.
94 7.25 7.ss 7.8s 8.16 8.48 8.80 9.12 9.44 9.77 10.09 10.42 10.7s 11.09 11.43 11
.77 12.11 12.47 12.81 13,15 13.s0 13.86 14.22 14.S8 14.94 1s.30 1s.66 16.02 3%Ni
ckel Aluminum &q:on -2.25 -2.17 -2.07 -1.96 1.86 1.76 -1.62 -1.48 -1.33 -1.17 -1.0
1 -0.84 -0.67 -0.50 -0.32 -0,1s o 0.23 0.42 0.61 0.81 1.01 1.21 1.42 1.63 1.84 2
.0s 2.26 2.47 2,69 2.91 3.13 3.3s 3.S8 3.81 4.04 4.27 4.50 4.74 4.98 S.22 5.46 S
.70 S.94 6.18 6.43 6.68 6.93 7.18 7.43 7.68 7.93 8.17 8.41 -4.68 -4.46 -4.2I -3.
97 -3.71 -3.44 -3.16 -2.88 2.s7 2.27 -1.97 1.67 1.32 0.97 0.63 -0.28 0 0.46 0.8S 1.23
1.62 2.00 2.41 2.83 3.24 3.67 4.09 4.S2 4.95 S.39 S.83 6.28 6.72 7.17 7.63 8.10
8.s6 9.03 -3.98 -3.74 -3..50 -3.26 -3.o2 -2.78 -2.S4 2.31 2.06 1.81 -1.56 -1.32 -1.
25 -0.77 -0.49 -0.22 0 0.36 0.66 0.96 1.26 1.S6 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3.11 3.42 3.
74 4.05 4.37 ;.:; S:33 S.65 5.98 6.31 6.64 6.96 7.29 7.62 7.95 8.28 8.62 8.96 9.
30 9.64 9.99 10.33 10.6S 11.02 11.37 11.71 12.0s 12.40 12.76 13.11 13.47
8
6.97 7.2S 7.53 7.81 8.08 8.3S 8.62 8.89 9.17 9.46 9.7s 10.04 10.31 10.s7 10.83 1
1.10 11.38 11.66 11.94 12.22 12.s0 12.78 13.06 13.34
6.70
0 6.10 8.80 0S.60 7.8S
6.34 6.S9 6.83 7.07 7.31 7.S6 7.81 8.06 8.30 8.ss 8.80 9.0s 9.28 9.S2 9.76 10.00
10.26 10.s3 10.79 11.06 11.30 11 .ss 11.80 12.0s 9.13 9.46 9.79 10.12 10.46 10.
80 11.14 11.48 11.82 12.16 12.50 12.84 13.18 13.S2 13.86 14.20 14.s4 14.88 1s.22
1S.S6 15.90 16.24 16.s8 16.92 17.30 17.69 18.08 18.47 S.82 6.0S 6.27 6.49 6.71
6.94 7.17 7.4 0 7.6 2 7.9s 8.1 8 8.31 8.S 3 8.7 6 8.9 8 9.2 0 9.4 2 9.6 5 9.8 &
10.1 1 10.3 3 10.s 6 10.7 8 11.0 1 8.1S 8.4S 8.7s 9.0s 9,3s 9.6S 9.9s 10.2s 10.5
s 10.8S 11.1S 11 .4s 11.78 12.11 12.44 12.77 13.10 13.43 13.76 14.09 14.39 14.69
14.99 I S.29
0 0.32 0.S8 0.84 1.10 1.37 1.64 1.91 2.18 2.4S 2.72 2.99 3.26 3.s3 3.80 4.07 4.3
4 4.61 4.88 5.1 s 5.42 S.69 5.96 6.23 6.S0 6.77 7.04 7.31 7.s0
0 0.21 0.38 0.52 0.73 0.90 1.08 1.27 1.4s 1.64 1.83 2.03 2.22 2.42 2.62 2.83 3.0
3 3.24 3.46 3.67 3.89 4.1I 4.34 4.57 4.80 5.03 S.26 5.s0 S.74 5.98 6.22 6.47 6.7
2 6.97 7.23 7.s0 7.76 8.02
192 DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS Whendescribingvarious vesselcomponents and parts on
drawingsand in bill of materials,it is advisablethat a standard method be follo
wed. For this purpose it is recommendedthe use of the widelyacceptedabbreviation
sin the sequences exemplified below. For ordering material the requirements of m
anufacturers should be observed. PART 9 9 = ~ BOLT CAP Screwed COUPLING DESCRIPT
ION Bar2 x 1/4x 3-6 Bar3/4 @x 2- O Bar 1 @ x 3- O MATERIAL SPECIFICATION SA-7
BAR
3/4 @ x 2-1/2 H. Hd.M.B. WI(1) sq. nut SA-193B7bolt 1@ x 5-1/2 stud w/ (2) h. nu
ts SA-1942Hnut 8 Std. Cap $, 1 6000# Cplg. 2 3000# Cplg. 1 -6000 # HalfCplg. 1 -600
4-1/2 Lg.Cplg. 6- Std. 900 L. R. En. 4- X Stg.450 S. R. En. 6 x 4 Std. L. R. Red. E
li 4 - 300# RF. So. Fig. 6- 150# RF. Wn.Fig. Std. Bore 6 - 600# RTJ.Wn.Fig. X Stg.
Bore 3 - 150# FF. So. Fig. 8 -150 # R.F. Bid.Fig. 1 - 6000# 900 Scrd.En. 1 -3000 # 90
0 Scrd.Street En. 2 -3000 # S.w.Cplg. 1 - 3000# Sq. Hd.Plug 2 -6000 # Scrd.Tee 2 -300
# 450 S. W.En.
18-150 # 1/16 Serv. Sht. Gasket 18-300 # Spiral Wound ASB. Filled 48 ID x 0.375 mi
n. 2:1 ellip. head 2 S.F. 48 OD x 0.500 min. ASME F & D Head 2 S.F. L = 48 r = 3 54 I
x 0.375 min. Hemis. Head
D
SA-105
h
Welding ELBOW
SA-234WPB
B. g ,,
FLANGE
SA-1811
b ~ Q
~:kw:d Welding FORGED FITTING
GASKET
SA-105
0 3
9
ASB. SA-285 C SA-515-70 SA-516-70
HEAD
1
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS (cont.)
L W o eN l n 1 d e i g 38 RF. LWN n c g k
I
SA-1811 SA-53B
0

0
PIPE
6 - Std. Pipex 2-1 8 -X Stg.Pipex 1- 6-1/2 4 - S. 160Pipex 2 4 24 - 0.438 WallPipex
L96 X 3/8 X 12 -6 ~ 24OD X 1/2 X 18 ID ~ 18 OD X 1-1/2
6 x 4 Std. Cone. Reducer 8x 6 X Stg. Ecc. Reducer 6 - Std. 1800 L. R. Return 4 - X S
1800 S. R. Return 4 - Std. Tee 6 x 6 x 4 X Stg. Red. Tee
I
0
PLATE
SA-285C
Welding REDUCER Welding RETURN Welding TEE
SA-234 WPB SA-234 WPB SA-234 WPB

EQUIVALENT
U . S F. rA a.
AND COMPARABLE
G n W ( c e e RF es e e
MATERIALS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES
r m a n p d t E . .( R)a y F o e S D s o U p r vt n . m e i .J i ) e a ot r pn a
n
SA -204 B SA - 283A SA -283 C
SA -284 B SA -284 B SA -285 C SA -299 SA -455 SA -440
& A
15 D 3 = A 33
TSE 24 a = E242 E -24-3
1.6415/15MO3 =1.0035 I = St 33
=1.0036 I Ust 37-2
15 Mo 3
= St 33 St 381[-2 St 38 b -2
A 37
A 52 15 CD 2.05 A 50-2 A -42
= 1,0038/= Rst 37-2 1.0116/St 37-3 1.0345111 1.0844/ 17 Mn 4
1.7335/13 CrMor
St 38-3
Mb 13 17 Mn 4 13 CrMor 4.4 St 50
CT O-2 CT 3 kn 2 BCt 3 cn 2 =181 cn
= 12 K K47 12X M Ct 5 Cn 3 ~.. 16 k 18 k 16 k 18 k Ct 5 Cn 3


Ss 50 SM53 C SA453 c 316L
SA- 572-55 SA -51560
1.0050/St50-2
1.0425 / H 11
I SA -51570
SA -51660 SA -516-70 SA -572-55 SA -240-304
I

A -42
I
1.0435/HIIi
1.0425 / H II 1.0435/ H 111 1.0050 /St 50-2

A 50-2
I
Mb 16 I Mb 19 Mb 16 Mb 19
St 50
I
SA -240 -316~
=22 CNDIT-1$
1.4301 / X 5 Cr Ni 189 =1.44041X 2 CRN]MO1810
X5 CrNi 189 08X 18 H 10 X8 CRN1T1 1810 03X17 H14M2
195
S
FOR THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS
N P p t a t O T E S
r ve s ue sa s sm u as rneu e e fnh a r c ld t u e sa r vecdre s e[ sv or t p pa
t e er n ada wd ic h a tn h ri d c ia ra d o v a n v i t ad eg ea e no cu h o ss
n s i o tn p rg n ur ecv ne t i e sd oT s ns s s p u eh erc file if i sni c .a
c t li p h r awo c h t h s b i c ia e ete m s cc w v o ho a ih mce dc e a se e f
p eo t l tal b y ln l o e w e d .
T p C
s h t a a en p d rs a a e rfr e td e t tr ss e e l n aelcly ht e es c pr n e t a
r o e b t e tm idA viM e ts C t h e od da e nrs d c t a e r c l i s d ob n y es
i m t n d rg u e n c n tt c i h d o bn o y e tv oC de Ts ro r h e tg d d uo hl e
a t a n oh q u i d t r o o S p e et e hc i e e f it c i da t i nos n . E N E R
A . L
A G 1 2 3
T S p e h c i t f io i c w a g .t t e is p o tn i u h or eh tc a rr d h rahd a c
s e n w ee o t ir e vn rq g u d e i hs r re f t d a e o f hsa b i ro nip g rc re
a v n e t i es d o ss n s u e r f le s . I c o c o a n t fp l s u i . orc n htc
e a r sdf h , r a d ta s en pwee r iae n c r o eg td k dS s e v p e nh ce ci fe
ei c i
P r ve e s s ssb d u h s e r. esf a e i al b g ls r in i n ec l sd a e pts , e e
t dci ,a t n c e mc d o p r t ed d ad w i n l ea d ot t i Ae t Bsi S haot P niM
r V e l f e n sE C e e s S sru o er s d V d c eD e I t i el 1 iv aI o i , sn I
i s u b a s t ed q d u e e n n s t d a . V S V m e a sv a a H f sa e pe p n s ul
. r s ts e n c ea d h n olw c eatm s r i el p g A e e ( na O t lS y c t Hd h A
)t . u lo lhl tt y aO t c i c h ou e n h p s a t
4 5 6 7
M e a n s u fs a a ci et .un t rl e qv rr s pi u to r ao e i e l d tm tc e ao re
e ta n ec sao r n tn i se an t rl u e i et c h o oono o dam ts s i m ch p fi sr
e e a e a c rts r td o ks s n a e b l to e o o
A d e w ra V d D r E
v f i l at t Sr ip o e l iof s t i p c i a um t i oros h nc o r , t h dd a r se
ea r s e hw h h it , n aar g e .h cn ip o t p t rt~ o ue r v n c ha h la s ef er
.
f e a b s r a s i r c ie ae . ot p l c o l u r e , ore i csr pr h f dt h a u t s
ep frae u rn r cl i ,c h hss l e a h sc e h a f aw p i p n r o g o sv a lr . S I
G N
1
PressureVesselsshallbe designedto withstandthe loadingsexertedby internalor exte
rnal . pressure,weightof the vessel,wind,earthquake,reactionof supports,impact,a
nd temperature.
. pressure shall be limited by the shell or head, not by The maximumallowablewor
king minor parts.
2 3
Wind load and earthquake. All . vesselsshallbedesignedto be free-standing.To det
ermine the magnitudeof wind pressure,the probabilityof earthquakesand seismiccoe
fficientsin variousareas of the United States StandardANSI/ASCE7-93 (MinimumDesi
gn Loads in Buildingsand Other Structures)shall be applied. It is assumedthat wi
nd and earthquakeloads d n
s h b d r ( e n p oe fsu e i l w g i d n oo te e i a e hd r o s ic m o u lc t a
t n e utoo v u t h sr l e y , tl e h n or q w r a u hd a ik iirc ee v , a e tr g
e nhr g
e
4 5
H o P Z T i d
v i z es o n u s tp s b e o a lrs d t sb ed h d de l a a s ec iy c s lg t t o nm
r l e de e o d iL n ht g .a p s l i S ti c L r eH k as o s.r ,r P e i zs r g o
V e n n sete o a sT s l uS s r e a Se u w l d p s pd o n r lo t f o l hv e c e v
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Code by 33-1/3 percent. 7. Vessel manufacturers shall submit designs for approva
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nfr i e c a t i od n . A w w e s l l b dh d i ba n lt o gm l e n ls t h h e a e
i al e p l r d o i c ne s g s . o ely t le i sd c u r e b dh m a e c r
P e r m ia n n e sb n t t al a sy l c l s t k e nr id h b nu i agwp o sil s w t
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p t l eee en d t r he i n e pf o t ir a ca i r id n r ng s s u s n a l u , a r t
p y ia ip d o sn n o aw rg np d t s l ed , a W t ch o o v e h c e i r c r unim f
ns ee r g eb n r te ie fa i l n p af o i ur nc m ai v an y ot gi d a s s e b hg
ara f o alm l u e lx un a ep nd sm t irwh n e id et l dr oe d i inr h pf n o o g
r i p l a c e n . N l o n g ij t u o s d i bi nh aoa nll aw lt o i tl s dw t o
l ew he h a n d i co a on ar m o e r e t p w l p h a rv e co ii n r p e s s p oe
eu te w cr a t i i l m o eh p n o sl s f i e b d l e s . T 1 5 S d t S a p S d
6 B i m i i h i n n s h / o i c fm i h w i ue 4 sm l z . e l a r s e e tv l f r
w ti e fd n ni eg n g t t ss e o l h br h n d
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v eh p ro.e T r s tm f e e s e i i d nh i f c a s k ns k eo b sh1 is i a r nr l
/ t c l h e 4 . s k o 4 kf a s sa c e se i b ih p r ao wt va lm si i d il 1s d s
e i a bg8 p l rs e a e o e n e t td i 2 m h vu w him er 0 s t . e l n o o fca o
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7 A n v h e o 4 am 8
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8 ii p m r ef u ;f e m r r ef d s . .
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pi o f rt ct d abnl el y s h l i op S p o a t e d bs s d d eh l l . i e sp os b
pf h oo e ti e a tds v t l ea te mlh es ea d s n m af fr i k in soet ea d lT l l
a s t r id d o n hr h . s a bo wh d e i ea ep n it n ga l sa t i r ll u c o n c
t e r h n i in g s .
197 Specificationfor the Designand Fabricationof PressureVessels (continued) Whe
ntemperature expansionwill c
b s t c s 9 O c O F F e
ma t u3 o ih s c r n eh a / i t ead c nin s 8 g hh t tt s w a e a d s h e d bnll
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o r s n t ec a d 1 r d i e dt t y ln eh c/ eo i r s cp rc o 4 ilks h inw ,a o c
tn i t h d he e 2 c o n s h c as r d b e hwe t d ee at l t l e s l dwl h eah c e
e d i n to lw t o ie n lTe u h o u l o r pr o s l s b ihp ao r na o tw v a l e
1i i i dl v e e td n e hl c h h/ p o w un4 p g l li gt a e e e a a t fl v a h e
t nb h s et p s re a r tee e s e e l ss s u t nr e e d . p eo n 2 i i na g c .s
s m h s na e fb h l6 s l la d ef0 o u p l i n g . p lf e 2 n i -i na n 1l gc sa
s /h b nr f h e 2 ll s o re a 6 a 6 l tA l tA lg s a a e n d lr g lw es s : 0N w
n 3S ig 4S iig N 0 n e g S 0 b I ipN 0 s n ipN 0 s n vi i na I 0 psbc ,z m h e
a n e e l i na I 0 plbc ,z a h e nr e Sg 0 I b . l s a c n h o gt naS e f t sl o
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r de ien n c e s te te I s r n n etha t u a mn i d rn e ei a od 1m d i uo oi tm
n ar u / a e s c h ai wp c i k li l nh e te ls 1 eesi h n s n a / t cs s
e av l il e n Oe s h sp s e e n f a e l ni h s o d s nct s e a thr elo l do sr .
p ng s ea nle h i t df qo8 ih n uoe r u t o - as h nh 4 .
t i h nd eh i s ao i t m n n d e e t oe n ehz ar e t z wf l e e cn n e l h fd k
e lo id n ae c e f l i d d t ib i t 1/ n fi i g n fo m gn e1 t o r p c y o r s 6
ah m he d ra i r , l as e m lb t h e f t r a a p a r e 1: ar e t d 4i t o . p p
s e s nb h r i en i ag nf sfn l o a r lc c oeeae d o w n a f l re ,o c wd o d r
cl o r u l fh r a se i n t p o e e f o s e r bcd h ti a sn r g ac o a m hl d p s
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f . T m i o nh iu d m t i u seao m tim r de e t ie n eh pf ro s r b c h 4 fi i a
en ga np tc l o u d t i sa o tm i o d e p te n e h n r i e n g fc e s k . W c h
o a t vb e p e r r n r o f o vs p i e e d a o oc n e e ci d t on t rp g rdu s ir
c nr h hg e a t mia n u o f sa c nf t h uu r,t erar r n e l q g i h ua sl a i h
s s r k et et edn u s th n d s hb e u f t s e t s vo e te i sh d ns r ge le . M
C o a c t u n o s wbv h p a e r y ao wr v d l s i ai d l v e e t id sf e s t h
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bt g c oo b s lms de t bar h i f un r a r g n il a i n s b nt v a e m l al n sd
eu f ds a Tc e t ty u rl .b s f e ar r h r i s a ch au ec t y ao o b rm m l p s
d h e i t n ao c i i l n lu s pt d s ai i,l n l n s at g tr aiu oc p nt i a o l
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sa r l i s c a e o t o l r . T s A t l e s r b hd a e a ys f a i u l s g n nl l
oi e e l fd o i o1 o p r o v m t aw e se o dwh i f 0a g f wt l t t ii g bn r h g
aee ,v f a a e c t r o en n cro e s l ,n lt r d oai 2t roel d v a 5 e b d d u t
1 a t e l o hs t a m i 0 d -i 1r d ag t ied x h ne ni f g m o l te u e cs m r t
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198 Specificationfor the Designand Fabricationof PressureVessels (continued)
T t I I C m R t R c 1 e m e o m 1 n n i ih ct ft
t nh h i i o mc i k ue n nm pt el e a s rtsa en s w a f o u lrr pnk s s p i n o
hb n lrd a t g oe n a / c nh 4 . e as r p r nt b i a s elbp os h e t i n a a wn
l n e lgd i a l g r e hd t r a l et . ea r o d t l e s r a b nh A n a g1 a l N e
5 s l s l 0t S i l o- fp e yal I -b b f ro pi pn c
as ri t n b t feo el n se ra n b nhlfa gal a e sw t slc e i a n ls e r es td q b
u a e oh r e n e a bc ah o s i ln qn n eu t a u c a sk r td w t e e f l dls e t
ad h a n l vg o oo eo es s e m a io nv ta s e b b rl h m e n n h w a y s e a ia
ls a s e l . w c d lt c h ie b e o r i nn e s ac tm
h oh r v n
m i o nv t a s eb n r l h bn e p a ar l o w s l v c o i li r d at r el eotl d s
oF w i oh o a pn e c oen n t n p e sc u t u e acv d tm o bi r o r sp n e tb , a
h p e rk o ax e v r i l d e l de .
A p p u r 1 t e n V a n e cp e. ssr . sow e v m il a i d s n l e w tdil a v a 1
f l a v egb e rs oe s b a he 2 v dq t au ee w i c l , p i lpl a L r r
q c y eh o s u , o nv r i t r ed o a eeag t dd p d h e t n dfr o le a
aa pd l d a l n t e s fb u r h o s h rd o a g m p t t w l s v e l le d We e sh d
v h s e e v re o lee t r. is e i q n s u u f li a a b rt s i r eo i fn c h ,a u
at r ao i n r n ls i s nu sl rt p h a iR p eldn oi l n rgf ot mi a bn u l at g i
i s ls u s p i yp iz o n o e sr e u d t l i an nt g i o n .
I n s u s l u a r tp i s p o i n bo h 1 n r i atg l i n l /s w e l tci e t s2 dt
hh h s ti oa h c n hk i n s u a ls a p t 1 i fn a o o n cio t c e d -n s d l1 t
/aa 2e c t 2 r t tat hi a r n h l nog T g i t e e n t r s b i oh c o nn at i w n
plugo et ult sl he l y d a e o eh ra d t m li d o h b e a n ; te a t lg a r b a
l -l f i ow n i ol cy 1 n e lh 2 c egle i tn T nd tb c e no h rh h ts o i. te n
o s e ua m l v e vr ts e i bs h c e q s a au lw e i 1/ l lp i2p ls e e qn td i
w u n h u c e a w htlr t eideh e ds e t t t o u o tt h h s o i a e o ph de p r e
o ax 1i f me2 asd t -e n q lc iy eu n n ca t h e r re s 1 D I F a o p N S b I P
r t2 i o c a l a T E C T I t e s ir o n .a h nen c x ate g On e . O. N ls oc l
i e n lh me d it i tid ct ta eb ta seeh gdb i
n
1 P u r r c e h ts a r es e tr . ii rv h n eg t ssv h p a ee a e h t st c o d st
i n e ea r l m u f b r t iit y c n ae a st t s vh u e m r a has tea e st t rw e
ieo arn l k l hm s a a i na sdc h c ei r o pw r td a i ne h s p e c i f i c a t
i o n . 2 T v p E a s e r o p
p o har w o v b. t e ao n pl u r r cf h rh ye a pk r s ee y s ra e e n hs t a r t
i e vo n ea l i e n s hr s e a t el m o a li l n e ul hf ov at a c etr u e s r
ep e orn n f s ic b a i l f o i y to r ty r y i o v ti s s pi eh oc in f si c i
a t if os n . .
or whendeterminedby the economicsof design. 2. The completedvesselshall be provi
dedwith a nameplate securelyattachedto the vesselby welding. 3. If the vesselis
post-weldheat-treated,no weldingis permittedafter stressrelieving, 4. Removable
internalsshallbe installedafter stressrelieving. 5. The location of all vesselco
mponentsopenings,seams,internals,etc., of the vessel shall be indicated on the s
hop drawingsby the distance to a commonreference bi h p e r a n m m a n l e ao n
t l tr sle y k h e he d l nl e line. The referencel s 6 T .s e b h hydrostatich
test pressure m a i a nf t al aa i d ln o ete dq t p u i a er t n m r
a t 7 V h es oi nr s o p i u e a cg ct h i n o l nan t , 3e o smhn iy s n e a ut
t s n e e d s0 . . s n hs b p e a a luo. i s l s n n p lelt c t se ie e f d ito
s co aa sl r l t y d e r n
1, Radiographicexamination shall be performedwhen required by the ASMECode
,
.
199
Specification for the Design and Fabrication Pressure
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A s 4 T 5 F s 6 B f u h i h i a on l si ro n p
o rsc b o t b e h fc l e tl se ta i d b h c n n gow ya d e a eb tv hp td er ao r
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t e e e s l . ep as e dn b h p ei . d ln aug gs l g b p b , ho lp el de . e rr
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n y d n g t nu e i e am e r c o n s l p io c o c u toa v u ts e i s o h n s e n
le . 8 S w 9 V b G F 1 B c b S c P d P h e R H G M S S t h h t t p m w a a a h
rt l b i.st l h rc l s i h spo bp eh b ooe ea o ads b g l e ao g m l ex e a d ne
r o i a r i ht nd t u nh oe t m e ve r be d s e m h sr e f le .
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oyi b o ab n d ls o a i r t av c a e i f hsun r sgn an ni e s e h c l mi e ld na
s g tt sp a e r r rl d y e ia v am le a R I EN P O A R . L T S
c n nk g n g o et
et vf i eo r h s r f e . se ha e ei t o ld pm m as n y eu hfnr sa t c f t h uu r
p e erau r n r o o r ep p r i o t dre ua cn s i s b ep lra o e r t e a fn o c yl
c r lh eo p w h o i f n er g t o t r a t . u il o i d a n s l t d o o rh tco a
s w h o ti o vn. wpg a e is d hsn i mg s en ne b e s so ot r a p et c i. c i co
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r e s h d hsai p on f rr g wd e t is u sy rd u g rr h sn ti o es n t e a g
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p t g our r s eit r ee a t a m e n t t . bp ia l n . a g m t f e .
u o b n
U A R A N T E. E a n u f g a cu t a u rrt e a rtn tv h e e e f sh a u s a l cs f
o t i n e e dlal l i sl t si t i o t n al s t h p e c i fa i c t a t i ii o h f
nn f r a f r di ade t o e tu ws so e r lm ik m ga t a n nn sa , h ti np m e r ha
do e d u nefl d v e d u te cf yl r y t oi o h o p ner p eg trs aa m e t atn i u
r o hf n afa ,c g t u rr m a n ae ca e k ll ts e s o r ea a etral i y pr o en a
ps l , i a n fc r e o m s c er h nd t a s e r g e e
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aw b i s t s o ae er w a c if t o di lb c eu l e ol a sw my ae e n d u n f a ro
c p yt u sr r e d r s v e e s s u s r ef e e a l ri a n n u c cre ln o hs t le
h i ee sn e rd , swi en r l a ni t c o s et s t sh a be h h t bi dw a ln ei a sp
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D e v o ib a h t io i o a o . n ll e nf t s direction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . t 1 N o C z o zw u lp a hl en i t, ibn g rc o h e c o n t np e i c p t e i d
n g o . ! l T t -o l e f h rm a an scn oeeb ws h a ay r s a p p l i e d . N o C
z o zw u lp a hl et b i, in g rc h e c o n t np e i c p t e i d n g o . D i fs
tt a fr n o f c aoh e lo a cm n e eg c e n ot o e rp l t eri n en e f li e nr i
f eg n n v se usl p b s p u o e oo s tl r ag t t d o d, ml c e n ot v e re wl s
h i n i si e c eh e l f v, e applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f 1 f D e v
c ii r ca u m t f ie r o m e. nnte i a al l y s u r o t o s u uh o t v r f e.en
. a . e .s ?r c 1s e e g P r o jse h c tdo i io r f n . t ; t e ar s nt s o u s
t u o s v r i fte dt a fse c s e a he of opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1
/4 c o f l
201 VESSEL FABRICATION TOLERANCES (continued)
N o (z c zo n l tei n s u, e d ) a n
h D e vf i h a ot r ri i v oz. on o e o n r t tm a li , c t i n tp he o n i s a
d i ete d i o n n direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1/ i D e v o ib a h t
ii oo a o . n ll direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i e nf 1 t s
n
N l
o C z o z u lu p e f l s l i s ,n 8 eg o e sa v g de c e o en v t r e t o ll c ,
. D i b s te a c t en w n c ot e ee er l n i n openings . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . i 1 a d d l e l l k D i c s et n a ot b ne oc r . le t it nh e o referenc
e line . . ., . . . . . . . . . ~ 1 k D i c s et n a ot b ne oc r . le t it nh e
o centerline of shell . . . . . . . . . . I 1
re i e / ef s ef s
S
1 D i b s te a bt o n w lc i .t b ee h e o n al e s s p o l b e ab t o w t l o t
e s eh o e o l r nl e o s t two saddles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . k 1 k m T r a
n t so b v eip r s a . . .l e.l . . a s 1 t tf e / e p F e u bd iip n a a l.l .
l . ~ a s1 n L o n g it t o .. t tf e
&hell o. Deviation from verticality for vessels
of up to 30 ft overall length . . . . . ~ 1/2 for vessels of over 30 ft overall
length ~ 1/8 per 10 ft. max. 1-1/2 P Vessels for internal pressure. The . differ
ence between the maximum and minimum inside diameters at any cross section shall
not exceed one percent of the nominal diameter at the cross section . . . . . .
. . . . . . . t 170 Deviation from nominal inside diameter as determined by str
apping . . . . . ~ 1/32
@ @
O E F T r
+ I t T
o r x p t o H o l
o
u u Cn re
p F d t sf s dU no e G . , de o d G d s dy v i
8 e 8 e 1 n/
e 0
e rS s n C s aU u l ro e G e
e8 e
r e C m U a a i a eu d
installation r
O
r . . .n e e. t . c .f ttl 1i n y o p F
e
Tray Support
r. Out of level in any direction . . . . . ~ 1/32 p F
e
202
V E F A S B S R I C E T AO T LLI E O R N A N C E S ( c o n t i n u e d ) T B s E
v } + s S r u (p c a o p n ot i yr n u t e d ) n a t
D i b s te a t n d w tc j . ea e e cr e n supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
t 1 t. * Distance to reference line . . . . . . ? 1 s. Distance to seal pan . .
. . . . . . . f 1 v D i f a e l w T W P iw ai isl n u d . t . . t r p ~y oo r p
i 1oh t r e
ts d t o a w n n . o e s cc u . . pm . ~e po1 r o
w w x / I *
r n f
x. Out of level . . , . . . . . . , . . . ~ 1 Y. Height . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . I 1/8 * z D i ts i t n a o vn s w c e . i e. s . . da t so1 e e l f
203
A S S C u S p e c iP f f i c a t i Io o n r t t9 i, h o
SHOP WELDED TANKS
o m M m R aae q r uj iyor A e o mS fe rtnP t aI s n T Id Z Ee a f d .r1 nF id O
P E
specification covers material, design, and construction requirements for vertica
l,cylindrical,aboveground, shopwelded, steel productiontanks in nominal capaciti
esof 90 to 500 bbl. (in standard sizesup to maximumdiameterof 15 ft., 6 in.) for
oil field service. A
M A T E R I A L
B
R
D
E
JQ9 H
Plates shall conform to the following ASTM Standards A36, A283 C or D, and A285
C. MINIMUM PLATETHICKNESS Shell and deck: 3/16 in., Bottom: 1/4 in. Sump: 3/8 in
, CONSTRUCTION The bottom of the tank shall be flat or conical; the latter may b
e skirted or unskirted. Fig. A, B, C. The deckshall be conical. The slope of the
bottom and deck cone= 1:12 WELDING Bottom, shell and deck plate joints shallbe
double-welded butt joints with complete penetration. Fig. D. The bottom and the
deck shall be attached to the shell by double-weldedbutt joint or 3/16 in. fille
t welds, both insideand outside.Fig. E through K. OPENINGS Tanks shall be furnis
hed with 24 in. x 36 in. extended neck cleanout. APIStd. 12F Fig.3.4 TESTING Tan
ks in diameters up to and including 10 ft. shall be tested to 3 psi. air pressur
e; tanks in diameterslargerthan 10 ft. shallbe tested to 1-1/2psi.air pressure.
PAINTING Onecoat primer.
N C b 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 7 T o o a p mW i o n r a O k l ui a Dy ci , ia C ca i
p t a b b l bf i . 7 0 7 9- 6 0 7 0 9- 26 0 1 5 1 60 0 1 0 1 00 0 2 1 1 20 0 2 5
1 60 0 2 0 1 60 0 3 0 4 0 1 6 0 4 0 1 7 0 1 4 0 7 5 a n c * i e r e
l
tn s g i d e Hy e , e t e i r ,g tm f t n. t . l - 1 1 21 9 8 1 9 102 6 10 0 11
4 12 6 22 6 6 2 2 0 9 5 1 6 5 2 6 6 2 1 i n 3 n / A
204
WELDEDSTEEL TANKSFOR OIL STORAGE
API. S
t a 6 n E d 5 iaE rg d d 01 i h t ti , 9 oh n 8,
APPENDIX A OPTIONAL DESIGN BASIS FOR SMALL TANKS (Summav of major requirements)
SCOPE This appendix provides rules for relatively small capacity field-erectedta
nks in which the stressedcomponents are limited to a maximum of 1Ainch nominal t
hickness, including any corrosion allowance stated by the purchaser. MATERIALS p
The most commonly used plate materials o t A 2 C A 2 C A 3 A 516-55, A 516-60 T
he plate materials shall be limited to !4 inch thickness WELDED JOINTS The type
of joints at various locations shall be: Vertical Joints in Shell Butt joints wi
th complete penetration and complete fusion as attained by double welding or by
other means which will obtain the same quality of joint. Horizontal Joints in Sh
ell Complete penetration and complete fusion butt weld. Bottom Plates Single-wel
dedfull-fillet lap joint or single-weldedbutt joint with backing strip. Roof Pla
tes Single-weldedfull-fillet lap joint. Roof plates shall be welded to the top a
ngle of the tank with continuous fillet weld on the top side only. Shell to Bott
om Plate Joint Continuous fillet weld laid on each side of the shell plate. The
sizeof each weld shall be the thickness of the thinner plate. The bottom plates
shall project at least 1inch width beyond the outside edge of the weld attaching
the bottom to shell plate. INSPECTION Butt Welds Inspection for quality of weld
s shall be made by the radiographic method. By agreement between purchaser and m
anufacturer, the spot radiography may be deleted. Fillet Welds Inspection of fil
let welds shall be made by visual inspection. +
b t
s
,..
205
W
S
T
S
API. Standard 650, Eighth Edition, 1988
TESTING
Bottom Welds 1, Air pressure or vacuum shall be appliedusing soapsuds,linseed oi
l, or other suitablematerialfor detectionof leaks,or 2. After attachment of at l
east the lowest shell course water shall be pumped. underneaththe bottomanda hea
dof6 inchesof liquidshall be maintainedinsidea temporarydam. Tank Shell 1. The t
ank shall be filled with water, or 2. Painting all joints on the inside with hig
hly penetrating oil, and examining outside for leakage 3, Applying vacuum
APPENDICES
OF API STANDARD 650
Appendix A Optional Design Basis for Small Tanks Appendix B Foundations Appendix
C Floating Roofs Appendix E Seismic Design of Storage Tanks Appendix F Design f
or Small Internal Pressure Appendix H Internal Floating Roofs Appendix J Shop-As
sembled Storage Tanks Appendix K Example of the application of variable design p
oint procedure to Determine Shell-Plate Thicknesses Appendix M Tanks Operating a
t Elevated Temperatures Appendix N Use of Unidentified Materials Appendix O Unde
r-Bottom Connections
WELDED STEEL TANKS, API. Std. 650 APPENDIx A FORMULAS NOTATION
=
G = specific
H t = =
D =
E
ft. = joint efficiency, 0.85 when spot radiographed 0.70 when not radiographed t
=
minimum required plate thickness, in. R = radius of curvature of roof, ft. 6 = a
ngle of cone elements with the horizontal, deg.
@ ~.-l
S H E
(2.6) (D) (H 1) (G ) + C.A. (E) (21,000) but in no case less than the following:
Plate Mean diameter of thickness,in. tank, ft Smallerthan 50. .., ., . . . . . .
. . . . . . %
50 to 120, excl.. . . . . . . ... ., ... , ., 120 to 200, incl.. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .. . . . ., Over 200 L L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
. . = 4 ~ ;
* 0 but0not less ~ than i n 3~6in,
* SELF-SUPPORTING CONE ROOF
~m:umt . ,,*in Maximum@ = 37 deg. 9:12 slope Minimum6 = 9 deg. 28 min. 2:12 slop
e
r= R/200 but not less than ~lG in. Maximum t= 1Ain, ~, R= radius of curvature of
roof, in feet. D SELF-SUPPORTING Minimum R = 0.8D (unless otherwise specifiedby
the
D A O M N E D
M T
R
1
q fl e u e h ah e s c e ek f 6 ni t i tt t e na u l me :
o t t a h n i sr o g c a i n p c t h cl r eo s s h u - s, a e c to s i ro t n e
sa e l a r p ow l ai a do tti o se h1 f tt s i a t in n t chhm ei e m e af s s t
u r m r h er , odeoe p m im os o a or m t t et a n n sh o bg h t m lio ae n e p
i l ,m F T T R IO
All
S e l f - So u p p o r t i rF n gS e l f - So u p p o r t i r n C R oo o n fD s
e a o U: m R m b n r o e e ol
~2 3,000 P N
b op o 1 ei
d G
DR 1,500
t s l t ha h o a m t a a m ie n l s v i o t lm m e hui s / n s f 4 . m i n
BOTTOM
n
207
WELDEDSTEEL TANKSFOR OIL STORAGE
APL Standard 650, Eighth Edition, 1988 APPENDIX J SHOP-ASSEMBLED STORAGE TANKS (
Summary of major requirements) SCOPE This appendix provides design and fabricati
on specifications for vertical storage tanks of such size as to permit complete
shop assembly and delivery to the installation site in one piece. Storage tanks
designed on this basis are not to exceed 20 feet in diameter within the scope of
API Standard 650. MATERIALS The most commonly used plate materials of those per
mitted by this standard: A 36, A 283 C, A 285 C, A 516-55, A 516-60 WELDED JOINT
S As described in Appendix A (see preceding page) with the following modificatio
ns: Lap-welded joints in bottoms are not permissible All shell joints shall be f
ull penetration butt-welded without the use of backup bars. Top angles shall not
be required for flanged roof tanks. Joints in bottom plates shall be full penet
ration butt welded. Flat bottoms shall be attached to the shell by continuous fi
llet weld laid on each side of the shell plate. BOTTOM DESIGN All bottom plate s
hall have a minimum thickness of ?4 inch. Bottoms may be flat or flat-flanged. F
lat bottoms shall project at least 1 inch beyond the outside diameter of the wel
d attaching the bottom to shell. SHELL DESIGN Shell plate thickness shall be des
igned with the formula: (for notations see Appendix A on preceding page) (2.6) (
D) (H 1) (G) + ~ ~ t = (E) (21,000) ,but in no case shall the nominal thickness l
ess than:
o T m D i ia na N a mn o P l e mt T k li e h i r n ac a k l tn e es n c h e s )
( f e e ( ti ) up to 10.5, incl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/16 Over 10.
5.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /4 N s
ROOF DESIGN Roofs shall be self supporting cone or dome and umbrella roofs. See
Appendix A for design formulas. TESTING Apply 2 to 3 pounds per square inch inte
rnal air pressure.
I
208
S u P P C W a SO I T C A H D o m M m R ae q r u j iy o r eo m fe rn t s I PC O I
ND G E S p e r tt a i n i n g o I P CA LK E A N L E L L S NO S P W R A B E DL S
ES U O I EP E F O R M U L e A f
R S
E
n P t r e e r s n s a u l r
= PD. +
q
~
A T m e
B
3N 1
.
1S-
1
9I 9
2
/ . W+2
. -
+
S
E
+@-
2y(r. A) C p h r o e ms i ci d r r ni s e b i e qe m s u ui m r e - f te d e n m
o a s httf i a e bg s r r i ir n ac e la , s t i, o n , 2 SA r te a c iet n i s
o s p pn ne a t, co t , i wo d n n e - A) + df r2y(f d
E
(
t
F M a A t o e A 5r Ba Si A a 1 lT rB s n M 0 p la d a i hn s en t st a y sr e st
, i txi cd e t n c Fm M g es T , p t t ee mo p ne E r aa xt u c rD r le o F e e
s d e a l i b hm 1 i 0 T t 0 as e . hs y d 1 s .ey . tt s m e 27 s 5 7 00 o 0 8
5 0 3 6. e m n l i b pm o i l t a e t d n y t 1 41 .13 4 l u i t n a n sl p h e
e e cl i r sei f si i s m c a y il e l ty e d n x R t e e sr n a au t r e P 1 a
0 r 0 s . 1. . E 1 d e t w e r t m h ia a i ns c i t % t n irlg me f n q e f ue
tsl i n s r e i p r o cu i d Rt uU t sr i 2G ea rn s3 o -eaS d2 e V s n n8 c. I
D i 1o v t Ai B s ai S oP h o r iV nM eC ln es fs e e s E bs ou hr s f o l l o w
e d . U B 3 S 1 . 2 A 1 I n P 9S 6 8t r e e r s n s a u l r
= P t
e
t s m g c g
C c o to d v e fd es ah b ir e rg s i n ec , a - D So e 4e s , , i n i s t a o l
t l an eo t ips o n, n t i , i p( n di 1g3 n5 6 f 6g t ,e y f fs g t s u e aa o
n m us ag e s t e rc u a l sr h a s s l O S, 0 p F , s0 a n u fg a l c ti u aqp
r e ue d et s f r i o F e , l M e d u m a A t e oA 5r Ba Si A a 1 lT rB s n F M
T ee ee me o p r tN e r E a axt u rcDr le o e F s e ( -a L m a iP a x tiG t bu
us )rop e h r v sp o m bl u s li t i i m qp b u le i e et f r t o i t ,e l1 e d u
2m 03 40 o 4 00 1 . r 19 1 . ( i Lt ga P a p s G h oh m es a )o n s i u2e se 0
x , - S0 . 8 0 16.80
,
M 0 d e 00 0
tures of these gases.
A C H
B 3N 1 . 3 S - 1 9 I 9 E P M A IL C A L N N
3 T
1, 7,
S)
D
r=
t =
- P(l - r)] + A
A
a
l
l
2
to 100
2 2 02
3 .2 0
4 0 0 50 02 0 1 0 . 0 . 0
F
00 8 . 0 0
300.1.2 or 300.1.3. Only Category D and
For determining
M fluid
p r o c D i1 v
e i
thickness and stiffening requirements the d UG-28, u r 29eands V
s
i
o
n
I
Summary of hiajor Requirements of COD ES PIPING
(continuation from facing page) NOTATION NOTES 1. The minimum thicknessfw the pi
pe
sclcctcd. cunsidcring manufacturers minus tolerance,shallnot be lessthan t,n, The
minus tolerance fur seamlesssteel pipe is 12.5% of the nurninal pipe witl! thic
kness. 2. Wheresteelpipe is threadedand used for steam service at pressureabove
250 psi, or for water serviceabove 100 psi with watel temperatureabove 220 F the
pipe shall be seamless llaving the minimum ultimate tensile strcngth of 4tt,0(X
I psi and weight at least equrd to Sch 80 of ANSI B36.JO, (Code ANS1 B31.1, Pari
s. 104.1.2 Cl) 3. Piping systemsinstalledin open easements, which are accesible
to the generalpublic o: to individualsother than the owner of the piping system o
r his employee or agent, shall be designed in accordancewith USAS B31.8. (Code U
SAS B31.02, Para.
A=
an additional thickness,in inchesto compcn sate for materialremovedin threading,
grooving etc., and to provide for mechanical strength,corrosionand erosion, For
cast iron pipe the following valuesof A shallapply:
Centrifugally cast . . . . . . . . . . 0.14in.
Statically cast . . . . . , . . . . . . 0.18 in.
c=
the sum in inches of the mechanicaldlowancesithreador groove depth)plus corrosio
n anderosionallowance, :
d = inside diameter of the pipe in corrodedcondition, inches )&D. ~ =
outsidediametcfof pipe, inches
= efficiency factor of weldedjoint in pipe(see applicablecode)For seamless pipe
E = 1.0
~ = for cast iron pipe casting quality shallbe usedin placeof E
factor F
P=
internal designpressure,or maximum allowable workingpressure, psig
S = maximum allowable stressin materiistdue to internal pressureat the design te
mperature, psig. t = thicknessof pipe requiredfor pressure, inches tm = minimum
thicknessof pipe in inchesrequired fer pressureand to compensatefor materitil re
movedfor threading,grooving,etc., Jnd tu providefor mechanical strength,corrosio
n ist~d erosion.
201 .1)
4. When not specifically required by SI gas using processor equipment, the maxim
um working pressurefor piping systemsinstalled in buildingsintended for human us
eand occupancy shall not exceediO psig. (Code USAS B31.2, Para201.2.1) 5. Every
pi~ing systcm,regardless of anticipatcd smviccconditionsshalllurvc a designpress
ureof at least }0 psig between the temperaturesof minus 20 F and 250 F, (Ct,idcU
SAS B31.2, Para.201.2. 2,b.)
V&Y =
coefficients as tabulated below
Values of y & Y
6. Where the minimum wall thickness is in excessof 0.10 of the nominal dia9s0 10
00 toso I boo above meter, the piping system shall meet 0.7 0.7 0,7 0.7 0.4 0.5
I:rrrilic Steels the rcquirem$nts of USAS B31.3. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 Austsnitic
Stmek 0.7 (Code USAS B31,2, Para.203) h Note: For intermediate temperatures thev
alues maybeintcr- 7. pip witht equaltoor,greaterthan IY6, or pcdated. Fornonferr
ous materials andcast iron,y equals PISE greaterthan0.385, requires special 0.4.
consideration, trsking into account design and materialfactors such as theory o
f I For pipe with a f)o/ftn ratio lessthari 6, Ihe valueof y fur ferritic andaus
tcnilicsteelsdesigned for temperatures failure, fatigue, and thermal stresrses.
of ~900F d bCkrWdlti[] be tukcli iSS: (Code B31.3, Para.304.1.2,b.)
Temperature
900
1:
and below
I I so wd
J
*
8. pi~ ~nds s]M]I meet the flattening limitations of Ihe applicableCode.
210
S u P o m M m R ae q r u j iy o r eo m fe rn t s I I CA LK PC I O N DG E S U L R
A
f
pertainingto PIPEW
C A L T A H A N L E L L S NO S P W R A B EDL S ES R M U & SO B 3N 1 I P EQ T F O
C D O EP E . 4 S- 1 9 I 9 2 Pressure R U O IL E D U Internal M
t =t+A
S
TRANSPORTATION
PIPING SYSTEM
T C p h roe m s i c id r r ns i bi e e m s eu . m ~ h e r q u i rf e t m d e e n
m o t sa hs t i e gr r i n ea t,l 2s s , ,w c o n s tar u s c s it e i n os mn p
a,b e l c y t i~ , on n , d a v b e b l w t . laa r e t eo p s tit r aip n ln s
ip p g io n r q tf g i e nu g a i p t pd a l li - lc s o a c c w o r C d P a i o
n a c d t e p i s i , n r os al c ue o r c u o c u m n i d ed h n l ss ea t , e
, 402.3.1 a, b, c, or d. For pipe n ag a t n s u oag r ll t iai u l nq l e ria
u , aiq d l u s s ,e m dua m A t eA5 r S Bia a A 1 lT s n f p e i t g r a o le l
a pie eudn qt s m r uo l ,i d e B, S G 25,200 psi. at 20 F to p r bo e d p u tr o
c wl dt e fu s ecea e nc r a s i s f ie 2 i Fn 5 0 t t if an a e arg s n p t mr
u,o sk c r a e ,a s s l s g t = p r de s w e s t shu a i ir i c ekg n l p lr e a
f sin n t te ta r es t ir ia e ,mo s i ,n n s a ,n l s , d c ( nh 1s o e t,e s
e 2e o d t e a l rh i e v p ce e e no ir r iv y i n n dt g s . A B 3N 1 . 5 S -
1 9 I 9 I 2 n P t r e e r s n s a u l r c R E F R I G EP R A T I I OPN I N tm =t
+c G
ThisCodeprescribes materiats, design, fabrication, assembly,erec; = z~) r t = 2(s
+
e
-
t
i
o
n
,
p= ,w
h
e
r
S=
p p t o p o a r a g r a p h s .
advised that
m t
a ax l i l s m o it w um a r mb e l de t ir n i pu t rae a e r l s n e s
p m ai A t e Ar p 5 SB i a a el T i it r p eh s j i up e r e n i s c dig ti c i
nt v ri o e n s A . 1 B Ss 1 0 p 5 a 1 , Fs 0 6 T C s hn o a h t i p ad ps l oe
l l w y t 4 : F 0 o 0 ( a s e l f -o ac un os n tysan i su tn ) y e tb d i e jt
=m e r t s c t o p r de s w e s t shu a i ir i c ekg h e c ( n h 1 S o e t , e s
e n a t t ih o n ea l r l y E x P t r e e r s n s a u l r e ( w p a b t e ) r eb
n e te h s s i u tc s ir k hg e ( p d i e f pc e s x ii g t n n o e ) g e r n d
Ta rp l r d e h s rs m n e Cd d ai o i s) a c ci o w r n rn e e xs 1 cs p ( eo
u Ie rr d 1 eei s gn a t& g0 r dd e 5l i t e 3 e s i z e f . P 5 a0 4r . 1 a . .
3 .
0
l n 2 e
s cn
A B 3N 1 . 8 S - 1 9 I 9 2 G T R A N A S M A I S S I SO N D D I S T R IP B U I S
T IP Y O NS I TN E G M S T C ch o to d i v efd es ah s b ir e rg s I i n n ec P
t, ar e e r s n s a u l r e t i ni s t i a o n l l s an p tt e ie o c a, n st ,
i t o i n n , g , d s t s aa so h fop p e ee a tm rc e a yt ta sin o i f n 2n t
xd F x - E x T, where t e o gn t ra a n a s ac m d ii es s s ifn t o s rn i b u
d S m c i s i y nf s i i t e mr d ee u n t s yii s n t c go e p l m i u pd n g
s e ia , ln i g n =a es sp , e s d i . c o m s p r t ea g st ms i e o oa rt n a
e s r , i n pn s g m ea i o t e Ap r5 SB i r a el T A r e gs u t l g aa mtt i a
a n o s ga n ie s n r ,n vs sF i , p c d l u t i t o n ou t e c ht u ssl tp h o
e em t e a r fA e1 s B S = 3n d p 5 0 , s0 6 m s a e s s t M e ei m e n bw crl s
l y t i u . Cd = t n e o d h o wm - t i h a i n ic a k n ll n ec i t s o tc s h
o eah g c sp n t t e i e i ro ao f r s n (a ne g s1 Se2 o 3 4 5te e e s e q u o
it p c mp l e tn h o fti s y ef p e ap d e e b n o c f a f o tp r o r ef g ai d
be o r r id p c m a te e r d f p ar f i i oa t g n t p si m n t e n go a d s r ,
a dg s e l i n e s .
211
S u o mM m R a ae q r u j iy o r eo m fe rn t s S n mg g e f
P I PC I O N DG E C o n t i fn u f a tr a p i o n c o ai N O T A T I O N
A= s
c
d f D h
m e c h c i i ol l r ~ i rc ao l s, i n o rst i o rl l s u i w ao n n c e s o a
l l u io w f n a n c m c h e f o, ee t h ra eg a r d a o r in o n vg i T en d Tg
e m s = pD- e e r F ar t a u a rt e c i n t q u u Ci n P r o 4 d e d a ed e0 rr
f , S a P t. o ie ep r l e 4 c o . r a r r o2e s q i uo , in r T ee s m d p e r
a t u r e u C n P o d4 a 0 d e 2 r e .r 4 a , D . .1e F , a a g h r r F e nT e h
sec i t a i n i c w ntr h e a i a c sdk l e n e n l F os l 1 . s 0 0 r s 2 s 5
e i u a p r s o mt e ee c a t f id s v sue 3 r F e . 0 0 0 9 u C n P o 4d a d 0
e r 2e r a . , 13 . F. . 5 0 0 9 = u f i n p t r oe te s rs n s a r hr l u e , 4
F e m 0 0 0 . 8 e Fn s o a l l o i wi a n c c f e s h t ha gr re d n oa e od p
vd t N eh , i on t ef t ri p e o n l a :o t t ee m a n u f amc t u t ir e or s n
l ue m s r ev - d a i l a ut ee s a p nc o lcra r e e o u s r,in o s no d f fm i
ac it eo e nr t i a n s a l l i o w oa n c ne .Y= c o e f c e a t e d : f e x p
t or e etr s n s aru l rh e d , i s i i n o uc c o r h r m oe s n si Fo fd n u n
c oo n t m f ie r l rr e oau a e r a lo nl o sp wi a o nd l c ne s u t, e f r s
e s i r aat r a l ie s t e u ,n i c l m a n u f amc t u t ir e or s n l ue t s r
es - n yt = 0i e t e i l.c s a n c e . I D i r{ o a 4 ) u n / - f gt s 6 n = i n
d is a o ip m d e i t e e p r e f , i n c h e s Y d +dD o u d t i s a o p m i d
e i t e e p r ) . & = f ed f u ~, tc o e t r i i a l r le s i n c h e s F b r m
ia o t u e t r l ir ae s l L o n g- ij t u f d o i a n a lc n t y o t = i = 0.0
r o b ft aC i r t n o e ao dd b em l , e 8 4 F 1 s .e p1 a om 2 i l . ep sr s e
, N 0 O T E S E= 1 . s l p e t c m ta i ni u o .f n h ap nc t u r f e V oa D l F
e u F a s e c i s g t 1 If o n e ro m t i o l sn e b r thu a i naa s c ek n l F
c o n s i d Te rma t ti i oo n h l . ne r ua f s e sa o pm t i l 1 i ee os 2 p r
s e .e l t n o w m th h i ia T n c t k a en l l he os ls e m r b au an w a sc s
l eh pe y s e ee
fication is not available.
n d t p e e r r sp e n sia s s lgu r P &Pi = i l n ie i m , o i tt g a a t p ip
C olh n i so c a b df as described at the formulas, 3 C l a s s oi L f i o c a c
tI ai Cot. n i o on c a b d s ln B e1 e iP , 8 . a . 4 f 1 and i a p p c l ip o
r .s u c8 . lo a a30a , 1
2 Pipe b
s e m h tn
f e a l d .a
tl h s et
s tt =a d i t =n
f s l t T
e l n e l
t ml = m
i m
sf ,s e s a tc f r oi rb m he s ud ld ae t s es ,c a a i a rb e ess b rf p t dc
o r i i sb s n c h e s t o c y o n s p t r ue c t i s o nf . o w m t hi ais n c
ak l n l t 4e L il s i sm s oi P - aD t i V t e o. n a s p l i uf g r y e q u i
if r p e n m e r n g ot e sC r -8 t 3 B s. o P d 4 i 8 1 re . 1 a 1 , 4. a a u l
l ob n wr n a n ce e u5dsL o , N e otW t a mT h i sa i n Cc . t k a ln l o e s
t t e nh o w s m h a i s a n n B ae . lTl 8 a l3 4 8 1b . 1l 1 4 , e1 . h i l c
k ii C n s e o st s e d d e n , o s ar rhm ln s t s - ra d l ae e g u l a et a i
ex o n 4 a 0 i 4 b n. 1l c . h e1 T , ef e f A rm N e a r o Sit t d c i ma a o n
n n da ds w i st p p u e i ir r e n e ht i rn e i t q m h u iu i c m rk C en f
d e Ps o r s Pe o min g i o tes p - s u b i T l ho Ai s m n h eh ef re r i , i n
s a ct r i le s fqw y n u is r oro M c e ic d E he a n n tg i i yc n f e lf e l
r f d e pe n r o s u et i s s s gS u n r n e
213
R
U
T
N H Y D R OE SP T R R A T E I S C S U R E
F l a t t- w da a lt l t n e d mu hk e c h e s a dn i eis a co da v rl a l n s y
t a g ae h o u u s af lsrp e e o h y d r p o sr t e oa ts iTn sc q u l ur o a eh
m y n a t .r t i eet e qfry u ri e ia c f rl t o tae n diga u l n ra h it f g c
h h y l i e va o n d re o r t s in sc s r a c l e aa h lp H a s m oc w f si e o
te e m yv t . e ea t r p i ,m p h el s t o r i e c t ta o n ig a p unr l n ea f
fb r ek e r o ac t s b a les heu f as e ab er aii c st f a g r t i yn o o nh u t
i l o i s z a p t i ao n c e f . M U f F A XS I MI U MZ E 3 or s c h f g y a ee
t at o ,d u w r a t snn t ni i0 f .f1ke . cd tn i s n u gh4 s m s io r cn s .
n s t ti f m fa e b nn n e l d a ka t c a e p a c e i t ty . l a t o a r t u g n
o s e k rr h r s i st a
va f e i ee dsc f a y o rbso ne l so ea
R O A S T I I D O E F S I a s a ie l d q t l r u e efo a lo h sn s l e gB ,= i @
tn e ; d hw eV f h= e v : e o c f lr P r e r f e a L r a tos b l in1 ei B o g S
d : e h .se r o : ( r: i ) tB5 e;. d r 6 e6 D T E o w S I G N
u e 7
um t
f L =t V
r oh m t u f ol l ea p h l s o aa w bni g e n oa g m r e sa s x a e li e l m d d
o eu wnf m a l eb c l t t d h # e te nt hro i, ot c s e h i ek d. n s e e- p s e
l s a t ef . a o ~al u n e d s / f 3
Ratio,~ or; 0.25 (lmstant,~ - 0.024 Constant,cr 0.00027 Ratio,~ or? Constant, /3
Constant,a
h W E L O e o t PD
0.2$6 0.031 0.00046 1.5 0.26 0.043
0.333 0.041 0.00083 2.0 0.34 0.060
0.4 0.056 0.0016 2.5 0.38 0.070
t a S
0.5 0.080 0.0035 3.5 0.47 0.086
0.667 0.116 0.0083 4.0 0.49 0.091
1.0 0.16 0.022
i
3.0 0.43 0.078
nh d x
L = g al A D G
h eo n t t n I f= gk am T G F E E
k ii f b s m te u sa t mun w pc e p e eo
IL E N
Somepreferable welded joints of plate edges:
LL
T s t i f w e a l m B I B L I O O d t m e V o j 1t A a
3
eh b i in n tot l c li ot rn t et y ni t n m hf eb na i t n e at gt sta tc h w y
e a e d a eeh r k o me db p i n nli a g an o o c ds u y ei t e s dd i e d er .
G R A P H Y h e sa o t ei h fi g t ro f fr n d e o ls r p lh e ao e d w p i en n
e r g s : s z at a D k .r e , f e oln Re .s e : c c ts t i a d S o n ng u l af r
u
K
214 RECTANGUI.AR TANKS UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE WITH TOP-EDGE STIFFENING NOTAT
ION = factordependingon ratioof lengthand heightof tank,H/L (SeeTable) of elasti
city, psi.;30,000,000 forcarbonsteel 2 = modulus of liquid G = spectlcgravity
H= I = 1 = L = R =
t t. t~ t*
height of tank, in
maximum distancebetweensupports,inches
length of tank, riches
reactionwithsubscripts indicating the location, lb./in. s = stressvalueof plate,
psi.as tabulatedin Code,TablesUCS-23
= required plate thickness, inches = = thicknessof bottom, inches =
w = load perunit of length lb./in. Y = deflection of plate, inches REQUIRED PLAT
E THICKNESS =B
/ ,.Dl_
T h i t c m k bn u e a s a sf s , t l e y os b op ti i l e t ao s n um tti r i e
f r f a s u p p o r t e d . T h i c f s k bn h i e ns c a si r , el a sl c o r s
r e o r s vi v i e c e . M a dx e i f o m l pe uc l m t ia o n t
H
=
a 0 F
G. FF E NR I
0H N AG
3
L M
6
]
~
S
T
I
~
R, = 0.3w 0.036 Gl% Rz = 0.7W 2 Minimum requiredmomentof inertia for top-edgesti
ffening: w=
w
~
H
I =
W2Eta
OA T N EE M T DA
-
W
B O P T L T S H U P P E BO BR
M g I 4 I 1 B 1
= * a sx p i o m s a uu c f pm i ap n o g r t ih i o v cb k o e n te n s t so m
1 G . 4 ~ .
215
R E C T A N G U L T A R A E X A M P L E N S K S
D C C T P
E D S
IA
G
TN
A m a 0 t .e l . y r c=ee 4i d t f . . e e 4 s 2 s y . : 3 t
a o p t a t c 6i a gt h n ya =8 0 ck l ff e al p : p or0 uo t x n i o n w t G ae
= 1n t t e : r ; s o a c ih u b e d t - s fh e ta a e p d fe e d n oc s ha i p
g k~ a n r e p f r eo rp o s r o e r i td i d o n e s f : L = 4.31 x 1.5 = 6.47
ft. = 78 inches H = 4 x . . = 2 6 f 3 = . 36 i 1 8 n t 7 c 7 h W o it t d 4 athf
= .h5 n i f e3 n t k c 1 h s = 1 3u 7 S s2 5 C i m 0 a n ,8t eg r A i 5 a l C o
r a r l ol s o 1w i 6i o a n c /e : n 1 .
HIL = 34178 = 0.43; /3 = 0.063
R E Q PU I L T R H EA I D C K T N E S S
t=
78
10.063 X134x 10.036 x 1
= 0.18 in
+0.0625 corr. allow = 1/4in.
S
T
I
F
X
FF E
NR I
N AG
M
E
w.
0.036
1 X 342 = 2
20.808 lbiin
R
= 0.3 x 20.808 = 6.24 lb/in Ri = 0.6 X 20.808 = 14.57 lb/in 2
= 0.214 in4
6.24 X 784
~min= 192 x 3Q000,000 x 0.l~T5
1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 3/16 (.18 in4)satisfactoryfor stiffeningat the top of the tank
B O P T L W T i n u o bm O S A H UM P T PE BO E BR T N EE =eb 4 1 =ea 2 if r mn
f c s DA h ; M Y 6 s S
e
lb =
L 2 5 4 k 0 4 i = 1 n 6 e i m, O u t sp t i l h h inO ac r k a .g t cn 1 a e e le
s 8a c su 7b tl s p f as uc p i p o no g r t sr : a m 5o t ae sv d xh
IB=
1=4x0 .187m

216 RECTANGULAR TANKS


WITH VERTICAL STIFFENINGS
N P O = F m T A a d T I O N n n o d lr i r a e n a cs si t g t n i g on height,l
f/1 y f i, . t f h d
e c p o et
(SeeTableon page 213)
o o e d l ua p sl t u i
E=
If = heightof tank inches I = momentof inertia,inq
?=
s
= specific gravity of liquid the maximum distancebetweens[iffcnings i a n on the
longeror shortersideof [hc t
s = r
=
n c s , p c , -
h k e
, s
.
L = l
t
e o t n i a gn nt c hk h fe, vt or a p epl l s a u s s t e e i f ae s e p q u t
lhi i r ic a ek n d nt e= c s h 9 . 9
. a a k a n nt l e c s e s h e t t lh s iu ic

~
1 L
l

:
:
l
l
!
!
!
!
A
R
E
Q PU
I L T R H EA I D C
K T
N
E
S
S
t
=

r
L
O l
A ~
b D 0 .
/S 0
,i 3
n 6 =G0.3W = H R, 2
2 ...
S T I F R FF E e NR I q s N AG M E
Rz = 007W
ue m i c ro t o e dvi d u e o sr l n t tui
if s fc e a n f li
n
g
z=
M i rn ei
0 . 0 6 4 2GH31 . 0 . 0 3 6
s
m qm u o u oi m m r ee d n t f
Iti~ =
1 4 192 E t.
217
R E C T A N T G U LA A R N W V E I E X A M P L E S K S
R ST TT II F C F HA E N L I N G S
D
E D S
IA
G
TN
A
E = 30,000,000 psi
L = 78 i H= 34 in B = 52 i
Content:Water n G=l
n
s = 13570psi
1 = 26 in
HI! = :
= 1.31: /3= 0.22
R
E
Q PU
I L T R H EA I D C
K T
N
E
S
S
t=
26 X
0.22 X 34 X 0.036 X 1 = o ~15 in . 1 3 7 5 = l 3/16 i l o w
0 n
+0.0625 corr. a
S
T
I
F
FF E
NR I
N AG
M
E
z
=
0.0642 X 0,036 X 1 X 343 x 26 13750
=
0,172 in3
2 x 2 x 3/16 (.19 in3)satisfactoryfor verticalstiffening 0.036x 2
= 6.24 X X
w=
I
1X342
=2081b,in .
784 X
~1 = 0.3 x 20.8 = 6.24
=
218 RECTANGULAR TANKS Under Hydrostatic Pressure WITH HORIZONTAL STIFFENINGS NOT
ATION
E = G= H= I = L = P = R = s =
t = t. =
modulusof elasticity,psi.; 30,000,000tor carbon steel SpeCifiC gravityof liquid
heightof tank,in momentof inertia,in.4
l r e e o t w a an n k g , it n ch h ef s / ne i , n .
pressureof liquid,psi.
sc u t i b i s no c t d rnt i i k cp h atx ts l i th b n i g. o
stressvalueof plate,psi. requiredplatethickness, inches
L
S P A O C I N G F HI = 0.6H S T I F F E N I N G S
H2 = 0.4H
T
H
I
C
K
N
E
S
S
1 =
0.3
0.036 GH
s
L
}
Ob
. A /
i
w = 0.036 GH2 Dn .2
R1 = 0.06 w Rz = 0.3 W Rz = 0.64 w
M f t
O I S T N I F E F R F E N
r s
11=
m
RI L4 1 R E ta
o i
9 2 T O I F A I N G M i n r e i q m m u u o i om i r m e n e de n r t t f i n t
e ro m s e t di i f a frt e n i n g
Rz 1 =
L 192 E to
2
219
R W I E H
T S N
E
DESIGN DATA Designed Capacity= 1,000gallon = 134cu. ft. (approx.) Content: water
s = 13750psi., using SA285 C material Corrosion allowance = 1/16in. The side of
acube-shaped tank forthe designed capacity: 3~~= 5.12 ft. Preferred proportion o
f sides: width = 0.667 x 5.12 = 3.41 ft; a p 4 ip r n oc x h . e 2 s L = 1.500 X
5.12 = 7.68 ft; approx. 92 inches H= 5.12 ft; approx. 60 inches
For h
6
i
i
n
s.
,
r
SPACING OF STIFFENINGS: H1 = 0 H =36 i
.
Hzn = 6 0.4H = 24 in. .
REQUIRED PLATE THICKNESS: t = 0.3 x 60 0.036 X 1 X 60 = o.2X ~ . 13,750
+ 0.0625 corr. allow = 5/16 in. LOADS: w= 0.036 X 1 X 602 = ~ .~ ~b,k 2
l .b / Rz 8 = i 0.3 w n= 9
RI = 0.06 w = 3
19.44 lb/in l
MINIMUM MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR STIFFENINGS: 11 = 12 =
1 3 X 9 .: x 30,000,000 9 x 0.25 8 2
= 0.4690 in4
2
9
4
19.44 x 924 192 X 30,000,000 X 0.25 = 0967 4
220
T F R IS UOP -E P O D R u T K r e os S
R E C T OA N T G U LR AA R N U Hn y d d r P o s e r t ea r ts i sc
T a t
v u o o h h is esto i df a f t e sn ve i o fn ilyg h s t d ,a ma e r b es
n s u
g p af k p e m e c o n o bms t i rc a t l ol y i d sy e . N O T A T I O N
S c u
s r ie rc ao e t o id s o r n s a el a f A= R e q t r s i o i q d n e , .
. p z
ii o n t t ac ln h , . a = h o r i e pr tii i t c c a nl h , . b = v G s p
g e rc o li a fv i = i i qc t u y i * f d P= p r o e l s i sl qu r u ei b d f ,
. ? 4 i, 4 . + + s s v t or ar e m l as = tp uoe s r es i af dl = r e q p ut lh
i ir c a i e k dnt e s e n s* , . vt or a p e m ll a s tu a e s r e t i f as e l
, i ; = s P p E Q U I R E D P L A T when E a- b T H I C K N E S S L T R S O O R
I A O D E N D R
t = 0.7~
V
P
P=ab 0.036 Gh
E Q CU I R R E O D S E C TAI O N R A L E O T R I O F E
S A D
A
=
%
E D L
X
A .h l
M t
P t= ,
L l
E .
E D S IA G TN A e n f g wt hi t 2 =fd 3h t 0 .e th 5 if = g, n = 60 in 0 . hl n
0 . hz = 120 in s0 0 i 0 .
a = 6 i b = 6 i
G= 1
S = 20,000 psi. 0J , S = 2 Sp= 20,000 psi
t =
15
0.7
b
x
60
0
x. 1 x 0 120
20,000
3
6
= 0.625 = 5/8 in. plate
P =a A = 1 0 1x 1 2 5l 0 = , . = 06 0 3 x 66 0Gx *0 h. 0 23 6 , s . 5 i = 17 5 Z
r q 27 n o 8 .d . 5 b5 $ s 2 . 5= 0
20,000
PI = ab0.036Gh1 = 60x60x0.036x60= 7,776 lb. Al = 7,776 = om389Sq.in. = 3/4 # rod
s 20,000
l I .
C
Vesselsor parts of vesselssubject to thinningby corrosion,erosionor mechanical a
brasion shall have provisionmade for the desired life of the vesselby suitable i
ncrease in the thickness of the material over that determined by the design form
ulas,or by using some other suitablemethod for protection(code LJC-25bi). The ti
e does not prescribethe magnitudeof corrosionallowanceexceptfor vessels with a r
equiredminimumthicknessof less than 0.25in. that are to be used in steam, water
or compressedair seMce, shallbe providedwith corrosionallowance of not less than
one-sixthof the required minimumthickness.The sum of the requiredminimum thickn
essand corrosionallowanceneed not exceed1/4in. This requirementdoes not apply to
vessel parts designed with no x-ray examinationor seamlessvessel parts designed
with0.85joint efficienq. (Code UCS-25). Forothervesselswhenthe rateof corrosioni
s predictable,thedesiredlifeof thevessel will determinethe corrosionallowanceand
if the effectof the corrosionis indeterminate, thejudgmentof the designer.A cor
rosionrateof 5 roilsperyear(1/16in. = 12 years) is usually satisfactoryfor vesse
ls and piping. The desired life time of a vessel is an economicalquestion. Major
vesselsare usually designedfor longer (15-20 years) operating life time, while m
inor vessels for shorter time (8-10 years). The corrosionallowanceneed not be th
e samethicknessfor all parts of the vessel if differentrates of attack are expec
tedfor the variousparts (Code UG-25c). Thereare severaldifferentmethodsfor measu
ringcorrosion.The simplestwayis the use of teltaleholes (Code UG-25 e) or corros
iongauges. Vesselssubjectto corrosionshall be suppliedwith drain-opening(Code UG
-25 f). All pressurevessels subject to iintemal corrosion,erosion, or mechanical
abrasion shall be providedwith inspectionopening(CodeUG-46). To eliminatecorrosi
on,corrosionresistantmaterialsare usedas liningonly,or forthe entire thicknessof
the vessel wall. The rules of liningare outlinedin the Codein Part UCL,ApendixF
and Par. UG-26. The vessel can be protected against mechanicalabrasion by plate
pads which are welded or fastenedby other meansto the exposedarea of the vessel
. In vesselswherecorrosionoccurs, all gaps and narrowpockets shall be avoided by
joining parts to the vessel wall with continuousweld. Internalheads may be subj
ectto corrosion,erosionor abrasionon both sides.
222
SELECTION OF CORROSION RESISTANT MATERIALS
T
t
a i b nh f uo
r ol m t a a e f to ri l o pn l h
oi a w a in g tn e
tg e e
am s
p s n t
a
a
Footnotes have been generously used to explain and further clarify information c
ontained in this table. It is most important that these notes be carefully read
when using the table. In rating materials, the letter A has been used to indicate
materials which are generally recognized as satisfactory for use under the condi
tions given. The letter F signifies materials which are somewhat less desirable bu
t which may be used where a low rate of corrosion is permissible or where cost c
onsiderations justify the use of a less resistant material. Materials rated unde
r the letter C may be satisfactory under certain conditions. Caution should be exe
rcised in the use of materials in this classification unless specific informatio
n is available on the corroding medium and previous experience justifies their u
se for the service intended. The letter X has been used to indicate materials gene
rally recognized as not acceptable for the service. Information on metals has be
en obtained from the International Nickel Company, the Dow Chemical Company, the
Crane Company, the Haynes-Stellite Company, Corrosion Resistance of Metals and A
lloys by McKay & Worthington, Metals and Alloys Data Book by Samuel L. White, Chemic
al and Metallurgical Engineering and The Chemical Engineers Handbook, Third Edition
by McGraw-Hill.
a
H
o
sw
g e
v oa r e s u ar m c ,c d er s ees f s u l el
a a
per and
c
a
a
e
l
ec c on n t d r y ui c c t d ai v l i t y
.

)
223
by any
i c
h
e sm
i t c to a 6a170F l lbut, bs y being l a plastic, e it is not recommended
unless confined a
* Sources of D
E S-
AaA
r tm
U-
s at
&
C r -: o n J -
g
P .
D-

224
C
C w
R
O M
Resistance Ratings:
A n Good; F G F d e e nnd d i = C a u t op ic o a D u n t u i table o no s : o t
ec = N r e c o m o m e n d e t d . x i r t e fh ao o o da u tt i nt n o e g tn
ex s t d .
C
h
e
m
i~ z w 5 c &
v : o & l c a : ~ ~ ~ m E w ~ ~ 2 s
~ 7 b : G F F .F F A
c c
F F
v ; 2 ;: $ A A A A A A A
A2
+
+
*
; ~ 3
E 3 $ : A A
c
g 2 c A
c
; ; z c A
c
: i : & g g $ c F
c
Z
z c F
c
3 ~ c A A A A A
c A
A x
$ c c
4
a c c ec ............................. rt i i u d c c dc , F ec P ..............
....................................... u r e x .c F c V .......................
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F
C
N E
THE TABLES BELOW ARE FOR DATA OF FABRICATING CA}) ACITIES OF THE SHOP WHICH HAVE
TO BE KNOWN B T V E D HE S S ST I Y G C E EN OL E L H H R U . BEEN M A LEFT OPE
N AND ARE TO BE FILLED IN BY THE USER OF THIS HANDBOOK ACCORDING TO THE FACILITI
ES OF THE SHOP CONSIDERED. MAXIMUM WIDTH in.
MAXIMUM THICKNESS i
MINIMUM DIAMETE; Rn i
ROLLINGPLATES TENSILE STRENGTH OFPLATE p
NOTE: FOR MATERIAL OF HIGHER STRENGTH THE THICKNESS OR WIDTH OF THE PLATE MUST B
E REDUCED IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO THE HIGHER STRENGTH
s
i
.
{
MAXIMUM SIZE LEG IN LEG OUT
MINIMUM DIAMETER in.
3 Q
R
O
L A
LN I G N
LG
E
S
MINIMUM SIZE MINIMUM DIAMETER in.
4
.% Q
LEG IN LEG OUT MAXIMUM SIZE MINIMUM DIAMETER in.
ROLLING BEAMS
MAXIMUM
SIZE
MINIMUM
DIAMETER
i
ROLLING CHANNELS
FLANGES Q
Q IN FLANGES OUT MAXIMUM SIZE
ROLLING FLAT BAR Q
DIAMETEll in.
MINIMUM
ON EDGE
233
F
NOMINAL PIPE S1z i?
C
SCHEDULE MINIMUM RADIUS in.
BENDING PIPES
PLATE THiCK~ESS in.
MiNiMUM PLATE iNSiDE i THICKNESS RADIUS in.
MINiMUM
iNSiDE RADiUS
n
BENDING PLATES WITH PRESS BRAKE
MAXiMUM PLATE MAXiMUM PLATE DIAMETER in. ::AHMoELTEEi: THiCKNESS in. OFHOLE in ri
-ilCKNEss PUNCHING HOLES
vliNiMUM iNSiDE DiAMETER R 3E VESSEL Accessible FO iNSIDE WELDING
TYPES OF WELDINGS AVAILABLE FURNACES FOR STRESS RELIEViNG
inches
WIDTH ft. HEIGHT MAX. TEMPERATURE
ft. F.
LENGTH
ft
A
I
234
P I s o b e an p d o t ii
A tnu n o g p
IT bp u
B P N UE o h eet t a b r p a u d
N * E BD D I
EN
G h d n n e sh
, e i se r eh t r r a et n t t f i ce
e c c o mt p a r i e aos t s nre d n e o , o hs p
o us l esn t s i e n tt f qr e ds t eu p s a
li eh
r tube tends to flatten or collapse. To prevent such distortion, the common
practice is to support the wall of the pipe or tube in some manner during the be
nding operation. This support may be in the form of a filling material, or, when
a bending machine or fixture is used, an internal mandrel or ball-shaped member
may support the inner wall when required.
MINIMUM R4DIUS:
The safe minimum radius for a given diameter, material,
w at i b a p d h o i p e l i u
and method of bending depends upon the thickness of the p possible, for example,
to bend extra heavy pipe to a smaller r
standard weight. As a generalrule, wrought iron or steel pipe of standard weight
may readily be bent to a radius equal to five or six times the nominal pipe dia
meter. The minimum radius for standard weight pipe should, as a rule, be three a
nd one-half to four times the diameter. It will be understood, however, that the
minimumradius may vary considerably,dependingupon the method of bending. Extra
heavy pipe may be bent to radii varyingfrom two and one-halftimes the diameterfo
r smallersizesto three and one-halfto four times the diameterfor largersizes.
d
R
( S t 4 3 t a P n f d I d i a r i pd
d
o )( E e
R to 4d)
Hx
2 Pe t a ir
% va p y
MINIMUMR4DIUS
*FromMachinerys Handbook,
Industrial Press, Inc. - New York
235
PIPE ENGAGEMENT LENGTH OF THREAD ON PIPE TO MAKE A TIGHT JOINT
I
Nominal Pipe Size
I Dimension [ Nominal I Dimension Pipe A A Size inches inches
I I
I I
1/8 1/4
3/8 1/2
I I
I I I
I
1/4
I
I
3-1/2
3/8 3/8
1/2
4 5
6 8 10 12
I I
I I I
1-1/16 1-1/8
}
I I
I
I
I
1-5/16 1-7/16
1 -
I I
I I
I I I
3/4
1 1-1/4 1-1/2
9/16
11/16
I
I
I I I
I
I
I
I
5
I I
I I
1-3/4
11/16
2 2-1/2
3/4 15/16
I
I
R O N
D I M E D N NS I A O NL F SO V L A R O OI T A WT I I T A OP T P H R I EN A N GD
I N R G
DRILLSIZESFORPIPETAPS Nominal Pipe Size
1
Tap Drill Sizein.
/ 1 1 8 /
Nominal Pipe Size
23 2
Tap Drill Sizein.
2 3 /
1/4
7/16
2-1/2
2-9/16
b
3/8
1/2
19/32
23/32
3
3-1/2
3-3/16
3-11/16
I
3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2
15/16 1-5/32 1-1/2 1-23/32
4 5 6
4-3/16 5-5/16 6-5/16
-
.
236
BEND ALLOWANCES For 900 Bends in Low-Carbon Steel Metal Thickness (t) in. 0.032
Bend Allowance Inches With Inside Radius (r) in. 1/32 1/16 3/32 1/8 1/4 1/2
0.050
0.062 0.078 0.090 0.125 0.188 0.250 0.313 0.375 0.437 0.500
0.059 0.087
0.105 0.128 0.146 0.198 0.289 0.382 0.474 0.566 0.658 0.750
0.066
0.101 0.118 0.142 0.160 0.211 0.302 0.395 0.488 0.580 0.672 0.764
0.079
0.114 0.132 0.155 0.173 0.224 0.316 0.409 0.501 0.593 ~ 0.685 0.777
0.093
0.129 0.145 0.169 0.187 0.243 0.329 0.424 0.515 0.607 0.699 0.791
0.146
0.168 0.183 0.202 0.217 0.260 0.383 0.476 0.569 0.661 0.752 0.845
0.254
0.276 0.290 0.310 0.324 0.367 0.443 0.519 0.676 0.768 0.860 0.952
r&I 4 ben~~l~o~~n~e
1 =a+b+c w=a+b+c+d w=a+b+c+d+e (2 x!end allowance) (3x bend allowance) (4x bend allo
wance)
Note: w = developed width (length) of blank, t = metal thickness, r = inside rad
ius of bend. EXAMPLE: Carbon steel bar bent at two places. The required length o
f a 1/4 in. thick bar bent to 90 degrees with 1/4 in inside radius as shown abov
e when the sum of dimensions a, b and c equals 12 inches, is 12 -(2x 0.476)= 11.
048 inches MINIMUMRADIUS FOR COLD BENDING: The minimum permissible inside radius
of cold bending of metals when bend lines are transverse to direction of the fi
nal rolling, varies in terms of the thickness, t from 1-1/2 t up to 6 t dependin
g on thickness and ductility of material. When bend lines are parallel to the di
rection of the final rolling the above values may have to be approximately doubl
ed.

237
LENGTH OF STUD BOLTS FOR FLANGES *
1. Length of the stud bolts do not include the heights of the point. (1.5 times
thread pitch) 2. Plus tolerance offlg. thks. Sizes 18in. &smaller 0.12in. Sizes 2
0 in. andlarger O.19 in. 3. Minus tolerance ofstud length Forlengths upto 12incl.
O.O6in. For lengths over 12 to 18 incl. 0.12 in. For lengths over 18 0.25 in. 4. Ro
unding.offto the next larger 0.25 in. increment. 5. Gasket thickness for raised
face, M & F and T & G flanges 0.12 in. For ring type joint see table page 346 an
d take half of the dimensions shown, since in dimension A only half of the gasket
thickness is included. *Extracted from American National Standard : ANSI B 16.5
- 1973 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings.
1
238
P
V
D
IN THE PRACTICE THERE A S E RVD E I FRFW EA E R L OE AD N E T TY A I P R E VS S
E .U B S R M S EE A TL K D S IR A N HYAWG L I W NW EG T A S S Y T S H A M E C TO
N H S O I D T E D R ,A C B IB L E S M A A A A VE T N E N L DI L OI T p OE S DS
SH I BO E R A R L O TE R R ES SC OHS ME M M E. N E DE I E T D FH O O L H P D OR
~N O E L N P R A C A T G I EC NA NE A L R CA CL D EL PY T E D .
A. Select the scale so that all HORIZONTAL VESSELS
4
f
3nd View
1-
openings, seams, etc., can be shown without makin the picture overcrowd f or con
fusing.
Ref.line
ELEVATION w Saddle MIS~~~~~SEOUS
~
B. Show right-end view if necessary only for clarity because of numerous connect
ions, etc., on heads. In this case lt is not necessary to show on both views the
connections etc., in shell. end view would overcrowd the picture. On elevatlon
show only a simple icture of saddle and ! he centerlines.
C. Show the saddles separateGENERAL ly, If showing them on the SP~~EC~~CA-
1
BLOCK TITLE
D. Locate davit. E. Locate name plate. F. Locate seams, after everyth.mg 1s m pl
ace on elevation. The seams have to clear nozzles, lugs and saddles. G. Show on
the elevation and end view a simple lcture F etc., of opemngs, internas, lf a se
arate detad has to be mat e for these. H. Dimensioning on the elevation drawing
. All locatlons shall be. shown with taded chmenslons measured from the referenc
e line. The distance from ref. line ~odbeshown for one saddle The other saddle s
haY 1. be located showing the dimension between the ;-w$~~ bolt holes of the END
VIEW I. Two symbolic bolt holes $~aytdy tlgn%~le~~t~ straddling the parallel li
nes with the principal centerlines of vessel.
L
239
P R E V S SE D U S E R TE S A( E I cL L Io N n G t . )
VERTICAL VESSELS
+
O
r
i
-E*
e n t E a tl i e o vn a t Bi G A S c [
TIIle Block
A. Select the scale so t a openings, trays, seams, etc., can be shown without ma
king the picture overcrowded or confusing. B. If the vessel diameter i unproport
ionally small to na s e the length, draw the width a of the vessel in a l
s t c h s a a e p n f e a d r ea o t l la eL c S i f i tc. T i o o r in e h s in
nt t v b i ao s ec i n f o r a m at b t c a o n t o ei z ln i
h
o
M I S C E L L AD N E E O UT S
e pI a
r a v e o l r s l
b
aa t i e o n o h uw e pm , l i oo n h z o lt ne t a w t
D. S
t
ho
r
i o e hs n
E
.
mS
3 . @ Em : u --.
F
.
G. ORIENTATION PLAN
degrees: 00, 900, 1800, 2700 and use it in the same position on all other orient
ations.
240

PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.)


Nozzle on Top or ~ottom
00 ~+ H. It is not necessary to show internals on vessel orientation if their pos
ition is clear from detail drawings or otherwise. J. Draw separate orientations
for showing different internals, lugs, etc. if there is not space enough to show
everything on one. K. For vessels with conical sections, show 2 orientations if
necessary, one for the upper section, one for the lower section. L. Two, symbol
ic bolt holes shown in flanges make clear that the holes are straddling the line
s parallel with the principal centerlines of vessel. M. If there is a sloping tr
ay, ,
,
1800
1 ~
partition plate, coil, etc., in the vessel,show in the orientation the direction
of slope.
J O
(
(JO
27oo
q
. w t 1
.
1800
8 Lowest 0
Point of Plate D ORIENTATIONS
2
PREFERRED LOCATIONS Of Vessel Components and Appurtenances
A. Anchor bolts straddle principal centerlines of
vessel.
B. Skirt access openings above base minimum to
clear anchor lugs, maximum 3-0.
c. Skirt vent holes as high as possible.
I
I
D. Name plate above manway or liquid level control, or level gauge. If there is
no manway, 5-0 above base.
r I
-.
H
I
E. Lifting lugs - if the weight of the vessel is uniform, E dimension is equal .20
7 times the overall length of vessel.
F. Manway 3-0 above top of platform - floor
plate.
1
G. Insulation ring must clear girth seam and shall
be cut out to clear nozzles, etc.
H. Insulation ring spacing 8 - 12 feet (approx.
length of metal jacket sheet).
.,
J. Girth seams shall clear trays, nozzles, lugs. K. Long seams to clear nozzles,
lugs, tray downcomers. Do not locate long seams behind downcomers. Seams shall
be located so that visual inspection can be made with all internals in place. Lo
ngitudinal seams to be staggered
1 i p 8o s s0 i b 0 l ef .
I & % +
L. Ladderand platformrelation.
3_u
M. Davit and hinge to be located as the manway
i most accessible, or right hand side. s
v
.
+
N. Ladder rung level with top of platform floor plate. The height of first rung
above base varies, . minimum 6, maximum 1-6.
A
242 COMMON ERRO RS in detailing pressure vessels
A.
Interferences Openings, seams, lugs, etc. interfere with each other. This can oc
cur: 1. When the location on the elevation and orientation is not checked. The
practiceof not showingopeningsetc. on the elevationin their true position, may i
ncreasethe probabilityofthis mistake.
2. The tail dimensionsor the distances between openingson the orientation
do not show interference, but it is disregarded,that the nozzles,lugs etc., have
certain extension. Thusit can take place that:
a b c d e
Skirt access opening does not .clear the anchor lugs. Ladder luginterferes with
nozzles. . . The reinforcing pads of two nozzles overlap each other. Reinforcing
pad covers seam. . Vessel-davit interferes with nozzles. This can be overlooked
especially if . the manufacturer does not furnish the vessel-davititself, but t
he lugs only. f Lugs, open%gs, etc. are on the. vessel seam. on perimeter of the
skirt for the required number of ! There is no room 3 . anchor lugs.
Particular care should be taken when ladder, platform, vesseldavit etc., are sho
wn on separate drawings, or more than one orientations are used. B. Changes. Cer
tain changes are necessary on the drawing which are earned out on the elevation.
but not shown on the orientation or reversed. Making changes, it is
c. D.
advisable to ask the question: Whatdoesit affect? For example: Billof material The
changeof materialaffects: Scheduleof openings Generalspecification Legend Orient
ation The changeof locationaffects: Elevation Locationof internals Locationof ot
her components. ShowingO.D. (outside diameter) instead of I.D.(insidediameter)or
reversed. Dimensions shownerroneously: l4Yinstead of 10 2~0instead of 20etc. Overlo
oking the requirementof specialmaterial
E.
)
2
PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.) \
1
.Y X . . D E .
D P T a z o W z u c S 8 E W W W W O P L I P E R BM I R L C I I T B E N F E SS I
D E R M E P S P E @ SS R O A U T U R I R E E F
E G
M S W .
A X A H A A M C N O I R G KN & IN GT
.
. Y T . QC R F E N O . A x R R A . O LSI I L O N O NW .
/ D S S EC C N
FI S EO M
D I O G R A P H I C I T A M I N A T I O N D I ON A E N C SE M 1 E L N 0 L I Y TA
T 0 D N T 0
E ( C S E L I E F L A E R W A I
H T II P OP N I G S H ST G U T B ETL H E I I N
G L )O N G I T JU E F F I C I . P W L T . R E H ST OH E A@ 1 T .
LT / S R G G B
5 T T FL ~ E * a z N B c W F A O N O L L o Z T I N Z E I u H G L N N CE G p G K
E . S KB A S A BN D . R A CO D L T K S Y
A P H I E H E L . S
.
T T
. E K
G P A
A I
S
K N
E T
T
.
m
t I V R E RE S S QE E U L D S I A S W P H P I E L P I R P G B O I X N H . G ST
d
:
.
PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.) OPENINGS
m
q
)
! I
5 1

I
Detailingopenings as shownon the oppositepage with data exemplifiedin the schedu
leof openings below, eliminatesthe necessity of detailing every single opening o
n the shop
drawing.
Y
I
c-1
A/-f M-l /lvLET /%llvw/ly
SEnVICE 1
2 6 3 3 /8 3
SIZE RATING
c 0G w 0~ w0N
TYPE
-& ~ - ? f- . ) 0 ) ( I 5 ( 5343 H . . Y. = 6& S* 53-49 X 0 H . . 24*X~2 S/
M
BORE
29Z MIN. 8 A MlIv.
~/ 5 2
v // /~
~O
yg- Nw.
.
yd M//u.# 0 %
c
j 0 7T
a
/ &
/~
r
D R
M
b
WE LO SIZE L
E
LE OF
GS
246
TRANSPORTATION OF VESSELS
Shipping capabilities and limitations. TRANSPORTATION B TRUCK. The maximum size
of loads which maybe carried without special permits a. weight approximately 40.
000 Ibs. b. width of load 8 ft., Oin. c. height above road 13 ft., 6 in. (height
of truck 4 ft., 6 in. to 5 ft., Oin.) d. length of load 40 ft., Oin. Truck ship
ments over 12 ft., Oin. width require escort. It increases considerably the cost
s of transportation. 2. TRANSPORTATION BY R41LROAD. Maximum dimensions of load w
hich may be carried without special routing. a. width of load 10 ft., Oin. b. he
ight above bed of car 10 ft., Oin. With special routing, loads up to 14 ft., O i
n. width and 14 ft., O in. height may be handled.
1.
247
P
O S T S U ER F E AF C L E S
P U R P O S E T m p a h u o r p ipa e i o t ns p t r e ei s n h eo f rg a vs a t
s sit e u o nT re f p a er f ac e h l e it . a t c o r 1h rb o p s r e i .v t o
e e c n n ot o in c,h n yo tg r aa r o c g fe s tte i vr v n f e e to hsa s r s
m s u f ea 2 b r i n .u h ie lb e ics tt r ,i oy -v cp te h e r, m oi c o p at e
l pr t m ia a eh s t i e r n fi e a t l . T a p b a r am h i b s un u tie s r t
s ae t tb e s le f o ie fh t a a s co i cn toh e ni m o i dc n a l s f . s e on
t c v i th re o h sn m i eef m ne t ap , a
S U R P RF E P A A C R AE T I O N T p r r ih e mq f u aa si reus y c i oc p t e
ej s a is t f r iru lo e n o mh m to s b vr c i s ae d a u l l li s f g r o e a
f a o s m i re n a e, M t i s lt gdi i e r lal .u i h c tn b s lt h l - l eh g r
osa iei y o , y c r x e ki o w fh oo i s t r cr u s m h c s t t uu s b r esn a
t et l q e h u r e l no h ot lp o el r I o i ate tn m ti g o n i h. s i ic n aa
a t d l a t h ne i c te g t s tr mh ed t i e s p h l tr yo p a rv oo l ie tt d ,
e t c e s tt s h i t o hen o e e d v t t e r uo r a lh d , l i e o i sn p o n eh
l c g ia o n m dt pig e l e n m s f t s ,e t l iia y c s ce al tl l e n c o u i
n p t r e ar e c dt i c en . I m s p r o t i in c b al c a r o lf a ld s c e p
lks h te r wy dgi , ol m i l i iep oml i re v n nvil i fre o g nl m e e v t l i
h dm o es had o rci o at s ug le l r e e i s ea l rt a , l t e s ,m er c ,o , v
e. d e . c ae e a t cl u rt
E C O C NO N O SM I D E I RC A T I O N S T s e l o hep c a ta s i eo ui p n rr n
n e f pfb a at r c e a d t t ety i o e n oc a h n sn i d n i p a p r oo e c b o
l n e o m m i c s f . T c a d e x d i s a n o s S T a t t
o p o h i n a os i r2 e m n 5 t oa l f -lt o l t 3s e yc 0 o p %soh a ai s r s n
ts rft e tu i c tt n t f h g u r v oa u n h t s a q g i iue p an i g a laf g pi
i p h t Sa y n r p ie e t n oxtrm s . co t t eo t y n t or h o p a pe jn a l s
i i et i o s n fu p etrr h ef bp s a a r nt ca e ct e i o o n p noh e t t r e p
ta sdr a f d f ee i rv g e a r ni e ra t p y e r os i p on o1s tr g 1 t i n0 oF
n e x 1 atf o 2m co p . o l oh e r d bi l a a s 1b t i t n 0o g h i - u it ms1t
g t o h eh 2t h h e s a w r aa bh n r i u tn Ts f c h re i d n o e hg u p ~ r e
f p saa r hc a b fb t e o i ao u n l a a gl t n a i dc n i e ce lndr ho s et av
it s e ee fs d h s e e
E L E O CP T I S A O YN I S T N F E TM S t ao t h b f ol l p el he o ss aw a i n
eg gn e g u rt e s i v s t e dp e l e r pse sh ao c s i op nt y t e e si r e s
tt n ir m e a q q hd t u u eia o p r n eet f a dv i t ai sy r o e nc i f r o otn
v du rT ii s t dc i o en a s h a b t u lh h a b t ea e t de f r a v t ee kS r e
S et n t o h r ne u P cm a te C iue o n r l e uts snp i c en i cgl i f a i r e
co o m m n n e n d as t i od n s . n s P s ti ds e e r v i v n h a gr e o i pr a
a ae b i p ll r ne ots i b ii lan f ed g m v t si r ,s e a t b q tls u e o i p
s t m a aa nn c u i fe a c n t u f r et r s . C E O CN D I I A T IL O N S
C o a s S
A B R A S I O N W t ph a m i eh nr t u a e n i b nser tsga ig s a s it o d oht n
h o t , e oc s o ei i dp o ah a ntr t i i c fn u e l i m p oF r m t aa n x ao t
d .i h m b e u csr l m i l oe i at na b, ns a i a etn h p g i l ns ic ss k e s a
l t i dt f a cP r t e to r e r sa y t a m . he u np t h s o c oo s wp h p h as a
r att ee i x s m cf r e ee h l t lr e co n eh
and rougheningthe surface. Urethane coatings,epoxies and vinyl paints have very
good abrasion resistance. Z rich coating,and phenolicpaints are also good. Oleor
esinouspaints may develop m greaterresistanceby incorporationof sand reinforceme
nt.
i u
248
H T EI M P E GR A T H U R E B t e e m lp e o r o5a t0 uw 0r e t s o 6 0 ba 0 g t
f s F a o u f i rc o o fo n ha optd c h i eo n o s gr t r e ias t a t mi se fAn
a ct 5 tb o 0 r 0 y s o .a - blast 6v cleaned 0 0e F is desirable. surface
Recommended Paints:
u
to
2 2 3 3 7 8 0
2 3 4 5 8
05 0 Oil base p paints limited period 0 0 or phenolic 0 An alkyd vehicle 0 0 mod
ified - alkyds 0 Specially 05 0 Colored silicones 0 0 zinc coatings 0 Inorganic
above 550 F Black or Aluminum silicones 0 F - Aluminum 1 2 silicones 0 0 up to 1
600-1800 F Silicone ceramic coatings A L S
0 F 0 F 0 F 0F 0 F
C
O
R
R COHS EI M V IE C
See tables I and V for the selection of paint systems. THE REQUIRED QUANTITY OF
PAINT Theoretically, one gallon of paint covers 1600 square feet surface with 1
mil (0.001 inch) thick coat when it is wet. The dry thickness is determined by t
he solid (non volatile) content of the paint, which can be found in the specific
ation on the label, or in the suppliers literature. If the content of solids by v
olume is, for example, 60%, then the maximum dry coverage (spreading rate) theor
etically will be 1600x .60-= 960 square feet. THE CONTENT OF SOLIDS OF PAINTS BY
VOLUME $%
I
% 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 9 Varnish Paint Aluminum Vinyl Paint White 14 70 103 104 106 Black Alkyd Paint
Black Phenolic Paint White or Tinted Alkyd Paint, Black 70 15
1 6
%
50
&
70
37 57 47 - 50
In practice, especially with spray application, the paint never can be utilized
at 100 percent. Losses due to overspray, complexity of surface (piping, etc.) ma
y decrease the actual coverage to 40-60$Z0, or even more.
.
)
- .
P T
System Number
s C
A
I BS A z
N
T
I
N
G E , TM S
A I P
c o .:?=
~
Y L I S ET N
E;= @
1St Coat
Paint and Dry Thickness, Mi]s See Table IV 2nd Coat 104 ( I .3) 14 104 (i .3)
I (I I ( I
Ps i
~ 0: WL+
3rd Coat 104 (1 104 (1
I
::h,
&
:;::. ness
(:?7) Condensation, chemical fumes, brine drippings and Other extremely corrosiv
e conditions are Q present
I
2 or
3
Not (1.;) Reqd (17)
104 5.0
Steel surfaces exposed to the weather, high humidity, infrequent immersion in fr
esh or salt water or to mild chemical
a
( lc5) 6 or
8 (I
Not ( 1?)
R ( E
( IC5) 104 (1 .5)
I ( I .5)
5.0 104 (1 (1
I
Steel s exposed to alternate immersion. high humidity and condensation or to the
weather or moderately severe chemical atmospheres or immersed in fresh water Im
mersion in salt water or in many chemical s c severe weather exposure or chemica
l atmospheres 4.02 Fresh water immersion, condensation, very severe weather or c
hemical atmospheres Complete or alternate immersion in salt water, high humidity
, condensation, and exposure to the weather Condensation, or very severe weather
exposure, or chemical atmospheres 4,05 Condensation, severe weather, mild chem]
cal atmospheres Steel vessels
p w f t w s f
5, 6, 8, or
I , 2, 5, or 6 3, or ( 1.5)
4
5. or 6 ( I .5)
I 03 (I
5, 6
or 103
*
G
9
9 5.5
(1G5) 10
6
Not Reqd 3 ** Not Reqd 3 ** 3
H (lHs) 9 ( 1!5) (192) (1:5) (1%
(1?)
H
H 6.0
404
or 8 6 or 8 6 or 8
6
8 4,0
9 F G
G
9 F
9
4.5 4,0 I
G
G
G (2.0)
7.0
w
3
6;r
G
6.03 Dry, non corrosive environment, inside of b t w
t
8 n
c
3 o m
Reqd Not
R
(1.5) i
(1
(
G n
,/
G a l
L
K 6.25
Longtime protection in sheltered or in8.01 accessible places, short term or temp
orary in corrosive environments p 9.0 I 10.01
1
ing 1 and 2 or 3 6 ~
3
)
I
(wet) 63
M
Corrosive or chemical atmospheres, but should not be used in contact with oils,
solvents, or other agents Underground and underwater steeJ structures U c p u e
w r d
Not Reqd Not
R (
12 63
) 0 ) )
or for high tempera-
6
ture *Four coats are recommended in severe exposures
Reqd (1!-18)
(25)
(8! 5)
35
**The dry film thickness of the wash coat 0.3-0.5 roils.
250
T
{stem Imber sPcPs Fresh or sea water immersion, tidal and splash zone exposure,
condensation, burial in soil and exposure of brine, crude oil, sewageand alkalie
s, chemical fumes, mists High humidity or marine atmospheric exposures, fresh wa
ter immersion. With proper topcoating in brackish and seawater immersion and exp
osure to chemical acid and
A I P
BS A
o .Uz= Ob
Y L I S ( E cT No G ;
;= gbl ,Zg Not Reqd
E-
n E, T t M i n Su a
2nd Coat
e
d
) n
P
1
coat (l:)
a T
3rd Coat
n c nk h i iroils
& ::!t ;;:-
te
See Table IV
:
?J&~ 6 :;
I
(l:)
32
I ~,oo
Zinc-rich coatings comprise a number of different commercial types such as: chlo
rinated rubber, styrene, epoxies, polyesters, vinyls, urethanes, silicones,
I
subject to chemical exposure such as acid and alkali.
Epoxy Paint System
T R t T 1 I a W b E e f e r e n
A I c l T O
P RB E I T R L E AI T E S P ME E CN ,I F TI C A T I C I N S e To e a iP ut rn l
p oe S pee c i f i c sd N u m P C 1-64
T T R I E NA I
G T
M
E L N
T
S
S
Saturation of the surface layer of rusty and scaled steel with wetting oil that
is compatible with the priming paint, thus improving the adhesion and performanc
e of the paint system to be applied. 2
C C P O H o n v t O S L SP U H A D R T TR FE E A A C T M E E S N ST 2 P es r u t
of i rsteel hn g f to insoluble a c e salts e
C-
of phosphoric acid for the purpose of inhibiting corrosion and improving the adh
esion and performance of paints to be applied. 3 BASIC ZINC CHROMATE-VINYL BUTYR
AL WASHCOAT(Wash Primer) Pretreatment which reacts with the metal and at the sam
e time forms a protective vinyl film which contains an inhibitive pigment to hel
p prevent rusting. HOT PHOSPHATE SURFACE TREATMENT Converting the surface of ste
el to a heavy crystallinelayex of insoluble salts of phosporic acid for the purp
ose of inhibiting corrosion and improving the adhesion and performance of paints
to be applied. SSPC-PT3-64
4
SSPC-PT4-64
2 . P T % t T 1 I a S b O l L C V L e f e r e A I , n SB U c e T e E E AN N T I
N G A I N T I N G
5
P R L R FE E P A A CRS IA E ~ T ~ lI FO I N C A T I O N S
oa
iP
ut
rn l p
oe
sd
S e p e c i f i c a t i N u m b
S
1-63
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
Removalof oil, grease, dirt, soil, salts, and contaminantswith solvents,emulsion
s,cleaningcompounds,or steam. HANDTOOLCLEANING Removalof loose mill scale,loose
rust, and loose paint by hand brushing,hand sanding,hand scraping,hand chippingo
r other hand impact tools, or by combinationof thesemethods. POWER TOOLCLEANING
Removalof loose mill scale,loose rust, and loose paint with power wire brushes,
power impact tools, power grinders,power sanders,or by combination of these meth
ods. FLAMECLEANING OF NEWSTEEL Removal of scale, rust and other detrimental fore
ign matter by high-velocity oxyacetylene flames,followedby wirebrushing. WHITE M
ETALBLASTCLEANING Removalof all mill scale,rust, rust-scale,paint or foreignmatt
er by the use of sand, grit or shot to obtaina gray-wh~te, uniformmetalliccolor
surface. COMMERCIAL BLASTCLEANING Removalof mill scale, rust, rust-scale,paint o
r foreign matter completely except for slight shadows, streaks, or discoloration
scaused by rust, stain, mill scale oxides or slight,tight residuesof paint or co
ating that may remain. BRUSH-OFF BLASTCLEANING Removalof all except tightly adhe
ringresidues of mill scale, rust and paint by the impact of abrasives. (Sand, gr
it or shot) PICKLING Completeremovalof all mill scale,rust, and rustscale by che
mical reaction, or by electrolysis,or by both. The surface shall be free of unre
acted or harmfulacid, alkali, or smut. NEAR-WHITE BLASTCLEANING Removalof nearly
all mill scale, rust, rust-scale, paint, or foreign matter by the use of abrasi
ves (sand, grit, shot). Very light shadows,veryslight streaks, or slight discolo
rationscaused by rust stain, millscale oxides, or slight,tight residuesof paint
or coatingmay remain.
SSPC-SP 2-63
SSPC-SP 3-63
SSPC-SP 443
SSPC-SP 5-63
SSPC-SP 6-63
SSPC-SP 7-63
SSPC-SP 8-63
SSPC-SP 10453T
I
252
.
P T :e t ~ 1 r 1 a e b n l c fe Mo e
A A I
I P
N B A
T
I W LI
N N E
G T , S
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
N
u
m
b
2
3 4 5 6 8 9 1
Red Lead and Raw Linseed Oil Primer Red Lead, Iron Oxide, Raw Linseed Oil and Al
kyd Primer Red Lead, Iron Oxide, and Fractionated Linseed Oil Primer
E P Z R A W R tR e L n R d e a ee B ad a oLd r i m e r D Z i u O n s ix a Pi t c
n h dV e , n L I e O e a rx a Pd i o h d dV e , n l u V m Pi i n a u n mi y ( h
C o i V l o ot P i r eea n dr I O re x Z Ci 1 o h i d r dRo en L n m x
1-64TN0.
2-64 No.
1
2
344TN0.
3
m
z l : T N + t < Tt N : ~ U l
n dd i O , n i ws e d e di e d 4 6 44 n ea k P o r, l n ai d 5-64T i c i sNo. h
n5 6 6 n e a n P o r, l n ad i ic i s hn 64 8-64 No. 8 n l t 9-64 No. 9 i) y n l
t , ai O t n c ae s , e iw e d
12 13 14 15 16 102 103 104 106 107 . A B c D E F G H I J K L M N o P
11-64TN0. 11 and Alkyd Primer 12-64 No. 12 Cold Applied Asphalt Mastic (Extra Th
ick Film) 13-64 No. 13 Red or Brown One-Coat Shop Paint 14454TNo. 14 Red Lead, I
ron Oxide & Linseed Oil Primer 15%8TN0. 15 Steel Joist Shop Paint Coal Tar Epoxy
-Polyamide Black (or Dark Red) Paint 16-68TN0. 16 Black Alkyd Paint 102%4 No. 10
2 103-64TNO. 103 Black Phenolic Paint White or Tinted Alkyd Paint, Types I, II,
III, IV 10444 No. 104 Black Vinyl Paint 106-64 No. 106 Red Lead, Iron Oxide and
Alkyd Intermediate Paint 10744TNO. 107 Paint; Red-Lead Base, Ready-Mixed Type I
red lead-raw and bodied linseed oil Type II red lead, iron oxide, mixed pigmenta
lkyd-linseed oil Type 111red lead alkyd Primer; Paint; Zinc Chromate, alkyd Type
Paint; Zinc Yellow-Iron Oxide Base, Ready Mixed, Type II-yellow, alkyd Paint; O
utside, White, Vinyl, Alkyd Type Primer; Vinyl-Red Lead Type Vinyl Resin Paint P
aint; Antifouling, Vinyl Type Paints; Boottopping, Vinyl-Alkyd, Bright Red Under
coat and Indian Red Finish Coat Enamel, Outside, Gray No. 11 (Vinyl-Alkyd) Ename
l, Outside, Gray No. 27 (Vinyl-Alkyd) Compounds; Rust Preventive Coal Tar Enamel
and Primers Coal Tar Base Coating Coating, Bituminous Emulsion TT-P-86C
: ~ m & ~
;Z z.~ TT-P-86C ~z TT-P-86C 32 z~ TT-P-645 ~k MIL-P-15929B ~ j MIL-P-16738B ~ 2
MIL-P-15929B ~ & a II VR-3 Lg MIL-P-15931A I > * !+; MAP44 X2 MIL-E-1593513 .5 :
MIL-E-15936B ~ ~ 52-MA602a ~ .5 MIL-P-15147C j z MIL-C-18480A ~ ~ MIL<-15203c
2 P T A V C H B E I N IN A T T I C E N F RG I A L
L R M EIS E CI S A O,T L CA N O CA M E T A
Acetaldehyde . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 Acetic acid, 10% . . . .
. . 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 A a c g e c l . t. . a i. . i 1 c2 dc ,1 4 l 3 3 4
4 3 4 1 i1 1 a Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 Alcoho
l, amyl . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 A l b c n uo o t h . . r 1. oy
1ml1 l 1 a 1 , 1 l 3 .2 2 2 2 1 Alcohol, ethyl . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
1 1 1 A l ic s o o h . . p. o .r . 1 lo 1 ,p1 y l 1 2 1 111 1 1 A l m c oe . h .
t . .o . .h 1 l 1y , 1 1 l 1 . 1 2 1 1 1 11 A l u c m h i l . .no . . 1 ur 1 m i
1 d 2e 2. 2 4 31 1 A l u s mu i l . .n p . . 1 u h 1m a1 1t 1 e1 4. 1 1 2 2 1 2
Ammonia, liquid . . . . . . 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 A m m c o h n l . i. o . 1 u r1 m
i 1 d1 1e 3 .1 1 3 3 1 2 1 Ammonium hydroxide . . 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 A m m n o i
n . t. i. . r1 u 1 am e 3 .1 1 3 3 1 2 1 1t 1 1 A m m s o u n l . i.p. 1 u h1 m
a 1 t1 1 e 3 .1 1 3 3 1 2 1 Mdline. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 2 24 4 Benzene
. . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 Boric acid . , . . . . . . . .
. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Butyl acetate. . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 3
31 C a c l h c .l . .i .o . . u1 r 1m i1 1 d 1 e1 2 1 1 2 2 1 C a h ly c d r .i
. o . . ux m d1 e 2 . 1 1 2 21 1 1 i1 C a h l y pc o c i . .h . u1 l o 2 mr2 i 3
t 2e 2 4 1 1 2 21 C ad i r s ub . . l. . p .o4 h ni 1 d 1 e 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4
C at e tr r a bc .h . . lo4o 4r 4 n i 1 d 1 e 1 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Chlorine gas .
. . . . . . . . 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 1 4 4 3 4 C h l o r o b.e . .n. . z . e. 4 n 4 e
4 . 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Chloroform. . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
C h a r 1 oc . .m . . .i 2 i 20 2 cd 4 3 3 , 4 2 %2 4 4 2 4 C h a r 6 oc . .m .
. .i 2i 20 2 cd 4 3 3 , 4 2 %2 4 4 2 4 Citric acid. . ; . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 21 1 C os u p l . .p. . .h . e1 a 1 1 tr 1e 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Diethyl e
ther. . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Ethylene glycol . . . . . . . 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 11 Ferric chloride. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 Fe
rric sulphate. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 F o r m a l 4 d e .h . .y.
1 d 1 e 0,1 1 1 1 3 % 1 1 2 2 1 F oa r 2 c m . . . . 0 i , i1 1 d c1 % 1 1 , 1 3
. 1 1 2 2 1 F oa r c c m . .o. .i . i 1 n 1 d c 1 e 1 , 1 . 1 3 21 1 Gasoline .
. . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 41 1 Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 H y d r o a c h1 lc o . 1 r i0 i c1 1 d1.%1 3 , 1 1. 3 3 1 1 H y
d r o a c h3 lc o . 1 r 2 i 0 i c d 1 % 3 1, 1 3. 3 1 3 2 1 1 H y d r oa c h c l
c o . 1 r o 2 ii c n 1 d 1 3e 1, 1 3. 3 1 3 2 1 H y d r oa f l 1 uc o . . r , 2%
2 2 21 1 ii 2 c 1 0 1d 1 1 3 H y d r o a f l 4 uc o . .r i c1 01 d1 1 3 , 2 2 %
2 2 1 1 i2
3 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2
2
1
2 2
2 3 3 2 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 3 4 2
P T A V C H B
A
I
N
T
I
N
G I T N F RG I E
E L R M EIS EC I S A O,T L CA N O CA E T M A
(continued)
A
N
m
v c
8
3, 2 2 2 2 3 H y d r o a f l 7 uc o . . r1 i2 i c1 5 d % 4 1 .3 3 i ;, 3 H y dp
re o r 3 o g .x 1 e 1i n1 d:% e 2 .3 3 : 4 3 2 H y dp e r ro 3 i g o 2ex 2 0 n i
1 d e 2 % , 3 1 2 2 1 2 H y ds ru o.l . .gp . . 1 e h n1 i d e 2 1 4 H y p o c h
ao l .o. .r . o c 1 u : s1 : i ; : 4 d 1 3 1 4 : 2 4 Kerosene . . . . . . . . .
. .4 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 2 L u b r oi c . . .a . .ti. .i n 4 g1l 1 1 1 . 4 2 4 1
2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 M a g sn u e sl . . . ip . 1 u hm a t e 4 3 3 1 3 1l 1 4 M e
e k t t h e. . h . .y t1 1 y o l2 1 n e 1 4 4 2 4 1 1 2 Mineral oil . . . . . .
. . . .4 4 1 3 3 1 3 1 : 2 2 4 Nitric acid, 5%. . . . . . . . 1 4 3 3 : 4 2 2 ;
Nitric acid, 10% . . . . . . 2 2 4 24 : : 3 2d c; N ai 4tc . . r.0 .i . i % , .
3 .4 2 4 34 2 4 N ai c t c . .r o . .i . i n d c :e 3 , . 3 .4 3 3 4 4 1 : 1 1
: N i t r o b .e . . n. .z. .e . n e . 4 3. 4 2 4 4 2 4 3 2 1 1 1 3 Oleic acid .
. . . . . . .. ..3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 Oxalic acid . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4 1
1 1 ; Phenol, 15-25% . . . . . . . 4 3 Phenol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 ,3
1 1 d P h o sa p 1h c o . . .r 1i i 1 c0 %1 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 ,3 1 1 d P h o sa p 6
h c o . . .r 1i i 1 c0 %1 3 3 1 3 1 ,3 1 . 1 3 3 1 3 P h o sa p ch c o . . o r
1 ii 1 c1 n 1 d 1 e 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 Potassium alum . . . . . . . 1 1 1 2 2 1 3
P o t h a y s d s r2 i o u 1 x2 mi1 : d 02e 2 , 4 1 1 % 3 2 2 4 52 P o t h a y
s d s r9 i o u 1 x2 mi1 d e 2, % P o t p a e sr m s ai . n2 u g 2m a 1 n 3 a 2 t
2e 3 ; ; 3 3 ; 4 1 1. 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 P o t s a us l s . p . i. . h 1 u 1a m1 t 1
e 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sea water . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Silver nitrate . . .
. . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 m1 . S b oi s d u . . i .l .
.p u1 h a 1t 1 e 1 1 1 2 2 1 4 : 4 1 1 2 2 S o c ad r b i. . .o . u .n 1 am t e
. 1 1 1 1 1 S oc h d l . i. o . . . ru . 1i m d1 e . ; ; 1 1. 1 1 1 ; S o h yd
d i r1 o u .x 1 ;i0m1 d : e ; ,% 4 1 2 S o h yd d i r2 o u .x 1 2 i md 0 e , 2 4
1 1 %2 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 4e 2 , 2 4 1 % S o h yd d i r4 o u .x 1 2 i m1 d0 4 e3 .
3 4 1 1 3 3 1 4 S o h y dp o ic . h. u l . 1o 2rm1 i t Sodium nitrate. . . . .
. . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1. 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 S o s ud l . i.p. . . hu .
1a 1 m t1 e S os u d l . i. p. . . h u . 1 i 1mt1 1 e 1. 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 S u d l
i po . . .hx . . . u 1 i 1 dr1 1 e 1 .1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 .2 2 1 2 1 1 1 S u l
a p 1 hc u . r- i1 i 0c d . 1 1 , 3 % 1 1 3 3 1 3 S u l a p 3h c u . . . r. i1 i
10c1 d 1 1 1 , 3 % 3 3 1 3 S u l a p 6h c u . . . r. i1 i 10c1 d 1 1 1 , 3 % 3
1 23 ; ; S u l a p ch c u . . . r. o i2 i 2 c d 1n 1 1 , 3 e : 4 44 1 1 1 3 Tolu
ene . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4e 1 1 1 4 : : 4 44 : 44 T r i c h l o r o e .t
.h. y . .l e n
2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 2 2 3 2
m
.
255
CHECK L
F
I
1. Codes and Addenda............................................................
..................
2. Drawings:
a) All info&
b) c) d) e) 9
detailsrequiredbyQCManual shownon drawing. . . . Headscorrectlyidentified..... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..---. All metalcorrectlyidentified
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -----Nameplate facsimiliestamped
correctly: MAWP,MDMTand RT.............................................. .......
........... Approvalby fabricator(on drawing) ..................................
............ Revisionsor metal substitutionshownand approved. . . . . . . . . .
. All materialidentifiedas SAor ) SB ----------------....... RequirementsofUCS 7
9 (d))specifiedwere applicable. . . . . . . . . ) specified ..ti.-....=. Require
dmaterialtest reports ----- . . . . . ) Shoporder, serial number,and/orjob numbe
rshown. . . . . . . . . . ) approved Materialrevisionorsubstitu~on and shownwhen
applicable ... ... . ....... ... ....~..~--.-........~.- Dimensionsused match drawing
.................................................... Correctstressvaluesandjoint
efficiencies(S &E) used.. . . . . . . Correctformula&dimensions used for heads
---------------Do nozzleneckscomplywith UG-45? -..--..-..---.-.=. .... Requiredr
einforcementcalculationsavailablefor all openings. . . Specialflangeorstructural
loadingcalculationsavailable . . . . . . Identificationwith S/O or S/N andappro
vedby fabricator. . . . . . Externaldesignpressurecorrect-template calculations&
template available. .... ... .... . .. ... ... .. ... ... .... .. ... MAWP&MDMT
matchesdrawingand specifications. MDMTcorrect formaterials used (UCS-66,UHA-51)
. . . . . . . . .
3. Bill ofMaterial:
a b c d e
4. Calculations:
9
5.P
O a Is job n
b) C~rrectspecification(SA or SB) used .........................................
...
s
(
a
.......................................
u p
c) USC 79(d) & UG 81 requirements specified as applicable ............ d) Materi
al Test Reports requested .........................................."".".""."""
e) Immaterial ordered identical to Bill of Material or drawing requirements? ...
............................................................
d=
6. Welding: al Are correct WPS(s) shown ondrawin~s? ................. ........
weld-details for all welds shown on drawing? ......... c) Are copies of WPS(s)
available to shop s u p e for r instruction? v i s .............................
................................. o r E
256
CHECKLIST FOR INSPECTORS(corztinuec/) 1 I
QC d) Isa WeldersLog and QualificationDirectory kept up-to-dateand available?. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) Are WPS,PQR, & WPQforms c
orrect and signed?...................... f) Are weldersproperlyqualifiedfor thic
kness,position,pipe diameterand weldingwith no backing(whenrequired)?...........
.... g) Is sub-arcflux,electrodesand shieldinggas(es) used t . .................
.......................... same as specifiedon applicableWPS? h) Do weld sizes (
fillet& butt weld reinforcement) . ............................... complywith dr
awingand Code requirements? i) Is welder identificationstampedor recordedper QC
Manualand./orCode requirements?..........................................
7.
Al
I
Non-DestructiveExamination& Calibration: a) Are SNT-TC-lA cmalification records
with currentvisual examinationavail~blefor all RT techniciansused? .............
.......... . b) Do film reader sheets or checkoff recoid~sbo.wfilm. intemretatio
nby a SNT-~CLeve1 I or II examiner . or interpreter?..............................
.................................................... c) Are the requirednumberof
film shots in the proper locationsfor thejoint efficiencyand weldersused (UW-11
, 12,& 52)? ....................................................................
.... d) Is an acceptablePT and/orMT procedureand personnel qualifiedand certifie
din accordancewith Sec. VIII, Appendix6 or 8 available?.........................
.................................... e) Is the PT materialbeing used the sameas
. ........................................................ specifiedin the PT pr
ocedure? Do all radiographscomplywith identification, o density,penetrameter,and
acceptancerequirements of Sect.VIII and V? ....................................
.................................... fabrication,is a visual examination !3) For
1331.1 procedureand certifiedpersonnelavailable? ..............................
... , h) Are tested gasesmarkedor identifiedand calibratedas stated in QC Manual
? ................................................ i) Isa calibratedgage size pe
r UG-102available for demovessel?...............................................
............................... I
I
ABBREVIATIONS: Authorized Inspector AI Maximum Allowable Working Pressure MAWP M
aximum Design Metal Temperature MDMT Quality Control $; Radiographic Examination
Serial Number s/N Shop Order Slo Welding Procedure Specification Wl?s
257
PART II. GEOMETRY
1.
AND LAYOUT OF PRESSURE VESSELS
GeometricalFormulas.............................................................
.............. 258
2. GeometricalProblemsand Constmction.......""".."""."""-""""".".""""""."...""""
"-" 268 3. Solutionof Right Triangles ..........................................
........................ 270 4. OptimumVessel Size .............................
............................................... 272 5. Flat RingsMade of Sectors
.................................................................. 274
6. 7. 8. 9.
Fustrumof ConcentricCone .......................................................
.......... 276 Fustrumof EccentricCone .........................................
.......................... 278 Bent and Mitered Pipes ..........................
.............................................. 280 Intersections................
.......................................................................... 281
10. Drop at the Intersection of Vessel and Nozzle ..............................
....... 291
11. Table for Locating pointS0n2:l Ellipsodial Heads ...........................
. 293
12. Length of Arcs .............................................................
......................... 297 13. Circumferences and Areas of Circles ..........
......................................... 300
1
A p p u r4 t ...................................................................
......... e n a n c .e s
312
258
G E O M E T FR O I C RA M L ( S e Q xS ao m t e fp U r ~ . = , d o 7 a =0 T A N
r x ~ o a =$ A or- b = a G L e 4 1 A U L i A S eg )
l ap ee h cs a R e E = 4 ; 7 E = = ~ 2 1 a b a a
gn n e
u
l b I b b B

A% A A = a2 d = 1 . a = 0 R E C A A a A d = a = b =
r
-
r
b
o D
P A R A L L E L O G R A M A A r e = a A a x = b = A a T = J A b y R I G H T - AT
N G R L IE D A N a G ~ L E
c o A ,6,
900
A
A
axb
r a .
b I/== ~=
e
~ =
A=,
a2 +b2
A A b h [
C A A
N U TGR T r
L I e
E A E N DG = a
L
E
.
A
w
; s :
O A

\
L E
* *
A
B A T N UT G R S L I E A E N DG A r e = a b x h = ~ s -
w: s ; ; ~ : x A : ~ s ( : s - b s
c
)
259
E ( S Q U A R
~2 =
X ro
A t m e Fu
M
P
L
E i
S gnn e e g )
F E
o S
l aP ea h c s a
Given: Side Area Find:
a = 8 inches
82 = 1 o n a. a = d = 12 0.7071 d = G 6 s i q n 4 . . 1l 4 . 4 1= 11 4 4 1i x. 8
3 n1 1 . = 3 / 61 s 2 2 q 2 /. 2 i n4 0 .x 1 7 1= 0 8 .i 7 3 1 1 n 2 = g i * n 2
. . .
A = D i a d g= Area A= Side a = Side a = A
R E C T Given: Side F iArea D i Side Side
N G L E a = 3 in., and b = 4 in. n A = ad x b = : 3 x 4 = 1 s =
q / ~ n
.
= 4
i f5
n 2 i .
. = i n
a d g= o n a = l_ a = A/b = 1 =3i2 b = A/a = 12/3 = 4 in.
P A R A L L E L O G R A M G i H v e a e= i 8 in g a : t h n s t b = n .1 i hi F
iArea n A = a dx b = : 8 x 12 = 9 s q Height a = A/b = 96/12 = 8 in. Side b = A
= 96/8 = /12 in.
. a
,d d -
en e i n 6
2 .
.
R I A N G TGR H L I A T E N DG L E Given: Side a = 6 in., and side b = 8 in. F i
Area n A = a dx b = : 6 x 8 = 2 s 2 S c i= dh ~ 6 e +z 8 m S i d e a ~ 8 = ~1 Si
de b ~c2 az *102 62 =4 1
q
.
-
i =2f l 2 =06 6 0 =3 8
n4 i= i2 i
. i 0 0 n n~ n~
= * = 2 0 1 =
4 6
A C A N U T GR T L I E A E N DG L E Given: Side a = 6 in. Side b = 8 in., and si
de c = 10 in. + 10)= 12 F iArea n A = sd z % (a : + b + c) = %(6+8
Ad s (s- a) x (s-b) x (s-c) =i12 (12-6) X( 12-8) X (12- 10)= 24 sq. in.
OBTUSE ANGLED TRIANGLE Given: Side a = 3 in., b = 4 in., and c = 5 in. Area A =
s = % (a + b + c) = % (3 + 4 + 5) = 6 Find: A= # 6(6 -3) X(6-4)X (6-5) =fi = bsq
.-in.
260
G E O M E TF R O I C RA M L U L A S e x S ao m t e fp l ap ee h c s a i gn n e e
g R A h [ a A b h a I T = A = a 2 =~ l = 0 = 1 R GI r e .a . 4 7 4 1 0 1 A WH N
2 G 4T I L A e 4 7 4 N a h E N T 5G HL
(
) Eo
a 2 a 1 h G L E
E Q U I L A TT E R RI A A L 6 m & u D w : = R A f @ A R 2 i R = r = a = R = E e A
A A a ~ r x a = 1.155 h E r b h ( 2 G H U E LX AA R G a Z O I e D = e = =
h = 0.866 a T A R A A (c P
a +
)
O
N e 4
A r e = a R a o c i d r c i u m c u = s c i r s i b r ef d c l R R ao i dn s ic
c ur i i sr b e cf d l e 2 a0. = 2 5 R . = 9 3=5 r8 . 9 z4 8 6 z a = 1.155 r 0 a
.= 0 8 R. 6 8 6 6 6 R = 1,155 r E G O U C L T AA R G O N r e a = ao c i d r c i
u mcu s c ir s i b r ef = ao i dn s ic c uri i s r b e cf a . = 2 8 R. = 2 3 =8
r8 . 2 z3 a. = 1 3r . 0= 0 7 8 a. = 0 2R. 0 9 7 2 R. = 0 7 r. 6 8 5 2 G P UO L
L AY R G O = N u o sm r n e a = @ = ~go a = J
r
A A R R r = R 4 A R 1 r = 1 a = 0 R r
,(3 ~
d c l d l e 8 1 z 2 4 8 ed r
e 4
E A *
N i b e
A a
@
-
261
EXAMPLES (See Formulas on the Facing Page) RIGHT TRIANGLE WITH 2 45 ANGLES Given:
Side a = 8 in. 64 Find: Area A=~ a2 =7 82 = ~= 32sq.-in. Side b = 1.414a =
=
h = 0
0 . a =7
.x 8 7 = 5 0 0 1
.i7 6
1 5
n6
8
.
E Q U I L A TT E R RI A A L N G L E Given: Side a = 8 in. = 0 x .a = 6 8 6i . 6
9 6 n2 8 h F i n d : = 0 8 x .8 6 5 5 h .2 4 2 4 9 a = 8 X 6 x =. = 2 7s 8 . q .
7 -1 Area A = ~ 2 2
. i 2 n
T R A P Given: Side F iArea
E
Z O I D a = 4 in., b = 8 in., and heidt h = 6 in. + 3 s8 ( b h = ( a 4 6 = + .-i
. ) ) nA = d z : 2
X
6 q
n
R E G H U E L X AA R G O N Given: Side a = 4k. 5 x .a x 49 = 4 8 1 w 2 . F iArea
n A = 2 d : = 2.598 r = 0 8 x4 6 x . a = 0.866 = 3.4646in.
- 5
i6 2
8 n
.
R = a = 1.155 r = 1.155x3.464=4 in.
REGULAR OCTAGON R= 6 in., radius of circumscribed circle Given: Find: Area A = 2
.828 R2 = 2.828 x 62 = 101.81 sq.-in. Side a = 0.765 R = 0.765 x 6 = 4.59 in.
REGULAR POLYGON Given: Number of sides n = 5, side a = 9.125 in. Radius of circu
mscribed circle, R = 7.750 Find: Area r=m=-v= 625ino nra 5 X6.25 X9.125 = 142.58
sq.-in. A = ~ = 2.
262
G E O M E TFR O I C RA M L U e x S ao m t e fp l ap ee h cs a C I A R r C L E L
i A S gn n e eg
(
)
d
@
A
C ie r c = u ma f e r e n c e
x
A= r2 x ~ = rz x 3.1416 z
d L C A A I A n = d ag 3 . r= a tn 1 o 0h g. eo a n f R S C
x 4
1 x
6 2 c g 7
c 0f d I x0a r 8 e 7 n 6
UE L CA ra = A e . . U E ra L G e m 2 1 8
R T O R = a=a r A = 4 9 r 6 . N 2 1 0 2A Y T &
a < v
r X r x a x 3 a = 1 5 7a a= r C A A < I A A R S C
AM R E = n
A e
:
o s r
a c g= C l = c ea i =ot t nar o r f iu r a e
oe sn ga l
c = 2r x sin a T
Q a w x ~ L * + E A A A L A z . x L I P S E r i am e t rP = P ee = =a3 . x xa 1b
4b 1 =x ea z
e 6 t
r er z r
a p p r of x o i m f r a p nt me e u t o il . 1 (a 4 +1 b )6 { 2 P = 3 E L a b x
= u L o L p c I P S E a o o t e ii l n n l g
ti
ps
s n ao ao
e if jx r s o i

+
.
= R o am . az - ( 2C x y2 )
a ti= i nx ct m
Q
m 4 Y = c

0 D
D
d
~
(
w
0 0
N = the required number of holes (diam, d) of
which total area equals area of circle diam. D.
2
EXAMPLES (See Formulas on the Facing Page) CIRCLE
Given:
Radius r = 6 in. A = r2x ~ = A = = 12ZX0.7S5Q C = dx = x if a = 60 dx a =
=
=
= x x =
=
CIRCULAR SECTOR Given: Radius T = 6 in.,
Area A a = r2 ~ x ~ = rx x xa = r
= = 62 x ~ x ~ = 6x x 6 x
= 18.85 = =
Sq. h.
a =
C I R S C U E
L G AM R E
. x
N
a =
T
X~ =
Radius r = 6 in., A a = r2 x ~ x
A = Chord c = 2r x sin ~ = 2 x 6 x sin ~ = 2 x 6 x 0.7071 = 8.485 in.
E
L
L
I
P
S
E
Half axis, a = 8 in. and b = 3 in. Area A = ~ x a x b = 3.1416 x 8 x 3 = 75.398
in. P = + ) = @ =
+
) =
E G
L i A
L
I P S E va = 8 e x andn b = i 4: in., then s C = ~ = ~ = 2, x = 6 in. in.
c -( 2 ) 2 (2 2 2x ) ~ . . 6
~ = ~
E H
X m %i @holes have same areas as a 6 in. diam. pipe?
N= (/d)2 = (6/0.25)2 = 242= 576 holes= Area of 6 in. @pipe= 28,274 in.2 Area of 5
76 H in. #holes= 28,276 in.2
(
G E O M E TFR O I C RA M L U e x S ao m t e fp l ap ee h cs a
L i
A S gn n e eg
)
C b ~ V = V
U o l
B u
E m e
i
v=
~3 1
S I I I J L :
Q
P U o
R A l
R I u
ES m e
M
V = V
.;
;
:*
,:
-

:
=
C
&
P
R
I
S
M
m w
T f : oh : c r b; m ai Ay r p u efaa e l p so a l n d iso h o nere n es af e s a
eu f= a d c i h i p e r p e nt de i c s fu u l a s rr n f a co d e
rrn y p .
C v . . .
Y L I Volume . . ; O Volume 3 : ;
N D E R o = c ry S = A
l
i sn e d u r ri a c f af la
% +
; C v . ( . h d v
: N
: 0:
x: : 7 = d E o = c r o s 1 6 .x r x 0h = d n u e 4
82
x
h
q .
S = A 4 = 1
i r 2 7
c f a a af l 2
1h . .x r x
% L
S = 3.1416 rc F R UO S C
= 1.5708 dc T U O M N F E c f a a af l ~
0 h .
-
v v
i Volume
S = A o = c r o s n u e i r i 0.2618 h ( D2 + Dd + dz ) = a = Rr c.
P
~
s =% 1.5708 C( D + d )
I
I
265
E ( C Given: F U Side iV Side F o S X ro A t m e Fu M P L E i gnn e e g )
l aP ea h c s a
B E a = 8 in. o u 8 := m5 n V =l ad = a = G 8i
c e
u
.1
~=
3 i
n2 n
.
S Q P U R A R I ES M Given: Side a = 8 in., b =6in., and c 4 in. F iVolume n V =
adx b x c : = 8 x 6 x 4 = 192 cu.-in. 1 2 v 1 9 = = 8 -i b = =n = . = 6i a ! 8 4
b 6 x x c = 1 9 ~ 2 = 4i n c . a 2 x x b 6 P G F R I S M s ue A r= nn 1 f s : aq
a c . d h -= e 8 iin. n i E v iVolume n V = hd x A =: 8 x 12 = 96 cu.-in.
; x
9 .
5
n
2 4
.2 ,
d
C G F A
Y i
L
I r v
iV o C ry
N D E R = e 6 in., n and h : = 12 in. o 1h = e4 3 1 .x 6 1 6 x 1 = 4 12 1 3c n V
=l 3 d u . x : rm x l i S ne d u r rSi a =f c 3 af a l .cx d x e1h : = 4 1 6 =
3 .x 1 1 x 1 = 44 15 s 2 6 q. .2 3 -2 8
6 u 5 i9 n
. 72 .
- 2 .
i
C G F
O i iV
N E v r e= 6 in., n and: h = 12 in. 0h = . o e 4 n V =l 1 d u . x: rm x
x7 0
2 = 64 4
z c 25 7
u1 x 2 2.
h- . 4= n 1 i7 n
i
4n 6 .
A
c = ~ 3 1 = 6 {4 1 ~ 3i = + . 4 o C r o S n ue i r S = c f 3 a a a f. cr lxc e 1
= : 4 1 6 = 3 . x 6 x11 43 = 2 1. 5 6 4 s 2 q 1. . 8 6 -8 R
F G F
UO C S T U O M N F E = . = 1n 4 , 0i d . . 3 2 ,n 7 a eD m = n2 e i : ta e d n r
1 i nh i D vi V = +d D 1 = 8 2 2 d ) iVolume n d 0 :. h ( 2 + D 6 0 . x 1 2 0(
6 + . 21 x 231 8 + 1 7 4 =5 2 2 2 7c 3 2 4 u ( 1 7 2 = 0= 8 42 . C ( D5+ d 7 1 0
. X 1) 85 Surface S = 1 6 7 s 8 q . .5 -8 i 6 n .
5
2 .7 2 +
266
GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS (See examples on the facing page)
See tables for volume
ical, elliptical on page and
and surface of cylindrical shell, spherflanged and dished heads beginning
267
E ( F o S X ro A m t e Fu M P L E i S gnn e e g )
l aP ea h c s a
SPHERE Given: Radius r = 6 in. Find: Volume V = 4.1888 r3 = 4.1888 X216 = 904.78
CU.-hi. v= 0.5236 d3 = 0.5236 x 1728= 904.78 cu.-in. or = 4 x 3.1416 x 62 = 452
.4 sq.-in. Area A =4Tr2 or A= T d2 = 3.1416 x 122 = 452.4 sq. in.
S G F P H ES R E I C G AM L E N T s in. i R v a r e= d6 in. n iand: u m = 3 iV =
3 A S G P o nV = l 3 d .x 3 1 ( Ar 2 r u. x m :m 1( 4= 6 1 1 x e e4 = m @ -4c 6
1 1 u; r 6 2 .. ) - 3 z . 3 q .. -1
i 7 n 1S
= r2 X a 3.1416x= m1 X6 X3 =
i 0
H EZ R I C O A L N E u 8 in.,s C2 = 11.625 in., and h = 3 in. i R v a r e = d6 i
n., n i Cl : = 3 X 82 + 3 X 11.6252 + 32 = 248.74 cu. in. Find: Volume V = O.523
6X3X ~ 4 ( ) Area A = 6 . X6 X 23 = 1 8 1 3s q 3 2 .. - 1 i 0 n .
T G F
O R i Radius v Re = o iV n V =l A A r=
U S 6 in. n and : r = 2 in. 1 x r. = e 1 7 3 9 =7 z 9 9 X6 X. 22 473.7 3 Cu.-in.
d u 9R : m 3 9 eR = . 3 a 4 9 x 6 7 x .2 = 8 4 4 s7r7 q 8 3 .
- .
i
7n

268
GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS AJ x z . & q.
D
.+
t
LOCATING POINTSON A CIRCLE y =x =q~
L
=
.
EXAMPLE = Sin. X= 3 in. ~ind Y == =~ = %= 4 in.
O N F G PF T LC e A H Y T L O IE N D R E E X A M P L E d i s=a = im d 4t e e i r
n I g n t h o f 2 e h i oc k :e np 1ie l s a s t n l T a t f x A C U 3 L
E L p
~ ~
:
,@
T
5 r 8 d i a Lm 2 e t1 1 e FINDTHERAD;USO OF A C I R
A
q
e ~
: ~ ~ ~ : ~~ ; : : i n
o
TO FIND THE CENTER OF A CIRCULAR ARC When the Radius, R, and Chord, C are known,
strike an arc from point A and from point B with the given length of the Radius
. The intersecting point, O of the two arcs is the center of the circular arc. y
.d~
I q
P
o
I
T
F t
T
IC
E N O HN AC O T D I
R EE A C RU
L FA
y b
w
p o t a # k
h C ae h oD i r m n e n d M ea n ,k s i n o , dn r o, p r Ao a f o i P r nn B mo
o t o i s o i t a d tC o rh e t hn i n sn ct e fe e c. e tc t rh s o w si t in l
r at i T t ii s nng t h e h r h p ts s e c o. t i s t lr ha O i i t i n cg f e h
e o tt h sn c i, t r h esc e r c . ~ C + 41W ; Y=R-A4 = 2
aa t f
Ch
r
i r
k
8A4
FJ c . A z~
D
J M
CONSTRUCTION OF A CIRCULAR ARC The Radius is known, but because of its extreme l
ength it is impossible to draw the arc with a compass. Determine the length of C
hord and Dimension M. Draw at the center of the Chord a perpendicular line. Meas
ure on this line Dimension M. a B B l n i D As i a e n d c. Connect points
B a m e Ma n d si m uD p /e e rd rn p e se ni d 4 oi cn u l R e p t e p a r th o
i t cn g i de uq as rh t er u ee c s ct o a M w cb a e i y b i a l s 4, te c cl
l i t eTi te m h o ns e v o o r t t t ir i c a ah e t nps g o l rt f e h ei c s
n ieht c a u l r a c r .
- .
GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
SOLUTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLES
R E Q U I R E D E X A M P L
I
NOWNSIDE OR ANGLE
FORMULAS
E
S
( E N C I R C L E D ) @4 t b A ~ a Sidea s 6 in. b = 12.S67 in. a F n A A i n n
g 0 l .d
= Sidea = 6 in. b = 12.867 in.
a b
e4
6
tan B = ~
b
b
F
Sidea
A
B i n =
=
1
n g
2
. 8 6 ~ d. e1 2 l
b
A
c b
= 3 in. b = 4 in. c = s
Side a = 6 in. c
c
c @
= 12 in. =
0
a
A =~ sin 0.S00
A =~
= 30
A
B
Side a = 6 in. c = 12 in. a a B =y
C
c
A
c
B =+ =
O
= 0
. S
5
c
c
a

a = 3 in. c = 5 in. b = = 4
A, a
a
b = a x cot A
A
a AA
A = 250, side a = 6 in. b = 6 x = 6 x =
i e
(
b
c a A
) A = A n
?300, side
g
a
=
l6
in.
c =-
=
6
=
b A&
a
a = b x
A
A = a = =
b = x x
=6
A b
A A
@
b
c
,
b A
= F
Angle A = 30, side b = 12 in. = 12 c i n
= 13.856
d
C AA
A, C A
c @
c
a
= c x sin A
Angle A = 30, side c = 12 in. a = x = 12 x 0.500 = 6 in. A = 3o0, side c = 12 in.
30 Find side b = 12 x
12 x 0.866 = 10.392 in.
b = C X COS A
I
971
A
F
r
u of Es C t C uE E
Given:
N m C T P
R O I L E
C
N
E
X
A M d
M
i e at a the m large a e end, t D n= e 36 rin.
4.
C
of Circles for
Segments
=1
t
h A The Bottom
e t
300 6Q0 ~oo 1200 1500
Factor c times mean radius = Chords, Cl C2. . . in. c1 = 9.317 Cz = 18.000 C3= 2S.
4S2 C4= 31.176 C5= 34.776* 6 =
At The Top Factor c times mean radius = Chords, Cl C2 etc. S 1,2... ft.-in. s:,
2. . . ft.-in. , in c1 = 6.212 s; = 4-0 % S1 = 6-0 ~ s; = 4-1 yz C2 = 12.000 Sz = 6-2
Yle S; = 4-2 IMG s3 = 6-4 ~ C3= 16.968 S4 = 6- 67/lG S: = 4-4 /fj C4= 20.784 Ss = 6
46 S: = 4-5 Yl(j C5= 23.184 *G== 4-511/lG
HZ + & G G. sl~
272
O
V
S
P
T l T (
b et o p
a v u e ofi a c s l e c so r a d e tw p la athe c minimum i i i n t material, ty
theh correct r o a d n i a g s m bt h de eh t t a e e or r m l i nl e e d . p r
t h o i a l m eft u et n m d i ig a o c t hm b f fhe tboa te e f ru o l n p n lh
r e oo d wc ie y r T ie l s h i st m 1 u eirp a e t0 e e l s ld0s i h np os a0e
o ai id s ad as l r u d m se de
F=~
CSE
, where
C S = S E = J
P= c=
Design pressure, psi.
o r a r l ol s oi iw oa n n cne v t or a m ea l tp s e u rs s i ea e of f i c i
n e n t c y , lf i , .
E M F
c n o hf t a p a e ac tr ra li h t n g n se h g a t ei d f n t ee c d t sh a d i
o p t era v tc e e e id s th h o or i z t ov t n l t ar ele l p ih yr e t s n v
e n o o te aE i en h gl u e e f t ir n t e orh ms e v cmeto ir e o at n ir v c t
a v l ee n loy af h a l d du ) e e f .
The length of vessel = ~
n
, where V = Volume of vessel, cu. ft. D D = Inside diameter of vessel, ft.
EXAMPLE
Design
D oi
P= 100 p
F t 0 c
a t a : V = 1 s c , fi S 0 = 1 t , u 0 6p .0 , E s= . 0 0 , i 0C . = 0 .0 8 p dt
h n ii a am d m l u e e mt nn e rg t d h
., i
00
F =
F
100
.X 1 0 6 6 0, rD = h 5.6 ft., o as
2 0
= 0
05
i . .0
n1 X
.2 8 y
-5
l
rm 5 ft. 6 in. t a
Length = 4 x 1,000 3.14 x 5.52
= 42.1, say 42 ft. 1 in.
* FROM: Gulf Publishing Company, Houston. permission.

273
100,000 80.000 50,000 1 I I I I I I 1 I 1II 40,000
6
I 1 I I
I I II
1
I I I I I
20,000
I
\
,
,
,
1
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
!
,
,
,
,
I0 8 . b.UUU k
,
1 I
I i 4.000 ..- I 1I1 1[I I I 3.000 2.000 I 1
f 1
I i
5.000
I
[ , , , ! I I I i
,
, ,
%~ fz~
t
i
w 1+ I 1 I M
1 I [
I
I t.
1. +[
I
r
I
,000
400
300 200 100 80 60 50 40 30 20 10. 1
1
i
1
I
1 1 I
I
[
I
1 r , I I
2
3
4
8
910
VESSEL DIAMETER, D FT.
CHART FOR DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM VESSEL SIZE
( f Sap fc eax i p l n ea g o ng a t e i o rn )
274 FLAT RINGS MADE OF SECTORS
L
1
Making flat rings for base, stiffeners etc., by dividing the ring into a number
of sectors, less plate will be required. ONE PIECE Since the sectors shall be we
lded to each other, the weMing will be increased by increasing the number of sec
tors. The cost of the weMing must be balanced against the savingin plate cost. 2
SECTORS The chart on facing page shows the total plate area required when a rin
g is to be divided into sectors. This area is expressed as a percentage of the s
quare that is needed to cut out the ring in one piece. The figures at the left o
f this page show the width of the required plate using different number of secto
rs. D z Outsidediameterof riu. d = Insidediameterof ring. DETERMINATK)N OF THE R
EQUIRED PLATE SIZE 4 SECTORS 1. Determine D/d and D2 (the area of square plate w
ould be required for the ring made of one piece) 2. R
S 3 6 E 8 C T 3 c r Os e d Re f e c r ( ha f o n t tr a e i i v t n i dn Sc t o
p oa a dtc a rm p i g tn q a g h uw e i r t r f h ee d e ne g sh t d u io m ro r
s
d Q o+
R E 0,866 D 3 SECTORS
~ u 0,707 D
0
n
0,500 D
e n D, * ~ T R O P M
~ m
3. Determinethe requiredarea of plate
4. Divide the area by the r
p o
D
e q w u o ii r a ls a a h t l o t o t e w ep h s th n fa b t l t eo at h np i gl
n h ta e ht 8 S E C T O R S 5 A a l l d ( o w 1 m a i n . d f ac n f e xc l c u
b t e t s t i ewa n c e a g t t e e onn d r o t Tp t f e e E QH W U I IR E ED D
H l h a L F RA I O T FN E G R S O A S E D C T E O RF S S E x Oa eF m a P p cl e
a e i gn n
L 13
FLAT RINGS MADE OF SECTORS (cont.) 100 90 % LL 80 o @ ~ 70 u $ 60 & q 50 CA $ do
& * 30 CIa + ~ 20 & 10 ~ o 2 w

.L. ~ l.1
3
EXAMPLE
4 5 6 NUMBER OF SECTORS
7
a
Determine the required plate size for a 168 in. O.D., 120 in. I.D. ring made of
6 sectors 1. Did= 1.4; D2 = 28,224 sq. in. 2. From chart (above) the required ar
ea of plate is 50% of the area that would be required for the ring made of one p
iece. 3. Area required 28.224x 0.50= 14,112 sq. in. 4. Divide this area by the r
equired width of plate (facing page). Width = 0.5 X 168 = 84 14,1 12/84 = 167.9
inches, the length of plate. 5. Add allowance for flame cut.
= m a
~ 169
1
-
.
-
-
F
r
u of Cs O tN C u E m NC T R I O C G D DI = H D e i M M H v e n
N :
E
a= e e t d ie a a t ml a ne h r n r a e e tm n e d ie a a t ms h n r a = hs e o
t if rg u tt u m e iq P hn u le i a r
t te R r
e et d
T
R
e
q Ph u , c
li
r ae e
d
b
= D- DI
2 e s
tan c1 = + .r 1
D rl = 1 2
m f +
a
R
C
o T n R i a c
oa n l
o
k
/
P=
x3
T R e q Ph u li r ae
277
F r
of u C s O tN C u E m N C T R I O C
N
E
Made from two or more Plates
t
-
%
G D D, = H n = D b
,
I
i M M H N
v
e
n
:
d ie a a t ml a= e e t a ne h r n r d ie a a t ms a e e t m ne h n r a e o t if
f e rg =u h s t t u u o p m (l b s a ee t cr t e o f i q P hn u el i D r a ee l
d t
e =
t t e Rr m e D -
2
tan W = *
-b
D
Elevation
c rl
= ~ +H = D . 2 s DXZ 2 Rxs Rxt exs exc
b 1 R m X 5 > +% ~ + 1 2 ~ 7 c t / &
2 2 + i 9
2
l%
e
x Y
. 2 R = i = a = i o
6
n n n n s
W o it R d e q P t h u= R lh i + r 1f a ee d -t L eo t n R e g q P th ui h li r
a f ee d t t F r mu h f s at r u e o dm me 2 P :l 2 Y a +Z t Xe s +
:
Reauired
Plate
F
r
of u Es C t C u E N C m T R OI C
Plate by Layout
N
E
Determination
of the Required
and by Calculation
c
1. Draw the side view and half of the bottom view of the cone. Divide into equal
parts the base and the top circle. Draw arcs from points z, 3, 4, etc. with the ce
nter 1.
F t p r 1 o 2 o h 3 i e n m t s at w r c r i O e i kn c tet S t f a ap r rto a o
i 1 no i g ( m 1 m a e rt s k a p e s a d uh o t b o c o h t i t ct r oc f o e
a i n a t 2 e n r s e r d c
2 #
Side view of cone
4 O
of the top circle.
A
o
C A L C U L A T I O N T f
the
t
c iu
ro t v hnp a bt o da hr cl u le a ce u l t a f
O
B
only (marked If the bottom C3 . S3 S3) circle divided into 12 equal spaces, 2 R
x sin 45 + C;
=~H2
W
circle.
Rh denoted e the mean r radius of e the base
See example. Fig. B
970 L
F
r
u of Es C t C uE E X A M
N m C T P
R O I L E
C
N
E
at the large end,
D = 36
in.
C C =1
etc. using
C
c = . . = = . = = = ~ 1, 2 . . . ft.-in. S1 = 6 -0 % = ~ = = = H2 + D2 = 6$- 8Y2
= = = = =
c = C~ s;, 2. . . s; = 4 -0 % s; = 4 -1 %. = = = 6 ,
BENT AND MITERED PIPE
2
I C ,
/
.. k\ r [ ./ 1.~ *G1
&
When
P
\
\ \
F
} : 17 - ---16 ; :b ! .
-w
I
Y
h 1 1 = ( = ( a - a
2==
cq 4 c 4 a
t i n t e r hp s e i cln t i e n a g n p e r p e n t d t i c a u l oa tr x h i o
c y l ti n i n d t e hr r is ,a e c t ieo r e l l i p s e . !Cl C O N S T R UOC
T T I IO N N H T E IC2 \ \ \ S E C E T L I L N I G P S E D it c v i r ic uh d m
o f et e r e ne c e c y il ie n np qd a ea u t dr r a o rn t l a e l a e e m d
eia p n n i to v c s ii t h T m a a o h t jxe loi e t il h r i s p l o d n i g b
s t e e a ts t in w t cn e e h te s e p c o a t t i m nn a nig t i h ns x d o t
d i ao ht m c e y t l T e eh i rn d ef p o o t ie nl c l t b h di s p e a f se
t e m bi u nt s c e i h o d n yr g d th o c y l s i pb n p ad r ec o r j a ee c
d t i s o h b c o a l cw ua le a n t i x o r y n es i dw h e t .t i h p l b i e
fW li t e om m b l o a s a l t o ui b ry p a ei a d ny t f l d o e w n - e c s o
T m tte , r h s c hi n o t ep a l s t h r a es n qt f h e u ei c l e sa r a h a
b nt a l c ie a l s k nl c o n s i d e r a t i o n . D E V E L O P M E N T T l e
H n ih e g t q tt h e c u , a ih c u m fo e t rc e y n l cD h i e ni d v e f e
t l i h t i s n i nn a h t u s o em m o b e e pq a a tmlo f e s r e sn e t u c i
rr a c u h t c y l hD i n ad e r e el r .e a m t h e r d o i a upv e gr i c ph
se ni d h o i c n u t t l h D i e t nit e l r o e me s i .hn e o e e la a es m c
o h be cf o h n t w a c u l B a c t o i n o n t n e e. c t i h y g n p o o t ie
hm se ln ec t b o n fa e t s t at s it r e n t hc le h e o d t d -i o e u t n i
n t e r a s em c tb i u o n nf a s d c u o t p t a fi t p u n tm g e i o i r t
t np i e n t g c , . E X A M P L E f c a l co uof l length a t i rof o n e l e m
e n t s . T c i r c u h m of te r c e ny e c e l h i n i d i i v 1 ie n d p q e
a ts du r oa t T a o n ah s g e = c 2l e t 2 e i - o f d e g r e e s . T a o nt
h i ng t e r lh ps e e ec l t f i e a n t t a o t x hc y i= l o h 4 i e ns d f
d e g r e e s . c = r x cos 22-1 /2 1 , c, = r x cos 45 c%= r x sin 22-1 /2 a ,o ~
0 ) s h l h a = l = e 2 2 o 0t a ) s c s 4 a. si 40 in 0t e
282
I
o e d q i
C
a u wm a e a to i n f ie n l rt g ts e r 9 s l e h c te i o 0f n
I
I
.
1
I

1
/4 O
T L D it i e e d p o o o i n t D D c l a D p t o c t
I
1 d
F
O IH IN T E N R S E E C ET I F O N c vi r c i u hm d of te er c e n yec l e h i
n np q a au td r aa e o rn t ll a e a s md ai vp ic o s T ii ih n o n t ne h rt
s e . c t ie ln ed t hm e s t e t e n lfr e tm s iih e r s e c t i o n f .
E V E L O O P M P EA N T T T E R N F s t r lr o a a e ii g l qw h en t tut n e a
g i r c u m o f t e rc e yn c l ei D h n i t d e vr f es i i t sn n n ea h u t o
e sm m o pq b e a e eu t c i r c uh m o f et r s ec ne yc e l h i n d a e r l t
e a hm e r w e d o nna iu t v g i c e r p e nt d t i c u l hl a i r De e n t se
e or e s l e o e hn e g a l bte e p m c h r o e jf h e n c c a l c u ( l ae t ix
S o ba r n .em e Bl p o e l o n nt e e c pt i oh not g n e il e e nh m d s t r
oe h curve t c of the h uintersection ee d t
can be developed.
EXAMPLE for calculationof lengthof elements If the circumferenceof cylindersis d
ivided into 16 equalparts a = 22-1/2 c1 = r sin a C2= r sin 2 a C3 = r c a
c4 = r
o
s
-
I
o u n d ei
C
q a wmu a e a to fi n i le n r t g ts e r 9 s l e h c te i o 0f n
I
inder into as many equal parts as necessary for the desired accuracy. Draw an el
ement at each division point. Project distances c1, C2 etc. to the circumference
of the larger cylinder and draw elements at each points. The intersecting point
s of the elements of the large and small cylinder determine the curve of interse
ction.
D E V E L O O P M P EA N T T T E R N F S D a s r t l r of a a e ii lgw t n eg q
h etn tu a h t c i r c u m o f te rc e yn c l ei D h n i t d e vr f es i . h l f
t i s co n m yh il a e it r n s l n e d l e ah t r n u o e m p qb a tae u c i r
rr ac u f h tm l f e s r e sn o t s c m yh l aDi n af l d eer e l r e a . m t h
e r d o ia u pv eg i r cp h s e nt i dt h o i c nu l a rh l D i e t nt e l r e
meo it .h n n e el g e h t me h e b p r o o j ce a c l t c iu( o l y e a n t x S
i o an r .m e b e Bl c oo nw nt )e e c. pt i o h n yo g n i t e l et h s m te r
o ne h cte t sc o ut h u ee r d vh i n t e r c s be d c t e iv a o en l o p n e
d e . T c u r o hv t a h t u i e tr o hl e al f h er c y l i di e n t e d b r e
t m r l i n e o es d hn g e l ec C m e es n p 1 t t as a c dch i,i 2 n s .e g t
c a b c e e w t ah c t s l i ,. e ,o rc h ,n h g a o t rp a v c rho t t i ls i n
ca ae h yl r lw g
1
der.
t s f . d @ f e e 1 r 14= @ R c, , 2 , +
E f D i
c1
X A M P L E c a l co o u ll a t e oi r e on n l g e mt e f h n i t v c i i rd c
u i hm n o f t eg rc e n y ec le h i1 =n 1 e n p q at o a t 2 sl 0 , a u = 3r =
r sin 30 C2 = r cos 300 C3 = r 1 =
=
284
I
w n
C
i in t e r o a t s e c h x t i nn g e
a . b .
I I . ,
, I
C
s
d
.
f
~
\
r ; 1! -+ .
-
y *-*
-
.
;
+
I I
1
I I
T L O IH IN T E N R SE E C ET I F O D it v i r i c uh d e r e ne c e c m of e t
b rc y a o l nb i v c n d o ih i e r et n a m e a pq a n an u e sr c ay e t s l
f t i n o t a h ec n c D u d r r ee a d rc a e l a e e m d eia p v n n i toc s i
i t T p oo ih in t e n r o st t ee c s t i o f c o r r e s e p oln d ed i m n g
e n t e t e r m t l o i n iht e r s n e c e t ie o f n . D D t c n c t t o c B
e t T m l i w m
E V E L O O P M P E AN TT T E a s r t l r oa e ii l g q w e h n ut n t c i r c u
hm o f t e r b e on r ec e h a y al di n i i d nv r d ht e te s n i d a u o em
pb q a eat u cr r a f ith l u m f e Dr e a n rc e e .l a e m h e r d o i a upv e
gr i c ph se ni d h o i c n t l Di eh t n t e l r e o me i . hn t e l ebh m p r
e o nf jo e t e c s t a l c u ( l ae t ix n ,e m S oba e l p o e c o n nt ee c p
t i o h n o t y n g i l et s m te r o ne h ct t sc o u h u ee r d i n t e r hc
s e b c d tei v e o a e n l o c u r o hv t a h t u t er o he c ya il d i e i n t
ed b rn t em ri n eo e n l e g c C m te e s h n 1 t tpf s t a dh n i s a e tb c
a egn mc t e t ah t l i eo r c a hn o h t gr e t e c ya (l ei il n s e v d a n e
te ri o A M P L E l c oo u l l a eo t e i n o lr neg v t il m t
il e
s
n
L
k
E X f c a D c
c,
i y
i i d n of t g c r c iu h m e r e n ec e i e nn pd q e t 3u r r ot 2 1 a a= a /1
= {

= r sin 30
R + C 2
-
2
C2= r cos 30
12 =~ R2-(r 1
+ C1)2
J
4 R2- (r - C1)2
16 = R
285
I
C
A
C
N
B
% / 4
3 2 1 2 3
T D c m t e D r s b e c e o d o o c l e a o a ( D D t d n c t p t j of
O IH IN T E N R SE E C ET I F O N c v i r i c uh d m o f ee t r e ne c e h i i r
a te n n w h y l o ib n v d o e e a pq a a n nu e rcay f e t sl s s a o d e a h
s c ic u r D r ee a a d r c y . a l a e e m de a i n v ti h o n p t i co s c r
i o r p a c v l lw w e i s a i en ar , r de T i l t u2o i s i h c n l ,t n . e o
ct tp ii d ol h e tn e ar nm e i nn t p oo ih n i t en r y s o te e c ts i o n
f l e a m t e c no r nt r e s d d ie h s p o n i P r cr t l o p e hj s o te . t
e c i st n h t e l e vT a i t n i t o e h rn p s . e oc t ii e n g n t p r o a j
h e e c l t eo w f ne r m s e i n e t te r l m o ii i nh n t e r ns e e c te t
no r eh e .t c t e l e v h T a st i n c u r ou v t a ht u i tr o he l f h i t o
b d e n t e br e tm i s n o e d h eo a n a ag r e tt r 2 chta 3 n f s s cf , e f
t pr v olohc i a dl amc e ue l n a w e x e m bp l ei T f l s i e s po d ahw c .
a a a re m 2 b ct o 3 bf s ac t ,a , i . s h o m ob c w a l as c n u l r a y t
e S x ba e e m lp o el w e ) . it
L
E V E L O O P M N TT P EA T E R a s r t l r oa a l ii ee gw h n nq t g u et t c
i r c u h m of te r c eo n e y c e hl a d e i i in v t i s n r d d at h e u o e
m pbq a e atu r c ra f t ihl u m f e Dr e a n r c e e .l a e m w h er o d a iu v
h os i ihe o nn p g i cp e n d t t i cl u D l i a eh r t n e r e om e l eo t hn
e lg eb t hp m e he nr f te e o c b c t a li c tou l l n a e t ir h n y g g n 1
~, 1 e t e c *.x b (a S e m e l, p e o l
I
w
E X f c a
C6 =
A M P L E l c oo u l l a eo t e i n o lr neg r sin a a R d= h i t u p s ,a
m t ef 6
r
I
,=w=
tc
286
I
C
A
S
N
R
K
I
>
-.
.
A
-.. 1
1
I
.r a
-
. ,
I
al
a
a -3
-
1
s .
\
%
B
,
R2
THE LINE OF INTERSECTION Divide the diameter of the cylinder into equal spaces.
The horizontal planes through the division points cut elements from the cylinder
and circles from the sphere. The intersections of the elements with the corresp
onding circles are points on the curvature of intersection.
D D c t T m D p l c
I
Iw
E V E L O O P M T EC N T Y LH I N D F a s r t lr a a o ei i g w nt t ut n ea g l
q h e i r c u m o f te rc e n y c ale hdi n i i d nf v e e t s n ah u o p m m a
ob a t e c e ry r l t h i s p o ah t d c ii p v ne h io a g s d i i f eoe n bi
t ln e o e a hn o d t g r c y ty e l c h h i a e r l t e a h m e r ew d o nianu
p v t g i coh s e r p e n td it c u l l a Dri e h tn e t r oe me e o t n e gl eb
th m p hr e o n f jo e e tb cs t a l c ou t l a l t ei oo nh 1n 1 g e t f he 1
ts 2
E f e
X c l e
A a
M P L E l co uof l length a t i rof o m e n t s .
P i 2 iE l l i pH :p s o e e i n d 1a la T c ep h n o o rt th e e i i ra oeh p n
p a r m aa s t p h e s e l er i ty g c r m a al e o hn d w i he 0 iq t cu t i d
h . aim a so h lt m e 9e h W e t a ph i dw ieh i a . l tp no i 0 h e e m i t ti
d m i a oh e t m he s tt eleh ro ia h i n t e r as e d c e tv i e o nl o n ot p
c m y e d n l th i nc b f i oa t a u db n e nh seomd c r av n i e nb , , . a a D
p n iH g n e se ic l e ap a h o nr ~ n hu i h a sc i p k nh sl i h ie u t i qt
s r c s h .
C a x i g
l t c d u i ls x a thX a t e n e c el e ts 2 , c , etc. x i = x~ v + r xesin a n
l s, ; P 2i F i l S i wm t w i t kt r ao w d d i
n eh d e da rtt yh t e ei r o ee e r ts g i cm u a fo h ta hd s
287
T
connecting cylindrical
P
and rectangular shapes
D E V E L O P M E N T D it c v ii i e hr d n c e a al u p q te d a e r l ae a e
m d w ea i nv n p o i n t .
er a ti c s
F t li e o en hn e g a l d be t e m c h e t r i a n g o ub l c a at li o c n uT
l a t i r o y e l ea m t h e y n pr t oho st t e n eu e s t r i o a n side g of
l n which e s is e A A A --e a 2- t t o 1 3 n ,c t h h s i t i h eo d th i t r g e
a sn hhe s ti t p i e c e .
A
q
q
A A A-
B t e d e g v e h li o o t p n m l e e n ti h 1 a d t - r rn t i r a h liSg d a-
w nh S g e w bh S o st qh s et u e i ae a aA s s A ai w h dh yn p o o eA t D s
e d n u e f b o t r u i a n n g o u cl d a a t i lyo c n u t F i t op i n o1 2 n
hi 3 . e n d tt e T l eo 1 h n 2 g 3- e t em 2 h t 3 f ,a b t ea t qkt c ue o e
t an o h l r o d i vo i t st i c o iin h t s o ra h c f e l p
small enough for the desired accuracy. Strike an arc with 1 as center and the ch
ord of divisions as radius. With A as center and A-2 as radius draw arc at 2. Th
e intersection of these arcs give the point 2. The points 3, 4 etc. in the curve
can be Found ina similar manner.
E f X c
c=
a
A M P L E l c o o u l l a eot e i no rl d = r x sin a
n eg
m t ef
r x cos a
L E O NE L G E TM H E N T F S I t a db eh so mc r v a n ci e b ne e n d b f to d
e u v e hn lf o e t p d m re eno t a s p i tiw i e h o c e n e ns :
one end is square 2. one or both sides of the rectangle are equal to the diamete
r of the circle 3. the circular and rectangular planes are eccentric 4. the circ
ular and rectangular planes are not parallel
288
T
connecting cylindrical
P
and rectangular shapes
1 2 2
3 4 3
@
3 : - 3 2 1 2 + - A
D E V E L O P M E N T D it c v ii i e hr d n pq c e a al u te d a e r l ae a e m
d w ea i nv n p o i n t .
er ti c
F t li e o en hn e g a l d bt e e m c h t r i a n g o ub l c a at li o c n uT l
a t i r e l ea m e y n pr t oho st t e n eu e t h t r i one a n side g of l whic
h e s is A A A--e a 2- t t o 1 3 n ,c t h s i t i h eo d th i t r g e a sn hhe s t
i p i e c e .
B t e d e g v e h li o o t p n m l e e n ti h 1 a d t - r rn t i r a h liSg d a-
w nh S g e w bh S o i ae st qh s et u e a aA s A ai w d h yn p o o eA t Ds h e
dn u e f b o t r u i a n n g o u cl d a a t i lyo n c t F i i n n t op o1 2 hi 3
.e n d tt e T l eo 1 h n 2 g 3- e t em 2 h t 3 f b t ea t qkt c ue o e t an o h
l d i vo i t st i c o iin h t s o ra h c f e
small enough for the desired accuracy. Strike an arc with 1 as center and the ch
ord of divisions as radius. With A as center and A-2 as radius draw arc at 2. Th
e intersection of these arcs give the point 2. The points 3, 4 etc. in the curve
can be found in a similar manner.
E f X c
e =
a ~
A M P L E l c o o u l l a eot e i no rl d = r x sin a + -d ( -
n eg a)( b
m t
c = r x cos a
)2
In the above described manner can be found the development for transition pieces
when: 1. one end is square 2. one or both sides of the rectangle are equal to t
he diameter of the circle 3. the circular and rectangular planes are eccentric 4
. the circular and rectangular planes are not parallel
289
D
C
T p m f c
I
E
P
+
c I
b m e he f d t si h o v e a o oi c t sd i i ta f tr l i t eo t h n sn c s goo hd
a e t a l s h ew u n tr ide ig i ot s v th t e T r e l n eoc t h ne c . g hC =
th edo i x c r w c ch i
i e ro r nnc q l fu t h t e a o h a rf e n dr p h he c r u ci idh r e h i r ao f
m d e e, t le o s a lt r e o
o
E X A I i r e cf 8s C =D T t f a i A e t i
la f e e at r a c , b eb u t
M P L E : t q d u a ii 2 r i v ed t s i di n a d c o m ie ic e 8 e r t0 nh e sc
q r p l t u a e c ao e p f o ta t r c a0 e roh .b s 3 l m 8 e 2 e :6 8 ax m 0 l
i b a~ M t q d e . = t3 2 ex 8 r 0 2 . 6=37 8 8 . i 2 60 n6 5 c8 3h 6e
ls s
.
C = D E X I i r
C = 100 x sin
No. of Spaces
eo c h n n hf g oao d d t e r eh o n ds n fu i s o sm r r pen y b s d ae c ihr t
o e o f s w h l e : 1 8 0 m s e t e i r n n uo sm p b a e c r e f s P L E : u a
i 1 ri v et ds i d i n 0 da c om eiic e 1 r0 t e nh ec p rq l 2 t a u e ro a 0
t l s 1 8 0 1 x s 1 30 1 = i0 x 0 0 . 0= n 2 0 i= 2 .n 0 6 c 2 6 h 1 2 0
No. of
c
0.00000 1.00000 0,86603 0.70711 0,58779 0.50000 0.43388 0.38268 0.34202
0 0 0 0 @ . . . . . 3 2 2
c
No.
c
c
1
2 3 4 5 ; 8 9
1 1 1 1
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
30 38 35
0,12054 0,11609 0.11196 0,10812 010453 0.10117 0.09802 0.09506 0.09227
90 1 10 80 2 3 90 20 4
51 % 54 55 56 57 58 59
0.06153 0.06038 0,05924 0.05814 0.05709 0.05607 0.05509 0.05414 0,05322
9 05 6 . 7 06 1 . 4 07 8 .
76 ;: 79 80 81 82 83 84
5 40 60 % 5 10 8 5 ) 8 4
0,04132 0.04079 0,04027 0,03976 0.03926 0.03878 0,03830 0.03784 0.03739
20 0 3. 10 1 4. 00 2 6. 4 0 8 0 5 0 3 3 3 3
0. 20 6 8 7 0 3 86 8 0 2 86 3. 5. 20 29 88 68
2 33 2 3 2
15 16 17 18 19 20 ;; 23 24 25
0.20791 0.19509 0.18375 0.17365 0.16460 0.15643 0,14904 0.14232 0.13617 0.13053
0.12533
40 41 :: 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
! 2 08 5. 8 9 4 0 0.04907 7
0.07846 0.07655 0.07473 0.07300 0.07134 0.06976 0.06824 0,06679 0.06540 0.06407
0,06279
65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
0,04831 0.04758 0.04687 0,04618 0.04551 0.04487 0.04423 0.04362 0.04302 0.04244
0.04188
89 90 91 92 93 % 96 97 98
93 8 5 0 , 0 0.03529 4
1::
0.03490 0.03452 0.03414 0.03377 0.03341 0.03306 0.03272 0,03238 0.03205 0.03173
0 . 0 3
290
m
I P
W
SEGMENTS OF CIRCLESFOR R4DIUS= 1 / l\ Length of arc, height of segment,length of
chord, and area of segmentfor anglesfrom 1 to 180 degrees = 1 For other radii,
multiply the . values
of 1, h and c in the table by the given radius r, and J the values for areas, by
r2, the square of the radius.
1
andradis
0
Deg
e
De[ T . i 4 5 6 -1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
h
c 7A
1
h
c
A
e
Deg
Area
h
I
2.11? 2.129 2.147 2.164 2.18? 2.199 2.217 ~,?34 2,:5 ]
2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c
l
6
ment
0
2 9 3 3 0 9 0 2 3 i 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.000o m 0 . 0,ooo1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.667
1
1
T
A 0
m7 62 1,082
3-F
1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
;
~ I
0.715 0.73?
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 I

1
63 1.100 64 1.117 65 1.134 66 1,152 67 1.169 68 1.187 69 1.X34 70 [~q~ 71 I.239
7? 1.257 73 1.274 74 1,291 75 I.309 76 1.3?6 77 1.344 78 1.361 79 1.379 80 1.396
81 I.414 82 1.431 83 1.449 84 1.466 85 1.483 86 1 87 1 88 1 89 1 90 1 91 1 92 1
93 1 94 1 95 1 96 1 97 1 98 1 99 1 100 1 1,763 102 1.780 103 1,798 104 1,815 10
5 1,833 106 1.850 107 1.867 108 1.885 109 1.902 110 1.920 111 1.937 1.955 1.972
I 1.990 I 2.007 2.025 2.042 2.059 2.077 2.094
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I
121 122 123 124 I15 126 127 ]28 129
I I
; , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
&6~54
I
162 2.827 163 2.845 164 2.862 165 2.880 166 2.897 167 2.915 168 2.932 169 2.950
170 2.967 171 2.984 172 3.002 173 3.019 174 3.037 175 3.054 176 3.072 177 3.089
178 3.107 179 3.124 180 3.142
1
i
[
291
Ziii4
I
d
D
A R T I N O T EH R SP E C T T IE O N O S H A NE O L N ZF L Z L D ( D i m e In s
ni o cn e hd e s
E )
N M
~
I 3
NE 4
0.4375 0.3750 0.3125 0.3125
A %5
(
I
1
1Y2 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 . 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625
2
2
%3
0.2500 0.3750 0.2500 0.3750 0.1875 0.3125 0.1875 0.1875 0,1875 0.12SC o.1250 0.I
25a
O.
T
6 %8
1.0000 1.8125 0.8125 1.5000 0.6875 1.2.500 0.6250 1.1250
+
O.125C 0.12 SC O.125C O.125C 0.062S 0.062 ! 0.062: 0.062 : 0.062 ! 0.062! 96 102
108 114 120 126 132 138 144 0.062 ! 0.0625 0.062 ! 0.0625 0.062$ 0.0625 . 0.062:
0.062$ 0.062$ 0.0625 0.062$ 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.
1250 0.2500 0.1250 0.2500 0.12.50 0.2500 0.1250 0.1875 0. 12s0 0.1875 0.1875 0.1
2s0 0.1875 0.1250 0.1875 0.0625 0.1250 0.0625 0.1250 0.0625 0.1250 0.0625 0.1250
0.0625 0.1250
292
I I
I i I
I
I
dl
I
D
A R T O S ( D i
I NO T EH R S PE CT T I EO N H A NE O L N Z F LZ L D md e I ; n ns IN 6 ic o hn
(P A 2 8 e E
E
s , )
S !
h i
1.0625 !.5000 !.0625 [.7500

e
l ;
l .1
N M 1
P I
a
20
30
4.1250 3.1875 2.6250 2.3125 2.0625 1.8125 1.6875
7.000 4.1250 3.3750 2.8750 2 5000 2.2500 2.0625 1.8750 8.000 4.8750 4.0000 3.437
5 3.0625 2.7500 2.5000 2.3125 2.1250 2.0000 1.8750 1.7500 1.6875
9
5.6250 4.6875 4.0625 3.6250
.
0
D.000o
[ [ [ [
L .0625 [.0000 ).9375 ).8750 36 38 40 42 ).81 25 ).7500 ).7500 ).6875
40 0 0
.1.0000 7.1875 12.0000 8.0000 6.8125 6.0000 5.4375 4.8125 4.5625 4.2500 4.0000 3
.7500 3.1875 2.8125 2.5000 2.2500 2.4375 2.2500 2.0625 1.937.5 1.8125 1.6875 1.5
625 1.5000 1.4375 1.3750 1.3125 1.2500 1.1875 1.8125 1.750[ 1.625C 1.5625 2.375(
2.250( 2. 125C
2.000C
6.0625 5.3125 4.8125 4.3750 4.0625 3.7500 3.5000 3.3125 3.1250 2.6875 2.3125 2.1
250 1.8750
3.0000
5.0000 0.4375 9.0000 8.1250 7.3125 6.7500 6.3125 5.2500 4.5625 4.0000 3.6250
+
0.875 0.7500 0.6875 0.6250 1.0625 0.9375 0.8125 0.7500
1.5675 1 1.1875
I 1.1875
1.0625 1.0000 0.8750 0.8125 0.7500 0.6875 0.6875 0.6250 0.6250 0.5625 0.5625 0.50
00 1. 1.4375 1.3125 1.1875 1.1250 0.875C 0.812 : 0.750C 0.6875 0.6875 0.625C 0.6
25C 0.5625 0.5625 1.0000 0.9375 0.8750 0.8125 0.8125 0.7500 0.7500 0.6875
1.7500 2.0625 1.5625 1.8750 1.4375 1.7500 1.3750 1.8750 1.2500 1.5000 1.1875 1.4
375 1.1250 1.3750 1.0625 1.2500 1.0000 1.1875 0.9375 1.1250 0.9375 1.1250 0.8750
1.0625 0.8750 1.0000 I
96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144
0.3 12! 0.4375 0.3 12! 0.37s0 0.250( 0.250( 0.250( 0.250( 0.250( 0.3750 0.1875 0
.1875 0.3125 0.3125
0.500( 0.500( 0.437$ 0.437: 0.4375 0.375(
0.375C 0.5000 0.375C 0.4375 0.312 : 0.4375
0.182! + 0.3125 0.1 82! 0.3125
,
293
I
TABLEFOR LOCATING POINTS ON2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS t ~ From these tablesthe dimens
ion y can be found if the diameter, D and dimensionx are known,
~Ient
L i
R=t
n r
e a o h hd
e i
u a e
sd
f .
I
T
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
1
3 = 12 Y 2.9580 2 2.8284 3 2.5980 4 2.2360 5 1.6583 0 6 D = 14 x Y 1 3.4641
r
z 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 T T 2 3 4 i 5 6 7 8 9
!
2
)
7 0 ?.2284 =
3.3541 2 3.1622 3 4 2.8722 5 2.4494 6 1.8027 70 D = 16 Y
3.9686 3.8729 3.7081 3.4641 3.1225 2.6457 1.9364 0 ) = 18
x 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
T
Y
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 4.4721 4.3878 4.2426 4.0311 3.7416 3.3541 2.8284 2.0615 0
I
7.0710 Y D = 26 6.8738 4.9749 T Y 6.6332 4.8989 T 6.4807 6.3442 4.7697 6.4226 2
6 4.5825 6.3245 3 5.5901 4.3301 4 6.1846 5.0990 4 5 6 4.5 3.5707 6 5.7662 3.7416
3 7 5.4772 2.6925 2.1794 5.1234 8 0 0 4.6904 9 ~= 32 )= 22 4.1533 10 T Y 3.4641
11 Y 7.9843 2.5 12 7 5.4772 7.9372 0 13 2 5.4083 7.8581 3 5.2915 ) = 28 7.7459
4 5.1234 T Y 7.5993 5 4.8989 - Y 6.9821 7.4162 6 4.6097 6.9282 2 7.1937 7 4.2426
6.8374 3 6.9282 8 3.7749 6.7082 4 6.6143 9 3.1622 6.5383 5 2 . 2 9 1 2 6.245 6.
3245 6 5.8094 11 0 6.0621 7 5 12 =24 5.7445 8 4 13 Y 9 5.3619 3.8729 14 5.9791 4
.8989 10 2.7838 15 5.9160 4.3301 11 0 16 5.8094 3.6055 12 ) = 34 5.6568 13 2.598
0 Y Y 5.4543 0 14 8.4852 7 5.1961 ) = 30 8.4409 2 4.8734 x Y 8.3666 3 4.4721 7 7
.4833 8.2613 4 3.9686 2 7.4330 8.1240 5 3.3166 7.3484 7.9529 2.3979 l L l (
i
5 6 7 8 9 0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 is
7
7 8 9~ [0 ~ [1 [2 [3 ,4 .5 ,6 ,7 T T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
7
7.7459 7.5 7.2111 6.8738 6.4807 6.0208 5.4772 4.8218 4 2.8722 0 =36 Y 8.9861 8.94
42 8.8741 8.7749 8.6458 8.4852 8.2915 8.0622 7.7942 7.4833
-
7
.
1
2
6.7082 6.2249 5.6568 4.9749 4.1231 2.9580 0
-J
D =38 x Y 9.4868 2 9.4472 9.3808 T3 41 9.2870 5 9.1651
294
TABLEFOR LOCATING POINTS ON 2: 1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS(Cont.)
T
7 8 9 10
11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 x
=38 9.0138 8.8317 8.6168 8.3666 8.0777 7.7459 7.3654 6.9282 6.4226 5.8309 5.1234
4.2426 3.0413 0 =40 Y 9.9874 9.9498 9.8868 9.7979 9.6824 9.5393 9.3675 9.1651 8
.9302 8.6602 8.3516 8 7.5993 7.1414 6.6143 6 5.2678 4.3589 3.1225 0
8 9 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
20 21
x
T
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
9.7082 9.4868 9.2330 8.9442 8.6168 8.2462 7.8262 7.3484 6.8007 6.1644 5.4083 4.4
721 3.2015 0 =48 Y 11.9896 11.9583 11.9059 11.8322 11.7367
6 7 8 9 10
T =42 x , Y 1 10.4881
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 T
11.619 11.4782 11.3137 11.1243 10.9087 10.6654 10.3923 10.0871 9.7467 9.3675 8.9
442 8.4705 7.9372 7.3314 6.6332 5.8094 4.7958 3.4278 0
= 54 Y 13.4907 13.4629 13.4164 13.351 13.2665
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
x T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
13.1624 13.0384 12.8939 1 12.7279 2 12.5399 3 12.3288 12.0934 4 5 11.8322 11.543
4 6 11.225 7 10.8743 8 10.4881 9 10.0623 9.5916 9.0691 8.4852 7.8264 7.0710 6.18
46 5.0990 3.6400 0
1 =60
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
-L
2 3 4 5 6 7 10.4523 10.3923 10.3078 10.198 10.0623 9.8994
1
Y 14.9917 14.9666 14.9248 14.8661 14.7902 14.6969 14.586 14.4568 14.3091 14.1421
13.9553 13.7477 13.5185 13.2665 12.9904 12.6886 12.3592 12 11.1803
2 3 4 5
10.7121 10.198 9.6306
17.9374 4 17.8885 5 17.8255 6 17.7482 7 17.6564 8 17.5499 9 17.4284 10 17.2916 1
66 11 17.1391 x Y 12 16.9706 1 16.4924 13 16.7854 2 16.4697 14 16.5831 3 16.4317
15 16.3631 4 16.3783 16 16.1245 5 16.3095 17 15.8666 6 16.225 18 15.5885 7 16.1
245 19 15.2889 8 16.0078 20 14.9666 9 15.8745 21 14.6202 10 15.7242 22 14.2478 1
1 15.5563 23 13.8474 12 15.3704 24 13.4164 13 15.1658 25 12.9518 14 14.9416 26 1
2.4499 15 14.6969 27 11.9059 16 14.4309 28 11.3137 17 14.1421 29 10.6654 9.9498
18 13.8293 30 19 13.4907 31 9.1515 32 8.2462 20 13.1244 7.1937 21 12.7279 33 5.9
160 22 12.2984 34 23 1 1 . 35 8 4.2130 3 2 24 11.3248 36 0 10.7703 =78 ;; 10.161
2 Y 27 9.4868 Y 19.4936 28 8.7321 -i29 2 19.4743 7.8740 30 3 19.4422 6.8738 31 4
19.3972 5.6558 32 5 19.3391 4.0311 33 6 19.2678 0 7 19.1833 =7 8 19.0853 Y 9 18
.9737 1 17.9931 10 18.8481 17.9722 ~ 2 18.7083 9 8.2915 7.4833 6.5383 5.3851 3.8
405 0
-7
295
I
TABLEFOR LOCATING POINTS ON2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS(Cont.)
D=78 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39
F
18.554 18.3848 18.2003 18 17.7834 17.5499 17.2988 17.0294 16.7407 16.4317 16.101
2 15.748 15.3704 14.9666 14.5344 14.0712 13.5739 13.0384 12.4599 11.8322 11.1467
10.3923 9.5524 8.6023 7.5 6.1644 4.3874 x 0 T 1 =84 2 x Y 3 4 20.994 -i2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 20.9762 20.9464
19.2029 18 18.9737 19 18.7283 20 18.4662 21 18.1865 22 17.8885 23 17.5713 24 17.
2337 25 16.8745 26 16.4924 27 16.0857 28 15.6525 29 15.1905 30 14.6969 31 14.168
6 32 13.6015 33 12.9904 34 12.3288 35 11.6082 36 10.8167 9.9373 37 8.9442 38 7.7
942 39 6.4031 40 4.5552 41 0 42 =90
v
22.4944 22.4778 22.4499 22.4109
2 2 2 2
:
7
2
20.8507 20.7846 20.7063 20.6155 20.5122 20.3961 20.267 20.1246 19.9687 19.799 19
.615 19.4165
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
21.8174 21 21.5812 21 22 21.3307 22 23 21.0654 23 24 20.7846 24 25 20.4878 25 26
20.1742 26 19.8431 27 27 19.4936 28 28 19.1246 29 29 18.735 30 30 18.3235 31 31
17.8885 32 32 17.4284 33 33 16.9411 34 34 16.4241 35 35 15.8745 36 36 15,2889 3
7 37 14.6629 38 38 13.9911 39 39 13.2665 40 40 12.48 41 41 11.619 42 42 10.6654
43 43 9.5916 44 44 8.3516 45 45 6.8556 46 4.8734 47 x 0 48 7 7 = 108 2 Y Y 3 4 2
6.9954 -i. 5 3 2 6 3 0 . 7 6 9 2 8 26.9815 . 6 2 2 9 3 9 . 1 8 1 1 3 26.9583 7 2
3.7434 4 26.9258 8 23.6643 5 26.884 9 23.5744 6 26.8328 10 23.4734 7 26.7722 11
23.3613 8 26.7021 12 23.2379 9 26.6224 13 23.103 10 26.533 14 22.9565 11 26.4339
15 22.798 12 26.3249 16 22.6274 13 26.2059 17 22.4444 14 26.0768 18 22.2486 15
25.9374 19 22.0397 16 25.7876 20.1556 19.8997 19.6278 19.3391 19.0329 18.7083 18
.3644 18 17.6139 17.2047 16.7705 16.3095 15.8193 15.2971 14.7394 14.1421 13.5 12
.8062 12.052 11.225 10.3078 9.2736 8.0777 6.6332 4.7169 0 =96 Y 23.9948 23.9792
23.9531 23.9165
7
T
7
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
45 46 47 48
4
50 8 51 52 53 54 7 x
4
2 3 4 5 6 7
25.6271 25.4558 25.2735 25.0799 24.8747 24.6577 24.4285 24.1868 23.9322 23.6643
23.3827 23.0868 22.7761 22.4499 22.1077 21.7486 21.3717 20.9762 20.5609 20.124F
19.666 19.1833 18.6748 18.1384 17.5713 16.9706 16.3325 15.6525 14.9248 14.1421 1
3.2947 12.3693 11.3468 10.198 8.8741 7.2801 5.1720 0 = 120 Y 29.9958 29.9833 29.
9625 29.9333 29.8957 29.8496 29.7951
296 TABLE FOR LOCATING POINTS
T
9
10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 &
u 120 29.7321 29.6606 29.5804 29.4915 29.3939 29.2874 29.1719 29.0474 28.9137 28
.7706 28.6182 28.4561 28.2843 28.1025 27.9106 27.7083 27.4955 27.2718 27.037 26.
7909 26.533 26.2631 25.9808 25.6856 25.3772 25.0549 24.7184 24.367 24 23.6167 23
.2164 22,798 22.3607 21.9032 21.4243 20.9225 20.3961 19.8431 19.2614 18.6481 18
17.3133 16.5831 15.8035 14.9666 14.0624 13.0767
r
55 56 57 58
ON 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS (Cont.)
10.9896 10.7703 9.3675 7.6811
z
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 7
Y T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
59
54543
0
60
D = 132
T
x
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ;; 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
39
Y 32.9962 32.9848 32.9659 32.9393 32.9052 32.8634 32.8139 32.7567 32.6917 32.619
32.5384 32.45 32.3535 32.249 32.1364 32.0156 31.8865 31.749 31.603 31.4484 31.2
85 31.1127 30.9314 30.7409 30.541 30.3315 30.1123 29.8831 29.6437 29.3939 29.133
3 28.8617 28.5788 28.2843 27.9777 27.6586 27.3267 26.9815 26.6224
26.2488 25.8602 25.4558 25.035 24.5967 24.1402 23.6643 23.1679 22.6495 22.1077 2
1.5407 20.9464 20.3224 19.666 18.9737 18.2414 17.4642 16.6358 15.748 14.7902 13.
7477 12.5996 11.3137
Y
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
47 48 49 50 51 52 53
5
9.8361 8.0622 5.7227 0
= 144 Y35.9965 35.9861 35.9687 35.9444 35.9131 35.8748 35.8295 35.7771 35.7176 3
5.6511 35.5774 35.4965 35.4083 35.3129 35.2101 35.0999 34.9821 34.8569
34.7239 34.5832 34.4347 34.2783 34.1138 33.9411 33.7602 33.5708 33.3729 33.1662
32.9507 32.7261 32.4923 32.249 31.9961 31.7333 31.4603 31.1769 30.8828 30.5778 3
0.2614 29.9333 29.5931 29.2404 28.8747 28.4956 28.1025 27.6948 27.2718 26.8328 2
6.3771 25.9037 25.4116 24.8998 24.367 23.8118
L
67 68 69 70 71 72 13.1814 10.2835 8.4261 5.9791 0
N O T
T c u r h v a o a e l l i p s h e ei t a i n o o su it i at r e l l i p s T p a
r h a l c o u t r o p sp o si i n e l l o i a t n h d o a t t t ha bi a n r o a
p p l i c a t l o c a p o i n t g eh o m a r iu c a ln d e t e r m i c u r v ( e
i t o h w s c h a p e
5
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 J@
2
22.6274 21.9943 21.3307 20:6337 19.8997 19.1246 18.303 17.4284 16.4924 15.4839 1
4.3875
c i a 4 ah e a l e la
297 LENGTH OF ARCS 1. These tables are for locating points on pipes and shells b
y measuring the length of arcs. 2. The length of arcs are computed for the most
commonly used pipesizes and vessel diameters. 3. The length of arcs for any diam
eters and any degrees, not shown in the table, can be obtained easily using the
values given for diam. 1 or degree 1. 4. All dimensions are in inches. EXAMPLES
A. w
3P
O.D. = 3
N F 7 9 o l t V @
/ 2
6
4 1 C
0 oz @ 3 cz a l t ee 0 d rt al oeb o h n lm g e t e a =7 . i r 8 4 n3 c
? h 8
f
.
8
(
Y
B
6 . Y
2 @
7 9
I
s
. O =3 P . V D0 N o l oz @ 6 cz a l t T a t b mh e r a f st c P 0l c o e ns t @
e e rs l T n o i 3 hz f z t s 9r l ~ T l eo t hn a 7gh &
. e0 e e ur c r i t n e 0 e r ti e .
d oe e o h d m e o h@ 0 m e ih c 4 f s 8 n3 : 8
c
P
3m )
2 4
d
7
9
. I =3 O = N o l FW t d
. W t h D0 a i c 3 k . ln t / e s l8 h s = a ?. 3 D 4 . 0 oz @ 3 cz a l t ee 0 d
? r l a eo W o 3b na f lg m 0 t e r ho f c 2 a 6 1 x2 3 6= 0 81 . 8 .8 i. 0 0 0
7 5 n 50
1
8
1= 0 i . 0 . @
D
p 22%0
! 2
&
7 {
1
9 (
0 N o l oz @ 2 cz a 2 l t ee ? d 4 F t r l a eo o1 ba n o lg m te r h 3Y O P .0 (
i ) D 2 e 6 . 1 =8 0 J .p 0 . x2 2 6 1 2 = 5i 8 .
8 W
. O.D. =3
f c 0 0 . 8
n9
298
L D D 1 1
1Y2
E E
O NA G 1
G R
R T E 2 E
H
C S 02
F
S
i 0 0
1 . .
a 00 00
m 5 0. 8 0 0
. 1 7 4 . 3 3 0
53 04 20 5 1. 3 8 2 8 . 8
0
6 .8 2 .2
3 17 0
32 .
07 10
97.
1 6
1 . 0 1 0 4.
680 1
50 15
.80 0 27
. 1S 2 08
1 3
: z w & z ~ z 0 z
2 3 a 5 6 8
w w ~ ~ A m x a 8 $ & a z ~ n
- ,
L
E D
O NA E 9 5 G
G R 01
R T E
H E 5 2
C S 8
F
S
D 1
1
1Y2
i 0
3 a .
4m 3 0 0 .
0.4688 0.6563 0.8438 1.0000 1.2188 1.4003 1.5625 1.9375 2.3125 3.0938 3.7500 4.4
375 4.1875 4.8750 5.5938
.4 0 3 5
0.7500 0.9375 1.1250 1.3750 1.5625 1.7813 2.1875 2.5938 3.3750 4.2188 5.0000 4.7
188 5.5000 6.2813 7.0313 7.8438 8.6563 9.4375
03
7 0
0
6
. 4 4
3 0 9 3
9 . 0
7 21
8 7.
2.35619 5 05 47 3.0938 4.4688 5.5938 6.7813 8.2500 9.4375 10.5938 13.0938 15.625
0 20.3125 25.3438 30.0313 29.2813 33.0000 37.6875 42.4063 47.1250 51.8438 56.562
5 61.2500 65.9688 70.6875 75.4063 80.1250 84.8125 89.5313 94.2500 98.9688 113.09
38 127.2500 141.3750 155.5000 169.6S63 183.7813
16 1 . 89 9 0 18 2 . 71 3 8 5 00 2 . 62 7 0 02 2 . 54 2 3 91 3 . 25 6 93 2 . 16
0 3 8 5 2 . 08 5 0 6 2 . 89 9 7 8
8 003.14159
4.1250 5.9688 7.4688 9.0313 11.0000 12.5625 14.1250 17.4688 20.8125 27.0938 33.7
813 40.0625 37.0625 43.9688 50.2500 56.5625 62.8438 69.1250 75.4063 81.6875 87.9
688 94.2500 100.5313 106.8125 113.0938 119.3750 125.6563 131.9375
0.4063 0.5938 0.7188 0.8750 1.0625 1.2188 1.3750 1.6875 2.0313 2.6250 3.2813 3.9
063 3.6563 4.2813 4.8750 5.5000 6.0938 6.7188 7.3438 7.9375 8.5625 9.1563 9.7813
10.3750 11.0000 11.5938 12.2188 12.8438 14.6563 16.5000 18.3125 20.1563 22.0000
23.8125 25.6563
2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 7 9 1 3 4 6 8 0 2 3
0.5313
1.0313 1.5000 1.8750 2.2500 2.7500 3.1563 3.5313 4.3750 5.2188 6.7813 8.4375 10.
0000 9.4375 11.0000 12.5625 14.1250 15.7188 17.2813 18.8438 20.4063 22.0000 23.5
625 25.1250 26.7188 28.2813 29.8438 31.4063 33.0000 37.6875 42.4063 47.1250 51.8
438 56.5625 61.2500
.6 . 07 0 . 57 0 8 .3 9 8 .0 8 8 .5 8 9 .3 7 9 .0 6 56 1 . . 1 35 85 1 . 05 20 6
65 0 10 3 4 4 7 79 1 14 5 48 8
2.0625 3.0000 3.7188 4.5313 5.5000 6.2813 7.0625 8.7500 10.4063 13.5625 16.8750
20.0313 18.8438 22.0000 25.1250 28.2813 31.4063 34.5625 37.6875 40.8438 43.9688
47.1250 50.2500 53.4060 56.5625 59.6875 62.8438 65.9688 75.4063 84.8125 94.2500
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.261 18.457 18.653 18.850 19.242 19.635 20.028 20.420 20.813 21.206 21.598 21.99
1 22.384 22.776 23.169 23.562 23.955 24.347 24.740 25.133 25.525 6 25.918 3 26.3
11 9 26.704 5 27.096 2 27.489 8 27.882
Area 21.135 21.648 22.166 22.691 23.221 23.758 24.301 24.850 25.406 25.967 26.53
5 27.109 27.688 28.274 29.465 30.680 31.919 33.183 34.472 35.785 37.122
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166.504 166.897 167.290 167.683 168.075 168.468 168.861 169.253 169.646 170.039
170.431 170.824 171.217 171.609 172.002 172.395 172.788 173.180 173.573 173.966
174.358 174.751 175.144 175.536
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0 2237.5 2248.0 2258.5 2269.1 2279.6 2290.2 2300.8 2311.5 2322.1 2332.8 2343.5 2
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2 2768.8 2780.5 2792.2 2803.9 2815.7 2827.4 2839.2 2851.0 2862.9 2874.8 2886.6 2
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201.062 201.455 201.847 202.240 202.633 203.025 203.418 203.811 204.204 204.596
204.989 205.382 205.774 206.167 206.5&l 206.952 3421.2 3434.2 3447.2 3460.2 3473
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52.898 253.291 253.684 254.076 254.469 254.862 255.254 255.647 256.040 256.433 2
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1 . 7 7 3 . %1 93 . 7X 5 3 . 7%9 3 . 7% 2 3 . 7% 6 3 . 8~ 0 3 . 8 ~ 48 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 61 6 1
6 43 0 . 45 0 . 56 0 . 58 0 . 69 0 . 61 0 . 360 75 0 . 0. 0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
.
,
6 1 77 61 87 6 1 80 6 1 82 6 1 94 6 1 96 6 1 98 7 1 00
I
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I (continued)
;
1 3 , 409.19 4
409.59 409.98 410.37 410.76 411.16 411.55 411.94 412.34 412.73 413.12 413.51 413
.91 414.30 414.69 415.08 415.48 415.87 416.26 416.66 417.05 417.44 417.83 418.23
418.62 419.01 419.40 419.80 420.19 420.58 420.97 421.37 421.76 422.15 422.55 42
2.94 423.33 423.72 424.12 424.51 424.90 423.29 425.69 426.08 426.47 426.87 13324
13350 13375 13401 13426 13452 13478 13504 13529 13555 13581 13607 13633 13659 1
3685 13711 13737 13763 13789 13815 13841 13867 13893 13919 13946 13972 13999 140
25 14051 14077 14103 14130 14156 14183 14209 14236 14262 14288 14314 14341 14367
14394 14420 14447 14473 14500
3
2
%
% % %
125. 3A % % 3A ~8
3
390.74 391.13 391.52 391.92 392.31 392.70 393.09 393.49 393.88 394.27 394.66 395
.06 395.45 395.84 3%.23 3%.63 397.02 397.41 397.81 398.20 398.59 398.98 399.38 3
99.77 400.16 400.55 400.95 401.34 401.73 402.13 402.52 402.91 403.30 403.70 404.
09 404.48 404.87 405.27 405.66 406.05 406.44 -.~ 407.23 407.62 408.02
9
12125 0 12150 12174 12199 12223 12248 12272 12297 12321 12346 12370 12395 12419
12444 12469 12494 12518 12543 12568 12593 12618 12643 12668 12693 12718 12743 12
768 12793 12818 12843 12868 12893 12919 12944 12970 12995 13020 13045 13070 130%
13121 13147 13172 13198 13223 13248
.
% ?-6 >~ 3A % 131. % X E % ~ % 132. % X % % ~ x % 133. % X % % % x ?4 134. ~ X % %
% % % 135. ; % % % % %
% x % %
126.
% % g % ~ % ?4
% % % % % % %
127.
% ~ M ~ ~ g %
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128.
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129.
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Dia. 136. % x % % % % % 137.
I Circurn. 427.26 427.65 428.04 428.44 428.83 429.22 429.61 430.01
I
Area 14527 14553 14580 14607 14633 14660 14687 14714 142. ?~ x ?~ ?4 96 3A 446.1
1 446.50 446.89 447.29 447.68 448.07 448.46 448.86 449.25 449.64 450.03 450.43 4
50.82 451.21 451.61 452.00 452.39 452.78 453.18 453.57 453.% 454.35 454.75 455.1
4 455.53 455.93 456.32 456.71 457.10 457.50 457.89 458.28 458.67 459.07 459.46
Area 15837 15865 15893 15921 15949 15977 16005 16033 16061 16089 16117 16145 161
73 16201 16229 16258 16286 16314 16342 16371 16399 16428 16456 16485 16513 16542
16570 16599 16627 16656 16684 16713 16742 16770 16799
.I % X % %
I
%
% % % % %
430.40
143. % x E % % % 144. % x % % ~ ~ x
X % % % % % ; %
17790
%
~ % 474.38 474.77 475.17 475.56 475.95 476.35 476.74 477.13 477.52 477.92 478.31
17908 17938 17%7 17997 18026 18056 18086 18116 18146 18175 18205
436.68 437.08 437.47 437.86 438.25 438.65 439.04 439.43 140. % % y; % % % % 41.
% g /8 % % % x 439.82 440.22 440.61 441.00 441.40 441.79 442.18 442.57 442.97 44
3.36 443.75 444.14 444.54 444.93 445.32 445.72
15175 15203 15230 15258 15285 15313 15340 15367 15394 15422 15449 15477 15504 15
532 15559 15587 15615 15642 15670 15697 15725 15753 15781 15809
145. % % % % % % 146. % % %
459.85 16827
460.24 460.64 461.03 461.42 461.82 462.21 462.6Q 462.99 463.39 463.78 464.17 464
.56 16856 16885 16914 16943 16972 17000 17029 17058 17087 17116 17145 17174
x
~ 3A B 147. % % 3A N % % %
478.70 479.09 479.49 479.88 480.27
480.67 481.06 481.45. 481.84 482.24 482.63 4S3.02 483.41
1
18265 18295 18325 18355 18385 18415 18446 18476 18507 18537 18567 18597
8

309
C ?
Dia. 1s4. Circum. Area i8627 18658 18688 18719 18749 1&3779 18809 18839 18869 18
900 18930 18%1 18991 19022 19052 19083 19113 19144 19174 19205 19235 19266 19297
19328 19359 19390 19421 19452 19483 19514 19545 19576 19607 1%38 19669 19701 19
732 19763 19794 19825 19856 19887 19919 19950 19982 20013 20044 20075
A
A
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Dia. 16Q. >8 X % Y2 % % ~8 161. % x % % % % % 162. ~ x 3A % ~8 3A ~8 163. ; % %
% % Y8 164. % ~ ?$ % % % x 165. % % ?6 % % 3A %
Circum. 502.&5 503.05 503.44 503.83 504.23 504.62 505.01 505.41 505.80 506.19 50
6.58 506.98 507.37 507.76 508.15 508.55 508.94 509.33 509.73 510.12 510.51 510.9
0 511.30 511.69 512.08 512.47 512.87 513.26 513.65 514.04 514.44 514.83 515.22 5
15.62 516.01 516.40 S16.79 517.19 517.58 517.97 518.36 518.76 519.15 519.54 519.
94 520.33 520.72 521.11
Area 20106 20138 20169 20201 20232 20264 20295 20327 20358 20390 20421 20453 204
84 20516 20548 20580 20612 20644 20675 20707 20739 20771 20803 20835 20867 20899
20931 20964 20996 21028 21060 21092 21124 21157 21189 21222 21254 21287 21319 2
1351 21383 21416 21448 21481 21513 21546 21578 21610
Dia. 166. B % ?4 % % % % 167. ~8 X pa ~ % 3A ~8 168. % x % % % 3A ~8 169. B x 3A
~ % x % 170. ~ % % % % 78 171. g
Circum. 521.51 521.90 522.29 522.68 523.08 523.47 523.86 524.26 524.65 525.04 52
5.43 525.83 526.22 526.61 527.00 527.40 527.79 528.18 528.57 528.97 529.36 529.7
5 530.15 530.54 530.93 531.32 531.72 532.11 532.50 532.89 533.29 533.68 534.07 5
34.47 534.86 535.25 535.64 536.04 536.43 536.82 537.21 537.61 538.00 538.39 538.
78 539.18 539.57 539.%
Area 21642 21675 21707 21740 21772 21805 21838 21871 21904 21937 21969 22002 220
35 22068 22101 22134 22167 22200 22233 22266 22299 22332 22366 22399 22432 22465
22499 22532 22566 22599 22632 22665 22698 22731 22765 22798 22832 22865 22899 2
2932 22966 22999 23033 23066 23100 23133 23167 23201 I
155.
483.81 ! s I 484.20 ;~ 484.59 484.99 38 485.38 % 485.77 % 4S6.16 % 486.56 % 486.
95 487.34 497.73 488.13 488.52 488.91 489.30 489.70 4S0.09 490.48 490.88 491.27
491.66 492.05 492.45 492.84 493.23 493.62 494.02 494.41 494.80 495.20 495.59 495
.98 4%.37 496.77 497.16 497.55 497.94 498.34 498.73 499.12 499.51 499.91 500.9 5
00.69 501.09 501,48 M1.87 S2.26
% % $8 % 96 3A Xl 156. >~
x 3A ; % % 157. ~ 96
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% % y~ % % % % 159. % x 3/8 % % 3A %
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Dia. 178. % % % ~ % ~ ~8 179.
Circum. 559.21 559.60 559.99 560.38 560.78 561.17 561.56 561.95 562.35 562.74 56
3.13 563.53 563.92 564.31 564.70 565.10 565.49 565.88 566.27 S6.67 567.06 567.45
567.84 568.24 568.63 569.02 569.42 569.81 570.20 570.59 570.99 571.38 571.77
Area 24885 24920 24955 24990 2%25 25060 25095 25130 25165 25200 25236 25271 2530
7 25342 25377 25412 25447 25482 25518 25553 25589 25624 25660 25695 25730 25765
25801 25836 25872 25908 25944 25980 26016 264351 3 26087 26122 26158 26194 26230
26266 26302 26338 26374 26410 26446 26482 26518 26554
Dia. 184. g x 3A % % % % 185. ?6 x % % % % ~8 186. B x % % ~ x ~8 187. ~ % 3A % %
3A % 188. ; 3A % % % % 189. % % % % % x ~8
Circum. 578.05 578.45 578.84 579.23 579.63 580.02 580.41 580.80 581.20 581.59 58
1.98 582.37 582.77 583.16 583.55 583.95 584.34 584.73 585.12 585.52 585.91 586.3
0 586.59 587.09 587.48 587.87 588.27 588.66 589.05 589.44 589.84 590.23 590.62 5
91.01 591.41 591.80 592.19 592.58 592.98 593.37 593.76 594.16 594.55 594.94 595.
33 5U5.73 5%.12 5%.51
Area 26590 26626 26663 26699 26736 26772 26808 26844 26880 26916 26953 26989 270
26 27062 27099 27135 27172 27208 27245 27281 27318 27354 27391 27428 27465 27501
27538 27574 27611 27648 27685 27722 27759 27796 27833 27870 279Q7 27944 27981 2
8018 28055 28092 28130 28167 28205 28242 28279 28316
~ % % % x % ; % %
180.
~ % g % %
% % % % % % % g x % % ~ % %
E % Y2 % % ~8 181. % x % S % % ~8
182.
5
5 2 3
4.
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3 572.16 3 16
572.56 572.95 573.34 573.74 574.13 574.52 574.91 575.31 575.70 576.09 576.48 576
.88 577.27 577.66
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% % % % %
183.
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Dia. 190. 1,/ /8 Id 36 il ;: % % 191. ~
Circum. 5%.90 597.29 597.68 598.08 598.47 598.86 599.25 599.64 600.04 600.44 600
.83 601.22 601.62 602.01 602.40 602.79 603.19 603.58 603.97 604.36 604.76 605.15
605.54 605.94 606.33 606.72 607.11 607.51 607.90 608.29 608.58 609.08 609.47 60
9.86 61026 610.65 611.05 611.43 611.83 612.29 612.61 613.00 613.40 613.79 614.18
614.57 614.97 615.36
Area 26353 28390 28428 28465 28503 28540 28578 28615 28652 28689 28727 28764 288
02 28839 28877 28915 28953 28990 29028 29065 29103 29141 29179 29217 29255 29293
29331 29369 29407 29445 29483 29521 29559 29597 2%36 2%74 29713 29751 29789 298
27 29865 29903 29942 29980 30019 30057 30096 30134
Dia. 196. % x % ~ % ~ ?4 197. % g Z? % x vu 198. % % 3/8 % % x % 199. % % 3/8 >5
% 3A ~8 2W. g X 2 % % ~8 201. % x ?5 % % % ~8
Circum. 615.75 616.15 616.54 616.93 617.32 617.72 618.11 618.50 618.89 619.29 61
9.68 620.08 620.47 620.86 621.25 621.64 622.04 622.44 622.83 623.22 623.62 624.O
i 624.40 624.79 625.18 625.58 625.97 626.36 626.76 627.15 627.54 627.94 628.32 6
28.72 629.11 629.51 629.S(3 630.29 630.58 631.08 631.46 631.86 632.26 632.65 633
.05 633.43 633.83 634.29
Area 30172 30210 30249 30287 30326 30364 30403 30442 30481 30519 30558 305% 3063
5 30674 30713 30752 30791 30830 30869 30908 30947 30986 31025 31064 31103 31142
31181 31220 31263 31299 31338 31377 31416 31455 31495 31534 31574 31613 31653 31
692 31731 31770 31810 31849 31889 31928 31%8 32007
Dia. 202. ~8 % >8 % % % B 203. ?6 % 58 % % % ~ 2W. % x ; % % % 205. ; 3/8 % % % %
2@5. % x >s ti % % ~8 207. z % % % % y8
Circum. 634.60 635.00 63S.40 635.79 636.18 636.S7 636.97 637.36 637.74 638.15 63
8.54 638.93 639.32 639.72 640.11 640.50 640.88 641.28 641.67 642.07 642.46 642.8
5 643.24 643.63 644.03 644.43 644.82 645.21 645.61 ~.~ 646.39 646.78 647.17 647.
57 647.96 648.35 648.75 649.14 649.53 649.93 650.31 650.71 651.10 651.50 651.89
652.28 652.57 653.07
Area 32047 32086 32126 32166 32206 32246 32286 32326 32366 32405 32445 32485 325
25 32565 326435 32645 32685 32725 32766 32806 32846 32886 32926 32966 33006 3304
6 33087 33127 33168 33208 33249 33289 33329 33369 33410 33450 33491 33531 33572
33613 33654 33694 33735 33775 33816 33857 33898 33939
% >4 % ~8 192. % x :.4 % % % ~8 193. % % 3A % % % % 194. % % 3A S % % 78 195. %
% % M % % 7/8
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crr o v ns c rn e l i o no yt n 1 r oa g p t , e o d a 0u n 0d d f 0s . i wn t
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cn o a td p ti sr re e we of at f ey d r rs s a, ib h l s ig y c e hnn d d e it
n d e t aa r n o e sc b ns r a h h ei ad a sn l d oi l p g n- a r elb s l ie s
y t a n t . lh sg v d e e p rt i e 6t rae s n s e ty 0 i . ht t aa a r d ee f i
a us m K o e rn o r vil te ir n e n a si h n w g d e s ss -ai i h h f n s do n o
c rh a t u ip o s fa o ir r d u sa s t bo t l se a e i i d r e s . d u n i o m
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n ta d g e hef a .rvu e i ret s c p r yl e e e a s t db f sh e po ,rr am ot v s
l i m a i x ni t m o e 2r u w f tm a l e l5 s e tf 0 . m a t s e l cr to i n a
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u s e i c e he ta u do a r asp t lt n re h et y u s sc o t u r re a q u s i vt a
r ml e e b u n n t gT a s a t hd e v a yddo me u sa . i hg ro o i degi p a s p
n l i v g na s t nr u a c g na t u w g r ,a i ul l r d f e s s e sr a l iee ov y
a e d mr d n ie tr o ie mt c l b a d e l a g e . r e c o h m m m e i n .s n d e
e oi ds m i r u ui am z nn i d oa e d t lr fm e e o mc ss p rao h eln r 2 1 ix
3 i f o / b a/ l nn l a t2 2 xa h 1 8 b r o . au t f ga ,r / h e q u r ru i e p4
s nr s t a e l cy e t b a u s l r e h ns r d .a b l h rs g r e d am e p o lsv el
de . r o C t eo c a t its v i. ce n h o pn g or:a ooi fa emc pn i e o tnp e o r
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6I 1 than 6 ft.
s 2 e beam support in .center of mist 5 extractor, when the diameter is greater
SPECIFICATION THICKNESS OF PAD THICKNESS OF WIRE MATERIAL OF WIRE DENSITY lb./Cu
. ft. PRESSURE DROP MATERIAL CARBON STEEL BEARING BAR
R B C W IC E W
WIRE MESH
6 >! .011 .01 1 TYPE 304 S.S. TYPE 304 S.S. 9.0 5.0 0.5 TO 1 WATER GAGE 1x3/1 6
9 .
~>,
lx3/16
Y4qi
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R B D O A S S % R A B R S IP N A GC I 3N R -G 4 R B S O P A S C S I N R G E l I
bf G . H / sT t q5 . E T N C HT IF 1 O E N
3/ 1 4 .7 21
1 -
4 6 7. 2
O I O DS
317 -
NAME PLATE Pressure vessels built in aemrdanee with the requirements of the Code
maybe stamped withtheofficialsymbol UtodenoteTheAmerican SocietyofMechanieal Engi
neers standard. Pressurevessels stamped with the Code-symbolshall bemarkedwith th
e following: 1. manufacturers name;preeededwiththe words:eertifledby; maximum allow
able workingpressure,(MAWP)psiat temperature,F; minimum designmetaltemperatureat
pressure,psi;(MDMT) manufacturers serialnumbeq(S/N) year built Abbreviations maybe
usedasshownin parenthesis. 2. theappropriateabbreviations indicating the typeof
ccmstruction, sexvice, etc. as tabulated: Wheninspectedbya usersinspector USER Ar
cor gaswelded w LethalseMce L Unfiiedsteamboiler UB Directfting DF Fullyradiogra
phed and UW-ll(a) (5)not applied RT 1 JointsA & D fullyradiographed; UW-1l(a) (5
)(b) applied RT 2 Spotradiographed RT 3 WhenRT1,RT2or RT3are not applicable RT 4
Postweldheat treated HT Partof the vesselpostweldheat treated PHT Nonstationa~P
ressureVessels NPV
1.S UM y s m b u hb w to as v h l i el e x h se fl e i esm dn n rp s e[ p et U le
e C o cs -d t o li m o( n d k ) e ] 2 F v e m os o 8sa f a 9 e n 5 ld , s r iY s
% n tt c u Y e o e n, k e a0m h e d il m s 0 e s la p f ln, sa d e e o k se y e
l s l sr tt a heh fti s b c er n Mi n p n a a[ p r a .oem a t f r he ; ie r e cC
k rs U lne e e 1d o s Ls e5 n sl T d. ( - e c 1 ) USER
C E R B T I F I ( s T T E D v e r N E Tw e v MA P A L Y X A M P E T L E dr
E
ml
W H [ R 1 s b s h t
OMEGA TANK CO. MAWP250 650F MDMT 650F at 250 psi
S/N-19560 b 1996
i s n h s sb p au ee e sc l t e e s i c e ,
inspector,arc welded,usedin lethal
L
used on skirts, supports, etc., it shall be marked: Duplicate. b n h l ta 5e o l i
h h / l s T a e i Ct 3 no s g d n e h -a 2h s s y . m . ne b e o n ur l Letterin
g sizes
m i b a d at o m l p d t em lh db h ea s , t e a te e m r t c pac o ey ih d m ae
e p , rd se , s s te dr . Commonly u m a s f t n e e pr a0 i o l da i s lm a .
t as r t i n e 3 o n 1 t el i c e 2 e s .as s) e r nt l b e r 8 oe T n p a sh l
b s hm aw a e e t e t eu l l n e ia d nl v s e eu o e l l md a st o eo db n er i
t al e c r d k h e n o su v ie i n s s au s ll e a o ti ls c en d s a , ot e dp
m d n n a e ae c n e l m l w el ia a ; qy e rs u v , i c o l n gt e r a a ov5 b
fl a g , e og b e l ru e o , o t vtu t n e c d .
318
PLATFO Conforms RM
3 f!. 6 an. max. 30 an,min. t
.
7
IF
tiANORAl L POST ANGLE 2x2x3/8 MI DRAIL BAR 2.1/4
jA%&l/4
P i n f P b d
l e
a s t bf f h o a r b am i r s is l c e c s e u s fis sa t e ec t li
ac l t t e e id pe
o
n n s g d
h ra f y iab o p l o dn . e t
i n nr
e ir l s f
a f t a f b o ri r is m ce a s s ct f s o c io hi m t h i wp o n l ne a e ao t a
p k re e n p k d
h di o n ,e
o a nn s l l S E C A T A I c d k ed d
4 Clearance
O
N
in n
g r
. s l t
I $
A f
c t lt b ibl o d o n r
ee
-
od e
-.
.
r
M a n u f sa c f t hu u r 1 er ar e n l ix 0 sl b A m P w M M D p B B h o b o ao
o oe s l a u s l v si k r a f i s t re h e cn d h p n t c z ps . o r e :o i g e
s xm a e . p c e oa f e h r s d ae p
t h e r .
CHECKERED r % aPLATE -
n sr d a lb h s rg r
l es
l
e
-
1/4 BENT PLATE
tre
, p
t
a s lu s s 9 r
fi a n c u c x x c a
p a o a s p a o ah 6 # di
p 6i f p n . n p i
o g r
t f s a s if
d . n 6 ofr g a o l h
n h rl/ i c
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$---+Fl
. l tt s . re e CHANNEL n d
6x8.2
f le 1 o@
1a s a o f ta l / t l/l
oc e f q r r tl h s e 1 t s 2 6
. o . a r f . A L T E R NS A U T IPV P E
O
9 oo $
SKIRT
OPENINGS
1/4 IN CONTINUOUS FI L LET WE LO / INSIOE ANO
VENT HOLES
I s eo h m y d r i o o cc o a n r e b to n f sh c o m b l u s i t oi q b g lu e
t ai ds s s s k b i hp rr a ow t vm l s i i dli e e tn d m o t 2u i v wn h m el
o cf o n l c a a h a p t io e 1s dg s d e i s bgh 8 l rs e a pT a v hr e hst o c
. h n l l e ae t e h i n e s u Fl a a o n s t il m od b e . e a v u c os o u p
p e l i i d np g e r
ACCESSOPENINGS
PIPE OPENING
The shape of openings may be circular o any other shapes. Circular openings are
used most frequently with pipe o bent plate sleeves. The projection of t thickne
ss of h sleeve equals fireproofing minimum 2 inches. The projection of sleeves s
hall be increased when necessary for reinunder k certain i load- r forcing the s
ing conditions.
D i a ( m = 1 e i t6 D e n r c 2 )h
r
t
& u
D
PIPE OPENiNGS
The shape of pipe openings circular with a diameter of 1 inch larger than the di
ameter of flange. Sleeves should be provided a for a copenings. c e s s
E C I C S E R S F ST E S
T
O Y S
P A K
320 VORTEX
T l C n F t s l p i q u
BREAKER
e x mh
or h v p o b o rr s e ei tet a e ek l f eix t m r us i n nd a es hvsto i oe r r
a otb e el u i d s . t d dt i th w
a r f l o a btn s- a p a f s lf a rf dt e le qu r u e w e sn a s wt e il o yi et
o d i z a m z e l t e e r .
a h d oi eo e g f fg e r c r tu e i h v sen e n e s f s dw sv c i e o e r n lr d
t ii we tn o i g i o h n ds b s a hh fb f o f t u lo te i n e l m o u d d i hz
ea rTm z h s e l tee a e e hi tr b o . g ou h e h tv t h b a o h bu t l no a dod
u h il z e ab t zm mf l e b e s t e u e ia r v ni e a e u le i r tc er y qh a c
l r e f ag o r r e at n e o r c ah e s e o rn r s .
. . . @ #
. . . . q
..
V
2D
O
. 62!!3
,
-
R
T OE L X
II N Q G U
O = D
I
DF
$
2D
I
A
O MP
E
T
I E
R
tl + +
tl
GRATING
F--i
I
1
1
u
I
1
I
I
I
3
-
D
>
r
%
F M a A LC R P AN L O B T AA S DF S T F t 1 ec r a is a / p r lt : ob l g e or 4
w a e a n
r i 1 I
G L E E
R S
A B
TA I
FN
FG
xt1 l i i b e - n tr ag1
rh /
s8
.
R J
oe . pn x r i en a vg Te O n e f e Fr M e Pn ac t e t : V e o r r cs t. b o A u r
u4 n 1 ga l9 u , s6 t 9 , .
a t n eG d h e i
n
321
PART III. MEASURES AND WEIGHTS
1. Table ofProperties ofPipes, Tubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 322 2. Dimensions.....................................................
....................................... 334 of Heads, Flanges, Long Welding Neck
s, Welding Fittings, ScrewedCouplings. 3. Weight..----ti -----------------------
-----------------of Shells and Heads, Pipes and Fittings, Flanges, Openings, Pac
kingand Insulation,Plates, CircularPlates, Bolts. 374
5, Area ofSurfaces ofShells and Heads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 425 6. ConversionTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 DecimalsofanInch, Decimalsofa FooCMetricSys
tem,Inches to Millimeters,Millimetersto Inches, Square Feetto Square Meters, Squ
are Meters to Square Feet, Pounds to Kilograms, Kilograms to Pounds, U.S. Gallon
to Liters, Liters to U.S. Gallons,PoundsperSquareInches to KilogramperCentimete
r, KilogramperCentimetertoPounds perSquareInch,Degreesto Radius,Minutesand Secon
dsto Decimalsofa Degree,Centi-
322
P
S c c aa
Sched & alloy
s
P
h n ar
eu
e No.
d am w u bl e de e en s ir i g sg a n i ah ad t g i to r n rw e s e A m iBe -e N
1 for tt 3 -n -n. s bl pn to a l A ne i o Bd eN 1 n p y f 3 s l t Se as d 6 io
pI nt l . i ee9 s r p s e
Weigh[ Designation
S h e l
o
side diam. in.
In- u side diam. in.
Wall
t
Weight t per foot lb.
w
ft.
3 ;
lb.
0.03!20 6.0246 .0157 1 , . .
iq. ft.
7 .106 9 .106 5 .106 0 0 0
Inside $urfac( per ft. Sq. ft. .0804
Transverse area sq. in. .0740 .0568 .0364
7 5 1 0 1 0

80 ... 40 80
4 8
S
X
.405 . 0 . .405 - .405 0 s .
t
,049 3 .068 s 2 g $ .095 S .065 .088s g S .119
.186
?.
4 8 1 4 8
S
X S
0 0 0 0 t 0
.410 .364 s .30s!t .545 .493 .423 .670 .622 .546 .466 .252 .834 .824 .742 .675 .
614 .434
.330 .424 . .535
5 .1073 4 .0955 3 .0794

80
.
d
X-stg.
s s S
0 .423 : .567 .738
.1550 ,1316 .1013 .0740 .0216 .857 1.130 1.473 1.727 1.940 2.440 1.404 1 1.678 1
2.171 1 2.561 1 2.850 1 3.659 1 1.806 2.272 .2660 .2301 .1875 .1514 .1280 .0633
5 5 5 5 5 5
6 .177
.177 .177 .220 .220 .220 .2!20 .220 .275 <275 .275 .275 .275 .275 .344 .344 .344
.344 .344 .344 .434 .434
.1497 5 ,1295 .1106 .1764 .1637 .1433 .1220 .0660
.2333 .1910 .1405 .3568 .3040 .2340 .1706 .0499
, . . , 2 , 6 5 4 3 9 1

80 160 ...
4 8 ... ...
Std: X-stg. <X-stg
0 0
.083 ,109s .147S .187 .294 .083 .113 s .1545 .188 .218 .308
3 s 3 3 3 3 3

80 160
4 8 .
std.
<X-stg
0 0

80 140 ...
1
40s 80S . . .. ... ...
1 4
std. .... .
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
. . . . . .
, .
9 2 ,2
8 4 87
...
40 80 160 ... ... 40 80 160 ...
1.660 0 1,660 0 1.660 1.660
.109 s .140 s
.7080 .6471
.3775 .3620
1.633 1.495
8 . .. ... 1 4 8 ... ...
1
S
9 3 5 2 20 30 40 6 0
1 2.638 3.652 0 3.938 0
. . .. ..
.9630 . .8820 . 0 .7648 . 0 .6082 . 0 .4117 . 0 1.583 5 1.452 6 1.420 4
5 , 4 .7 2 ,2
.497 0 .497 7 .497 6 .497 8 .497 4 .622 7 .622 7 .622 1
W, 5 4 . 56 4 . 71 4
.4403 8 .4213 1 .3927 3 ,3519 6 .2903 0 ,5647 .5401 .5360
1 3 56 3 74 2 34
2.221 5 2.036 7 1.767 1 1.405 2 .950 8 3.654 3.355 3.280
33 3, 305 3 32
0 1.900
1 1 1 t.
0 0
. . . 9 2 2 2
.109 s .145 9 s .200 9 S .281 9 .400 .109 . s .154 . .167 .
.40 ...
40s
0 2.375 2.375 2.375
I
323
P R O P E O R P T ( I EI t S c
S
P o ) u ) f q f
. Fn E u Inside t Trans-s rsurfac f verse a e t per ft. area t Sq. ft. sq. in.
.5237 .5074 .4920 .4581 .442$! ,3929

) i c
Nominal pipe size
V
Stainless steels iesigm ion
e Outsidt i Insideg Wallh
diam. in. diam. in. thickness in. .188 .218 .250 .312 .343 .436t
. s
; k a t
t Weighi per foot lb.
. 4.380 5.022 5.673
6.883 7.450 g 9.029 1.363 1.279 1.196 1.041 .767 .769
2

! . . .
80s ,, ,.. ... ...
1 4 8 ... ...
.
X-stg. ... ..,
:
2.375 2.375 9.375 2.375 9,375 X2.375 0 2.875 0 2.875 2.875 0 2.875 2.875 2.875
.
.622 .622 .622 .622 .622 .622 .753 2. .753 . .753 . .753 . .753 . .753 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
s
21
1
.40 ,..
80 160 ...
2.635 2:469 2,441 2.323
s .203 .217 S ,276 .375 .552
3 5 6 7
1
13.69 4.33 4.52. 5.30 6.65 7.57 8.39 8.80 9.91 . 0.25 0.64 3.42 4.32 8.58. 4.971
5.38 5.58 6.26 7,71 9.11 11.17 I 2.51 13.42
I
2 2 2 1 1 1
3.62 3.60 3.52 3.34 3.20 3.10 3.06 2.91 2.86 2.81 2.46 2.34 1.80 4.81 4.78 4.75
4.66 4.48 4.28 4.02 3.85 3.73 3,19 2.53
. . , .
30 5.6900 7.6462 0 1.6381 0 6.6095 8 .5564 5 .4627 0
.853 9 .851 9 .940 9 .819 9 .802 9 .790 9 .785 9 .765 9 .761 9 .753 9 .704 9 .68
7 9 .601 9 .984 0 .981 .978 .971 .950 .929 .900 .880 .867 .802 .716
5.453 63 4.788 79 4.680 26 4.238 36 3.547 3 2.464 6 8.346 8.300 8.100 7.700 7.39
3 7.155 7.050 6.700 6.605 6.492 5.673 5.407 4.155
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2 6 4 5 7
... ... ... ...
40 ,. .. 80 ... ;60 ...
...
.... , .
3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500
.
.120 ,125 .148 ,188 .2) 6 .241 254 .289 g .300 .312 .406 .438 .600g
. s
40s std. 3.500
3.500
3
.
S . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . ... ... 4 8 ... . ...
.... ..,
< .... .... . .. X
3.500 3.500 - 3.500 s 3.500 3.500 3.500 -3.500 s
0
t
t
... ... , ...
.... ... . .. . ....
3.760 3.744
1.047 2 I .047 I.047 I .047 I.047 I.047 1.047 1,047 1.047 I .047 1,047
3F
1
4 8 ... ... ...
0 0
. 3.732 3.704 3.624 3.548 0 3.438 3.364 0
3.312 3.062 2128
1
0
13.75 10.32 9.89 9.28 8,89 8.62 7.37 5.84
s S
,
.
4
... ... ... . ...
. ...
4 4
.1 ?8 .134
5.61 5.99 6.26 6.61 . 7.64 8.56
6.18 6.14 6.1 i 6.06 5.99 5.80
1.115 1.111 : 1.105 1.093 1.082
4
.
4 4
.
,142 ,165 .188
324
P R O P EO RP T I ( E It S c
Schedule Nominal pipe size arbor alloj eels No. ;tainess teels )utsidt liamrt.
, l
P o
ll
Urliice
.F n E tl

)
w
\
a
w
in.
~ater ]er ft.
[ ;
)er
Transverse area sq. 13.15 12,73 12.57 12.31 12,17 11.96 11.80 11.50 11.04 10,32
9.62 9.28 7.80
40
40s
4.500 ~, :()() 4.500 4.500 4,500 4,500 4.500 4,500 4,500 4.500 4.500 4.500 4.500
5.563 0 5.563 5.563 5.563 5.563 5.563 5.563 5.563
4
I
4.090 4026 4.000 3.958 3.938 3.900 3.876 3826 3750 3.624 3.500 3.438 3.152 5.295
5.047 4.859 4,813 4,688 4.563 4.313 4.063 6.357 6.287 . 6.265 6.24? 6.187 6.125
6.011 6.065 5.875 5.761 5.625
.205 .237 ,250 ,271 .281 .300 .312 .337 .375 .438 .500 .531 .674 .134 s .258 .352
.375 .437 .500 .625 .750 .134 s .169 .180 .188 .219 .250 .277 .280 s .375 .432
S .500 .562 ,718 .864 .148 s .158 .165 .188 . .203 . .219
939
10.79
11 35 12.24 12.67 13.42 14.00 14,98
5.71 5.51 5.45 5.35 5.27 5.19 5.12 4.98 4,78
1
1
.
,.,
80
80S
16.52
19.30 21.36 2260 27.54 7.770 14.62 19.59 20.78 23.95 27.10 32.96 38.55 9.29 11.5
6 , 12.50 12.93 15.02 17.02 18.86 18.97 25.10 28.57 32.79 36.40 45.30 53.16 13.4
0 14.26 14.91 16.90 18.30 19.64
120 160 ...
... ... ... ...
...
40 . 80
1
40s 80S ...
5
9.54 8,66 8.06 7.87 7.47 7.08 6,32 5.62 13.70 13.45 13.38 13.31 13.05 12.80 12.5
5 12.51 11.75 11.29 10.85 10.30 9.15 8.14 23.6 23.6 23.5 23.2 23.1 22.9
1.456 1,456 1.456 1,456 1.456 1.456 1.456 1.456 I .735 I .735 I .735 I .735 I .7
35 I.735 1.735 I .735 I .735 I .735 I .735 I.735 I .135 1.735
1.386 1.321 1.272 1.260 1.227 1.195 1,129 1.064 1.660 1.650 1.640 1,639 1.620 1.
606 1.591 1.587 1.540 1.510 1.475 1.470 1.359 1.!280
22.02 20.01 18.60 18.19 17.26 16.35 14,61 12.97 31.75 31.00 30.81 30.70 30.10 29
.50 28.95 28.99 27.10 26.07 24.85 23.77 21.15 18.83 54.5 54.3 54.1 53.5 53.1 52.
7
120 160 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ...
1 ... . . ...
... .
6.625 0 6.625 6.625 6.625 6.625 6.(525
6
40 ... 80 120 150
4 8 .. ...
std. X-stg.
6.695 6.625 0 6.625 6.625 0 6.625 6625 6.695 6.625
0 8,625 8.625 8.625
Xx-stg
... ... .. ... ... ...
1 ... ... ... . ,
8
.., . .... .... .... .... .,.
2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26
2.180 2.178 2.175 2.161 2.152 2.148
8.625 , 8.625 . 8.625
P R O P E O RP T ( I EI t Sc
Schedule No. Nom
inal pipe size
P o
Outs id iurface >er ft. ;q. ft. 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.2
6 2.26 2.26 2.26 2,26 2.26 2.26 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.8
I 2.81 2.81 2,81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 3.34 3.34 3.34 2 3.34 3.34
.F n E
Inside surface )er ft. iq. ft.

)
Iarbon i alloy teels
;tain ess teels . .
Weight designa tion
)utsid liam !l
:nsi de iiam. in.
thickness in. .238 .250 .277 .322 .344 .352 .375 .406 .469 .500 .593 ,6~5 .718 .
812 .875 .906
Weight per foot lb.
01 water per ft. pipe It 22.7 22.5 22.2 21.6 21.4 21.3 21.1 20.8 20.1 19.8 18,8
18,5 17.6 16.7 16.1 15.8
Transverse mea $q. 52.2 51.8 51,2 50.0 49.5 49.3 48.7 47.9 46.4 45.6 43.5 42.7 4
0.6 38.5 37.1 36.4
2
.,. 40s
. .
8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8,625 8,625 8.625 8.625 8.
625 8.625 8.625
0 0 0
, , 0
. .
...
8
... ,,. . ...
....
.
...
80S ..
...
,.. ... ... ... 10s .,. .. .. . . ,..
.. .
... ... ...
.. . , . , . .
0.420 . 0.374 .. 0.344 . 0.310 .. 0.250 .. 0,192 .. 0.136 . 0.054 . 0.020 . 9.96
0 . 9.750 .
9.
.165 7 .188 7 .203 7 .219 7 ,250 7 .279 7 .307 7 .348 7 .365 7 .395 7 .500 7 .53
1 7 .593 7 .718 7 .750 7 .843 7 I,000 7 1,063 1.125 7 .180 .203 .219 .238 .256
18.65 5 21.12 5, 22.86 5 24.60 5, 28.03 5, 31,20 5. 34,24 5 38.66 5 40.48 5 43.6
8 5 54.74 5 57.98 5 64.40 5 77,00 5 80,10 5 89.20 5 04.20 5 09.90 5 i 6.00 5 24.
16 27.2 29.3 31.8 33.4
36.9 0 36.7 0 36.5 0 36.2 0 35.9 0 35.3 0 35.0 0 34.4 0 34.1 0 33.7 0 32.3 0 31.
9 0 31.1 0 29.5 0 29.1 0 27.9 0 26.1 0 25.3 0 24.6 0 52.9 52.0 51.7 51,5 51.3
2.73 2.72 2.71 2.70 2.68 2.66 2.65 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.55 2.54 2,50 2.44 2.42 2.37
2.29 2.26 2.22 3.24 3.23 3.22 3,22 3.12
85.3 84.5 84.0 83.4 8?,6 81.6 80.7 79.3 78.9 77.9 74.7 73,7 71.8 68.1 67.2 64.5
60.1 58,4 56.7 120.6 119.9 119.1 118.5 118.0
0
.
0 0 0 0 0 0
.
,.. 40s
... ....
80S ... .. .,. .,, ... ... ... ... , ....
0 0 0 0 0
. , . . . 7 .
... .... .... ....
0 0 0 0
... ...
10s
.. .
1
... ...
,,. ...
326
P R O P EO RP T I [ EI t Sc
S~hel Nom inal pipe size ~isrb Or allo) eels
P o
l ) u
.F n E
l

)
t No.
t
Weight iesigne lion
Outsidt jiamn.
I ~
thi~ kness in.
w
at ~te igh per root lb:
Mt.01
v
I u
rranserse Irea q. in.
12.750 1!2.750 12.750 12.750 40s .,. I!2.750 12,750 12.750
1
.279
S . 2
37,2 43.8 3
3 45.5
50.7 49.7 49.7 48.9 48.5 48.2 46.9 46.0 44.9 44.0 41.6 41.1 39.3 0
1 37.5 2 36.3 3 34.9
3.34
0 1 3.34 3 3.34 4 3.34
3 C 3 3 3 0 0 4
. 116.9 , 116.1 . 114.8
1
40.0 3 . 50,5
12.090 .
12.062 I 2.000 11.938 11.874 11!750 11.626 11.500 11.376 11.064 11.000 10.750 1
10.500 1 10.313 1 10.126 1 .188 .220 .238 .250 .312 .375
. . . . . . . . . .
114,5 . 113.1 .
. 111.9
49.6 3
4 53.6 4 57.5 5 65.4
3.34 7
0 3.34
3 5 3 3 6 8
3.34 3
111.0 . 108.4 . 106.2 . 103.8 .
. . . . . . .
1
CONT.]
80S
12.750 I !2.750 12.750
73.2 5
6 80.9
2 63.34
3.34 2 3.34 8
4 3.34 7 3.34
3.34 0
3 0 3 2 3 5 2 7 2 3 2 5 20 25 29 22
.. .,,
.... .
12.750 12.150 12.750
88.6 6
8 108.0 8 110.9
. ... . ... .... ....
12.750 12.750 12.750 12.750
125.5 .
. 140.0 . 150.1 ! . 161.0
3.34 0
2 3.34
3.34 1
1 3.34
,
. .
. .. .
I4.000 t 3.624 . I4.000 I 3,560 I4.000 13.524
28 32 35 37 46 55 58 631
0 64 0 75 8 85 7 86
53.4 53.0 52.5 52.1 50.8 59.7 59.5 58.5 2
6 0
3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
. . . . .
1
I4.000 13.500 0 Std. I4.000 13.375 I 4.000 I 3.250
I I
. . .
I4.000 I 3.188 .406 I4.000 1 3 .438 . .
,
X-stg.
I .
1 1 1 1 1 41
3 3 2 2 2 .2 2
. . . . . . . ,
. . . . .
63.67 2 03.67 0 4 93.67 0 23.67
8 53.67 53.67 0 0 33.67 5 3
3 9 3 0 3 3 3 5 3 6 3 0 3 7 33 30 94 26
.8 .2 .5 .9 .4 . 7 1. 1. 1. 2. W. !
1
I I I I
1
55.9 1 55.3 5 54.7 8
00 51.2
0. . .
14,000 1 14.000 1 14.000 1 .... 14.000 1 14.000 1
96 7 1 05 9 1 1 .1 .1 .1 .I
8 5 3 1
50.0 2 47.5 0 1 45.0 20 43.5 31 42.6 48
11 11 11 11
3.67 9 4 5 3.67 5 0 7 3.67 4 8 3 3.67 0 8
, ... ...
..
. .
327
P R O P E O RP T ( I EI t Sc
S~hedule No. Nom iniil pipe size ;tain ess (eels Weight designa
u
P o
l )utsid urface )er ft. q. ft.
.F n E
l

)
Inside ~iam.
in.
thickness in.
w
tVe aI per foot lb;
wt. o
Jipe II
[ ; q
r
ft.
..
... ...
,
5 5 5
. . .
0 .188 0 .238 0 .250
0 0 0
0 0 0
4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.90 4.20 4.20 4.90 4.20 4.20 4.90 4.20 4.%!0 4.20
4.20 4.20
192.0 1W.o 189.0 187.0 185.6 184,1 182.6 181.0 180.0 178.5 176.7 175.2 169.4 168
.0 165.1 160.9 152.6 144.5
8 0 3
.281 1 t ... ... .... . .312 344 .375 .406 .438 .469 .500 .531 .656 .687 .750 .8
43 1.031 1.218
1 . . . 4 5 5
1
1
...
... ..
6
1 1 .... , ... . .... . .... . .... .... ...
.
... ... . .. ... .,. ... ... ...
1 2 , 3 4 ..
1
4.90 3 4.20 0 4,90 9
1 1 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 ~
0 0 . 0 0
1 1
135.3 132.7 129.0 241.0 237.1 233.7 229.5 927.0 924.0 92!?.0 220.5 213.8 210.6 20
4.2 193.3 182.7
1 7
... ...
04.6 102.5 01.2 99.5 98. 2 97.2 96.1 95.8 99.5 91 .!2 88.5 83.7 79.2 75.3 79.7 71
.0
4.58 4.55 4.51 4.48 4.45 4.42 4.40 4.39 4.32 4.29 4.!22 4.11 3.W 3.89 3.83 3.78
.. . . .. ... .,. .. . ...
1
6
8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 ).000 $.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 I.000
0
8
.
b 1 1 1 1
... .... .
0
o 0 0 0 0
,.. ... . .. . ..
.2 ... .4 ... .... .6 ...
328
P R O P E O RP T ( I EI t Sc
Schedule No.
P o
.F n E
Inside surface per ft.

)
.
alloy less :eels s
1 ...
tion
in.
in.
ness
per foot
~utsidi, water surface per ft. per ft.
verse
....
0
... . ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. . . .... ... ... .... ..
..
,
...
... .... .... .... .... .... ....
.... .... ...
. . .... .... ....
. 2 . . X ....
.
... ... ...
.... . ....
2 2 2 .2 , 42 42 42 s42 .3 . 0 .3 . 0. 0, 703 3 902 3 1 01 4 00 1 . 5 1 07 1 05
1 02 6 8 1 6 6 8 7 0 3 6 8 1 5 6 6 62 . 63 5 . 6 17 . 0 4 3 . 4 . 9 . 239 4 . 5
. 22 8 4 .0 . 5 228
, .3 . 0. t. 3 . g 0 . .
00 181.0 00 2
. . ... .... ....
.. . , ....
. . I
329
P R O P E O RP T ( I EI t Sc
S a a tain!ss eels
P o
.F n E
l

)
Weight iesigna lion
n i
t
w s
a
Veight i a )er Oot b.
mv
wt. d of
tipe
1
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7
ft. lb
) lutside e . urfa~e er ft. q. ft. 6.28 1
n u

2
I
1
2
.. . ....
2 2 2 k ?
4 4 4
140 160
....
. . .... ....
0 . 1 . . 4 .
0 0 0 0
.
0 0 0 0
141.4 80 134.4 0 130.9 0 127.0 0
5,33 2 5.20. 5.14. 5.06. 6.68. 6.64 . 6.61. 6.58 . 6.54 . 6.51 . 6.48 . 6.45 . 6
.41 . 7.69 . 7.66 . 7.62 . 7.59 . 7.56 . 7.53 . 677.8 672.0 666.2 660.5 654.8 649
.2
2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
... ... ...
.... .... . .... .... , . .. . . .... .... .... .... .... . ..
.... # . . . . . .... .. .. .. .. .... . . ,
i
... ... ... ... ...
1 ...
! 2 2, 2 2 2. 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
! 6 . 6 6 , 6 , 6 . 6 6 6
6 . . . . . . . .
. 0
.0
0
0 0 . 0 0 . 0 136 . 0 153 . 0 169 0 186 0 0 99 0 119 138 .0
1580 0 177 1960
0 0 0 0 0 C C 0 0 C C ( ( ( (
0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0)9.3760 . 0!9.250 . 0 . 19.125 . 0 0 0 . . .
I
?30
X2 x:
,,!
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
w
w
z
q I
A-* l-lmm
I
* N.tl-l ,
-
-
0
N m q
0
!
, ,
,),
, ,
,, ,
, ,
,, ,
, ,
,
O
-
, ,
, ,
*, ,
,, ,,
,, ,
,, ,,
, ,
u) q
, ,
q
, ,
a
, ,
, ,
,, ,,
, ,*
,, ,,
,), ,,,
, ,,
, ,
, ,
I

; i
332
PROPERTIES
OF STEEL TUBING
Sq. Ft. Kall
O Do
Tubing
T
ness
E x I w r n a l h Inlernal i S c u S k rf u T - rh a ef c f oI a r e ec [ e i
Area Per Ft. Per Ft.
Sq. Ft.
\
W
Tubing
Constant
c OD A
ID
I
I
L
L
Ft. L
I
c
Metal Area (Transverse D Metal Area)

.I
.1518
.604
I
I ]
.
7/8 7/8 1 .055 .050 .150
.4477 0 .4596 .4717 .3848
.229 I .2291 .2291 .2618
6
.1977 .2003 .2029 .1833
0 .522
.482 .441
.755 .765 .775
698 717 736
I.159 1.144 1.129
.1536 .1417 .1296
1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1
q
.135 .125 .110 .105 .095 .085 .075 .065 .060 .055 .050
.4185 .4418 .4778 .4902 .5153 .5411 .5675 .5945 .6082 .6221 .6362
.2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618
.1911 .1964 .2042 .2068 .2121 .2: 73 .2225 .2278 .23(M .2330 .2356
1.362 1.247 1.168 1.046 1.004 .918 .831 .741 .649 .602 .555 .507
.700 .730 .750 .780 .790 .810 .830 .850 .870 .880 .890 .900
600 653 689 745 764 804 844 885 927 949 970 992
1.429 1.370 1.333 1.282 1.266 1.235 1.205 1.176 1.149 r. 136 1.124 1.1[ 1
.4006 .3669 .3436 .3076 .2952 .2701 .2443 .2179 .1909 .1772 .1633 .1492
Liquid velocityin feet/second : pounds per tube per hour Cxs g l
S
gravity w
F=
C
o cu H r
Et
X E e! C s I H yN A AS N !T TG I
T E
I
I
333
PROPERTIES
W T
BWG ness
OF TUBING
w L C W ( L S M v T C Inches C ID V ,
l
,Area
E S
per
I S L
L
I
L
I
i8
I
I
/8 /8 /8 /8 1 /8 i8 /8 !8 !3 /4 /4 /4 /4 /4 /4
/4
[ [2 13 14 1 [ [7 18 19 20 ~ 1 1 12 13 [4 15
16
i2 I0 , . , . . , . . . . . . , .
I1 . . . . , , . . . . . , , . , . I 0 0 0 0 0 I0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
I~
I6 . 6 , 1 .1 9 1 4 . .1 [~ 8 1 6 . 1 7 1 8 . 1 [ 1 9 . 6 8 . 1 2. ( 5 .1 3 4 .
2 .1 2 4 .I6 .2 2 4 3 . .1 2 2 5 . 1 [ 1 3 8 .1 1 2. ( .1 3 ~ ~ 0 . .1 2 9 . .14
6 8 .2 1 [ 7 2 . .[ 18
I
1 ,1 3 0 3 .16 9 85 .16 53f .6 5. 6 1~ 2 2 1 6.6 5 8 .16 3 1 .16 9 2 ,1 93 ,16 1
5 ~ .6 48 4 0 . 92 4~ 1 .19 4 o 29 .19 .196 5 . 97 3 5 . 98 ~ 5
. 0 74 . 0 7 0 6 6 . 8 06 .601 5 6 . 03 666 ,4o7 65 . 366 , 8 5 . 13 9 5 ,3 5 .
3 65 , 2 42 7 4 ,5 64 . 6 49 ,3 4 2 9 6 2 3 . 3 4 . 64 . 53 . 364 8 . 33 . 3 83
. 863 . 2 3 . 53 0 . 49 2 . 12 8 2 6 . 6 ~ . 562 .4 2 9 . 43 3 3 .3 1 .9 62 9 .
10 9 .6 1 65 . 3 6 . 0 82 3 . 36 8 . 339 8 5 . 8 3 8 . 36 [ . 93 1 3 . 87 , 463
7 . 637 2 . 6 . 69 6 .2 [ 36 4 . 9 , 64 5 .8 35 6 . 57
l3 3 5 1 4 8, .8 g 7 [ 6 5 5 7 28 5 [ 5 1. 0 ~1 4 3 3 8 4 55 6 1 3 3[. 24 4 4 1
8 8 1. 5 5 0 3 49 [25 4 . I. 2 5 18 3 1 28 4 4 1.263 8 3 I144 90 9 5 34 4 3 1 5
0. . 30 5 01 1 12 9 34 5 9 1 0 4, . 24 1 01 7 6 8. 4 5 2 0 5 1 5 [1 39 5 0 1 2 1
. . 35 5 5 7 1 01 5 0 5 1 7 4. . 69 9 00 9 3 5 1 18 5 . . 4 88 2 25 2 2 0 0 [ 0 0
. .1 1 7 2 4 0 32 5 . 4 6 24 2 3 1 4 5. 3 3 5 4 I.6 8, 6 835 1 0 35 5 . 1 9 2 74
4 [8 4 1 47 5 5 9 8 [ 2 4 4 . . 53 1 1 2 6 46
I .
/4 ;:
l/4
17 19
20
1/4 /8 8 ~/8 )/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8
1
1 I [ [
22 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 [8 19 20 22
, , . . .
I .
I I 1
. , , . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . I
.777 740 .
L 1 [ i I I 1
S
. 1 . 16 .065 [ . [ . [ . 20 .035 ~ .
v g f
w
. 0 0 . .5945 . 0 . 0 . 0 . . 0
.5 .5 . .6 .6 .6 .6 .6
= p
8 4 .2 .2 7 7 .2 5 1 .2 4 3 .2 4 5 ,2 ,27 ,2 2 9 [
.266 3 5 2 5 .26 .26 7 .263 8 8 .269 9 9 .269 2 .269 1 ! 692 8
I
.113 8 . 889 8 . 8 3 7 , 488 7 7 .~[5 . 1 . 217 . 787 0 . 6 8 . 318 6 . 186 3 .
5 4 . 310 5 . 685 4 . 4 1 4 . 984 6 . 310 . 4 8 . 413 I . 38 9 3 . 43 5 4 7 . 19
3 . 83 1 . 2
W o m
2 8 1 8 4 9 6 9 6 9 9 1 1 3 1
f
6 8 8 8 6 8 9 2 8 9 9 3 7 9
.
1 1 1 1 4 1 8 1 9 1 3 1 6 I. 9
7 4 0 5 7 0 0 1 0 1 0
. . . 3. 53 . 5. 94 .[ . 7 29 . 8. 54 . 0. 98 [I. 0 . 3. I 1 .4 1 0
c
22 21 4 21 6 1 90 11 4 11 2 2 0 26 5 01 0 09 4
s g l 9
7 7
w A
A A
Cxs
F z
1
7 1
C
o ou H r
E t
X E e
C s I H yN A AS N f T TG I
T S P t Sa 3 - i 1 t n 0 l . ee 4 s 0 es T E U T E
I
334
H
F c f H S T v e o so s a m em l r ae d sn d l i a f i el m l ueld it m hpe s rao
e si u d am a l s r d o se s e o m w m ol h n d la y i , av r l me a g ee s u t
ss e eb e u r r w lu a h se l m ii l i e s y l po t h e tr i c h a l l a a d n
ih g n s e e h da e dd ds . me R b oa s FA ea d a o wm s N T l ecy o e ln e ssf
t ds r u e c r t d i o n . G E
IL G A H
F o
h r be u m t a t e -t w tdd es l d n s h e nd h he e s lo t ae oefr l a lw v
d i
at g t h e n h t g e h e h i n et h t a i ot c s h d k a h sc e th a c rteo
t r
n C ld eP i lno U h g a& G3 d o E r e - e 3 3. 2 i p r ha ce e t xh i e a m
c c
ni ed se p ah p s u e r w it c s a s rl t i fr e l a ta ie n dg g h h et s .
T u l s he o u s n t afg r e la tl ai n g n g hf e etc l sl h 2 ih f i : pIo 1
se oi i s dnf a r l /c , h o e 2 f l a a d n ia g n O s ie h d nf n hec e d m dh
i s o ph d eh ee sr i ca ra l d s . F f o h l a r t e mh . t ae i t cdd sh k a s
he ba h ur e t t n n -t l w i es e l hd h d es d t a a n g e . r a l o v i t lg
On the following pages the data of the most commonlyused heads are listed. Thedi
mensionsof flangedand dishedheadsmeetthe requirementsof ASMECode.
W V E O IH O O LH G ES Ht A Ta b U ES M p A E 4 e De bg Fo i S lp n e 3n e i as
n De Fa! S 1e w g g 7 6 n e 4
SURFACE OF HEADS See page 425
335
DIIU EN SIONS
OF
HEADS
n
D
D
A F S L
D
S
Y n d eo ih n d nr ih x
M U
B I O T S
L T
SEA
H B D L N E E
D=
i h d
i s ao h i me m e d i ts ep ae h ee r l r il c i a fnpl s a u d t d i s as o iA
m , de f e tS l e &ar M n se ha ed ds . o s ed io p F& di D ht e se h fa h fd
o
H E M I S P H E R I C A L h = i
L(R) = i
d o e E L L I P S O I M= D A L f au k . t h
sa o d i d o d iA i eu f S s l &a fM n h s a e u h i af e s o ddrf im es n u t s
l doe a n pt re e r s n s a u r lr e . c i f sto o d cA l ro f em i r n u p d t
l ore an e s r s n s Mns i
r = ~ t = w
A N M D G I E ES D &H
~n m u a i c n
k fi ~ lS l & e ud a
f Ee gs mr
k o ln o m e m s i l s nn ,
i a m l u
AE D D 1 M E L I NI S 1 N O LN C S H
E N
WALLTHICKNESS
3 L( r h M L( r h M L( ; 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1
14
16
18
20
22
24
M L (R) r h M L (R) r h M L (R) r h M
1 / 8 2 1 1 2 2 R ) .1 1. 1 25 . 508 07 5 . 2.750 6 2 2 . 59 3 8 . 1 5 . 6 3 9 5
15 4 R )1 14 . 1.500 1 1.875 2 2 5 . 2 5 0 . 2.875 7 3.188 5 3 0 . 3 7 5 . 6 5
1 . 3 6 1.44 1.54 8 R )1 1 5 5 1 6 1 8 .1 1. 1 25 . 2 50 8 . 2 556 5 02 0 72 . .
8 3 7 .3 5 5.3 67 . 356 02 5 . 7 5 1. .4 36 9 1 1.56 1.41 1 8 1 8 1 1 8 8 18 .1
2. 1 55 . 2 00 8 . 2.6,25 0 00 0 72 3 55 . .3 5. 3 05 . 3 06 7 . 4.063 5 52 3 5
8 4 07 . 1 42 . 6 3 1 .6 9 . 52 1. 1. 6 1.41 1 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 .1 3. 1 75 .
2 50 8 . 2 0 72 . 3 556 . 3 020 . 50 3 .3 6. 4 88 . 4 810 . 4 815 . 083 . 4 301
. 4 306 1.4 0 .34 1. 56 1. 7 1. 1 .6 2 1 . 55 4 24 24 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 .1 5. 1
05 . 2 00 8 . 2 556 . 3 0 72 . 3 020 .3 503. .3 8. 4 78 . 4 510 . 4 083 . 4 301
. 4 875 .5 56 8. 1.5 8 1 .40 1. 1. 7 1 .7 5 1 . 65 1. 5 5
%
3A
T
8 0 0 6 0 0 0 39 4 0 3 . 46
336
D I M E N S I OO NHEADS S A D I M E L I N I S IN O LN C S H W
D ~
F E N S E L S S
i
T A H
I
C LK
N
L (R)
26
; M
L (R) r h M L (R) : M
L( r h M L( ; M L( r h M E r h M E r h M L( r h M L( r h M L( r h M L( r h M
m1
4 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 3 2 5 1 3 2 5 1 7 2 5 1 3 2 6 1 4 2 6 1 z 2 7 1 4 3 8 1 5 3
8 1 6 3 i0 1
Y T 1 . 4 . 1 , 2 1 . 4 . 1 .
28
3A % 5/8 24 2 2 .1.875 2 62 2.2 6 5 .4.50C 0 44 3.4 5 0 . 7 1 7 21 . 1.65 6 24 2
2 .1 7 5 . 8 7 5 0 2 .2.625 .4 74 5 . 7 8 1 3 .5.375
1 . 7
30
30 30 1.875 . 8 4.813 84 .
. 1 7
32
30 R 30 2.000 . 02.000 5.500 . 55.375 1.72 1.72 7 .
3R 2 . 5 . 1 . FR 2 . 5 . 1 . 3 . 2 . 6 1 . 4 . 2 .6 1 . ? 4R .2 .7 1 . 4R .3 .8
1 . 4R .3 .9 1 . 6R .3 .9 1 . 3 .2 1 .6 5 1 . 7 3 .2 2 .5 9 . 7 1.75 3 3 .2 5 .
6 1 . 7 3 5 .2 6.6 1 . 6 i 6.2.625 1.7.063 . 7 1.72 4 0,3 0,8 1 . 6 4 2.3 9.9 1
. 7 5 6.3 0.0 1 . 7
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
6
l% 2 1 l;~ 2 2 42 5 0 6, 2 3 .3 2.3 5 0 8 8.5 7 0.5 6.5 8 8 21 . 5 1 . 5 61 . 62
62 62 3 . 3 0 7 5 2 5 00.3 0 5 0 5 . 5 .5 9 3 85 1 . 7 2 1 . 6 9 1 . 5 2 . 1 6
01 . 0 30 30 3 03 3 2.625 7 5 2 . 2 3.000 5 3 0 .3 , 8 1 5.375 0 35 75 5 .5.125
0 0 .5 . 7 51 . 1 1 . 6 51 . 6 5 1 . 3 03 3) 03 3 02 0.2 6. 2 2.3 5 0 0 3 .3 65
3.5 5.5 0 0 66 2 . 8 .6 21 . 1 1 . 6 1 . 6 51 . ) 43 3 03 03 43 6. 2 0 .2 2.3 5
0 12 2 5 2 5 . 1 3 .3 1. 8 3 . 6 0 3 56 0.6 0.6 6 3 6 .6 1 . 7 51 . 6 5 1 . 6 9
1 . 6 5 1 . 3 3 63 3) 63 6. 2 0 2. 5 0 5 0 2 5 0 2 .2 2.3 5 3 0 .3 9. 3 1 85 7 5
3 8 . 8 1.6 3 .5 7 5 6 0 .6 7 51 . 51 . 7 1 . 6 5 1 . 1 63 63 63 3 63 6.3 2 0.3
7 5 .2 3 7 5 . 3 7.3 5 32 7 5 0 0 . 3 7.6 5 46 3 8 .6 .6 3 7 5 46 . 3 5 1 . 7 2
1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 6 2 1 . 03 03 63 3 63 6.3 2 0 0 0.3 5. 0 2 .2 5,3 0 5 0 0 2
5 5. 6 3 7 .7 7 .7 0.7 0. 01 9 3 8 1 . 6 91 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1 . ) - 4 0 3
3 2 6 3.375 2 3 62,625 5 22 5.; 8 17.000 8 27 5,7 0.7.125 0 18 21 . 1.727 2 1 .
7 1 1.56 24 24 4) 2 42 24 0. 0 0.3.375 0 0 3 0 .3 0 0.3 0 03 7. 5 0 0 0 5.8.625
5 6 58 8 6 .8 8 6.8 8 2 . 6 91 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1.62 84 4) 84 44 8 48 5 0
2. 5 0 2. 5 3 .3 2.3 5 23 2 5 0 3.375 0 5.9.438 5 0 7 5 0 39 9 .9 6.9 2 3 8 7.
5 0 . 7 21 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1.69 4 54 05 05 5) 45 2 5 6.3.625 5 2 6 2 5 6
3 3 .3 6.3 2 6. 2 5 , 5 0 0 1 05 1 . 08 5 . 56 0 . 6 2 0.438 8. 7 6 8 1 . 7 7 1
. 7 7 1 . 7 2 1.72 . 7 21
4 0 5 3. 4 5 0 1. 5 4 01 . 4 2 0 . 34 66 . 4 01 . 4
4 0 7. 0 8 3 . 6 4 0 7. 3 8 8 . 6
. 3
. 3
3 . 2 7 7 34 . 7 55 0 . 5 01 . 5 4 03 0 5 0 0 . 7 34 7 . 5 16 3 . 1 0 0 . 5 01 .
5 4 030 0 5 . 7 0 0 34.125 7 8 . 6 1 3 46.813 5 01 . 5 4 63 6 5 . 0 0 34 7. 8 2
5 5 3. 6 1 . 6 91 . 5 2 63 6 5 0 0 4 3. 7. 9. 7 5 8 6.7 3 6 91 . 6 2 63 6 5 4 0
0 3. 7. 4. 0 2 5 3.7 1 6 91 . 5 2 0 5. ::125 7 0 0 8.125 5 2. . 6 2 1.48 5 24 2
7 0 4 . 0. 0 8 9 . 3 0. 0 6 91 . 9 84 8 . . 7 0 54 0 9 . 6 0 7. 5 7 21 . 2 45 4
. . 7 5 24 5 0 0 . 3 0 0 . . 1 7 2 2
. 4
. 5
. 4
. 5
. 5
. 5
5
. 5
. 6
4 . 6
337
D D E D I T A E
ENS IONS I
A M R
OF HEADS M D I M E L IN I S 1N O LN C S H WALLTHICKNESS 2 21A 17%
E N S
l%
3
26
28
L (R) r h M L (R) r h M
L( r h M
30
30 4.500 6.125 1.39
3
32
L (R) r h M
30 R 4.875 6.375 1.36 30
4 6 1 . 3 .4 .7 1 3 .4 .7 1 3 .4 .7 1 3 .4 .8 1 3 .4
)
-
4.500 6.563
1 3 4 7 1 3 4 6 1 3 4 7 1 3 4 7 1 3 4
3 .5 8. . 7 6 . 1 . 3
0 7 2 5 9 . 3 9
5 0 3 3 6
0 0 8 4
34
36
38
40
42
48
5
8.313 1.46 42 4.500 9.188 1.52 48 4.500 9.875 1.56
5 4 1 1 0
6
3 0 0 0 2 0 5.5 0 8. 0 7 5 . 3 7 5 07 . 0 1 0 8 8 1 . 3 . 3 9 3 6 4 . 3 3 6 6 6
5. 0 8 0 7 5 5 .5 2. 6 0 2 7 .7 3. 1 5 3 0 8. 7 0 5 6 3 3 1 . 1 . 4 1 . 4 6 . 4
4 3 3 6 3 6 6 + 5. 0 8 0 7 5 5 .5 2. 6 0 2 6 . 0 0 3. 1 5 3 0 0 7 . 7 8 .8 1 8.
3 7 . 1 . 4 1 . 4 61 . 4 4 . 3 1 63 6 3 3 6 5. 0 8 0 7 5 5 . 5 2 .6 6. 0 2 0 88
. 1 0 3 0. 0 8 . 5 .8 1 2 3 5 1 . 1 . 4 1 . 4 6 +1 . 4 4 . 3 1 63 6 3 3 6 5. 0 8
0 7 5 6 . 5 . 5 2 . 6 0 2 9 8 .8 8, 1 . 6 2 5 8.438 8 1 . 1 . 4 . 3 1 1.44 1 4
4 4 24 4 42 6 .6 4.875 5 . 5 2 . 5 6 0 2 .7 9 . 7 . 9 4 . 3 5 6 1 08 1 9.250 9 1
. 1 . 4 1 . 4 61 1.48 1 4 4 4 84 4 48 6 .6 5 . 6 2 .7 4.875 5 . 2 5 0 15 01 . 0
[ 1 . 0 1 83 . 0 87 10.063 1 1 . 5 1. 4 01 1 . 1.54 1 5 5 45 5 45 45 6 .6 8. 7
5 .4 5.5 0 0 5 2 . 5 6 0 2 .7 .1 . 0 1 6 . 11 88 . 1 8 [1 1 1 70 . 51 0 03 8 1 1
. 6 1 . 5 21 . 5 8 1 . 5 4 1 1 .
1
6 5 0 9 6 6 5 0 0 6 3 5 3 9 6 6 6 5 0 0 0 0 3 3 9 6 6 6 0 0 5 8 3 3 9 6 2 2 07.
05 5 5 5 1 . 02 5 . 03 . 3 1 . 4 4 8 84 . 078 05 5 . 5 6 8 . 1 3 72 . . 5 11 . 4
81 . 4 6 . 45 45 8 . 07 05 . 5 5 9 . 8 2 1 6 . 2 38 20. . 5 21 . 4 01 .
2 0 0 5 0 3 6 8 2 0 0 5 56 3 1 4 2 0 0 . 8. 03 4 6 .
338
D I M E N S I OO NH S I N
DIAM ETER D
E C C LK
A H N
DF E E L S S S
S
W
T A H
%
I
96
6 L( 4 r h 1 M 1 7 L( 4 1 ; M 1 L (R) 7 4 : 1 M 1 8 L( 5 r h 1 M 1 9 L( 5 : 1 M
1 9 5 . 1 9 6 1 1 1 6 8 1
%
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
114
L r h M
1
126
L (R) r h M
L(
6R .4 1 1 . 1 . 7R .4 2 1 . 1 . 7 .4 3 1 . 1 . 8R .5 4 1 . 1 . 8R .5 51 . 1 . 9
.5 6 1 . 1 . 9 .6 7 1 . 1 . 1 .6 . 1 1. 1 6 1 1 1 7 2 1 1 7 2 1 R
132
; M
66 6 60 0 6 06 6] 06 6 . 0 0 ( 4 . 0 0 C 0 04 0. 0. 0.4 0 .4 C 0 4.000 0 4 4 0.
01 0 0 .9 7 0 1 3 6 1 04 . 1 0 33 . . 1 5[1 . 1 1 C5 . 1 21 11 6 :5 . 1 31 1 . 7
1 . 7 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 , 7 2 . 26 7) 26 7 26 66 6 26 4 . 3 7
4 .4 3. 3. 7 5 3 7 5 3.4 7 5 3 7 5 4 .4 3.4 7 5 3. 7 5 2 5 . 2 51 11 0 . 11 38 .
2 81 76 . 2 51 04 . 2 033 78 . 2 51 0 9 . 1 01 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 71 .
7 71 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 . 87 7 27 27 7 27 27 2 74 5 0 . 7 5. .4 7 7.4 5 0 . 7 5.4 0
7.4 5 0 74 5 0 .4 7 5 0 1 3 1 3 . 4 33 1 3 . 1 3 . 5 0 0 86 3 31 0 . 3 1 17 . 3
35 6 . 0 8 5 0 8 . 3 01 1 . 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 . 4
8 48 4 8 47 8) 47 47 1. 2 5 1. 1.5 2 1.5 2 5 1 2 5 5 . 1 2 5 1.5 2 5 5 .5 1.5 2
5 0 9 . 3 01 1 6 . 0 41 45 84 . 4 833 31 0 . 31 38 . 3 81 78 . 3 51 7 . 3 1 . 7
1 . 7 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 . 08 4 48 48 8 48 8) 48 5 . 5 . 5
5.5 0 0 5 . 5 0 0 5.5 0 0 5. 0 5.5 0 5.5 05 28 . 5 51 65 . 5 304 51 1 . 51 17 .
5 31 56 . 5 01 2 5 . 51 86 . 5 81 1 . 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 21
. 7 2 . 09 69 0 9 09 08 9 09 5 8 7 5 8. 7 5 5 . 8 5 . 8 7 5 5 . 8 7 5 5 . 8 7. 5
. 8 7 5 5 . 8 7 5 65 . 7 3 04 61 1 . 61 78 . 6 51 7 . 6 28 . 6 51 5 6 . 6 01 25
. 6 51 31 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 . 69 9 69 9 69 6
69 69 6 6 . 1 2 6 . 1 2 5 6 . 1. 6 . 1 2 5 6 . 1 2 5 1. 2 5 6 . 1 2 5 1 2 5 2 5
. 8 51 56 . 7 01 65 . 8 303 3 8 . 7 8 17 7 . 75 1 86 . 81 71 9 . 71 1 . 7 1 . 7
5 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 . 01 2 01 9 2 29 0 2 9 20 1 01 20 5 .6
0 0 5 0 5. 0 0 5. 6 .6 5.6 5. 0 0 5 0 0 6 .6 5.6 0 1 9 1 8 . 8 81 5 6 . 9 01 85
. 9 864 . 333 89 . 83 77 . 8 51 1 57 . 8 01 1 . 7 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 7 51 . 7 5
1 . 7 51 . 7 5 . T - 01 1 0 8 1m 0 81 80 0 81 r r 8.6 7 8 7 5 6 .6 8.6 7 5 8.6
7 5 8.6 7 5 .6 8. 7 5 8. 56 . 9 08 17 . 9 31 25 . 9 56 5 16 . 5 91 91 . 91 8 . 9
1 78 . 9 51 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 51 . 7 51 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 . 1 1 0 1 1 4 1 11 4
0 1 4 1 41 7.250 5 2. 27 5. 7.250 0 2 7.250 5 7 0 .7 ,7 2. 0 . 3 21.500 6 8 8 2
12 . 1 4 20.625 02 . 0 20.750 8 . 2 78 0 51 . 1.75 1 . . 7 1 7 5 1.75 5 1.727 1
. 51 . 1 1 2 1 2 0 120 120 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 6. 67.625 5 27 5.7 .7 6.7 2 5 6.7.625
5 2 6.7 2 1 . 2 5 . 8 82 12 . 12 8 . 12 78 . 1 5 21.625 56 02 1 7 . 3 21.563 .
. 7 5 1.75 7 5 1 51 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 5 1.75 1 . 1 2 6 2 - ) m 120 1 2120 - 1 01 8 .
8 0. 0 0. 0 0 8.000 0 8 8 .8.000 i0 0.8 3 . 3 4 . 2 22 . 2 2 8 . 3 23.563 7 8 .
5 23.500 16 32 8 82 1 1 . 7 1.72 . 7 5 1.727 5 1 21 . . 1 .
3A
1
1
11A
I
339
DIMENSIONS
A
D
OF
HEADS
E N S
D I M E L IN I S 1N O LN C S H
23A ] 3 60 Tir L (R) . 5 8.250 59 r 66 h 2 . 0 13.125 1 18 M 1 5 1.41 , . 41 1 .
. 6 1.586 5 1 2 1.50 1 1.58 6 6 6 66 6 66 66 66 66 66 L( R ) .8.250 5 9 4 .4.87
5 55.250 0 5.625 0 6.000 6.750 7 7 r 1 5 3 13.938 . 1 2 12.500 . 12.625 3 1 3t12
.938 13.250 1 12.750 h 1 . 1 M 1.46 1 . 7 2 1.69 7 7 72 7 2 72 * L( R ) 6.000 5
4.875 5 . 66.750 0 27 5 .8.250 59 5 7 . 4 . 52 r 78 h 4 . 1 3 6 3 14.750 1 3 [3.
250 . 5 0 13.750 12 31 . 3 4 . 14.063 35 81 1 . 1 . 5 1 M 1.48 1 . 6 5 1.72 1 .
2 1 7 . 6 9 ~ 7 8 7 8 7 7 87 78 78 7 8 L( R ) . 2 56.750 2 07 .6.000 6 5 .8.250
59 5.125 1 5 5 . 25 5 r 84 h 1 2 41 . 4 2 . 14.875 53 01 5 15.500 . 1 1 7 1 4 14
.188 . 5 0 14.500 M 1 7 1 . . 6 1 . 7 1 6 21 . 9 1.52 1.72 1 . 2 1.65 8 8 48 r 8
48 8 4 84 84 E . 59 , 5 0 6 .6 0.7 0 78.250 0 5 . 6 2 5 5 .5.500 55 05 0 r 90 h
13 . 8 6 16.313 21 . 5 58 1 6 . 31 2 0 1 5 15.188 . 1 2 51 5 . 5 01 1 . 5 1 M .
6 9] 1.72 1 . 21 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 6 2 1.54 1 7 1 . 8 8 48 84 48 8 48 8) 4 84 L(
R . 59 5 .5,875 85 7.5 5 78.250 5 .6 0 0 0 86 7 5 . 8 7.7 5 96 : 1 1 7 . 1 7 17.
125 . 1 2 7 1 5 . 7 01 0 . 7 1 17.875 3 3 6 6 0 . 7 3 00 . 06 M 1 . 1 . 6 91 1 .
6 1.54 . 6 91 1.69 9 09 9 90 9 09 F m * 6 .6.125 1 6 2 .6 5 . r 6 .6 1. 7 2 78.
250 5 59 1. 2 1 5 2 5 102 h 1 8 18.125 . 2 51 0 . 7 1 19 . 0 8 18.688 3 1 . 81 2
3 11 81 . 8 60 . 8 30 M 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1.58 1.72 . 6 21 1 7 1 . 96
9 69 69 96 96 96 9 96 L( R ) r 78.250 5 6 .6.500 5 6 0. 0 5.7 0 . 59 6 5 .6 0 5
.6 0 0 108 h 31 1 9 19.125 . t1 2 5 01 0 . 8 1 91 . 9 60 . 8 31 09 . 9 0 19.500
3 9 . 81 M 6 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1.60 2 1 7 1 . 1.72 1 , 1 01 1 01 80 10
2 201 1 01 2 20 102 m 6 .6.875 8 6 76 58 r 59 6 .6 8 7 8. 7 8.250 5 . . 8 7 7 5.
7 5 114 h 1 9 20.125 . 1 31 0 . 9 1 3 8 . 82 10 23 02 . 0 60 . 9 32 0 9 . 0 20.3
12 M 1 1 . 7 5 1 . 1.62 1.72 1 1 ~ 8 1 108 0 108 R * 0 L ) 7 .7.250 2 7 5. C 2.7
5 2.8.250 0 59 7 2 .7 2 5.7 5 0 C r 120 h 2 2 1 21.250 . 3 1 3 38 . 818 2 12 .
12 1 . 02 80 . 0 82 69 . 0 3 21.125 M 1 1 . 2 . 7 . 1.72 1 7 1 . 7 21 2 1.65 1 1
1 11 41 1 1 4 114 114 41 E 69 6.7 2 6.8.250 5 2 6.7 2 6.7 5 2 5 7 .7.625 67 2.7
: r 1 h 3 8 . 82 1 6 2 2 22.188 . 2 2 2 25 . 2( 2 1 . 1 2 20 . 1 52 69 . 1 3 21
.938 M 1 1 . 1 1 . . 7 7 2 1.69 1.72 1 . 7 2 1 1 ( 01 120 R * 2 L ) 2120 02 21 I
1 r 9 8 .8.000 0 8 08 C0 . 8 .8 08.250 00 . . 0 0.8 0 132 h 2 3 23.250 . 1 2 22
.750 0 8 . 02 7 7 23 32 . 32 1 . 3 2 20 . 2 52 60 . 3 M 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 .
7 2 1.72 1.72 . 7 21 1 7 1 .
1
l%
1
60 4.500
60 4.875 5 1 [ 1 . 1. 5
m I
WALLTHICKNESS
T
2 21A 2% 60 60 6 .5 26.000 . 5 66.750 0 27 11 10 31 0 12.438 0 0*12.125 6 . 2 8 8
. 8
0. 31 4 0. 4 6 5 0. 5 7 5 6 8 0. 5 8 5 0 4 0. 0 6 5 0 5 2 4 0. 0 8 3 2 5 2 0 5 0
. 9 5 7 6 5 .
.
. .
+--l+
. .
. .
. .
. .
I
I
. .
T I I -L + 1
1
0 0. 88 . 9 6 9 . 2 0. 5 0 30 . . 6 0. 1 31 7
. .
2. 5 2 3 2 . 7 2 . 0 . 00 3 5 5 . 7 2 .
340
DIM EN S1ONS
DIMENSIONS 11AM tTER D
OF
IN
HEADS
I N C H E S
WALL THICKNESS 5/8
L(
%
1R . 8
%
1
l%
l;~
13A
l%
2 2 3 3 5 3 7. 7 5 3 8 25 . 56 5 3 7 5 . 7 5 23 2 3 0 7 . 5 7 5 0 3 o4 5 o3 7 2
. 7 2 4 E L S S
1
;
M L(
1 8 2 1 1 8 2 1
144 ;
M
)IAM SEE
3 ) 31 1 3 7 .8 3.8 32 . 32 9 . 32 38 1 . 1 . 7 1 ) 31 1R 31 8 .8 7.8 5 7. 5 2 .
5 28 . 52 7 8 1 . 7 1 1 .
2 31 5 7 3.8 82 . 3 78 . . 7 51 . 23 1 8 7 . 0 5 . 52 1 7 . . 7 21 . T A A H
231 23 1 23 1 5 7 5 3.8 7 38 5 7 . 3 .8 52 1 7 . 32 3 56 . 3 02 86 . 7 5 1 . 7 5
1 . 7 5 1 . 2 31 23 231 1 .8 7 5 .8 5 7 0 58 . 0 7 0 5 6 5 . i 56 , 5 02 25 . 5
52 32 7 2 1 . 7 21 . 7 21 . I C LK N
:
p ~ 1 $ E : R ]3~ 5 lx L( 1 8 2 1 1 8 2 1 1R .8 3 2 . 3 1 .
,E
W
2

21
23A
31 2 3 5 7.8 3 32 o3 7 51 31 2 7.8 0 5 4 52 69 7 21
3
03 3 . 5 7 3 5 51 . 7 2 . 23 7 . 0 5 4 816 . 7 2 . 3 0 0 7 5 022 7 2 3 2 0 5 326
7 2
[38 ;
M L(
144 ;
M
) 31 31 3 .8 7 3.8 24 . 33 2 3 1 . 7 1 R ) 1 31 3 1 8 .8 7.8 5 7. 52 . 52 2 . 52
51 1 . 1 . 7 1
23 1 1 23 5 .8 38 . 7 3 7 5 . 8 32 15 . 73 . 3 52 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 23 1 2 31 8 .
8 7 . 5 7 0 5 0 . 5 20 . 02 81 . 4 82 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 .
1 3 0 9 . 7 3 5 . 3 o2 72 . . 7 21 . 1 23 9 . 5 7 0 2 . 4 3 3 8 . . 7 21 .
TOLERANCES WALL THICKNESS (APPROXIMATION) * OTHER TYPES MINIMUM HEMISPHERICAL .E
QD.THICKNESS UP TO 150 I.D. incl. OVER 150 I.D. To 1 1 To 2 2 To 3 3 To 3.5 3.5
4.5 To 5 excl. 0.1875 0.3750 0.6250 0.7500 1.1250 1.5000
1 2 5 . . 7 0 5 0
0.0625 0.1250 0.2500 0.3750 0.500 0.6250
0 0 0 0 1 . 0 7 . 0 8 . 0 d e f er ) ) s i
0.1250 0.1250 0.2500 0.3750 0.5000 0.6250
5 0 0 . 7 0 5 . 0 1 0 . n n g . 0 7 0 8 0 0 5 7 0
5>>T. 5 5>> >> 5 & .
2.0000 nq m weu i s o i HSh .O .e i u d r 5 n F
*S I 4 O O W
p m e i c tn i h i i f (mc r y k u e N D O 4 O ti a Ov R S O E ID u ,8 P D( I E
T d m l i D
sr h d e H su
pn 0 n D
t 9 .8 e O O UU N
Dr p.6 n 0 NTE F S
. lD . c m o 7 Ol i u O . 5 9 .n O sv up , S e y e .
1.6 e sml
O D i r
u
l t
p i heh m ri b mi t n i C tt e t o seh d d
341
FLANGES
FLANGE FACING FINISH In pressure vessel construction only gasket seats of flange
s, studded openings, etc. require special finish beyond that afforded by turning
, grinding or milling.
The surface finish for flange facing shall have certain roughness regulated by S
tandard ANSI B16.5. The roughness is repetitive deviationfrom the nominal surfac
ehavirigspecifieddepth and width.
Raised faced flange shall have serrated finish having 24 to 40 groovesper inch.
The
cutting tool shall have an approximate0.06 in. or larger radius resulting 500 mi
croinchapproximateroughness/ANSI B16.5, 6.3.4. 1./ The side wall surface of gask
et groove of ring joint flange shall not exceed 63 microinchroughness. /ANSI B16
.5-6.3.4.3./
Other finishes may be furnished by agreement between user and manufacturer. The
finish of contact faces shall be judged by visual comparison with Standard ANSI
B46-1 . The center part of blind flanges need not to be finished within a diamet
er which equals or less than the bore minus one inch of the joining flange. /ANS
I B 16.5-6.3.3/ Surface symbol used to designate roughness ~ is placed either on
the line indicating the surface or on a leader pointing to the surface as shown
below. The numbers: 500 and 63 indicate the height of roughness; letter c the dir
ection of surface pattern: concentric-serrated.
&cED
1 J CONCENTRIC SERRATED FINISH
SYMBOL USED IN PAST PRACTICE
342
1 l F
S 1 A 2. M s s 3. T d 4. T t 5. B d 6. F l 7. F a S d i T A N A D B A N R1 D S 6
r

5
m ea l ni is i n o . rn c l s h e es n . a m t ec ro o im a u m sl f o s n ot le
r y dg e , d S t 1 A e v 8 e a a i i 1l s a lA t ba . l i se n l eo s n s WELDI
NG a t se l a et ln o l en o ,- n m fe y e re lr ot d u s a l . 1 6 i rh a /f n
ii i ea s n 1 cie c l . du de e s d n i m eC n D as J i o n sn , d . l e o n sh
g b td on he i u sl n c f t od l s u o d t e h e o c hi r g o h e w t n f . h o
a o 1 i ll l r e at t/ n r b s hg e 8 oe a . r l n t i a m e t e r s . l b a tno
d gi rme e s s en s u h id o o n o s w n SLIP-n ON o t e h s e p r se w c i i s
f i e e d . l f a p n s g i 2o i e2 2 sz pa 3 2r e 6e sn , , 8 d 0 n c o rb v o
A e B 6 rN e et d . S y 5I 1 .
d
. I
1
F A
A P E C F IA D NIE M G G O E KN E S D O N A B O L T T D IA N
I RO N BLIND N G .
A
3/4
B
E
G
156 1Y2 11%6 . 2%6 . 2%6 . 3?46 . 3%6 . 4% . 41%6 .
H 3 3 6
59 63 78
J
86 /2 9h6 2 s%6 I1~6 0 !
1
1 1 1 2 2 3 4
2 3 4
8
5 0 5 5 6 6 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 38%
Y88 0 1%6
0 0
5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
5.05 6.07 7.98
5,66
6 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7 8 8 1 1
1 2 2 2 o 2e 2 2
4 5 6 2 8 2 1 8 1 8 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 5 2 5 2 5 3 5
. 5%6 , bg6 . 7%6 . 91%6 0 12 . 2 14% . 4 15% . 6 18 . 8 19% . 0 22 . 2 24% . 4
Z6~8 . 6 Z8Y2 . 8 3 . 0 3 .
1%6 6 1
3
1!/s 3 5 1%6 5 1% 1%0 136 0 1Y6 0 11!46 0 11%6 0 1% 0 2
T b
2 2 3
0 0 ? 0 ?
343
344
3
S 1 A 2 M s s 3 T d 4 T t 5 B d 6 F l 7 F a S d T
l F
A N A D B A N R1 D S6 . I
I--l
5
i m ea l ni is i n o . rn c l s h e es n . a m t ec ro o im a u ,m sl f o s n ot
le r y dg e , d S t 1 A e v 8 e aa i i 1 l s al t A ba . l i se n l eo s n s WE
LDING a t se l a et ln o l e no ,- n m fe y e re lr ot d u sa l . 1 6 i rh a /f
n ii ,i ea s n 1 cie c l . du de e s d n i m eC n D as J i o n sn , d I . ,n he
i u l e o n sh g b td o sl n c f t od l s u o d t e h e o c hi r g o h e w t n f
. , at t h o ao 1 i il l r e / n r b s hg e 8 oe a . r l n t i a m e t e r s .
l b a tno d gi rme e en s u h id o o n o s w n ,ss -n o t e h s e p r se w c i i
s s f i e e d . l f a p n s g i 2o i e2 , 2 sz pa 3 2r e 6e sn , , 8 d 0 ~ c o
rb v o A e B 6 rN e et d . S y 5I 1 .
I--l
F A
A P E C F IA D NIE M G G OE KN E S D O N A B O L T T D IA N L e T h H n
to
I RO N BLIND N G . g u t g
G
1 !/2
r
u E
h h

b H J
A
B
1.09
c
D
1 1.90 2
2Y2 3 3112 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 To be
1~8 2~8 2Y2 2% . 3%6 315A6 . 4Y8 . . 51A 5% . 7. 8V8 . 10M . 0 12% 2 14%
JA
3 8 5 90 5 5 6 . . . . .
156 17~27 7 20Y2 23 0 25% 0 28 0 30~z0 33 0 36 0 38% 40% ! 43
2 2 3 4 4 5 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3
8
1 8 1%0 1%0 1!4 0 1%6 1 3
3 5 25 0 0 20
21/2 0 0 2% 0 2% 3% % 3% % 3% A
4 163L 6 19 8 21
0 23?48 . 2 25% . 4 27% .
28~8 30M 0 32Y6
6 8
3
0
345
L
A 2
W
l
N
l .
3
J
. . .
4 5 6
I
I
S
a t l o F
M . b oa r d so ma e e ma da t jn n u a o f w w d e. ni c g n i e g k c t u Lr e
o er n l s n ot ln hi a g a sev a ato r r i s eln p a d eb le c r d e r .
A
P EC O u
F I A DNEI t s
G GO E J N E S M i d e
IR
Bolt
Diameter
,ength
Bore
K
4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8
% % %
M
3
N
1
1y
5 5
9
2 Z 3 3I 4 5 6 8
1
7 1
1 1 1 1
9
93A 101A 11 11Y2 12M
1
ly2
2 2 2 2 2 3
346
4
l
F T
H
m ea ni i s i n o rn c s h e es n . a m t ec ro o i m au msl o f s n ot le r y d
g e , d 2. M ~n l eo s n s 4 s S t 1 A e v 0 e a a i i 5l s alA t ba . l i se WE
LDING s a t se l a et ln o l en o .- n m fe y e re lr otd u sa l . i r af i n i
n as i n e c. odl u e d s et d 3. i d i m e C nD s a i Jo n n s n , d . 4. T l e
o n sh g b td on he i u sl n c f t od l s u o d t e t h e o c hi r g o h e w t
n f . h o ao 1 i ll l r e at t/ n r b s hg e 8 oe a . r l n t 5. B d i a m e t e
r s . l b a tno d gi rme e s s en s u h id o o n o s w n n 6. F l o t e h s e p
r se w c i i sf i e e d .
A d i
7. F
a S n
l F A
f a p n s g i 2o i e2 2 s z pa c o rb v o A e B 6 rN e et
3 2r e 6e d . S
sn
,y 5 I
, 1
, .
8
d
0
A P E C F IA D NIE M G G O E K N ES I RO N BLIND D O N A B O L T T D IA N N G .
i a m e D i a) m e Outside t ee r t f b L e no H g to hu Diameter t t T h r a oP
u oH g h i of nu a o f H u bFlange W e l d i n g
J
A
B
c
D
% 1 1H6 3 1!4 7 1% 9
E
G
H
J
1 1!A 2
3 3 4 5 6 8
1 1 1 2 2 3 Y 4 4 5 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3
. . . . . . . z . . . . 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 . . . . . . . . . . .
4 1% 9 11%6 5 11%6 0
1
1 1 1 2 2 3 4
6 0 5 4 4 7 7
. . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 . . . . . . . .
3 6 9 3 8 5 90 5 % 5 % 6 15 6
1T~z7 20!/27 23 0 25~2 0 28 0 30% 0 33 0 36 0
2 6 0 8 8 0 0 0 6 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 A
2 s 26 27 Z1H6 7 2% 8 3Y8 8 3%61 131H6 . 3% 1 4 2 4% 2 A?/2 2
7% 2 2 8?/8 8% 2
4 7 5 6 6 2 8 2 1 8 1 8 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 5 2 5 5 28%6 5 30~6
3 38% 40% 43
347
348
6
S T
l F
A N A D B A N R1 D S6 . I
l-El + 5
A
J
t
1 A d i m ea l ni is i n o . rn c l s h e es n . M 4 ? M a m t ec ro o i m au m
. sl o f s n ot le r y + dg e , . d L s S t 1 A e v 0 e a a i i 5l s alA t ba .
l i sd e n l eo s * n s W s a t se l a et ln o l en o ,- n m fe y e re lr ot d u
sa l . 1 i r af / in i n as i n 4 e c. odl u ,e d s e _ t d : _ , i d i m e C n
D s a i Jo n n s n , d . t $ T l e o n sh g b td on . he i u sl n c f t od l s u
o d t e t h e o c hi r g o h e w t n f . 5 B h o a o 1 i ll l r e . at t/ n r b
s hg e p8 oe a .k r l ; n + t ~ + d i a m e t e r s . 5 F l b a tno d gi rme e
.s s en s u h id o o n o s w n SLIP.nON l o t e h s e p r se w c i i sf i e e d
. 7 F l f a p n s g i 2o i e2 . 2 sz pa 3 2 r e 6e sn , , 8 d 0 a n c o rb v o A
e B 6 rN e et d . S y 5I 1 . y E y : 3 9 y % S F A P E C F IA D NIE M G G O E K
N ES I RO N B L I N A D O N A B O L T T D IA N N G . D i a p z B / .
1.09 z~6 1.70
m ;
i
o n B i i A
m a o
D m i a m e r D i a e t . ee r t o u ~ ~T ~f h bs i ~ c t hD e L t e r no H g H
t t o h r afoP u o g h i o nu lT a o F H u b r e e Fia l a f l n B s W e l d n g
e G J H D E c 2 2 2 8
1
1%6 1.32 z~8 4V8 11h6

3/4
1
Y
~
. 8
IY2 6
8
8
4 %6
11A
1
1
1
.%
% 6
1
6
2 3 4 : 8 o 2 4 6 8
; G v $ Q h m m g u ; 2 2
1 4 6
9
3 6
7 5 8 %
3
4
349
350
351
352
1
S 1 A M s s T i T t B d F l d T
l F
A N A D B A N R1 D S 6 . I
r1
5
i m ea l ni i s i n o . rn c l s h e es n . a m t ec ro o i m au m sl f o s n ot
le r y dg e , d S t 1 A e v 0 e a a i i 5l s alA t ba . l i s~ e n l WELDING eo
s nH s a t se l a et ln o l e no , -n m fe y e re lr ot d u sa l . 1 i r h af /
in i n ae s i n 4 e c. odl u e d s et d d i m e C nD s a i Jo n n s n , I d . l
e o n sh g b td on he i u sl n c f t od l s u o d t e h e o c hi r g o h e w t
n f . h o ao 1 i ll l r e at t/ n r b s hg e 8 o e a. r l n t i a m e t e r s .
l b a tno d gi rme e s s en s unh id o o n o s w -n o t e h s e p r se w c i i s
f i e e d .
~
S
F A
A P E C F IA D NI E M G G OE KN E S I RO N BLIND D O N A B O L T T D IA N N G .
l i a m e t o H u a P o i o W e l d i
e n n
r f b t t f g J
A
1A
B
c
D
1!4 1% 3 1%
E
G
1Y2 1%
H
/8
1
1 IM 1!42 2
1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 8 1 1 . . . . . . . 0 2
. . . .4 . . . . . . . .
6 0 5 4 4 7 7 6 2 2 8 8 -
z~6 2Y2 2% 4% 4% 5% 6% 73? 9 11 !/2 14!/2 17% 1g% 21% 23% 25%
Y2
1
1!4 1%
1Y2 15% 1% 2%
7 1% 19 4 9 21/2 2% 5 5 3%6
4% 6 41H6 7
7 %
3 4 5 6 8
1OY2
1
2Y8 31% 3Y8 4% 4~8 51A 5% 6Ys 7 8
7 5~8
6%8 7~8 8 --. -. . . -.
-
3

353
1 L
d 2 M s s 3 T
W
N
i m ea ni is i n o rn c s h e es a m t ec ro o i m au .m sl f o s n ot le r y S
t1 e 0 e 5 l A . A v aa i i s a l t ba l i s en a t se l a et ln o l e no , -nm
fe y e re lr ot d 1 i r h a f / in in a . i se n 4e c c . o ld u J b i i n c u i
ll ueM d n t e s 4 T l eo b hn d o gn .i t e l n h t tc o f l s h eo c i r g o
h w t n f . 5 B . at t/ h o ao 1 i ll l r e n s e 8e b r hg o d i a m e t e r s
. n ( s i l oo e n w s h c i 6 D i m e M . n,e n gl etd a b oa r d so ma e e ma
da t j n n u ao we o er n l s n w d e. ni c g n i e gk t u Lr l ot ln ha ig a se
v a ato r r s i eln p a d eb o r d e r .

No. Bolt
S
F
A P EC
F I A DNEI
G M GO E J N E S
I
%
i r c l e L M
C K
1?4 4
Bore
N
1
2
1 4
4 4 4 8
8 8 8
!
4
b
1
9
%
1!4? 2
21/2 3 4 12 5 6 8
5
1
8 12 12 12 16 16 16 16 16 16
9
1 %
?54 -
.
355
356
R
J
F
4
N P S % x
1
1%
A P P R O XD I M I AS T B T E
A E
N TF C W L EE A
EN
NG
o
m 1 i i % ?
i
I
n 3 p z %
a 5
I
l e4 e % %
X2
P 0
r I0 6 D i % ,
5/ /
R e
s a l s
tu 0I n cc
ri 01
e b n 0 , eh ;
g 0 I52 e s J
%
.
0 I 09 si t a n
005
$
5/
2
% % %
J<z :{2
5/ /32 5/ .32
IZ
5/ /:2
!<2 X2 %6 %6 3/ ~15 3/ ~, /16 % x
2
2%
% %
x
% x
3 4 5 6 8 10 12
14 16 18
;{2 s/ (32 5/ .32 5/ /32 ?/ $31 5/ 132
% 1/ .a %
RI !<2 7/ /32 X2 7[ ~42 7/ /32
7/ /12 %2
7/ .32 %* %2 ;<2 ?42 %2
%2 X2
:{6 %6 ;{6 ?{6 X6 ?(6
X6 ?{6
%2 3<2 X2 5/ 42 g? 3<2
%2 X2
YE % ~S 5/ /32 %2 $6
%2 X6
5/ /12 %2 52 X5 %
z
%
20 22 24
x %
J(2 X2 % %
%2 %2 X x
X6 :(6 X2 X2
X6 %6 %2
X6 Y8 z

RING NUMBERS NominalPipeSize 150
3 0 9 1 2 o 3 06 , 5 5 4 0
/2 3A 1 ... R R
0 %0 0
2 2!4
&
2 z ~ z &
~ . E N
R,
iii
R z
R
0 Rj6 0 R 0 e
R 0
R R
R22 R25 R29IRU ~R36
iii 0 - 0
]R ~R I R R . . . ] R37 Rio iii iii R . . . IR39 13 R 1 3R R 6 .8. . ! R38
1 1 1 6 R 6 5 3 5 R 9 R R 6 6 5 3 9 R 5 R R 6 6] 5 4 R 0 R 6 7 ....1... 1 5 ... 6
7 7 7 7 8
R
R 1
Pm S i 1 i4 9 3 1 2 6 0
d) t
i n i a p l 5 R40 0 0 s0 R0 ; 0 R : 5 R0 z 5 0 8 R
e
0 R52 Ri9 R64 R68 R7~m rii55_ R43 R48 40iR R , R , R 4 R0 R R 4 IR 4 R R0 R R 4 4
4 R IR R I 4 R60 0 R R 5 1 4 R 5 4 R 1 R R 5 4 2 ....... 5 5
I
357
A
S1UDDING OUTLETS All
.
SIZE ~lCK (BORE) TAR B lt2 1.50 3/4 1.50 1 1.50 1 1/4 1.50 1 li2 1.50 2 1.75 2 I
D 1.75 3 1.75 3 1/2 1.75 4 1,75 5 2.00 6 2.00 8 2.00 10 2.25 12 2.25 14 2.56 2.5
6 16 18 2.75 20 2.75 3.00 OD 3.50 3.88 4.25 4.62 5.00 6.00 7.00 7.50 8.50 9.00 1
0.00 11.00 13.50 16.00 19.00 21.00 23.50 25.00 27.50 32.00 STUD F OD CIRCLE CJMI
2.38 1.38 1.69 2.75 2.00 3.12 2.50 3.50 2.88 3.88 4.75 3.62 4.12 5.50 6.00 5.00
7.00 5.50 7.50 6.19 8.50 7.31 8.50 9.50 10.62 11.75 12.75 14.25 15,00 17.00 16.2
5 18.75 18.50 21.25 21.00 22.75 23.00 25.00 27.25 29.50
1
STUDS NO. SIZE TPI 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 16 20 20 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/
2 1/2 5/?3 518 5J!3 518 5/8 3/4 3/4 3/4 7/8 718 1 1 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 1/4 13 13 13 13
13 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 TAP HOLE DEPTH DEPTH E F 0.75 1.25 0.7
5 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.94 1.50 0.94 1.50 0.94 1.50 0.94 1.50 0.9
4 1.50 1.12 1.75 1.12 1.75 1.12 1.75 1.31 2.00 1.31 2.00 1.50 2.31 1.50 2.31 1.6
9 2.50 2.50 1.69 1.88 2.75
3
SIZE ~lCK
(BORE) B 1/-2 3/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 2 1/2 3 3 In 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 TAR 1.
50 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.00 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.56 2.75 2.75 3.
00 3.00 3.00 3.44
OD
3.75 4.62 4.88 5.25 6.12 6.50 7.50 8.25 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.50 15.00 17.50 20.50
23.00 25.50 28.00 30.50 36.00
F
STUD
STUDS
OD CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI CJMI 2.62 4 1.38 12 13 3.25 4 5/8 1.69 11 2.00 3.50 4 511
1 11 2.50 3.88 4 5j8 11 4.50 4 3/4 10 2.88 3.62 5.00 8 5i8 11 4.12 5.88 8 3/4 10
3/4 5.00 6.62 8 10 7.25 8 314 5.50 10 3/4 6.19 7.88 8 10 7.31 9.25 8 3/4 10 3/4
8.50 10.62 12 10 10.62 13.00 12 7/8 9 12.75 15.25 16 1 8 15.00 17.75 16 1 1/8 8
16.25 20.25 20 1 V8 8 18.50 22.50 20 1 1/4 8 21.00 24.75 24 1 1/4 8 23.00 27.00
24 1 1/4 8 27.25 32.00 24 1 In 8
TAP HOLE DEPTH DEPTH E F 0.75 1.25 0.94 1.50 1.50 0.94 0.94 1.50 1.75 1.12 0.94
1.50 1.12 1.75 1.75 1.12 1.12 1.75 1.12 1.75 1.75 1.12 1.12 1.75 1.31 2.00 1.50
2.31 1.69 2.50 1.69 2.50 2.75 1.88 1.88 2.75 1.88 2.75 2.25 3.19
358
SIZE ~lCK (BORE)
B l T
OD
A r3.75
F
O R
S
T S
T U TD
U D T
3/4 1 1 1/4
1V
2 2l 3 31 4 5 6 8 12 14 16 18 20
1.69 1.94 1.94 1.94 2.19 1.94 2.19 2.19 2.44 2.44 2.75 2.75 2.94 3.19 3.19 3.44
3.62 3.88 3.88 4.31
4.62 4.88 5.25 6.12 6.50 7.50 r 8.25 9.00 / 10.75 13.00 14.00 16.50 20.00 22.00
23.75 27.00 29.25 32.00 37.00
CIRCLE CJMI 1.38 22.62 1.69 3.25 2.00 3.50 3.88 2.50 4.50 2 2.88 3.62 5.00 4.121
5.88 2 5.00 6.62 7.25 2 5.50 6.19 8.50 7.31 10.50 8.50 11.50 10.62 13.75 12.75
17.00 15.00 19.25 16.25 20.75 18.50 23.75 21.00 25.75 23.00 28.50 27.25 33.00
NO. SIZE 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 24 24 1/2 5/8 5B 5/8 3/4 5/8
3/4 3/4 7/8 7/8
1
D HOLE S A DEPTH P DEPTH E F
I
13
1
11 11 10 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 8 8
1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/4 1318 11 1518
1
1718
0.75 0.94 0.94 0.94 1.12 0.94 1.12 1.12 1.31 1.31 1.50 1.50 1.69 1.88 1.88 2.06
/ 2.25 2.44 2.44 1 2.81
1.25 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 1.50 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.31 2.31 2.50 2.75 2.75 3.00
3.19 2 3.44 3.44 8 3.88
9
SIZE ~ICK (BORE) OD F
O S T S U T T U D D
HOLE S A
CIRCLE NO. SIZE
TPI D 10 10 9 9 8 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8
B 1/2 3/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 2 1/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14
TAR 2.19 2.19 2.44 2.44 2.75 2.44 2.75 2.44 2.94 3.19 2.94 3.44 3.44 3.44 3.62
4.75 5.12 5.88 6.25 7.00 8.50 9.62 9.50 11.50 13.75 15.00 18.50 21.50 24.00 25.2
5
1.38 1.69 2.00 2.50 2.88 3.62 4.12 5.00 6.19 7.31 8.50 10.62 12.75 15.00 16.25
CJMI 3.25 4 3.50 4 4.00 4 4.38 4 4.88 4 6.50 8 7.50 8 7.50 8 9.25 8 11.00 8 12.5
0 12 15.50 12 18.50 16 21.00 20 22.00 20
24.25 27.00 29.50 35.50 20 20 20 20
3/4 3/4 7/8 7f8 1 7/8 1 7/8 11/?3 11/4 11/8 13t8 1318 13/8 1 u2
2
DEPTH E 1.12 1.12 1.31 1.31 1.50 1.31 1.50 1.31 1.69 1.88 1.69 2.06 2.06 2.06
DEPTH F 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.31 2.00 2.31 2.00 2.50 2.75 2.50 3.00 3.00 3.00
2
m
359
SIZE ~lcK (BORE) TAR B 2.19 1/2 2.19 3/4 2.44 1 11/4 2.44 11/2! 2.75 2.44 2 2lr2
2.75 2.94 3 3.19 4 5 3.62 3.44 6 8 3.88 4.31 10 4.56 12 5.00 14 5.50 16 5.94 18
6.38 20 7.31
OD 4.75 5.12 5.88 6.25 7.00 8.50 9.62 10.50 12.25 14.75 15.50 19.00 23.00 26.50
29.50 32.50 36.00 38.75 46.00
STUDS STUD F OD CIRCLENO. SIZE TPI CJMI 10 3/4 1.38 3.25 4 10 3!4 1.69 3.50 4 9 2
.00 4.00 4 7E 9 2.50 4.38 4 7B 8 1 2.88 4.M 4 9 3.62 6.50 8 7/8 8 1 4.12 7.50 8
8 1Us 5.00 8.00 8 8 11/4 6.19 9.50 8 8 7.31 11.50 8 1V-2 8 8.50 12.50 12 1318 8
10.62 15.50 12 1518 8 12.75 19.00 12 1718 8 15.00 22.50 16 2 8 16.25 25.00 16 21
/4 8 18.50 27.75 16 21/2 8 21.00 30.50 16 23/4 8 23.00 32.75 16 3 8 27.25 39.00
16 31/2 STUDS STUD F OD CIRCLENO. SIZE TPI CJMI
1.38 1
TAP DEPTH E 1.12 1.12 1.31 1.31 1.50 1.31 1.50 1.69 1.88 2.25 2.06 2.44 2.81 3.0
0 3.38 3.75 4.12 4.50 5.25
HOLE DEPTH F 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.31 2.00 2.31 2.50 2.75 3.19 3.00 3.44 3.88 4.
12 4.56 5.06 5.50 5.94 6.88
~
SIZE ~IcK OD (BORE) TAR B
m
TAP HOLE DEPTH DEPTH F E
/1 /1 11 1 /1 1 F1 /1 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . 4 4 8 8 3 4 . . . . .
. . . 10 10 3 5 6 5 6 8
3 1 11 1l 2 2 3 4
5 6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 4 5
. 5.25
1 5 / . 6 . 4 7 7 /. 9 8.00 f. 3 7 9 . 9 1 . L 04 12.oo . 5.00 1 6 1 . 46 1 2 2
. . 98 1 1 6
1 . 2 . 2 . 2.88
3.50 4 9 3.75 . 5 9 4 4 4.25 . 2 4 4 5.12 4 4. 2 5 5.75 4 4 2 6.75 5 8 7.75 . 8
.2 54 9.00 9 8 10.75 8 . . 02
12.75 8
3 6 30 0 75 1 5 5 11 1 110 1 11 110 5 02 6 52 27 m 0
2
1 1 9 9 0 8 0 8 8 8 2 8 9 8
8
8 1
14.50 . . 17.25 5 0 . 2 5 21.25 .0
24.38
08 . 12 6 7 . 12 5 0
12
8 0 28 58
8
4 . 4 .
. 0 . 0
T
361
90L
63 ,// /
./ [ /

WELDING FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.9 All dimensions are A in inches. Welding fitting material conforms to
SA 234 grade WPB. Sizes 22,26 and 30 in. are not covered by ANSI B 16.9.
uz w t i m s h a io c k s np l e 3 sr s a le s2 g 2e e . e applies n s to i stan
dard o . n and X-STG. caps. DiF1 mension Fz applies to heavier weight caps.
1.
2,
R
oElbow a d n i 4. F 5
3.
(n
/
D
-1
Nominal Pipe
I
A
Dimensions
D i a A m Be 1 .
518
90LongRadius Reducin2Elbow
size
c t
1 5
5 e
r
E
0.840
3/4
1
0
,.. 7. , ... 0. . . .
1 l 1 /02 / 0 z7h6
1 1
1.315
1 1 2 2
1Y2 718 23/]6
. 1 . 2% . 3 . 3 6 1 1 9 1 3 72% % 6
7
F;
~
1/ %
,
.
8
lfi
...
1% 5 1
8 f l 1%
1
45LongRadiusElbow
IY2
3 0 11
1!4 / l8
4 1 6
%
2 \
A-
/ 1% 4 7 6 3 2 3 5 33116 / 18
~
2
8 174 % 5 7
2!/2 % 12 3 535/16 / 1% 3 3% 4
05
90ShortRadius Elbow
180 ShortRadiusRetun
\, m
E
,/ a
180Long RadiusElbow
3
A
3.500 4,000 4.500 5.563
6
4% 5% 6 7%
. 9
2 2% 2%
6% 7% 8%
4% 5% 6X
s 7%
2 2% 2%
/3
2% 3 3 3% 1 4 5 I 6 7 3
1 t 6
3% 4 5
6
31t8 1
/
r
6 5 93/16 3yz 3Y4 6 2 125/1( 5
1 68 1
-
8
1
8.625 12.750 14.000
I 16.000
12 18 21
125/16 5 /4 153/8
1
I 10.750 I 15 I 6fi I 203k 0
5
8 6
1
7!4 243/8 12 8% 28 14 16 18 20 ... , 24 ... , 30
14
1
21 24 27 30 .,. . 36 .., . 45
6% 7% 7 8 9
1 1
] 24 I 10 \ 6 32
18
20
18.000 ~().()~
I
I 27
I
8 9
1 1
IIK
36
30 33 36 39 45
12% 40 13YZ 44 15 16 @ 52
i
Cap
22
24 26 30
z~.()()() ~40000 26.()()() 30.000
12 0
10!4 ,., . 10K ,., .
18A 60
.
.
-
1
WELDING FITTINGS
1. 2. 3. 4, ANSI B 16.9 Alldimensions areininches Weldingfittingmaterial conform
sto SA234gradeWPB. Sizes22,26and30 in.arenotcoveredbyANSIB 16.9. Forwallthicknes
ses seepage322. Dimensions Outlet
%
Nominal Pipe Size
I
Outside Diameter
y
~
z 1 1 1
H
1 1
11
1 , -
J
. .
Tee
.
3/8
3/4 /2
,840 ,675 1.050
.840
1.315 1,050 ,840 1.660 1.315 1.050
1
1% 1% 1% 1718 1718 17/8
1
2%
i
.
11 .
18 i .
8 ,
1
1 ?
/2
1?4 1?4 4 1%
2 7
1!4
7
/
8
1%
2
1
1%
1
%
2%
2% 2 1!4
1 1
1.900 1.660 1.315 1,050 2.875 2.375
1 ,
3
3 2% 2
1Y2
1 .
1.660 1,315 3,500 2.875 2.375 1.900
1 .
2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2!4 3 3 3 9 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 6
2ti 2!4 2% 2!4 2%
ii 2?4
2Y2
Reducing Tee
2!4
I
2Y2
2% z
I .... I
3 3 3 3
~
/
L J ,
,
8 8
2
1
7
%
3%
3%
2 2 1
4.000 3.500
2 2 1 . . .
3?4 3%
3 3 3
4
k k
0 2%
3 2?4
3% 3
2
3i 33 3 23 7 36 2%
3 0 3 3 3/ / 3/ 3 / 3 0/
h ~
.

% % %
.
Concentric Reducer i % 8 3
8 8 8 1 % % % h / ! 8 ! J % 8 % % . . 8 % % 8 Eccentric Reducer /8 8 8 4 % 4
18
8
/
3%
....
4 5 4 5 4 5 4 0
8 3 9
3 3 ;7 3 7 3%0
4
4
. . . . 4
3.500
2 I 2 2 1 . , .
4
41 8 4 3 4 9
3 3 ;7 31 7 31 i0
7 / 5 : 4/ 5 4 0 1 3
363
WELDING FITTINGS
G . ~ .. 1. 2 3. 4. ANSI B 16.9 Alldimensionsare ininches Weldingfittingmaterial c
onformsto SA234gradeWPB. Sizes22,26 and30in.arenotcoveredbyANSIB 16.9.
Forwallthicknessesseepage322. -
* (= -1- F u T u
1
I
Nominal Pipe Size 5
Tee
Outlet 5
4 3 3 2 ~ 2 6 5 4 3 3 2 8 6 5 4
Dimensions Outside ~ Diameter 4 5.563
4.500 4.000 3,500
2 2 6 5 . . . . 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7
H
47 47 4 % 7 47 4 % T 47 55 55 55 5 % 4s 4 % 5 7 6 6
J
. . 7./ . 5/ 5/ 5 3/ 51 5 5 1/5 s/ 5 31 3 51 5 / 57/ 5 / 5 5 . 6 5 5. 3 63 /8 /8 8
/8 8 /8 18 /8 5 8 8 /8 8 1 /
, H 6 +
8 3 6 5
7 7 2 6
+ ? R e
GJ dT u c
~ i
G 8 e n g
4.500 4.000 3.500
e 2 8 6 5 . . . .
/
r
J 7
1
8 6 6 5
7 2 2 6
3%
1
4.500 4,000 10,750 8.625 6.625 5.563 4.500 12.750 10.750 8.625 6,625
5 1 1 1 . 4 2 0
7 7 8% 0 8% 8% 8Y2 8!/2
1 1
61/8 6 8% 0 8 75/8 7?4 7% 10 9% 9
8
8Y26
6 6 .... 7 7 7 7 .... 8 8
8 5
83
: : 12 10 8 6
5
... D Concentric Reducer
12
0 0 10
10
1
10 5
1. 1. 1.
J r1
.. ..
14
14
I 1
0 1 0 7 1Q 5 710 5
0 0 i0 0 1 0
s 1 /
1 1/ 3 1/
8 6
1 1 1 } 1
8.625 6.625
1 1 6 4
11 11
6 1, 1.
9?4
9 0 1 6 0 0 1 4 0 2 ] 1518 111/s 0
13
1 3 0 i0 2 2
c
18 1
Eccentric Reducer
8 6 18 16 14
12.750 10.750 8.625 6.625 18.000 16.000 14.000
12 12 12 12 13% 13X 13X
10% 101/8 13!4 13 13
14 14 14 14 ii 15
364
WELDING FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.9 Alldimensions areininches Welding fitting material conforms to SA234
gradeWPB. Sizes22,26and30in.arenotcovered byANSIB 16.9. Forwallthicknesses seepa
ge322. )minal Pipe Size 18 Dimensions Outlet 12 10 Outside Diameter 12.750 10.75
0 G 13% 13% H 125/8
121/8
I
!~~ +! .. G
L: J 15 15
:1 G, Tee
8
20 20 18 16 14 12
1 8
8,625
20.000 18.000 16.000 14.000 12,750
1 8 0 .
13M
15 15 15 15 15
.1 7 1 6
11%
14%
15
05 1 2
0 2 5
2
% Reducing Tee
5 5
0
22
22 20 18 16 14 12 10 24 22 20
1
22.000 20.000 18.000 16.000 14.000 12.750 10.750 24.000 22,000 20.000
1 8
16!4 16?4 16)4 16% 16% 16?4 16% 17 17
1 ,1 0
16!A 16 15% 15 15 145/8 14[/8 17 17
1 1 80
... , 20 20 20 20 .,. . .... ,.. , 20
2 02 6
J r 1 -..
7 D7 ! 7 4 0 0
24
16 14 12 10
30 30 24 22 20 18 16
16,000 14.000 12.750 10.750
30.000 24.000 22.000 20.000 18.000 16.000
17 17 17 17
22 22 22 22 22 22
16 16 153/8 15]/8
22 21 20% 20 19!A 19
20 20 20 20
.... 24 24 24 .... ....
Concentric Reducer
r-l
J .. b Eccentric Reducer ..,
365
FACE-TO-FACED1MENS1ONS OF FLANGEDSTEEL
GATE VALVES (WEDGE ANDDOUBLE DISC)
+. & 1-
I
300
I 400
[ 600
D
1 2 7 .
i
A m
9
.
n
s
9
i
o
n
,
2 ;
$ ~ g s x
3 3 4 5 6 8 1 1 1 O 1 O 1 O 2 O 2 O
8 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 4
1 1 1 0 1 12 2 3 3 3 3 4 4
1
p
1 1 3 % 1 5 4 1 5 0 2 6 %9 8 52 %3 1 62 0 3 36 1 29 3 4 1 4 D 52 1 3 6 D 65 1 3
8 D 78 4 2 0 D 8 1 2 4 4 D 08 5
e
X % 2 5 % 5 8 X 0 3 6 , 9 5
15 4 1 2 6 2 8 2 % 3 % 3 % 4 0 4 % 4 % 52 %. 6 % %
s
14 2 27 20 32 36 41 43 55 69 63 77 5
2 2 2 3 4 50 52 0 4 4 6 08 . 0 4
p S
8 1 6 7 2 4 9 4 5 6
8 2 4 9 3 8 K % 8 f 1
e
q
150
1 1x 2 s , 0 i 6 7 8 8
9
b 1 9 9
i 5D . ...-.
0
0
-0
1 2
a a t m c a
3 4 5 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . i 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 4 3 3 3 _7 3 4 ;
1 01 I 1 i 1 21 0 1 2 = i 6 2 2 2 , 7 3 08 2 3 3 !2, i 4 03 5 3 6 33 6 3 3 x 8 -64
84 9 0 4 0 Y 4 ~5
3 i% 3 6 % 4 5 % 8 0 5 9 1 6. 3 2 8 % 6 1 0 4 1 Z 2 X 9 5 1 8 1 1 7 % 4 5 8
2 % X 1% 1 8 4 % % 5 22 1 8 2 1 % 7 X % > 3 2 v 6 % !2% 4 24. % 2 2% % .3 . . .
3 3 2 9 6 . % k % 5 .- 3% 3 % 1. 3 . - - 0 - 9 .- . x 5 25 _ X 3 % 4_ % . 3 38%
5 _ o % 5 % % . 1 . + 4 6 5 5 ?4% 4 % 4% 6 5 3. % ,% ..1 .. 8 8 5% 2 X 2 ? 6 0
7 6 7 1 4 7 % 5 %
% % 5 % 0 X X ! % % X 2 %
GLOBE AND ANGLE VALVES < &
Raised Face
300
Inshes

A
400
6
x % 1
900
15w
2500
Dimension2 x A,
2x 9 9
% % 1


9 1
9 2 3 4 5
2 3
8
1 4

5 6 8
1 1 1
1 1 2
1 1 92
52 72 2
4 69 %3
6% 8% 1 2 1 1
2 8 % 2 3 % 3 4
02 23 63 4 4
0
3 ? 3 7 4 2 5 0 5 4 2 4 9
4 09 3 8 %
R
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p
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3A2x
400
6%6
-
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I
10%
3A

9
1
l 2 2 3 4 5 6 8 1 1 1
: ..
7 8 1 l 1 2 2 2 3 3
+
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8%
8%
- 1
. 9
1 1 % % 14% 4 6 1 4 1 5 . A 28 ? 2 2 - 3 % 2 4 % 39 % 3 3 % 4 8 0 5
1
9 1l 1 1 1 1 i 1 2 2 2
l 9 9 1 % 9 x 9-X 1 1 1 2 1i 13 % 1 3 2% %2 9 1 ! 4 4 3 4 1 3 1 2 7 4% 41 6 f 6 i
2 5%~ 1 2 8 6 1 8 2 ; % 9 ~ 6 2 2 6 2 3 0 2 8G 0 53 s 1 2 6 1 % 2 83 0 3 3 8 1)
% 1 4 x 1 6 6 <
1 1 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 !% 1 ~ % 2 % 4 % 2 2 % % 3 4 3 4
_ 12%
1x . . 1 % 1 -..-. 2 6 X 2 8 i... ! 3 6 3 4) 3 5 9 0 5? 5 2 4 0
0 1 52 % ? % % 64 % 6 % 4 0% 64 %
FACE.TO-FACE DIMENSIONS OFFLANGED STEEL
SWING CHECK VALVES
R aF i P r l ep q s i s u b re e n , i 300 n I 5a l I 600 0 1m 400 S u I e ,
&
m
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367 -
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11% 13 14

13% 14 15% 17%


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19%
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22
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3 4i 58 6 8 1 1 1
11 14X 16%
1 %1 02 2 2 3 3 4
11 14%
165
13% 17%
2 8 2 1 3 6 3 7. 4 2 5 0 5 4 2 4 9 5 8 2 ?4 9 3 8 %
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9 X 9. - 1~ 1 1 1 1- . 52 1 9 . 3 1 4 0 4 31 1 1 6 . 2 4 3 2 % 1 8 4 % 1 2 9 i 2
. 3 0 .8 1 2 2 s 0 3 6 5 2 33% 3 i2 . 80 Y 1 4 %
1 1 0 % 1 2X %1 2 3 k1 i3% f %1 4 t% 7 i1 5 0k %2 6 2i Z2 8% %2 , 6 1 % 1 %3 1 k
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4 6 5 8 2 4_ 9 3 8 0
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374
WEIGHTS
1.
The tables on the following pages show the weights of different vessel component
s made of steel. All weights are calculated with the theoretical steel: 1 cubic
inch= 0.28333 pounds. weight of
2.
3.
To obtain the actual weight of a vessel, add 6ZO to the total weight. This wilI c
over the overweights of material which corn-es from the manufacturing tolerances
and the weight of the weldings.
The weights of shells shown in the tables refer to one lineal The weights tabula
ted in columns foot of shell-length. S. 0. S. are the weights of shell when headed
by 1. the given diameter signifies inside or outside diameter.
4
5
The weights of the heads include: A. For ellipsodial heads: 2 inch straight flan
ge or the wall thickness, whichever is greater. B. For ASME flanged and dished h
eads: 1?4 inch straight flange. For hemispherical heads: O inch straight flange.
c.
T s m s C
7.
w i i m t
o p c d t
f c r
m
b d m d w r T w oa p f t t p o L
o i
A
375
WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W D E 1
12 ~
T A H 4
I
CLK
N 5 D ; I.
L E 6
S
S / L EL s[ .L . 21 38 44 51 78 84 1 1 1 8 1 04 1 11 1 28 244 261 278 2 94 3 11
81 4 5 52 6 32 7 22 8 93 1 93 1 03 1 23 1 4 5 1 2 2 2 2 49 0 4 1 5 2 5 5 3 8 2 6
2 2 I. E & 9 6 2 9 6 2 9 6 2 9 0 6 1 2 2 9 3 6 5 3 6 9 1 9 69 29 8 9 5 9 3 90 1
92 0 93 9 95 97 96 92 94 97 90 92 05
I S S
A SH 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 02 20 13 3 23 33 33 34 .
1/ M
. L
E E H L L . 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 1 1 1 10 10 11 22 24 36 37 49 50 62 74 85 97 1 8
1 0 1 2 1 3 15 I76 I8 8 s
EL
SA &1. IE 1 4 6 4 2 5 9 6 2 6 8 7 3 7 8 8 8 4 9 19 14 10 15 10 1 6 2 1 1 3 1 67
1 3 1 29 5 25 0 21 6 2 2 7 2 9 3 3 591 3 3 52 3 1 14 37 6 3 0 3 5 8 37 49 9 5 8
4 45 1 7
H M D P . 32 48 53 51 67 75 72 80 98 1 99 2 1 0 4 16 3 18 1 9 0 1 6 2 1 5 4 1 2
5 1 0 0 1 9 0 2 8 0 3 2 1 3 2 4 2 7 4 23 30 32 3 1 3 0 3 5 4 5
E H . L s S
A
. . L s[ 23 28 34 49 54 60 85 90 1 6 1 1 0 6 1 1 2 2 7 1 32 2 58 2 63 2 3 19 4 7
5 4 31 97 6 53 7 49 8 9 25 1 21 1 27 1 23 1 9 1 5 1 1 2 7 0
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1~ 1 1 1 1
1 41 26 82 30 24 44 65 68 07 82 48 96 8 10 10 0 1 2 1 12 8 24 4 25 0 37 6 39 2 4
0 8 42 4 0 53 65 6 277 0 888 480 1 912o 6 34 1 I 152 5 16 8 1 84
24 39 43 5 8 5 5 61 785 12 100 100 119 128 10 2 10 3 21 4 28 6 30 8 47 0 5 2 9 5
4 5 61 6 8 8 2 0 1 96 2 7 17 3 0 9 8 8 0 2 5 10 4 11 6 13 8 14 0 15 2 14 6 266
26 8
10 28 26 36 46 58 51 65 0 7 6 8 1 0 3 1 11 1 10 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 3 5 2 5 0 27 4 39
8 3 1 2 4 3 7 5 5 0 6 7 4 7 9 8 7 10 2 8 31 5 18 53 12 74 15 96 181 8 1 13 9 145
1 168 3
4 2 3 9 4 4 81 0 47 2 2 39 6 8 40 4 2 85 8 0 40 4 3
3 6 4 9 3 6 6 6 3 6 7 5
376
W
O
W
S
T A H 8 EL H s.L . 30 48 56 74 82 1 0 1 8 06 1 24 1 32 1 50 2 78 2 96 2 1 34 32
3 50 3 34 4 18 6 02 7 16 9 1 10 1 34 1 68 1 2 1 1 6 6 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 2 4 3 8 4 2
6 1 8 6 5 7
& H
I CLK SA E & I 1. 7 5 65 73 81 99 17 15 13 11 09 1 27 1 35 1 43 1 6 11 9 8 1 7 9
1 5 21 1 25 8 29 6 33 70 4 3 1 32 3 54 4 496 39 5 4 71 4 14 5 56 5 9 59 5 32 7
0 3 7 2 M P D 0 3 5 2 6 0 7 8] 0 9 1 02 1 24 5 1 4 1 1 6 7 1 9 4 1 3 1 4 2 1 7 3
1 0 4 3 1 7 7 1 1 2 8 5 0 2 2 8 5 0 3 0 8 3 6 3 5 3 0 4 0 4 9 4 25 05 05 05 7 6
6 8 1 5 1 9 8 8 H N 7 D I. . E L E 6 E H . 42 48 65 72 82 0 91 110 1~ 22 134 5
14 1 15 4 16 27 7 25 0 28 9 36 32 46 5 8 56 1 73 7 83 6 98 17 9 2 12 15 157 120
25 3 26 6 24 9 S s L F 22 33 45 50 65 0 3 7 1 2 8 9 1 3 6 12 0 13 4 16 5 13 6 12
7 13 8 26 9 20 22 35 9 1 47 7 50 6 93 76 5 8 691 2 912 1244 1876 1808 1430 1452
1885 2817 ; ; ;; L S S / EL s.L . H 38 57 67 86 1 5 I5 1 04 13 1 43 2 62 281 2
91 3 20 3 49 3 79 4 08 5 86 7 84 8 92 1 10 I . E & 4 3 3 2 1 1 0 9 09 28 48 57 7
6 96 15 24 92 60 58 0 46 A
D / E
I S S 1 1
A SH 0 5 5 6 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 6 7
7 2 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ? 2 2 3 3 3 3 04 40 1 4 42 2 5 53 35 4
3 M
.
/ L
E E H L . 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 25 26 27 39 41 54 66 79 81 93 1 6 1 8
1 1 1 1 2 1 3 5 8 0 s F L
. E
1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
22 42 36 84 50 26 74 60 8 98 1 011 12 2 413 14 6 815 50 1 216 29 8 4 31 30 3 6 4
6 82 5 8 1 6 7 34 8 05 1 82 6 9 2 1 04 5 1 38 4 1 57 1 70 9 6 1 01 2 1 24 8 ; 5
7: 4
1 48 2 34 1 86 42 4 1 4 3 61 7 1 2 9 89 9 2 0 2 7 7 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 8 6 4 4 5 7 2
1 8 5 5 6 4 3 5 5 8 3 1 1 4 9 8 7 2 5 ;
2 3 ; 5 7
3 0 7 9 ; 4 ; ; 9
676 7 06 :1 6; ; ;:
0 291 ; ; ;;
4 9 0 9 : : ;
377
WEIGHT OF SHELLS 8C HEADS
W D V E I S S A SH 1 M . / L H . 47 58 78 99 10 110 121 142 262 283 204 334 355
486 417 447 649 851 1 73 1 15 T A H 2 S I CLK H D I E 50 68 0 77 1 99 12 0 13 1
14 4 0 16 5 17 0 28 1 29 8 20 6 22 0 33 0 34 N 9 L E 6 E L S L F.&D 33 48 55 0 6
4 5 1 7 9 2 9 5 14 3 15 3 16 5 17 18 0 7 20 6 21 7 22 23 0 6 24 38 6 42 5 5 55 6
49 8 32 0 9 26 2 , 00 4 . 83 6 . 77 8 . 41 1 . 24 3 !98 6 !61 8 4 !35 2 !09 6 !
62 8 ~ 16 2 2 L 46 68 0 8 12 04 1 26 1 48 1 260 282 04 2 36 3 58 3 80 4 12 4 54
5 86 5 92 7 28 9 1 64 1 10 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 6 2 1 8 2 4 4 0 6 7 8 3 0 9 5 4 1
S S / L I 9 1 3 5 7 9 01 23 45 57 89 01 23 45 77 99 75 71 771 933 8 296 6 559 6
12 0 6 75 6 9 38 3 3 02 8 66 5 20 9 2 84 3 49
E E L HEAD L E 4 5 7 8 1 9 12 13 14 15 16 27 28 29 20 31 32 45 59 62 85 98 11 15
18 7 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 7 1 4 7 F L 3 2 43 4 6 85 70 0 8 21 94 2 1 63 14 8 15 0 16
2 17 4 18 6 20 8 21 0 22 35 8 48 51 0 64
1
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 7 8 9 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7
0
6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 05 50 16 62 26 73 37 74
L E1 & M H 0 71 82 1 2 1 3 14 14 15 16 26 1 47 1 68 1 78 2 99 2 20 41 2 61 2 33
2 25 3 17 3 0 19 4 2 67 86 90 1 1 11 7 30 1 65 1 1 90 1 21 1 52 1 96 20 2 2 66 0
3 2 2 53
1 93 2 35 7 2 42 49 1 3 13 62 3 7 0 76 4 3 3 1 90 7 4 9 6 4 5 8 3 9 8 9 0 13 2 1
7 3 10 144 148 2 31 2 25 208 282 356
78 2 1 67 81 1 1 9 94 24 1 1 10 4 2 1 3 1 0 66 2 5 2 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 6 48 8 71 03
0 35 78 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 7 6 9 7 1 9 7 1 6
2 9 8 8 9 1 5 7 9
31 4 42 4 53 4 4 6 4 85 5 5 9 8 57 2 2 5 4 59 5 7 5 3 61 8 2 63 65 9 78 3 70 3 0
8 6 6 6 4 6 9 6 5 7 1 7 0
1 0 0
3
3 0 3 4 3 7
2 03 2 2 8 34 2 67 4
8 7 7 3 0 8 4 72 5 2 8 8 0 0 6 84 8 1 8 8 7 0 7 6 6
2 329 6 383 3 436
5 7 6 6 04 6 9 9 69 1 5 3 9 4 62 3
378
W
O
W
S
T A H 8 EL 3 .L
& H
I CLK SA E &I1 96 19 1~ 3 16 19 0 13 2 16 2 3 19 5 23 2 76 0 20 23 4 26 7 20 23
0 2 36 2 36 0 46 2 46 2 5 46 1 7 568 0 1 1 6 0 56 ~ 66 4 2 8 0 5 66 2 9 0 76 6 4
4 1 7 6 77 0 77 5 87 9 87 5 97 9 0 2 6 0 M 0 D P 8 1 83 90 17 1 1 1 1 4 H N
1
L E
S
S
D Y E
I S S
A SH
5 M
.
/ L
E E L H I ? L 5 7 1 8 12 1y 3 15 16 17 29 2 21 23 34 35 37 48 52 66 80 14 18 1 2
1 6 10 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 8 2 6 0 4
D 1. ~
E H S L 6 0 0 7 0 9 1 1 34 1 56
L I .L 5 3 5 65 1 9 8 2 4 6 9 1 6 5 8 1 7 18 3 11 2 1 1 3 2 5 24 1 2 0 5 3 2 7 3
6 8 3 3 0 4 1 4 5 4 9 7 1 3 8 3 71
EL
A E I & 8 2 7 2 1 6 3 1 56 o 7 9 5 0 2 45 7 9 0 4 3 9 6 3 5 7 7 11 0 53 1 4 96 2
4 8 4 1 39 3 7 17 51 05 0 49 84 29 64 00
1
1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I4 8 9 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 Q 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9
0
7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 06 70 17 72 28
4 2 45 06 6 81 7 2 80 2 14 15 4 6 16 18 8 30 19 21 2 42 2 23 6 85 2 36 0 27 3 41
8 5 45 69 0 7 63 0 97 22 1 814 1 564 1 09 8 1 31 6 1 2 73 2 16 8 2 4 59 2 92 0
2 6 35 2 )8 3 3 2 79 3 1 57 4
54 77 9 1 1 04 17 1 31 64 287 2 01 3 24 3 58 4 81 4 24 5 58 5 91 6 24 54 8 1 94 1
44 1 4 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 4 0 4 2 4 4 5 4 7 5 0 5 2 5 4 5 7 8
-4
63 8 8 1 ~ 11 7 13 2
(
7 1 1 8 1 6 0 1 1 8 11 1 40 8 1 9 ~ ~ 8 6 11 1 1 2 1 2 5 28 2 6 7 1 8 2 6 6 2 1
5 2 6 1 2 2 8 3 2 1 3 31 46 4 7 5 3 5 ~ 6 6 5 4 7 7 8 7 8 4 8 8 3 9 8 2 1 4 3 3
5 3 5 6 3 5 8 9 4 0 4 7 1 1 6 5 2 7 0 6 3 6 9 4 2 12 8 1 2 5 1 0 1 4 0 9 0 12 3
57 1 92 1 2 56 21 2 15 2 2 39 3 54 08 3 3 63
15 6 27 1 29 6 31 5 35 48 0 41 5 55 9 59 4 9 63 67 3 80 7 16 1 13 5 1 9 1 2 2 3
3 3. 4 4 5 6 0 3 1 7 3 1 5 5 7 0 9 4 2 8 4 2 7 6 9 0
102 3 116 5 181 7 185 0 140 3 16 44 298 9 293 2 237 5 222 9
1 3 3 1
83 3 8 39 - 4 4 6 9
6 4 366 3 2 1 46 9 57 0 6 0 3 4 9 5 8 97 2 5 5 2 5 3 1 0 9 4 0 1 35 7 0 7 8 5 0
8 2 17 ~ 1 1 1o 0 7 5 5 6 0 6 38 1 5 7 2 8 8 2 9 17
I

379
W
O
W
S
T A H 4 E L i.L 2 6 8 9 04 1 20 1 4 1 6 272 8 29 4 1 2 40 3 76 3 02 4 4 48 94 5
20 6 66 6 7 1 2 60 9 12 8 1 6 1 4 2 2 2 3 3 0 2 2 0 4 8 6 6 9 5
& H
I CLK SA E 1 &I 10 16 12 18 0 14 2 10 4 26 6 22 8 28 1 24 4 20 6 36 9 32 3 38 6
34 9 30 0 48 462 3 1 7 5 45 8 2 2 52 M 0 D P 90 1 8 1 4 1 6 1 4 1 5 7 11 2 53 2
6 9 1 2 4 4 2 8 9 2 4 9 5 2 3 3 5 5 3 1 9 3 8 3 5 4 4 2 7 49 5 5 5 0 H N 1 D 3I.
1 7 2 9 14 16 8 1 6 9 1 1 25 3 25 27 5 36 8 31 7 0 3 4 1 4 0 4 3 1 5 5 3 7 5 2
75 7 3 9 1 2 12 2 3 16 7 1 53 1 78 25 3 25 8 21 4 30 9 33 4 31 9 42 48 L E 6 E H
S L F 57 1 60 3 6 8 5 14 7 16 3 18 10 2 11 5 43 0 9 25 2 27 7 28 30 6 32 8 34 4
5 3 50 9 6 46 8 011 1 563 1915 14 8 18 1 11 4 25 7 28 ~0 22 43 4 03 6 1 4 8 2 6
S 3 L EL .L 3 1 7 8 9 16 1? 33 1 0 I5 9 288 05 2 333 60 3 4 07 35 4 5 72 6 29 77
6 704 861 1 23 1 15 1 7 0 0 3 1 9 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 1 3 3 5 8 0 6 3 2 3 5 0 5 5 0 1
I & E 7 4 2 09 16 34 61 89 16 33 61 88 25 53 90 S / A
D ~ E
I S S
A SH
3 M
.
/ L
E E H L ; 7 8 1 13 15 1 6 18 1 9 1 2 23 24 36 37 39 41 42 5 4 69 8 3 18 13 18 13
17 22 ~7 2 3 3 3 4 2 7 1 6 ? L
1
1 1 1 1 2 ~ 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 11 1 1 1
I (JZ
0
9 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 0 8 80 1 9 9) 21 0 1 30 31 1 1
41
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 1 1 1 1
40 26 83 15 0 ~ 17 18 4 10 6 11 8 23 0 25 2 26 4 28 6 39 8 31 0 33 2 57 8 62 4 7
7 0 0 922 6 1 74 2 181 6 1 69 4 10 12 1 656 2 2 2 4 2 0 13 6
27 0 49 3 81 6 33 9 0 5 3 7 7 2 6 1
6 7 4 60 1 9 3 669 5 8 68 5 7 5 721 5 9 7 7 4 76 774 9 3 8 6 2 74 ~ 83 826 5 8 1
5 3 4 81 8 7 99 4 3 97 0 5 15 4 13 6
8 8 9 2 7
4 3 1 18 4 1 4 1 58 6 5 9 05 9 580 6 7 2 0 6 52
878 4 5 2 930 7 0 8 7 3 982 2 5 1034 6 0 0 3 1 1 4 1086
3 2 6 4 5 6 8 6 81 7 05
7 2 ~ 0
8 9 5 9 1 1
8 1 53 7 0 3 7 28 5 8 8 5 4 0 63 6 5 1 5 5 2 5 7 35 5 11 2 5 1 5 0 13 8 0 9 7 18
8 19 9 8 12 2 2 51 1 04 8 5 9 8 42 2 0 5 0 4 5 1 5 4 6 4 8 92 5 17 6 1 10 2 2 6
9 2 54 8 0 4 9 65 6 2 3 7
380 WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W D J E I S S A SH 7 M . / L E L I.L 8 0 1 09 1 27 1 46 2 75 2 93 z2 2 3 51 4 80
4 28 5 67 5 16 6 54 7 03 8 52 8 10 1 86 182 1 8 0 2 0 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 2 0 4 6 2 7
9 9 2 5 0 8 9 2 7 4 3 5 2 8 E &I1 14 13 11 10 0 29 27 4 26 7 25 9 24 32 5 31 8
30 1 38 5 37 8 46 2 44 5 401 8 5 3 64 6 027 6 81 8 7 45 709 86 4 93 9 99 5 1 50
11 6 17 3 13 0 19 7 7 9 2 6 2 0 0 1 4 8 T A H 8 SA M D P 0 I CLK H . N 1 D I. 3
9 9 5 14 70 1 9 7 1 1 1 7 3 7 2 2 5 7 2 9 9 3 5 1 3 2 3 3 1 4 5 2 4 7 2 9 5 5 1
5 1 3 6 8 9 4 8 9 4 16 5 8 10 1 41 07 51 83 82 19 62 05 ~ 6 61 03 97 0 0 1 2 2 8
3 8 94 4 4 4s 14 4 35 2 9 0 0 1 1 E H SS 1 60 ~ 6 3 8 7 15 1 17 9 19 111 7 13 7
25 1 27 8 29 319 334 3 35 47 6 49 3 3 51 8 6 7 7 8 30 0 9 92 19 55 11 18 19 71 1
134 2 89 8 2 951 32 5 5 93 5 0 53 0 4 13 9 8 74 4 . 3 L [ L E S S 5 EL , 0 8 0
11 0 13 0 15 8 0 2 0 21 4 30 0 37 1 40 0 45 590 640 790 740 890 E 1 1 01 21 41 6
1 91 21 41 81 11 41 81 21 61 A
E E H L I 2 8 13 15 17 19 11 23 25 27 38 30 42 44 56 58 60 75 91 1 6 1 2 1 1 2 2
2 8 3 9 4 0 ? L
1
12
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 8
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 }2 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1
0 5 47 2 46 9 86 1 17 0 2 19 11 4 6 13 25 8 0 27 29 2 4 31 32 6 34 8 46 0 2 48 5
4 8 79 4 95 2 0 160 4 1 6 72 18 2 9 1 724 10 36 2 896 2 43 7 2 8 1 3 7 4 1 2 3 0
5 36 9 4 4 8 4 5 :~ 4 9 4
12 0 1 3 3 1 2 7 1 7 0 1 0 25 9 5 2 9 4 2 2 0 28 5 7 2 6 31 2 38 5 3 8 2 3 6 0 3
8 4 8 1 49 52 5 0 6 0 7 2 7 6 8 3 8 0 9 0 1 1 1 5 1 0 1 8 1 5
01 950 41 1 31 2 1 1 5 01 5 1 1 8 71 9 2 1 4 1 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 1 6 1 8 1 1 1 4 2 2
5 0 8 8 0 4 5 4
1 7 1 2 2 7 2 2 2 8 2
0 9 100 11 0 121 1 I 85 1 3 1 I }2 1: 31 143 1
3 6 3 0 4 0 4 1 4 1 52 5 92 6 3
5 5 1 5 8 0 7 1 56 3 9 17 4 67 7
1 5 17 7 6 10 3 6 13 9 7 27 85 20
24 21 28 25 22 9
1 6 1 5 0 3 34 2 8 1 9 24 5 2 0 84 4 5 13 3 8 5 8 9 57 6 11 2 2 13 3 6 6 8 3 94
6 3 7 9 28 8 2 9 6 1 3 4 9 3, 23 40 2 9 8 0 17 2 01 3 4 55 5 4 8 3
I
381
WEIGHT OF SHELLS k HEADS
WALL THICKNESS DIAM. /ESSEL 1*8 SHELL 1.s. 12 14 16 18 ~o -)? 24 26 28 30 32 34
36 38 40 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 139 160 1
82 203 224 246 267 289 310 331 353 374 396 417 438 459 523 587 651 715 779 844 9
08 972 1036 0.s. 117 138 160 181 202 223 245 266 287 308 330 351 372 393 415 436
500 564 628 692 756 821 885 949 1013 HEAD ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS 98 118 144 168 200
228 257 288 330 374 421 471 523 579 , 637 698 897 1121 1371 1646 1945 2270 2620
2994 3394 76 93 113 139 162 187 214 242 273 313 347 383 421 460 502 556 698 869
1059 1268 1496 i 743 2008 2292 2596 2917 3258 3617 3996 4393 93 124 159 198 242 2
90 343 400 462 528 598 673 752 835 923 1015 1318 1661 2043 2465 2926 3427 3967 4
547 5166 5825 6523 7261 8039 8856 SHELL 1.s. 148 171 193 216 239 262 284 307 330
352 375 398 420 443 466 489 557 625 693 761 829 897 965 1033 1101 1169 1237 130
6 1374 1442 1510 1578 1646 0.s. 124 147 169 192 215 238 260 283 306 328 351 374
396 419 442 465 533 601 669 737 805 874 942 1010 1078 1146 1214 1282 1350 1418 1
-1/16 HEAD ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS 104 125 153 178 212 242 277 311 350 397 448 500 562
614 677 741 953 1191 1457 1749 2067 2412 2783 3181 3606 83 102 122 150 175 202 2
31 261 294 338 373 412 452 495 539 597 749 931 1134 1357 1590 1851 2134 2435 275
8 100 132 170 212 259 310 366 427 493 563 638 7! 7 801 890 984 1082 1404 1769 21
75 2624 3114 3647 4221 4838 5496 6197 6939 7724 8550 9419
1100 1077 3819 1164 1141 4268 1228 1205 4743 1292 1269 5175 1356 1333 5697 1420
1397 6243 1484 1461 6815 1549 1526 7411
4057 3099 4535 3462 5038 3843 5498 4246 6053 4667
4809 9712 5243 10609 5697 1I 544
1486 6633 1554 7241 1623 7874
5108 10329 5571 11282 6053 12276
382
W
O
W
S
T A H - 8 L E L H s.L .
& H
I CLK N L E 6 E H . 160 9 1 0 1 1 2 ~ 4 2 6 2 9 2 9 7 3 1 8 1 3 4 7 3 5 4 9 2 2
0 5 6 52 7 6 4 9 6 0 2 4 7 6 4 9 7 0 8 4 9 8 2 10 14 0 1 97 1 65 S L s F 3 6 9 1
~ 6 1 8 1 1 6 1 1 3 6 2 6 2 0 28 0 4 5 31 34 4 36 8 49 8 4 1 2 4 5 1 6 5 6 9 6 5
6 1 9 1 8 90 7 7 1 3 184 6 132 9 139 3 0 2 77 6 L S S 3 EL s.L . H 17 1 42 1 8
7 1 03 2 2 38 74 3 4 19 45 90 5 6 45 1 7 0 6 86 9 31 1 87 1 52 1 28 1 4 1 0 0 2
6 2 2 2 5 I . E & 7 2 8 4 3 7 8 0 4 3 69 05 30 85 21 6 6 1 1 70 6 21 1 / A
D / E
I S S 1 1 1 1 1 Z ~ 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 % 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A SH 0
1 / M
.
1 1 SA E & I 1. 11 15 1 29 3 23 6 27 8 21 1 35 4 8 39 33 1 37 6 41 0 45 4 49 8 4
33 570 7 M P D 0 1 0 0 1 4 3 1 8 3 2 2 9 2 7 5 2 3 6 2 9 8 3 5 3 3 2 1 3 9 1 3
7 4 4 6 0 4 5 1 4 4 1 47 H D . E I.
E E H L . 15 18 10 13 25 27 20 32 35 47 49 52 64 67 79 71 1 9 1 6 1 3 1 0 S F L
. E 1 1 1 2 2 ( 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 7 7
32 9 45 1 17 6 80 1 12 ) ~ 25 27 4 29 6 32 8 0 34 47 2 49 41 6 8 54 56 0 2 69 8
60 8 9 32 4 1 050 16 78
1 18 1 32 1 66 2 80 2 24 3 58 3 9~ 4 36 5 70 5 24 6 78 7 32 8 06 9 50 1 14 1 88
1 1 1 3 2 2 5 2 4 7
0 6 4 5 8 5 4 6 1 9 0 3 2 0
511 55 3 63 4 5 0 9 7 8 6 95 1 7 77 3 0 3 89 8 7 4 2 92 8 3 8 9 9 0 14 8 6 4 108
1 1051 6 7 18 1 7 1 8 1 10 8 2 1 8 2 12 5 14 3 16 1 18 0 10 9 8 6 7 9 4 1 6 1 2
16 1 2 1 9 3 3 4 5 6
6 3 2 5
782 5 45 09 4 64 7 29 2
8 9 9 0 1 0 1 1 01 2 1 03 11 3 1 24 21 5 1 36 31 6 147
1 512 3 6 2 7 9 3 9 18 25 2 5 1 22260 3 4476 2 99 4 3 0 920 3 6 5 55 3 1 62 86 4
5 79 4 2 32 3 4 2 13 5 3 84 5 4 54 6 5 26 4 2 1 6 92 8 8 7 26 3 5 8 40 0 8 2 9
64 4 0 9 89
0 2 42 62 0
3 9 7 1 4 50 9
9 4 8 5 0 8
3108
2398
4732
23 9 1 5 29 5 2 5 7 7 5 7 4 3 24 0 2 337 0 0 6 30 3 3 1 9 6 5 8 6 8 4 2 5 6 5 0
6 6 6 2 2 3 4 5 5 0 39 8 76 64 7 34 2 1 52 5 0 6 1 7 7 6 94 5 757 3 8 13 0 9 77
81 3 2 3 99 6 57 3 16 4 75 60 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 7 1 6 3
7 5 05 2 0 71 04 2 0 13 7 6 78 5 6 41 28 6 1 15 8 7 46 4 3 11 44 3 3 17
1 19 4 6 1 99 7 7 18 8 00
7 4 0 6 95 7 4 61 0 7 1 1 0 8 5 9 7 66 6 0 31 6 2 9 2 6 8 1 8 8 46 0 8 11 2 7 0
3 2
3 4 8
383 WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W D J E I S S A SH 1 M . 1 L [ . 14 2 14 1 6 18 J 0 22 2 4 36 3 8 40 2 4 44 5 6
68 61 0 2 7 4 92 1 8 14 04 1 87 0 16 60 1 44 2 52 8 8 2 32 2 4 0 12 0 7 8 9 3 26
6 7 8 3 9 4 0 1 17 14 20 27 34 31 47 7 54 1 51 67 24 7 81 6 97 12 4 19 1 17 8 1
8 8 2 1 8 2 3 3i6 0 8 3 8 9 4 92 4 95 5 $8 69 2 T A H / E L 4 SA E &1 1 04 2 5 8
l 4 8 2 6 0 4 9 5 0 0 581 I CLK H N 1D ]I, 5 18 9 4 1 o 2 4 2 0 2 6 0 1 5 1 6 4
8 0 61 4 9 14 7 13 26 8 23 1 24 0 8 37 1 34 2 9 44 3 L E 5 E H S L 150 170 10 4
34 1 260 291 318 340 377 400 439 553 582 67 1 68 4 74 7 95 1 15 34 15 28 3 01 4
L S S / 1 EL .;L 27 1 EI & 10 38 66 4 9 22 50 08 46 84 22 70 28 860 351 932 6
E E H L :
] z? 7
A
1
1
0
1 0 3 5 8 1 3 36 49 41 54 57 69 72 75 87 1 5 1 3 1 1 2 9 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 0
1 1 2
0 M D
12 16 20 25 21 ~7 33 31 32 8 47 45 6 45 9 47 5 54 56
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 ~ 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 Q 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 19
~
5 5 6 7 7 8 9 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
2 0 1 5 3 3 7 4 4
52 152 6 1 056 7 50 0 1 8 55 4 4 9 5 0 7 56 9 53 0 1197 59 3 1281 5 7 9 15 4 7 9
2 17 1159 5 12 12 3
1 513 1 8 557 2 1 8 92 2 4 1 37 3 3 7 72
0 1 2 2
3 9 6 18 13 95 2 19 7 4 3 9 5 5 5 6 5 2 2 84 3 59 4 6 0 4 3 0 63 1 4 2 6 54 7 8
8 43 7 0 34 2 6 14 ( 2 05( 8 851 5 1 7 98 9 8 33 8 9 77 61 12 : 41 68 3 86 2 66
4 05 10 4 01 8
0 1 3 1 04 1 1 5 1 26 2 1 7 1 37 3 1 1 4
32 3 7 5 4 4 44 5 3 1 5 5 6 056
4 7 s6 1 2 85 5 0 95 1 ! 8 0 1 61 C5
7 16 3 7 14 3 16 1 0 16 2 16 1 5 15 15 6 016 3 0 2 16 3 11
4 1 58 4 5 9 56 4 6 168 5 7 6 9 2 6 7 70 7
( 31 03 ~ 2 2 7 7 8 2 41 1 ( 6 8 0 0 16 5 1~ 88 81 8 762 2 16 3 9 11 9 086 9 56
/ 9 11 49 7 3 6 8 6 S 68 5 5( 8 2I 3 5 0 37 ( 7 01 85 5 5 0 4~ 0 9 8 9 49 7 2 4
01 1( 6 426 6 2
384
WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W D J E 1 1 1 1 1 Z ? . 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1~ 1 1 1 1 1
~ 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 I S S A SH 0 .
1M 3 . L / E L s.[L . 15 2 8 4 1 1 1 6 ~ 4 8 27 ) ? 0 2 3 3 4 6 3 6 49 8 2 4 0 5
2 5 7 4 5 60 6 3 6 8 76 0 7 9 2 1 8 28 14 75 1 6 90 16 42 146 5 16 205 234 383
423 462 502 661 0 72 0 89 969 1 38 1 18 7 19 1 1 2 2 3 77 5 0 5 2 6 3 5 1 1 7 8
9 EI1. & 16 2 45 2 7 5 2 04 2 33 3 3 73 3 22 4 62 4 01 4 51 0 0 5 9 5 5 280 5 78
1 6 372 6 974 6 758 833 8 91 1 94 T A H 8 SA M P 0 D 32 1 1 79 2 26 2 89 2 45 12
3 3 84 3 68 4 56 4 47 4 43 S 42 54 5 52 7 52 9 67 1 3 7 3 3 8 0 0 8 90 6 9 13 1
2 1 5 1 2 1 4 1 2 3 4 4 2 4 1 4 2 6 5 0 0 5 I CLK H . N 1D L E 7 E H I . . 9 1
0 8 1 3 z 6 6 6 2 9 9 3 2 3 6 5 3 9 3 4 2 4 4 5 8 5 8 4 6 2 1 4 3 699 775 0 7 85
7 6 0 941 4 3 16 6 25 1 45 1 04 2 2 8 3 2 3 4 3 1 4 4 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 sS 16 5 9 8
8 2 5 3 8 5 2 1 4 6 7 6 0 1 3 3 1 56 5 5o 43 6 06 7 3 79 02 0 8 111 3 15 0 6 14
90 3 17 94 2 25 2 27 1 23 0 33 9 39 8 3 8 3 9 L sI S S / 1 EL . 5 6 8 7 ~ 7 5 8
0 9 4 0 8 0 3 1 9 2 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 1 6 17 1 9 0 2 1 3 2 3 5 35 8 8 48 1 7 40 5 6
52 9 6 64 3 5 76 7 4 88 ~ 3 90 7 1 22 2115 7 1 73 1 E . 22 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 39
8o 41 01 3 62 3 434 9 2 5 4 4 7 9 6 9 5 0 1 4 1 1 6 3 32 59 77 05 24 6
E E H L : 19 ~ 1 25 28 21 34 37 40 43 6 5 9 5 61 74 87 0 8 93 12 11 10 28 2 3 3
4 4 5 5 6 7 7 0 . s L
A
1 1 2 2 2 ( 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 ] ] 21 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1
5 06 6 7 8
72 62 8 2 52 3 43 0 3 33 4 5 6 7 8 14 2 04 95 4 85 6 76
72 3 4 80 0 18 0 8 4 64 5 1 76 2 1 64 1 5 47 3 14 5 9 1 0 6 21 5 12 3 8 76 9 7 0
6 0 10 1 0 2 7 8 80 I8 7 696 9 5 5. 40 1o 4! 1 35 8 3~2 10 9 18 0 1 16 0 60 14 6
13 1 8 11 2
4 11 5 11 6 j 77 107 3 12 8 8 1 2 9
6 5 6 5 6 3 5 6 6 5 4 27 5 8 8 4 4 9
8 48 5 8 42 ~ 0 ~8 75 6 52 5 5 69 ~
5 44 0 64 90 ~ 1 C6 62 2
1 39 ~ 3 0 2 41
8 9 56 2 6 1I3 96 9 0 47 8 4 01 72 7 4 9I5 1 0 30 2 58
6 0 4 60 1 01 9 9 1 4 4 3 ~9 4 5 26 0 3 9 : 427 4 1 1 5 85 i 9 66 0 4 7 6 8 9 5
62 1 ~ 85 817 3 2 645 45 9 8 2 f ~ 5 12 1 3 0
385
WEIGHT OF SHELLS tk HEADS
W D E 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 2 2 2 2 I S S 0 1 2 2 2 2 3
3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 A SH . 1 / M . L L s[ . T A
H - 2 E L . 66 1 98 1 30 2 3 72 24 3 66 4 08 5 50 6 22 7 84 8 66 9 1 38 1 10 1 0
3 1 95 8 8 2 1 2 8 7 0 6 7 IE &1. 3 28 20 6 9 22 34 3 36 7 1 38 5 40 9 42 4 44 0
56 58 6 50 0 1 62 1 7 65 2 3 67 4 0 79 5 8 85 0 91 5 1 7 1 14 7 1C 4 16 2 12 0
18 8 14 8 SA I CLK 1 H M 0 P . D 2 1 5 2 9 2 2 4 5 2 1 1 3 1 8 3 5 3 9 3 3 7 2 4
1 1 4 9 1 4 1 2 5 58 57 63 61 D E H s L S 0 17 8 0 4 2 7 3 0 1 5 4 6 7 3 0 7 4 7
7 4 0 84 87 50 84 L EL sI.L . 77 1 20 24 37 31 44 57 61 74 87 91 1 4 1 8 1 1 1
4 1 8 2 8 2 8 387 7 3 90 7 4 93 7 5 97 6 01 8 7 7 96 8 7 8 90 1 I. E & 44 7 1 4
8 1 4 8 1 4 8 0 1 2 5 3 8 4 1 A N L E S S
E E H L L . 11 14 28 21 34 37 40 44 57 50 63 76 80 93 96 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 9 9
8 8 3 0 S
II. . 14 2 6 2 2 9 2 4 6 1 0 9 2 7 6 4 9 8 2 6 2 9 8 2 6 6 8 9 2
162 410 13 6 8 26 29 0 232 36 4 639 42 8 055 58 2 4 62 6 56 8 78 81 0
3 5 8 1
2 1 7 840 1 43 3 8 2 1 14 47 9 2 3 1 1 5 0 3 6 816 5 3 3 29 72 392 728 4 73 04 6
30 5 3 16 6 4 82 2 5 46 2 6 C0 1 6 64 1 7 ;9
0 6 3 5 7 4 4 7 3
6 5 4 7 1 8 8 9 3 90 1 1 1 6 1 5 1 0 1 2 i3 3 1 9 1 3 2 3 4 5 6 4 0 2 9 2
2 87 5 32 87 82 77 2 157 6 4 0 22 3 2 1 3635 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 5 C 5 2 29 22 5 23 17
1 23 5 7 24 9 4
56 1 5 6 5 2 5 59 4 56 54 2 6 61 61 62 6 6 6 6
2 3 4 5
01 6 17 07 11 8 12 21 0
4 5 6 5 2 4 6 5 5 7 8 ? 5 4 7 48 6 8 9 4 6
8 1 8 ?4 9 94 4 0 8 1 2 14 0 1 0; 0 8 9 1 ;6 6 9 1 {2 1 33 8 17 1 35 8
4 6 24 3 0 7 9 S5 8 1 1C 8 1 1 5 7 26 1 5 1 90 8 7 2 55 7 7 8 2 1 9 1 { 6 8 76 1
78 38 5 ( 41 0 19 8 7 5 7 6 2 6 911 1 2 (2 2 7 8 S 36 8 E 9 6 22< 3 11 4 0 5 2
0 7 1 3 6 9 9 ( 4 8 9 0 63 : 3 32 5 32 1 ~( 1 z 10 37 7; 8 70 1 9429 6 6 2 2 717
8; 6 0 9 1 2 30 3 5 3 12 2 3 7 17 8( 2 : 4 9 1 {4 3 3 1S 1 (5 (2 (9
37 0 2 5 2 3 1~ 9 7 ( 12 1 0 ! 32 8 2 4 3 1 2 2 38 4
25 6 636 84 6
386 WEIGHT OF SHELLS tic HEADS
W D E I S S A SH 1 M . L L 13 27 20 34 37 41 44 57 51 64 78 81 95 98 1 2 1 1 1 2
2 5 6 6 0 1 18 2 1 4 1 24 6 8 28 31 0 35 2 38 4 42 6 45 8 59 0 62 2 66 4 79 6 8
83 0 86 0 [ 1 86 2 11 2 65 3 00 4 55 4 00 54 6 09 7 74 58 8 1 33 1 18 1 03 1 97
1 2 9 9 2 0 1 6 5 T A H / E L IE 1 50 2 2 8 5 3 29 34 6 39 0 44 9 48 43 9 58 6
52 2 670 8 621 472 6 1 714 8 765 716 851 1 97 13 3 17 0 8 6 5 4 5 I 8 SA CLK H M
D P . 1 6 4 2 1 7 2 7 3 2 4 4 3 1 9 9 5 3 5 48 48 9 8 48 3 9 5 52 55 63 67 4 6
0 3 6 0 4 1 D II 1 3 4 28 6 21 0 35 34 9 8 2 4 3 6 4 3 9 5 5 6 3 4 6 7 3 7 0 5 4
8 8 9 17 1 16 5 N L E /1 E H s L S 18 6 1 2 8 25 7 29 4 33 7 8 36 406 431 573 2
57 9 6 4 2 7 8 3 71 1 8 50 6 9 91 S L S 1 6 EL [ .L . 9 7 33 79 25 71 7 2 3 8 9
3 0s 8 1 7 8 4 5 0 4 6 2 E & I 66 9 2 38 84 10 66 12 68 24 80 47 13 89 4 55 4 31
A
I
1
E E H L L
1
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
90 1 1 7 1 05 2 2 1 1 09 2 5 61 3 1 3 97 72 7 1 4 41 72 82 83 93 94 2 2 2 3 3 9
3 6 3 3 8 0 8 0 5 4 4 84 5 28 6 62 7 07 8 42
1 0 9 4 9 9 9 6 5
9 18 18 0 5 7 7 22 8 5 6 9 7 19 8 6 1 35 2 9 5 7 5 0 11 45 8 3 0 9 0 6 1 49 7 0
1 18 4 5 2 8 1 1 14 1 8 2 4 1 22 0 8 5 12 9 9 18 2 8 2 14 1 15 14 10 3 4 5 6 7 3
2 2 5 3965 7 3 8 4 4 4565 9 5207 2 5 7 7 0 5892 22 6 7 3 3008 2 43 53 0 64 4 6
7 8 9 0 96 5884 7 65 4 73 9 8 14
1 7 6 8 2
3 2 3 3799 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9
6 11 15 7 10 9 14 5 18
0 7 6 4 8 4 2 7 2 08 4
1 1 1 1 1
1 7 1 09 11 0 2 21 22 2 2 33 2 4 2 5
7 94 8 05 5 9 04 6 0 1 6 1 17
4 9 87 41 33 51 79 5 1 15 5 1 51
2 8 64 1 0 99 9 89 6 4 12 5 8 18 8 8 6618 1 1 0 7 2 3 3 8 18 9 9 75 1 85 6 6 7388
8 16 24 2 8 29 4 0 86 7 8198 27 0 21 6 1 6 120 9 8 9 31 4 8 3 3 3 4 1 1 1 96 1
25 1 8 7 324 3 3 8 41 2 4 2 5 1 9 5 0 2 07 9 9 21 3 3 429 6 7 1 9 2C 4 3 28 5 9
2 6 6 1 7 3 10 13 8 01 59 8 41 8 6 4 11 84 19 689 67 51 1 9 2 6 5 2 91 7 6 6 7 4
5 !2
I0 2 1 3 4
17 2 4 6 1 98 5 523 28 1 6 1 35 3 7 2 7 8 21 29 7 1 73
9 3 0
387
WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W D J E I A S S SHELL 1 M E L 25 29 23 36 30 44 58 51 65 79 83 86 90 1 4 1 8 1 1
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 0 1 3 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 . 3 E L 19 2 2 42 26 6 2 80 34 37 4
1 45 59 62 66 70 84 87 0 912 1 1 41 51 62 72 93 03 14 24 [ . 1 07 244 392 339 49
7 54 5 601 7 69 8 36 9 13 T A H / 4 SA I& E1 72 2 1 39 37 4 9 34 2 42 7 49 3 46
9 54 4 51 68 0 I CLK H N 1 3 D I . 2 26 0 21 4 39 8 36 7 2 4 6 44 7 9 5 0 3 5 7
6 1 77 9 8 1 5 2 97 9 613 11 7 71 3 0 L E 6 E H S 2 19 8 23 3 27 5 31 5 35 2 39 7
42 0 56 0 50 9 64 4 7 8 8 7 2 9 860 8 01 9 15 32 L [ . 17 1 56 2 14 3 53 3 22 4
71 5 39 6 98 7 77 8 1 55 S S / EL E & 87 26 64 13 42 91 69 18 77 0 35
L H ?
A
1
1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0
1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 12 2 2 2 3 4 6 7 8
9 00 1 22 3
0 M P D
8 6 1 3 23 04 2 78 3 5 39 0 4 3 34 4 4 2 4 5 9 5 6 9 5 57 68 63 4 7 0 7 5 3 2 6
0 1 1 8 9 2
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 01 0 7 66 1 98 3 632 1 96 713 2 1 3 9 9 785 1 0 0 7 856 1 7 7 2 1 5 3 5 2 3 83
8 3 95 9 1 7 19 6 11 4 13 2 16 1 18 0 10 0 12 1
1 44 041 1 43 732 1 2 4 624 1 0 4 305 1 9 0 5 97 7 89 4 4 4 6 01 3 68 4 35 0 0 4
3 7 94 53 13 73 35
1 0 53 8 2 3 66 0 2 26 70 5 8 3 49 0 0 4 73 5 1 7 4 1 1 5 97 2 6 11 3 7 25 5 8 5
0 6 9 76
3 13 4 1 8 1 19 1 7 73 7 126 0 2 4 1 897 3 8 14 0 8 20 0 8 1 6 1 1 3 0 6 13 1 6
23 1 9 2 4 6 2 3 6 0 15 3 1 38 2 1 2 0 1 4 4 3 4 12 11 16 11 14 4 5 6 7 8 2 35 1
49 6 48 8 51 8 66 3 4 5 7 8 22 6 7 43 1 3 63 5 9 74 9 6 94 1 3 5 5 98 7 6 52 9
7 17 0 8 72 2 9 37
5 1 8 71 C 8 42 6 81 :7 9 55 8 6 5 91 44 0 64 2 11 (0 2 77 0 7 2 21 87 3 86
1E 5 c 3 8 024 1 5 8 26 9 28 1 2 229 3 8 25 2 92 9421 ! 23 96 2 2 523 C 4
4 3 5 70 1 C9 76 0 2 6 4 9 7 4 8 C 1 46 8 4 3t6 7 9$ 52 1 [87 1[ 4 78
3 00 41 16 1 5 6 0 92 6 71 2 6 63 2 81 i 3 5 4 Z 0 40 6 4 01 1 ( 55 2 6 16 1 2 0
7 2 7 [ 3 97 1 465
2 35 32 6 2 47
1 4 08 2 2 31 C5 572 5 9 2 41 22 0 827 2 5 18 3 6 1 2 50 50 29 2 5 J 4
9 16 2 ; 5 I8 3 1 C 5 98 9 026 97 21 7? 166 6 ( 4 1 1 1 3 2 9 4 2 8I 1 7
,
388
W
O
W
S
T A H
& H
I CLK 1 N L E S S D . 1 5 6 : 1 5 0 1 9 7 8 6 8 9 0 2 1 9 I. 21 8 2 3 2 8 3 7 1
7 3 43 5 5 4 9 2 53 60 7 2 7 1 8 6 4 8 E H s S 20 9 9 7 3 7 9 0 9 6 3 1 50 71 72
53 14 18 43 18 33 L . EL .
~ob 48
D 4 E
I S S 1
12
A SH 0 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 .
M
. L EL si.L . 1 0 24 i 28 32 36 40 44 4 ~ 5 8 62 8 66 0 70 2 84 4 98 0 6 92 1 8
1 63 0 3~)g I 7 2 2 3 7 4 4 4 9 5 5 6 1 8 9 0 18 E &I1. 9 2 3 33 7 33 4 23 43 6
1 43 8 3 5 4 5 3 0 63 63 0 SA M D P
Z1
1 A & 08
E E H L i 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 1 3 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 5 7 6 8 . s
? L
H
8 9 41 9: 64 2 5 86 48 39 21 2 Z 3 5 6 7 9 3 7 2 6 0 4 8 2 7 2 3 4 6 8 9 4 4 9 9
4 5 8 7
?1 . .
2 ~ 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 I1 1 \2 1 1 I4
] 7qo
6 6 6 7 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1840 1 1 0~ 1 ~1 0 2 ~2 ~
1
7 3 3 ( 8 96 41 18 7 4 0 1 21 8 43 18 8 0 6 7 8 44 1 712 9 84 6 4 2 1 31 1 0 6 3
1 0 9 1 0 6 84 8 2 1 5 3 6 94 9 1 45 1 4 2 1 4 9 4 7 1 5 5 6 3 0 4 9 7 3 7 8 00
81 61 2 1 12 2 42 6 43
204 1 1 1 2 4 1 28 1 4 2 4 3 7 2 7 0 6 3 1 8 4 5 2 2 6 8 2 0 5 38 4 2 6 3 1 4 4
7 40 8 6 8 64 6 8 9 2 9
0 1 2 4
3 5 8 0
4 1 5 6 3 7 1 5 5 8 4 1 5 5 3 5 1 5 6 ~5?8 9.
4 6 5 13 8 0 6 64 0 8 1698 6 1 7 95 8 1 3 8 9 96 5 1947 8 4 0 66 11 2071 6 1 2 4
25I95 3 o 98 2319 02 4 5 2443 2567 58 76 4 6 1 8 7 0 1 8 2 9 0 2 0 4 9 1 35 ~ 0
5 0 3 4 06
3 89 5 86 7 4015 23 0 4552 00 2 5123 28 55 8 )76 9 97 3 7 6 ~ 5 27 2 3 48 4 4 79
1 4 90 6 2 7 27 1
5 4( (7 ) 2 6 2 ( 8 2 8 9 2 ] 64 30 f 7 0 0j 4 g 6 0 8 1 2 6 3 7 4 8
5 3 12 5 1 3 2 6 1 92 4 1~ 8 326 ( 2 52j 1 6 ( 1 3 1 62 j
17 1 54 0 9 4 i 38 5 7 63 2 24 6 6 22 2 01 5
2 1
5 3
23 32 ~
9 2 0 0 1 1 5 82 6 1 2 9 1 2 I4 9 4 6 8 ~0 4 4 . 2 ( 8 J 13j (
2692 8 7 4 28 8 6 I6 ) 0 ~940 9
4 9 7
I
[
389 WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W D E I S S A SH 2 M . L L 21 2 25 4 39 6 8 34 48 O 2 42 57 4 51 6 65 8 79 0 84 2
88 0 4 92 1 6 2 10 86 1 14 0 [ 9 25 2 20 6 34 7 41 0 8 5 3 64 1 5 7 78 8 6 1 9
3 16 1 66 1 9 1 2 1 4 1 7 1 E L IE 3 14 3 57 4 09 4 52 505 558 6 10 6 73 746 738
1 8012 6 8844 8 9 567 9 94 97 2 [ 25 9 3 5 1 51 61 5 37 3 11 4 5 19 2 2 17 0 SA
MP 2 16 2 80 3 51 3 34 4 43 4 36 0 54 56 8 68 7 6 2 7 3 78 8.1 88 91 T A H I C L
K H N 2 1 D ;I 40 3 99 3 37 88 4 30 4 5 86 6 34 7 76 8 22 70 2 9 6 1 24 2 1 72 1
2 18 5 16 ; 31 04 21( ( 42 1 4 252 2 3~ 3 73/5 E H S L L E L S S 4 EL [ .L 2 20
3 1 5 4 9 6 5 7 2 6 5 9 7 7 3 8 4 1 9 2 9 10 7 10 5 13 1 10 1 91 2 72 21 3 23 4
38 8 32 1 46 6 50 0 E &I 6 4 2 9 0 4 0 9 6 7 5 3 0 3 1 7 91 5 72 4 54 1 2 3 36 7
18 8 90 1 72 5 1 3 0 3 54 0 1 4 9 8 8 2 7
I
E E H L L
A
1 1 1 1 J 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
2 2 2 3 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 1 1 1
9 2 4 3 3 8 4 7 4 1 5 6 5 69 7 4 8 8 92 16 11 15 19 14 1 2 1 2 2 3 3
J
15 2 81 2 36 4 79 4 21 73 5 6 22 71 6 18 7 6 8 4
1 9 90 16 31 11 62 5 1 73 75 10 6 15 66 0 1 51 52 46 9212 4368
0 1 3 4
1 2 2 0 255 6 15 28 89 8 91 4 36 9 1 4 22 9 0 3 452 5 52 6 53 7 6
5 90 0 1 82 01 6 3 7164 01 6 6
0 4 8 3
( 8 335 1 5 4 4 8 3 1 12 9 6 1 4 1 640 1 5 7 1 4 6 79 6 1 1 0 4 1 4 9 2 5 : 8 2
4 : 2 7 4 0 38 8 1624 ! 7470 8 34 1 5 5 7 2 41 1 3 0 2 6 9 1752 4 87 4 7 2 ; 95
0 2 2 2 2 2 9 6 1 1 5Z 9 9 6 6 0 3 1880 52 3 4 [2 6 6 6 8 7 82 2 0 9 5 16 1 4 2
2 0 2008 7 7 2 02137 8 2265 03 9 4 12393 2521 26 1 7 1 22645 5 22 56 7 74 8 00 8
31 6 9 9 8 8 0: 1 2 89 92 1 0 6 13 2 1 8 3 84 2 9 16 6 6 1 2 1 7 84 2 3 9 18 3
7[ 3 69 0 6 1 1 O 2 1 3 22 $ 3 3 3 3 2 27 5 22 1 6 42 7C 7 22 9 3 2 9 4 0 8 3 8 5
9 I [ 7! 6 14 1 8 [3 91 9
7 64 6 1 6 8 2 89 1 6 1 0 6 93 7 5 5 1 0 1 7 3 10 9 51 1 0 21 3
1 ? 0 6 7 9 1 5 7 93 7 4 150 5 2 0 ? 57 1 6 8( 9 8 84 3 6 90 9 88 1 8 70 31 5 31
02 04 50 81 2 0 72 2 0 08 4 0 9 3 6 0 57
2777 38 1 9 1 32906 3034 41 1
9 2 62 1 4 9 8 5 54 1 1
12 1 4 3; 2 7 1 : 1 21 41 36 3 2 6 2 1 2 2 3 15 C 5 2: 7 1 5 1 3 02 3 1 5 [0 4 1
4 ( 11 6$ 94
390
WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGS
I
N P S . D IW I S XS
1/2
O I
N O M P A GP W N A ~ E 1f O T H Z E .T . T . .
I
E L B R OE W T U R M . T E 5 8 9 P 4 0 8 0 9 I 0 1 0 1 NL L St . LL . R L . . R S
. . R . . R . R K .
0.9 1
11 11 12
SCH. 160 XX STG
0.2 0 D 0.3 G4 8 9
r
. . . . . . .
9 70 7 4
1
0 1 0 3 7 0 1 0 5 9 4 0 . 1 1 . 1 . 1 . 3 1 0 2 . 8 2 . 1 . 7 2 . 6 3 . 9 4 . 3
7 . 4 0 . 6 5 . 7 0 . 6 . 8 8 . 7 1. O 1. 7 I 16 . 3 1. 3 1. . 2 6.
I
.
0. 0. 0
2
S XS S 1 X S
I
C
1
.T 11 . T 11 . H 6 12 T 23 . .T . T . H 6 . T 1 1 2 3
0.2 1 D 0G5 . 10 X G 0
30 40 . 8 8 . 30 . 90 . 00 . 80 . 00 . 10 . 00 . 20 . 50 . 06 . 11 . 01 0 . 81 .
31 . 62 .
. . 3
0. 0. 0
1 2
1
S XS S 1 X S S XS S 1 X S S XS S 1 X S
I
C
0 3 0 D 0G 7 0 . 50 0 0 G 5 0 X
I
0 4 . 5 . 0 6 . 1 8 . 0 6 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 4 . 1 9 . 1 2 . 2 4 . 2 9 . 2 6 . 3.0 2
. 4.0 3 . 5.0 5 . 4 3 . 5 0 . 1 . 2 6 0 . 4 9
I
. 0 3 0. 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 4 1. 2 . 7 2 . 9
. 3 3 . 3 . 4 . 4 5 . 5 . 8 . 4 . 7 .0 .1 .8 2 6 0 .8 .1 .0 80 . 6 . 5 . 40 83
1?4
C
21 .T 31 . T . H 6 32 . T 53 .T 21 . T 32 . H 6 42 . T 64
0 4 D 0G 9 1 . 50 1 G 8 X 0 4 D 1G 0 1 . 80 1 G 0 X 1 2G 1 3 . 40 3 3 G X
0 . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 . 2 .
C
2.0 . 6 2.3 . 8 3.0 . 2 3.4 . 0
30 . 45 . 5.C . 2 6.3 . 3 61 . 7 8 . 84 10
I 2
I STD
XS S 1 X S
I .154
C
3 . T 52 . H 6 73 . T 94
I
I
I
I
I
2
I
S XS S 1 X S S XS S 1 X S .T 52 . T 72 . H 6L 3 T 1 5 .
I
C
3 0 D 4G 7 5 .O70 7 3G X 5 I D 5 1 6G 0 0 8 . 4 30 1 0 X 8G
2 . 2 . 3 5 I
1 3. . 62 . . 53 . . 23
. .
L
3
C
.T 72 . T 1 3 . H 61 4 . T 1 6
3 . 62 . 4 . 03 . 6 . 84 , 7 1 . 05
0 . 6 5 . 8 . 15 0. 1
0 3 8 2
7 0 . 3 . 8 1 02 . 1 34 .
I
I
391

WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGs


N P S
.
O EI N G I
1
4 N N A P Z r
M 0 F AO T EI E H
?lPE
I
N
E M 9 L St K %
L . L L . . 4
B
TW U R T 8 0 0 1 1 8 . R L . S . R , . R .
R OE
N
1
T
ml n
1 1. 5. 1 .39 .
3
S XS X S S XS S C S 1 X S S XS S C S 1 X S S XS S 1 S 1 X S 1 H C
92 .T 1 3 . T 2 T . 6
. D 6 2 4 . 63 8G 2 1 6 . 84 . I 1 8 1X 2 G 6 . 3 6 90 D 1 5 G 10 9 1.2 2X 7 G D
4 5 1 G7 2 0 20 7 0 3 .3 2 5 3X 8 G 2D 9 8 3 8 G3 4 .6 6 5 .5 1 6X 3 6 . 6 83 1
5 01 8 1 0 95 1 2 1 7 2 0 2 2 6 1 2 3 0 3 0 4 4 5 5 7 5 . 4 . . 6 . 70 . 82 . 1
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 0 5 0 1 0 1 2 2 2 3 8 3 4 1 0 2 7
2 2 2 6 3 4 5 0 5 1 6 0 6 8
4
.237 1 1 T .337 .438 . 11 62 .531 H .674 T 2
2
. . . . . . . . .
. 8 8. 0 1 . .5 0 5 2 . 6. 1 0 3 . 0. 0 5 4 5 0 . 0 0 . 4 3 6. 4 8 5 0 6 0 7 6 2
7 2 0 2 8 0 3 9 5 2 0 5 2 0 1 5 2 0 3 8 4 0 4 0 0 4 5 5 2
1
. 3 9 8 . 6 14 2 0 2 . 13 15 24 20 20 269 20 8 46 7 5 0 4 40 8 , 5 4 5 . 0 . 5 0
7 7 . 1 7 . 2 9 . 8 0 11 30 . 2 .1 2 40 .1 0 60 .1 5 6
I
R
. 95 . 5 1 0 2 . 52 .1 0 2 0 5 8 . 52 . 15 . 83 . 85 . 8 5 . . . . . 1 6 4 5 0
5
H C
1 2 .T 2 3 . T . . 1 2 52 . H 63 6 . T 3 7 1 2 .T 2 4 . T . H 23 5 4 7 . H 6 5 8
, T G
4 8 2 4 8 3 0 8 4 4 7 4 9 6 6 4 0
. . . .
6
C C
0 . 5 6 . 7 9 . 4 . 13 . 12 7 . 4 7 . 8 6 . 9 1 . 6 . 14 . 19 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.4
. 3 5 0 . 30 . 4 0 0 0 . 4 6 6 0 . . 2 0 7 6 . 0 . 20 0 6 . 0 . 38 0 0 . . . . 4
5 3 5 9 1 6 0 5 7 10 100.0 4 0 112.0 .6 0 1 .0 8 1 .2 0 1 .3 0 1 3 0
5 . 4 0 6 . 5 0 0 . 6 4 6 .0 2 7 ,0 8
SCH. 2
S 3 S S 6 X S S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 X S S S S x s o 2 3
8
2 2 . 2 2 C . H 2 3 .T 3 4 C . H 4G T.500 C .593 H 05 C .718 H 26 C .812 H 46 C
.906 H 67 .875 7 G T C C T t . , . . . H2 H3 D4 5 )
3 2 5 02 6 4 . 4 7 02 0 5D 8 2 3 0 5 . 5 0 03 8 7 . 3 . 47.5 1 5 4 8 .0 0 1 . 0
06 1 .7 1 07 8 1 .4 2 0 1 X2 . 1 7
8 . 2 4 4 . 4 7 8 . 0 5 8 .4 C .0 5 .0 7 3 . 4 5 3 0 . 9 ( 05 .0 04 .8 9[
10
( c
r
5 . 8 5 03 6 . 2 2 0 8 3 4 7 4 1 . 3 7 6 . 00 C 8 . 0 6 5 8 . 45 8 3 5 7 0 . 7 5
G 1 4 . 0 0 C C
.1 0 8 . 18 . 45 . 1 .2 4 3 . 7C . 15 2 .7 . 1(3
7 . 4 2 8 .1 3 8 8 7 C 1 5C (
.4 3 .7 .. 5 . .0
n
I
392
WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGS
NOM. P S
E L B R OE W T U R N O M . P 9 I P 40 E 9 0 1 5 8 T 8 0 1 0 N A L L ) IE S G N A
I I O N P E 1f L St . L . R L . . RS . . R . . R . R H K . I Z [ E \
q
4 . 23 6 . 857 89 . 3 .1 0 1 .1 5 6
m 4 2 0 3 0 3 2 2 4 24 05 7
n 13 29 25 2 0 4 3 3 0 1 68 1 1 6 7 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 4 77 19 42 8 7 4 0
(
c
10
o S S S S S
n 8 1 1 1 1
C C C C C
t
. . . 1 1
.
) H6 5 H 07 7 H 28 8 1 . H 4 1 . H 6
14 . 1 . 7 1 . 9 02 . 12 1 .
90 8 10 1 40 1 41 0 0 61 2 0
1
S 2 S 3 S S 4 XS S 6 S 8 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1
C C T C C C C C C C
. H3 2 . H4 3 . D4 3 . H5 4 6 5 . T H7 5 . . H8 6 1 8 H 0 . 1 1 . H 2 1 . 1 H 4
1 .H ! 1 6
. 83 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 3 1 5 1G . 1 3 . 8 2 02 . 23 0 . 1 43 . 64 .3
50 5 30 7 7 8 00 8 0 1 60 1 80 1 81 40 52 0 0 2 02 0 1 01 3
. . . . . . .
04 5 00 6 52 6 63 8 06 289 1 7 1 .3 1 6 .1 0 5 .1 4 2 5 .2
1 4 2 8 2 6 2 6 3 4 0 2 3 2 6 4 4 05 7 56 0 06 3 09 0
12 18 15 12 20 22 0 2 9 3 3 8 4 5 1 7 4 7 2 0 6
65 1 12 1 30 1 68 1 2 1 4 6 21 3 2 6 3 3 7 2 3 7 4 9 1 1 4 0
01 44 52 76 14 41 9 9 4 5 1 5 40 6 5 0
1
S 1 S 2 S S 4 XS S 6
C C T C C
SCH. 80
S S S S 1 C 120 C 1 C 1 C
H3 3 H4 . D5 . H6 7 . T . H8 .750 1 . H 01 1 1 . H 1 1 . H 4 1 1 . H 6 .
2 3 4 5 5 9
50 7 0 8 7 1 3 0 1 0 1 90 1 0 310 72 3. 301 54 1 0 9 . 7. 1 2 05 95 4 . 003
1 7 . 16 . 1 . 5 1 . 3 2 2G 2 . 5
. , . . . .
0 2 0 2 3 0 0 3 2 0 4 0 4 4 6 0 0 . 154 06 .7 0 2 .2 08 3 . 0 0 1 .2 08 7 6
5 00 3 6 2 6 8 5 8 9 8 0 1 0 1 4 3
16 12 20 23 5 2 0 3 2 5 4 1 5 7 8 20
10 1 67 2 2 5 1 6 2 2 0 0 2 9 33 369 1 5 5 2 9
43 76 10 41 7 0 2 3 1 3 6 6
1
( c
S I ; S I
1 C 2 C 3 SC C SH 6 C o n t
. . . . .
H 4 2 H 5 3 H T 6 3 5 4 8 T0 H1 6 . )
.1 .1 .2 X2 0.3
2 2 3 3
5 0 1 0 7 0 0 5 0
9 1 D 1 C 1 82
. . . .
0 3 6 2 78 5 1 0 0 1 7 .6 1 5
0 1 0 0 3 0 7 03
19 22 2 0 6 3 3 6 47 5
2 2 25 12 24 46
89 36 6 0 4 5 78
393
W
N P S ( c S S S S S
O
P
A
F
L . B R OE W T o T : U .8 : . R
E N O M O M . D 1 M I G p N A T ! E IA O N: l L : O K I ZT EH o 8 C C 1 1 n C H H
C C t . 1. 1. 1 1 . ) H 18 1 . 1 O 1 . 12 H 4. 2 H 6. 2 4 . 0 O 20 4. 58 .
q q
4 0 33 3 6 1 9 03 2 0 9 54
: L: ; O E ;. 5 . f 4 5 2 3 1 8 8 0 34 07 9 5 3 4 1 45
;; . 8 0 2 6
0 0 5
05
1
10 96
00 1
5
1
S 1 S 2 S S 3 XS S 4 S 6 S 8 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1
C C C C C C C C C C
. 2 H 4 . 3 H 5 . 7 3 T . 8 4 H . T 9 5 . 5 H 1 . H 17 . H 0 19 1 H 0. 2 1 H 2.
2 1 H 4. 2 1 H 6. 3
.1 2 . D2 3 . 3G 3 . 4 . 6 . 1. 3. 5. 7.
5 0 1 1 0 1 7 1 3 0 2 0 2 6 0 0 2 5 0 33 3 47 05 0 07 4 06 7 08 0
0 78 1 2 1 5 6 1 8 0 1 0 4 1 2 9 2 0 9 3 7 6 5 2 1
17 3 49 4 61 5 02 6 13 6 5 7 5 48 9 1 21 8 4 5 9
26 21 9 32 0 5 48 6 40 9 50 64 81 42
8 5 2 6 3 3 7 2 1 5 31 9 39 58 9 68 0 72
28 ~ 90 36 14 37 15 87 6 47
20
. S 1 C . S 2 SC S C H . 3 .0 . S 4 C . S 6 C
5 2 H 3 H T7 X S1 5T H 15 H 18
.2 .3 G4 .5 .6
5 0 7 0 0 9 0 1 0
1 2 D 20 32 46
1 0 2 1 5 2 0 0 2 3 3 9 2 1 C 0 8
4 43 6 19 8 75 1 33 157 6 7 2 9
27 0 40 6 50 66 50 90 43
43 4 34 0 43 5 78 87
89 10 56 1 73 8 15
SCH.80
S S S S 1 1 1 1 C C C C
1.031
1 1. 1 1 H 0 H 2 H 4 H 6
209
. 2 52 . 3 . 3
861
2. . 7. 9.
573
08 5 0 O9 054 067
431 1722 1146 1021
22
{ c o n t
. . . . .
.
2 5 3 7 3 8 14 15 )
.2 3 5 1 7 3 0
1 5
0 1
1 6 0 2 1 9 5 7 2 0
5 78 2 7 7 3 1 5
33 2 9 4 6 00
42 4 48 5 4
41 7 0
394
WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGS
N P S J O O M .P V A ) IE S I G I1 F I O P N A E I Z [ E
L1. DU w R E 1 U M , I P E I 1 4 5 1 L 9 L 0 8 0 9 0 8 1 N L S . L H K . .
R S. . R . . R .
m r ,. -..!
q
6 2 8 5
% 2 4 5 7
4 2 5 8 0
n 9 3 7 0
n
~
)c
o
n
22
. . . .
t
.
15 16 16 17
2
S S XS S S S S S S S S
1 C 2 SC 3 4 6 8 1 1 1 1 C C C C C C C C
. 2 H 6 H T9 . 3 15 . T . H 15 H 16 . . H 29 1 H. 2 H 0. 3 1 H 2. 4 1 H 4. 4 2 H
6. 5 2
.3 .4 6G .7 .8 1 . 21. 5. 8. 0. 3.
5 0 2 2 0 D 7 2 0 3 6 0 4 7 0 5 8 71 6 0 3 01 9 4 03 6 01 2 06 8 04 4
1 1 0 6 52 0 3 0 3 20 4 7 85 87 1 2 2 3
03 6 9 85 5 19 1 17 16 1 8 28 7 27 7 9 4 2
44 5 5 0 3 7 02 54 92 16 26 1 8 93 1 0 39
62 8 59 8 62 90 1 41 1 35 1 79
0 0 9 7 4
17 98 80 41 2 3 4 6 5
26
. . . . . . . .
62 83 13 14 15 15 16 16
5 7
5 1 7 0 3 1 0 3 6 5 2 6 8 8
0 2 j 5 5 7 3 2 0 2 5 8
7 4 13 J 9 16 3 9 6
01 64 9
77 8
0 5
5 5
30
. . .
99 3 119 3 158 5
6 7 9
1 7 4 0 6
1 306 2 3 5367 1 7 488 0
1 16 1
22
1
930 44 1 4 . 1235 59 1 8
2 6 5
0 0 2
395
W
150 Ibs,
S O L I
O
F
300 lbs.
S P N
S TO
U
L
V D
I
S E
P L N
1
%
2 2 2 2 4
. . 8. 1 . 1 1 . 2 .0 2 .1 3 4 5 7 2
2. 2. 2. 3.0 3. 2 4.6 71 94 1 1 . .
10 15 1 .0 15 1 10 10 10 . . .
1 .0 2 .0 3 .5 4 .5 6 .0 .0 7
2. 3. . 40 5. 0 0 7. 0 8. 10 . 0 10 . 3 . 20 . 6 . 20 . 1 . 30 . 6
. 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 2 02 3 06 40 0 50 5 80 4
2.0 3.0 4. 0 4 6. 0 7.0 7 9 8. 5
5 25 20 25 35 40 . . .
.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
1 2
1 1%
1Y2 2 2% 3
2
5 8 9
6 1 1 1
. . 10 . . 15
.1 5 02 . 0 8 . 7 6 . 7 .1 5 06 . 0 5 . .2 5 7 01 . 0
3 4 5 6 8
10
1 1 1 2 3 6
. 3 3 . 10 0 7 . 20 . 4 0 0 . 20 . 6 06 . 6 65 .0 0 . 510 0 . 11 0 22 0 3 4 5 6
7 0 9 8 19 . 30 50
1 2 2 3 2 4 5 8 1 8
6 .1 7 0 .2 7 4 2 5 .2 .4 .7 7
4 . 7 .2 0 07 . 0 6 . 8 .3 0 05 . 0 .05 0 10 0 .8 10 1 .5 30 .1 4 8 0 6 4 4 8 2
19 17 1 10 2 22 7 3 94 3 ..0
. 40 . 5 1 0 5 7 .4 . 3
8 1 7 1 0 2 7 2
10 0 . 8 5 .1 0 1 40 2 80 3 40 00 3 70 4 5 20 70 4 96 1 150 1
08
70 5 . 0 9 1 0 5 15 1 34 2 11
7 .2 0 9 1 .2 0 6 .3 1 .4 0 .4 9 .5 2 .3 .1 8 9 5 .8 7. 11
20 8
1
14
5 1 . 1 .1 14 25 27 32
8 2 9
7
3 6 2
93,0 1
254 278 324
220 72 1 2
0 280 5 1 3
0 6 3 5 9 8 9 9 5 5 8
18 120
20 22 24 26 30 155 159
2 2 3
1 1 2
325 70 2 3
34 9 4 433 1 4 9 5 1 7 8 1 5 3 6 82
260 270 375
439 1 470 4 600 1
4 4 6
I
I
396
W
O l
I P N
F
600 lbs.
S O
I
S O
J
4
L
1
L 3. 3 4 0 5 0 8. 0 . 1 0. . 10 . 2 0.5 . 1
.
O I
N P S N
G T
h %
1
l%
2 3 3 4 6
3 3 4 5 8 1 1 2 1 5 2 1 3 4 3 1 4
. . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 .0 2 3 4 6 9
2. 3. 4. 1 6 .4 8 .7 1 1
10
2 .0 .5 3 3 -0 4 .5 6 -0 8 0
. 0 0 . . 10 . 10 10 . 20 . 0 20 4 30 8
.0 2.0 . 3.0 .1 4.0 .4 6.0 8.57
10 20 25 25 35 . . .
0 5 0 5 .0
2.0 0 2.0 5 . 2.0 5 .
35 .
l% 2 V/i 3
8 1 1 2
0 . . 40
1 51 . 4 0 0 . 0 .1 5 05 . 0 9 . 8 8 . 8 .2 7 00 . 0 6 8 . 10 . 29.0 0 0 . 10 .
41.0 . 01 . 02 09 00 0 9 2 6 1 7
4 .1 9 8 .2 8 8 6 . 29.0 7 0 . 33.0 0 9 . 44.0 9
7 5 . 10 . 0 7 0 . 10 . 0 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 20 1 . 30 2 . 60 2 .80 9 090 0 50 2 1
20 9 1 2 3 8
3 4 5 6
8
2 0 1 .4 6 30 3 . 8 7 60 3 .1 7 0 .1 0 10 10 21 36 1 7 .2 0 5 .37 .51 6 .45 0
2 3 3 6
10 8 . 68.0 .2 5 3 . 86.0 0 30 .5 1. 0 7 2 7 9 0 5 19
9 1
61.0 . 510 .1
. 43 0 35 .0 06 9 8 3 1
7 3 1 1 1 2 ! 294 3 4 4 1 2 1 32 39
. 8 1 10 . 26 3 3 5 398 5 6 6 4 6 9 1 1 2
139 . 20 231 80 295 20 378 40
10
9 1
1
14
1 2
1 1 2 2
24 26 30
416
41 7 5 6 7 3 9 1 15
114 3
1 80 16 8 24 29 9 37 1 6
366
4 0 0 2 6 5 6 8 5 3 8 8
481
3 1 555 83 690 0 7 7 99 90 1 0 9 15 0 1
564
67 2 1 81 4 5 17 6 119
527
69 80 95 1 71 14 62 , 7
152
156 242 23 3 6 6 5 60 0 77 0
3 3 4 5 6 8
3 8 4 5
9
4 95 3 1
16 2 5 , 3 5 3 5 8 9 2 0 1 J
7
397
W
N P S O I I M P . Z
FLANGES
9
l
E E
W N
1
. . 1 . 1 2 4 6 7 0 4 4 6
. E O E 3
L $ CL
N
G S D T IK O
. V L U N i
6 6 7 1
7 7 8 1 1 2 3 0 4 5 6
4. 6. 9 .5 .1 8 .1 3 .2 4 .3 5 . . .
30 30 5 .
.0 6 .0 6 .5 7
0 0 . 10 0 4 . 10 0 5 . 20
. 1 0 0
1?4 2 2%? 3
1 2 3 3
. 1 0 4 . 2 0 5
z
1500 l
E D E I 3S L P ~N CL . 7 0 . 2 4. 30 7 . 0 . 6. 3 30 08 1 0 . 9 .5 10 0 . 1 8
:
D IK T
.0 .0 . .5 0 0
65
. 60 0 . 04 . . 9
20 4 . 1 3 40 4 . 2 4
.10 5 . .1 0 5 . .2 0 8 .
02
. 1 0 5 . 30 9 . 3 0 6 . 70 6 . 3 0 2 0 8 . 80 8 . 4 5 4 . 10 2 . 40 2 . 4 I
09
2 1
9 .3 2
05
3 4 5 6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
1 1 1 2 1 2 4 4 9 5 8 1 1 2 3 3 4 6 7 6 9 1 5 3 8 1 0 1 2 3 9
3 1 11 8 37 34 62 58
1 . 5 8 ~ . 25.0 0 4 . 70 I 6 .8 .433.0 07 1 0
I
. 6 0 3 10 9 .7 3 .1 3 1 9 2 0 45 2 6 7 5 9 8 2 130 . 26 3 .37 .60 13 4 12 ( 16
37 0 5 50 7 40 9 9 9 4
303 .1 ) 6 9. 7 3 4 16 11 3 4 2
0}
40 0
10 . 18 26 47 4 68 82 1 -
. 940.0 0 2 16 9 8 5 1 66 1 50
10 97 9 98 5 12 9 15 84 4
54 6 03 0 4 7 0 7 0
670 5 949 4 .040 91
199 9 299 7
1 6 361 2
.250 1335 9
. 0 ~ 1 06 27 0
1300
570
5 00
1 7 2 7 7 5 2 1 5. 2 3
1775 1 82
6 52 1650
0 5 9
00 02 00
7 0 0
9 3 0 1 2 2
39 3 0 5 5 1
3 1 2 3
21 6 8 7 5 2 0
55 5 0
30
2200 2 93
398
WEIGHT
NOM. SIZE -
OF
FLANGES
2
O E L E
l
I L C rP N ;D O Ku E L D E 3 I .L s C P L NI D K
S :
N
4
3/4 1
7 9 1
8 9 1 2 2 8
1
. . 2 3 3 5 8 2
. 1 .
30 30 0 . 6 02 . . 9 08 . 1 5 . 2 9 . 2 6 . 3 6 .
0 0 0 0 .
. . 0 0 0 . C . C . ( . (
4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 .1 0 0 .1 0 2 8 3 5 5 5 8 5
. 0. . 0. 2 . 0 1 . 0
1
1?4 2 2?4 3
1
25.C 38.( 55.( 83.(
28.0 42.C 52.C 94.(
7 . 0 7 . 0
3 4 5 6 8
IC
.27 !10 \23 185 925 300
1 2 3 5 0 6 , 1 k 5 1 5 14 24 37 57 06 40 8 6 9 0 15 20 45 66 36 24 48 36 28 68 5
0 40 30 40 20 3 3 5 3 5 4 1 8 5 2 5 2
1 1
1
20 2:
24 2( 30
399
ManufacturersStandard Gage for
S
S
This gage system replaces U.S. Standard Gage for Steel Sheets. It is based on We
ight 41.82 pounds per square foot per inch of thickness. In ordering steel sheet
s, it is advisable to
g a
g
M E S S
M E S S
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
I , . . . . I . . . . . . . . , . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .
I0 9 8 7 6 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1
I
. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. 1 1 I, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G
G S O S S T
S
Lb. per Equivalent
G S G ;
Galv.
O
Lbs. Per
Lb.
T E G S
8
1
9 1 1
12 13 14 1.5 16 17 18 19 20
1 9 8
72.5 62.5 52.5 47.5 42.5 38.5 34.5 30.5 26.5
7 60 5 5
. . 2. 2.
00 . 3 ( 0 ?1 4 ,2 8 21 5 8 .6 5 2 .4 00 . 4 42 1 2 45 .1 0 . 7 0. 8 0 4 52 1 2
15 .6 S . 1 0.5 1 3 52 1 24 85
.031467 .027127 .022786 .020616 .018446 .016710 .014974 .013238 .011502 .1084 .0
934 .0785 .0710 .0635 .0575 .0516 .0456 .0396 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
2 26 8 52 8 8 32 8 4 2 18.5 7 0
16.5 14.5 13.5 12.5 11.5 10.5 9.5 9.0
. 1 05 0 6 5 18 4. 1 . 5 0 . 3 1 2 . 69 5 0 6 . 4 0 . 7 1 0 02 2 5 3 2. 2 . 18 5
0 9 . 2 0 .8 0 3 8 1 2 5 8 0. 2 .0276 .0080295 1.15625 3 3
1.03125 .90625 .84375 .78125 .71875 .65625 .59375 .56250 .0071615 .0062934 .0058
594 .0054253 .0049913 .0045573 .0041233 .0039062 .0247 .0217 .0202 .0187 .0172 .
0157 .0142 .0134
4.53125 3.90625 3.28125 2.96875 2.65625 2.40625 2.15625 1.90625 1.65625
400
WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear
Thickness, idth In. Inches
Foot
?
. . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6
. . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 ? 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8
8 .
/.
%
%
%
15<6
1
%
% 1
. 1 1 Y1 . 1 .2 .? 2 .? 2 . 2 . 3 . . 3 . . 3 3 3 4
1 . 3 . 4 . 61
2 . 4 . 61 8 .1
25
2 . . 81 .1
63 . 26 . 89 .1 0. 1 4
13 . 3 71 4 .1 5 2 .2 .2 .3 .3 .4 .4 .5 .5 .6 .6 .7 .7 .8 .9 .9 .1 .1
7 4 . 2 4 7~ 5 . 35 . 3 81 4 9 4.1 5 . 0 1 0 1 .1 6 2 . 2 4 .2 85 2 64 . 2 8 7 .
9 9 . 2 01 2 38 . 2 92 . 3 66 . 4 39 . 4 93 67 20 94 .8 5 22 85 59 91 . 15 . 39
. 54 . 63 . 3 38 . 4 03 . 4 88 . 5 53 . 6 27 . 6 92 . 7 67 . 8 2 3 .8 16 . 9 8 1
.1 5 6 .1 2 1 .1 9 601 7011 45 11 1. 21 8. 21 5. 31 3. 41 36 51 87 02 37 53 88
03 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8
7. 8 8 . 36 . 1 73 4. 6 1.1 6 0 2. . 2 5 37. 2 9 13 . 3 3 . 3 4 7 . 99 . 3 75 .
4 50 . 5 36 . 6 02 . 7 88 . 7 64 . 8 40 . 9 16 .: 91 .1 770 [ 531 1 391 1 1. 2 1
8. 3 1 6 . 31 0 . 41 5 . 51 0 . 51 5 . 61 0 . 71 4 . 82 9 . 82 4 . 92 6 9 2 5 8
1 4 8 1 4 7 0 3 6 1 6 2 7 2 8 3 8 3 9 .4 .5 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .1 1 . 01 11 11 21 3
1 41 41 51 61 71 72 82 2 9 02 02 12 22 32 32 42 52 62 63 73 83 93 93 24 . 11 . 9
8 . 85 . 62 . 49 . 36 . 12 . 090 8 61 7. 2 5. 2 3. 5. 1. 7. 3 4 5 5
4 9 7 4 2 9
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 . 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9
.1 8 .1 9 .1 .2 .2 1 .2 .2 2 .2 .2 .3 .3 .3 .4 .4 .4 .5 .5 .5 .6 .6 .6 . 7 . 7 .
7 .7 .8 J .8 .8 .9 .9 .9 .. 4 5 7 9 0 2 3 5 7 8 0 1 3 5 6 8 9 1 3 4 6 7 9 1 .3 .
3 .4 .4 ;4 .5 .5 .5
0. % 2. 2 4. % 7. 9. 4 1. 4 3. % 5. 7. % 9. % 1. % 4.
3 . 2 65 2 0 5 . 2 89 2 6 2 2 8 . 3 92 3 8 1 . 3 05 3 33 . 4 96. 4 59 . 5 11 . 5
74. 537. 699. 652 . 4 18 4 31 5 45 5 58 6 61 6 84 7 97 7 01
. 5 78 . . 5 92 . . 6 16 . . 7 31 . 2. 7 45 , 8 69 . .8 8 3 . . 9 08 .
6 4 1 90
39 9 54 1 89 1 05 1 30 55 8. 0. 3. 5. 8. 2. 6. 1. 5. 9. 3. 8. 2. 6. 0. 5. 9. 3.
7. 2. 6. 0, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 6 .1 .2 .3
. 4 . 4 .3 5 . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9
9
6. .6 % 8. .6 % 0. .7 h .7 2.
71 5 . 8 14 7 7 7 . 8 37 8 3 0 . 9 40 8 9 3 . 9 53
23 . 9 2 2 . 8 6 .1 4 6 . 5 0 .1 6 00 14 . 1 8 50 8 801 4 101 1511 8911 4321 1 6
21 1. 21 . 31 4 9 91 1 31 3 72 5. 2
.4 .5 .6 .7
4 . 8 5 5 .1 .7% 6 . 9 1 8 .1 .8 % 8 . 9 7 1 .1 .8 % . 8 1 .1 3 3 .1 .9 .9 .1 1
. 3 .1 % 5 .1 2 7 .1 % 9 .1 8 6 .1 4 9 .1 0 10 1 01 64
6 6 .1 8 0 .1 9 3 .1 0 601 1 901 3 211 4 611 5 911
3.6 9.7 4.8 0.9 6.9 2.0 8.1 4.2 0. 5. 1. 7. 3 9 5 0 6 2 8 4 . . . . 3 3 4 5 6 7
7 8
.7 .8 .9 .0
7. 3 0. 41 9. 3 7. 5 1 1. 4 0 . 51 3. 4 4 . 61 8 2 5 9 3 6 0 4 8 1 5 9 .7 2 .7 2
.8 2 .82 .9 2 . 92 .0 2 .1 2 .1 .2 2 .2 2 . 32
.1 .2 .3 .3
0[ 1 .1 2 7 .1 % 3 .1 8 91 1 .1 % .1 % 5 .1 4 21 1 .1 80 1 0 51 1 21 7 21 0 3 31
5 31
6 221 (. 31 4. 5 1 6. 5 8 521 1. 4 1 8. 6 9 931 2. 4 0 . 31 (. 51 2 . 7 1. 41 3.
41 4. 41 5. 51 ;. :. (. (. 5 1 61 6 2 7 2 5.7 8.8 2.8 5.9 8.9 1 .0 4 .0 8 .1
9. 0 ~ 4 3. 0 2 9 8. 1 2 5 3- 2 2 0 8. 2 2 3. 3 2 7. 4 2 2. 4 2 5 1 6 1
.4 .5 .6 .7
., 2 .1 % 00 1 6 .1 4 .1 % 201 2 .1 5 .1 A 411 8 .1 7 1 611 4
.8 .8 .9 .0 . . . .
. 9 .1 .1 .1
.1 9 . 811 C 8 1 % 31 .1 0 01 % 02 1 6 . 4 1 .1 2 01 % 22 1 2 . 4 1 .1 3 01 52 1
8 . 4 1
6. 51 :. 7 2 8. 62 1 . 8 2 $. 62 4 . 8 2 (. 72 6 . 92
7. 2 7 2. : 3 2 7. 6 3 7 1. 7 3 3
9 :0 .1 .1
I
I
401
WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Foot
idth In.
5/6
8 8 9 9 9 19 9 1 .. .. ., . !1
%
5
3. 9. 5. 1 511. . 5 ~ 31 6 ~ 4. 6 ~ 5. 72 9 . 72 2 . 8~ 4 . 8 2 7. 92 0 . 92 2 .
02 5 . 0 2 83. 12 3 . 22 8 . 32 3 . 32 9 . 43 4 . 53 9 . 63 5 . 73 0 . 83 5 . 8
3 1 . 93 6 . 03 1 .
11J6
3%
6 .8 ..9 6 . .9 o .8 0 5 . .1 o.1 5.2 ).3 9.4 9.5 8.7 3.8
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7
. 1 5 0 1 7 31 . 1 6 1 1 9 31 . 1 81 1 1 31 . 1 0 1 13 4 .1 1 2 1 %5 4 1 3 21 27
4 1 4 21 %9 5 2 . 52 6 21 2 9 31 2. . 2 31 3 6 42 %. 9 42 4. 52 62 72 72
9~ 1 ~4 o2 7 12 0 12 3 z2 7 22 0 23 32 9 43 6 53 2 & 39 73 5 83 1 93 8 03 4 13 0
23 7 34 3 44 0 54 64 74 84 94 04 15 25 35 45 5 55 75 96 16 36
. 1 3 , 42 2 6 42 .o . 2~ 0 . 52 . 3Z 4J . 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3~
7 42 1 53 5 . 53 9 63 6 73 3 83 1 93 8 03 6 13 3 23 1 44 8 54 64 74 84 94 04 14
25 5 3 0 8 5 3 0 8
4. 9. 7. 3 7.
3 3 3 3
8 3 8 4
03 13 4 23 3 2
o. 5. 1. 7. 3. 9. 5. 1. 2. 4. 6. 7. 9. 1. 2. 4. 6. 7. 9. 1. 2. 4. 6. 8.
. . ,. .. 7. 3. 0. 6. 9. 2. 4. 7. 0. 3. 5. 8. 1. 4. 6. 9. 2. 5. 7. 0.
4 5 6 7
.1 1. [ . 1 Y. 1 1. 1 .1 .1 0 1 ?. 1 .[ 3. 1 .1 4. 1 .1 5. 1 01 01 11 11 11
7. 6 ~ 6. 3 . 7 ~ 8. 9 . 7 2 9. 5 . 7 22 . 7 . 8 26 9 . 9 ~1 1 . 0 25 3 . 0 ~9 .
. . . . . . . . . . .
8. 3 . 63 1 . 63 6 . 93 . 73 0 . 03 83( 4 . 03 . 93 . 03 . 23 t 23 . 34 . 54 . 6
4 . 74 . 84 . 94 . 04 . 24 . 35 . 45 . 55 . 65 . 75 . 95 4 05 .5 . 16 . 26 836 .
46 . 66 . 86 . 07 . 37 . 57 . 78 08 .. . 28 . 48 3 1 0 8 . 13 . 33 . 44 . 54
9 33 . 3 4 4 0 . 54 5 . 54 6 . 74 6 . 84 7 . 04 8 . 14
8 9 0 0
7 2 1 1 8 1 8 1 8 3 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 61 1 1 1 81 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
2 4 5 7
2 1 2 52 %. 2 1 5 52 5. 3 1 8 62 %. 3 2 . 72 6.
8 2 4 . 1 23 9 2 6 . 2 28 9 2 8 . 3 22 0 2 2 . 3 36 125 128 22 2 33 5 33 8 43 1
43 4 53 8 63 1 63 4 73 7 83 0 83 3 93 7 04 0 04 3 14 9 34 6 44 2 54 9 74 5 85 1
95 8 05 4 . 4 30 . 5 35 . 6 39 . 6 33 . 7 37 . 8 32 . 9 36 . 9 30 . 0 34 . 1 49
. 2 43 . 2 47 . 3 41 . 4 46 . 5 ~0 . 5 44 . 7 43 . 8 41 . 0 50 . 1 58 . 3 57 . 4
55 . 6 54 . 76 2
7 . 74 5 . 84 4 . 94 2 . 04 1 9 8 6 5 3 2 0 9 7 6 4 3 1 0 8 5 2 9 6 3 0 7 4 . 24
. 35 . 45 . 55 . 75 . 85 . 95 . 15 . 26 36 46 . 66 . 76 86 . 96 . 17 . 37 . 67
. 88 . 18 . 48 68. . 99 . 19
7 . 0 8 . 34 7 . 1 9 . 45 6 . 2 9 . 65 6.4 C.75 6.5 5.7 5.8 4.9 4.1 3.2 3.3 3.5
1.95 1.05 2.25 3.36 3.56 4.66 4.86 5.96
9 1 2 4
4 2 . 72 2. 01 Y 0 1 4 2 . 82 7. 1 1 4 2 . 82 %. 7 1 1 5 2 . 92 8. 5 2 . 92 2. 1
1 Y 2 2 6 2 . 02 9. 2 2 6 2 . 02 %. 9 2 2 7 2 . 12 . 32 32 32 42 42 2 42 5 ?2 52
5 6 7 7 8 9 9 0 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 72 72 82 82 92 92 0 3/ 03 13 23 33 33 43 53 63
74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 23 23 33 . 1. . 2.
6 7 9 1
. 13 7 . . 24 2 . . 34 7 . . 44 3 . . 44 8 . . 54 3 . . 64 8; . . 74 4 . . 84 9
. . 94 4 . . 04 0. . 05 5 . . 25 . 45 . 55 . 75 . 96 . 16 . 26 . 46 6. 6. 7. 8.
6. 2. 9. 5. 1. 8. 4. 1.
2 4 6 8
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
35 5 52 5C 65 7
2. 6 6. 16 5 . 2. 8 X,2 7 1 . 1 .9 .. 4 7 : . 1.0 $.5 7 4. ( .2 $ . 6 7 ( . (. 3
$.8 7 $ . $ .4 { . 9 7 : . : . 6 (. 18 1 . 8 . 9 1 . 48 4 . 7 . 1 : . 78 8 . 6.
4 4.09 1 . 6 . 7 ! .3 9 5 . 5. 0 4 .2 :.5 :.8 (.69$ . ! . 91 1 . : . 21 5 . ( .
51 8 .
3. 9 6. 8. 1. 4 4. 7. 9. 2.
1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
33 %. 43 3. 53 z. 53 4. 63 73 84 94 04 14 24 44 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 0. 1. 2.
7 . 75 5 3. 51 0 . .95 C 6 . 16 7 9. 2. 4. 7. 36 2 56 7 76 2 97 7 17 1 7 t 57 1
88 (
8. 3. 8 9. 4. C. 5. 1. 6.
8 . 56 C . $ . 77 3 3. $ . 97 5 . ( . 17 8 .
1
402
WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Poot
T
Inches
{idth In.
)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6
13 13 23 33 33 44 44 4 5 6 4 64 7 4 8 4 8 4 94 04 05 15 1 5 25 35 35 45 55 55 66
7 6 76 g6 ~6 9 6 06 0 6 16 27 27 37 47 47 57 57 84 84 94 04 14 24 34 45 45 55 6
5 75 85 95 05 06 16 26 36 46 56 56 67 77
7
%

0. 7. 3. 0. 6. 2. 9. 5. 96 1 . 06 9 . 26 8 . 36 6 . 575 . 673 . 87 2 . 97 0 . 17
9 . 28 7 . 48 6 . 58 4 . 68 3 . 88 1 . 98 0 . 19 8 . 29 7 3. 49 5 . 59 4 6. 79
2 8. 8 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 1 9 8 6
4
%
. . . . . . . . . . . .
11/6
6
?
%
1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 % 6 6 6 7 7 7
.54 .65 . 75 .8 5 .95 .0 5 .1 5 .2 5 .3 6 .4 6 .5 6 .6 6 .7 6 .8 6 .96 .1 7 .2 7
.3 7 .4 7 .5 7 .6 7 .7 8 .8 8 .9 8
3. 2 5 4. 3 5 5. 4 5 6. 5 6 7. 7 6 8. 8 6 9. 9 6 0. 1 6
6 1 77 1 97 2 17 3 27 3 48 4 68 4 88 5 98 6 18 6 39 7 49 8 69 8 89 9 99 9 . 0 1
, , 5 1 I 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5
37 57 68 88 8 0 8 2 49 9 6 89 09 1 2 1 4
1 4 6 9 2 5 7 0 3 6 8 1 4 7 9 2 5 8 0 3
. 8 . 28 . 48 . 69 . 89 . 09 . 29 1 .5 1 .7 1 .9 .1 1 .3 1 .5 1 .7 1 .9 .1
1 6 1 6 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
.7 .9 .1 .4 .6 .8 .1 .3 .5 .8 . .
1 49 8 .6 1 5 .9 1 2 .1 [ 9 .4 1 1 6. 6 1 3. 9 0. 1 7. 4. . 10 . 80 0 . 5 . 20 .
91 61 ,1 01 1 2 12 82 52 23 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1. 0. 9. 9. 8. 7. 6. . 50 . 40 . 30 21 21 11 01 92 82 72 62 53 53 13 33 54 74
1 . 81 1 3. 1 1 4. 1 1 5. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6. 8. 5. C 1 $ 4 5 6 8 5 2 1
1 1 1
1 50 80 20 51 81 21 51
2. 7 3 8 4 9 5 2 5 7 0 2 5 7 0 2 5 8 0 3 5 8 0 3 5 3 1
1. 2 6 1. 2. 3 7 8 . 3. 4 7 4. 4. 6 7 1 . 5. 7 7 7. 6. 8 7 3 . 7. 9 7 C . 8. 1 8
6 . 9. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 28 38 58 68 79 89 09 19 2. 9. 5. 2. 8. 4. 1. 7.
1 82 1 22 11 2 13 3 15 18 10 12 15 17 19 12 14 16 19 11 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6
1 .6 1 .8 1 .9 .1 1 . .3 .1 5 1 . .7 . .1 9
9. 4. 9, 40 .
1 3 90 . . 1 40 . 17 9. 1 4 41 .
14 16 1~ 11 13 15 17 19
1 .0 .1 1 .3 1 .5 1
. 1 60 . 1 81 . 1 90 .1 31 . 1 10 . 1 81 . 1 40 .1 31
8 7 - 0 8 7. 2 9 Z . 9 7 .1 8 8. 4 9 ( . 0 7 . 2 8 9. 5 1 6. ~. 1 7 - 3 89.3 0.
6 102 17 27 38 48 58 68 78 78 88 98 09 19
1 6 . 1 70 3 4 .1 82 9 1 5 .6 1 6 . 1 C1 6 1 3.8 .1 32 63 1 2 . 1 70 7 . 1 211 8
2 0 3 0 . 128 5 153 166 8 140 115 1 1 1 1 8 0 1 8 156 3 1 . 1 1 1582 3 1 S0 . 1
3 1617 3 1 90 . 1 6 1632 3 1 C0 . 1 $ 1667 3 1 11 . 1 2 1682 4 1 11 . 1 4 1717 4
1 21 1 41 2 1 1 ; 173 211 ( 1 3 411 2 1 4 4 21 4 1 K !21 $ 1 7 41 41 51 51 44 5
4 74 95 15 25 45 65 76 96 16 26
1 94 1 1 1 14 1 3 1 35 1 5
13 7 16 7 28 7
179
191 204
207 3 211 5 214 7 218 0 221 2 224 4 228 7 231 9 235 1 238 4 241 6 245 8
6 9 1 4
. 4 90.7 9 . 1. 7 1 5 . 117 .5 9 2. 9 7 . 1 f. 2 119 . 6 9 3. 0 6. 1 2. 3 121 4.
.8 9 4. 1 1 t. 5 122 .99 . 2 1 . 09 . 4 1 . 1 9 7. 5 1 .2 1 8. 6 1 .3 1 .4 1 .5
l .6 1 9. 0. 1. 2. 8 1 9 1 0 1 1 1
182 194 06 27 185 198 187 201 47 67 190 204 193 196 199 202 2057 208 7 211 8 214
8
88 207 08 210 28 214 217 58 79 220 99 223 226 19 230 39
<. 6 3. 1 124 1. 8 1. 1 126 ;. 9 0. 1 128 <. 8 0. 1 (. (. 2. !. 7 0. 1 .1 50 4c
. 1 2 0. 1
I
403
WEIGHTS OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Foot
T
?
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ; 9 9 ; 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4
4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8
8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 [ 1 1 1 1 1
546
67 77 77 88 98 98 08 18 18 28 28 38 49 49 59 69 69 79 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 0 0; 01 01 0
1 11 11 11 11 11 21 21 21 21 21 29 29 39 49 59 69 7 1 8 1 8 1 1 9 0 1 1 2 1 3 1
4 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 0 1 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
71 81 91 01 11 21 31 51 61 71 81 91 01 11 21 31 3. 3 15 4. 4 12 5. 5 18 6 . 6 15
. . . . 1 1 .0 1 9 .1 1 8 .1 1 6 .1 1 5 .1 1 3 .1 12 1 10 1 19 17 16 14 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 0 8 7 5 4 2 1 9 8 6 3 0 7 4 1 8 5 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
%
%6
1
16 16 17 18 18 19 19 10 11 11 12 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8
21 21 21 21
1 4 6 9
41 41 41 41 41 41 52 52 52 52 52 62 62 62 62 62 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 0 0 1 1
1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
9 0 2 3 5 6 8 9 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 1 2 4 5 7
52 52 52 62 62 62 62 72 72 72 72 72 82 82 82 82 82 92 92 92
472 67 2 872 972 182 382 482 682 8 9 1 3 82 92 92 92
08 28 39 59 79 99 10 30 50 70 91 11 31 51 62 82 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 7 1 5 9 3 7 0 4
8 2 6 0 3 7 1 5 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 1 1 2 2
50 233 70 236 90 239 21 242 41 245 61 249 81 252 02 255 22 258 42 261 62 265 93
268 13 271 33 274 54 277 74 281 94 284 14 287 35 290 65 293 8 2% 0 300 303 2 306
4 5 6 6 6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
11 32 52 82 02 23 53 73 94 24 44 65 95 15 35 66 8 0 3 5 7 0 2 4 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
6 9 1 4 6 9 2 4 7 9 2 4 7 9 2 4 7 0 2 5 7 0 2 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6
7 . 8 11 . 8. 9 17 . . 9 . 14 0 . 0. 10 0 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 16 0 . 13 0 .
19 0 . 16 0 . 12 0 . 18 1 . 15 1. 11 1 . 17 1. 14 1 . 1 1. 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1. 2. 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6
312 315 3 11 3 12 3 3 4 4 13 15 16 17
4 18 4 20 4 21 5 22 5 24 5 25 5 26 5 27 5 29 6 20 6 21 6 22 6 25 7 28 7 20 7 23
8 25 8 28 8 20 9 23 9 25 9 28 0 21 0 23 0 1 1 1 26 28 21 23
592 60 2 80 2 00 2 10 31 51 61 81 02 22 32 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. 41 9. . 51 . 61 :. 71 2. 81 3. 91 . ;. 1 0 0 1 6 . 0 1 8 . 10 . 12 . 1 41 . 1
61 . 1 81 . 1 01 . 1 21 . . 1 42 . 1 62 0 1 82 0 1 02 ( 0 0 0 1 23 1 43 1 63 1 8
3
31 8 42 9 4 21 4 22 4 24 42 5 2E 5 21 5 23 6 25 6 27 6 29 7 21 7 23 725 728 820
822 824 926
892 002 10 2 302 60 91 21 52 82 13 43 73 04 34 65 95 25 56 76 07 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
722 032 333 743 043 453 753 063 463 773 1 73 4 83 7 1 4 8 83 93 93 93
87 312 37 319 78 325 18 332 59 338 09 344 40 351 80 357 21 363 72 370 12 376 53
383 93 389 44 395 84 402 25 408
99 49 80 30 81 32 72 23 73 14 65 15 56 06 57 98
2 9 2 6 20 22 2M 25 27 29
I
I
404
W
ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
CIIA
3/16
C
P
1.00
.261 .315 .375 .441 .511 .587 4.00 4,25 4.50 4,75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.50
700 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 i 1.00 11.50 12.00 12.50
!m

5
318
.056 .087 .125 .170
.223 .282 .348 ,421
1T
/7116
1%
1 %6
-
A ?486 1/16
-
m
,723 .915 1.130 1 1,367 1
1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 1 1 1
T
.223 .348 .501 .681 .8W 1.126 1.391 1.683 z 2.350 2.726 3.129 3.560 4.019 4.506
5.020 5.563 6.133 6.731 7.356 8.010 9<401 ~;.: 14.24 16.07 18.02 20.08
. . . .
.08: .130 .188 .256
0 .097 1 1 2
7 0 5 1
.125 .196 .282 .383
.139 0 .217 9 .313 6 .426 3
.153 .239 .344 .468
.556 .612 .668 .704 .774 .845 .869 .956 1.043 1.052 1.157 1.262
:
.626 .734 .852 .978
. 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 . 1 .
1 1 8 1 . 1 1 . 01 1 . 11 1 2 2 2 . . . . 32 52 62 82
. 1.252 . 01 . 0 81.469 . 11 2 . 1 1.704 2. 3 1 9 . 3 1.956 7 . 52 6 . , . . 52.
225 3. 7 2 5 72.512 0. 0 2 5 92.816 9. 2 3 7 1 3.138 8. 5 3 9
1.627 11 0 2 1 3 11 7 8 1.910 2 5 2 52 6 2 2.215 3 3 72 6 9 2.542 6 4 3
6 2 3 0
1 2 2 2
.668 .890 .754 ! .005 .845 1.126 .941 1.255
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 ; 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 8
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 2
. . . .
5 0 2.670 8 8 7 2 3.014 0 8 0 5 3.379 5 1 3 8 3.765 1 6 6 1 4.172 8 4 34 4.600 6
3 4 7 5.048 6 5 9 1 5.517 7 8
2.893 0 0 3.265 6 9 3.661 3 3 4.079 2 0 4,520 2 1 4,983 5 6 5.469 8 5 5.977 3 8
6.508 7.638 8.858 10.16 [1.57 13.06 14.64 16.31 18.07 19.93 21.87 23.93
3 3 1 3 4 4 4. 9 0 6 8
5 5 6 6
1.738 1.916 2.103 2.299 2.503 2.938 3.407 3.911
4 5 5 6
2 2 2 2
3 3 4 4
2 . 2. 2 . 3 .
3 4 4 5
2 . 03 . 4 3.477 8. 7 3 3 33 . 3 0 . 6 3.833 .+ 0 4 8 3 . 53 . 9 4,207 2. 3 4 4
3 . 74 . 2 4.598 5. 6 5 1
4 4 5 6 4 5 6 7
5.006 5.875 6.814 7.822
5.507 ; 6.463 7.496 8 8.605 9
1 1 1 1
7 $ 9
1 1 1 ; 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6.00: 6.51 7.05 3 7.60 3 8.17 4 8.71 ; 9.38 10.02 5
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69 3 9 2 0 1 4 0 4 7 0 7 0 1 9 2 1 2 5 1 5 8 2 8 0 2 1 3 2 4 6 2 7 8 3 1 1 3 4 4
3 8 7 4 14 3 5 2 4 9 5 5 2 8 5 6 0 5 0 3 6 4 6 6 9 9 6 3 2 7 7 5 7 2 7 7 6 0 8
1 3 8 5 6 8 90 9 5 2 9 0 5 9 5 8 0 1 0 5 3 0 0 6 1 1 6 9 1 2 1
410
W
.LL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
DIA
C
5/16
P
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I I
/ ~ 8 2 5 1095 1460 1 2 2 12!320 53285 9 3650 54 1102 1469 1 8 6 2 2 2 5 74 2938
3 33050 3672 1108 1478 1 2 2 2 53325 1 3695 84 8 7 29564 1 1 5 1487 1 2 2 63346
3 3718 04 1 8 5 9 ---- 22974 4 9 2992 4 1 61 4 6 1 2 2618 2 3366 4 0 3010 1 41 5
! 53 16 2 2634 9 3387 4 1 61 5 43 5 1 3029 1 3 2650 6 3407 4 i 2 3047 1 51 5t 43
16 4 2666 3 3428 4 6 3 3066 1 6 5 33 p ! 3449 G 2682 4 23 6 1 6 5 M 43084 3470
2699 4 1 6 1 5 13 1 6 4 3491 7 53103 2715 T 1 6 1 1 1 17 11 1 51 72 % 91 62 031
53 171 43 3 11 3 9 1 1 1 5 7 1 2 9 2 7 3 3 7 6 7 5 1 4 3 0 3 2 5 4 1 6 1 1 8 1 8
5 2 9 2% 7 3 3 5 7 7 6 1 6 3 9 3 4 5 4 1 1 61 5 9 1 2 9 2 9 8 3 3 2 8 7 8 1 8 3
9 3 6 5 4 f 9 16 1 91 5 2 2 i 9 3 9 1 9 97 3 9 1 3 8 3 8~ 5 1 1 72 6 8 4 9 3 6
2 2 0 2 0 0 4 8 1 14 2 0 0 1 7 1 2 1 7 2 0 6 0 2 3 3 2 4 1 2 2% 1 4 8 2 34 1 1 7
2 6 2 7 3 0 2 4 3 2 2 1 2 4 8 4 44 2 0 3 1 7 1 2 2 6 2 1 6 0 4 4 5 2 2% 3 43 7 8
52 64 1 1 7 2 6 3 6 3 4 2 78 4 G 2 4 6 2 02 2 4 58 1 7 1 2 2 2 62 4 0 6 3 1 3 4
9 2 % 54 8 58 94 1 1 72 6 3 9 3 4 1 2 4 2 3 6 4 9 5 9 14 2 0 8 7 !2 5 1 1 3 2 6
4 3 6 3 4 3 2A 7 5 9 1 34 2 0 9 3 3 3 544 z 1 1 72 6 2 6 5 2 m 4 2 12 4 8 09 3
0 3 4 7 1 7 1 2 7 4 2 2G 9 5 9 4 64 2 4 6 1 1 4 4 1278 7 1704 2129 5 2555 2981 -
3407 3t 4 1 7 1 2 2 5 7 2 8 1 2% 1 5 3 5 4 9 3 3 7 4 8 8 2 9 5 61 12 i 17 ] 22 1
1 5 4 79 5 85 12 301 2 15 1 3 3 444 36 4 4 B 4 4 17 1 73 7 0 2 2 1 3 - 4 6 3 7 7
03 3 1 4 4 8 59 4 17 1 73 7 ? 1 2 2 1 3 4 5 6 3 4 9 0 2 5 6 3 3 4 1 9 1 1 7 3 7
2 2 2 6 2 8 4 63 4 2 0 13 32 5 4 0 31 8 9
J/4
ZE
%
3/16
I
2
I 15/16 I
1
I
TT
1443 1451 1459 1467
I
0 4380 50 4 4 3 10 7 60 4 1 20 4 1 4 1 7 4 1 7 4 1 8 4 8 4 2 8 5 2 8 5 + 15 01 2
24 1 11 6 5 4 4 7 9 3 3 5 9 5 9 5 3 4 4 5 3 7 9 7 3 4 0 5 4 i 7 9 9 95 4 34 0 1
1 5 4 04 3 0 6 5 4 64 5 0 0 5 5 04 3 4 47 9 4 05 8 5 1 14 755 3 4 35 3 1 7 5 4
1 5 06 2 5 6 6 = 7* 6 8 2 5 46 1 : 25 6 5 0 2 55 8 17 1 m 5 83 7 7 5 5 3 9 7 5 5
02 4 8 3 8 5 5 7 9 0 3 4 4 42 4 6
m m p
7 4 5 1 1 0 5 4 5 5 7 7 5 15 9 4 3 5 5 6 8 0 5 1 7 5 5 5 4 8 8 3 5 25 9 0 5 5 1
4 8 6 5 2 3 x 3 65 8 9 6 5 326 9 6 6 85 9 2 5 63 6 0 6 5 9 05 9 5 3 5 93 7 6 0 3
5 E 9 2m 8 3 6 4 55 5 53 7 0 1 6 1 9 6 75 5 84 8 6 6 0 4 3 1 481 2 5 214 91 6 25
1 0 5 8 75 2 0 7 1 0 2 1 5 2 1 5 5 4 6 7 0 8 9 9 47 4 a 5 4 1 5 83 5 6 3 3 9 2
7 7 6 7 6 5 5 1 5 2 56 9 6 9 6 6 7 96 4 9 6 9 61 5 5 9 9 5 5 8 2 26 1 3 1 5 6 9
0 ~ 2 2 4 8 5 1 6 3 0 4 4 6 7 2 5 5 6 6 7 6 6 1 9 8 86 3 0 3 6 2 8 5 6 9 8 6 006
9 1 2 3 1 99 ~ 6 1 3 7 19 3 4 2 5 53 27 6 6 86 2 0 39 5 7 9 9 9 4 7 8 6 2 2 2 0
6 5 8 4 1 0 5 6 6 2 9 8 0 2 3 4 4 5 8 6 36 6 13 8= 5:6 5 6 8;3 8 3 0 5 8 9 1 2
6 53 51 1 8 6 91 5 9 6 6 4 6 5 21 9 9 5 6 3 2 4 0 7 41 = 84 a 1 7 36 8 6 9 0 6 2
4 6 6 06 5 6 6 3 1 9 9 3 9 6 7 5 9 : 1 ; 6 6 2 26 2 8 5 5 6 1 5 2 6 9 2 57 0 8
5 8 3 % 8 4 7 G 5 0 6 6 7 6 6
G
5792 6238 6684 7129
I
181
] 1367I 1822 i 2278I 2734 I 3189 I 3645 I 4100 I 4556 I 5011
*
186 186Y? 187 187X 188 188X 189 189fi
1 1 1 1
1924 1935 1945 1956 1966 1977 1987 +1998
2406 2418 2431 2444 4 2458 4 2471 2484 4 4 2497
2887 3368 2902 3386 2918 3404 2933 3422 2949 7 3441 2965 8 3459 2981 9 3477 2996
9 3496
5 2 0 8
+
5 9 9 3 1 6 4 i -9 2 1 6 9 9
$
411
W
ILL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES DIA
K 3/16 A 5/16 ~% 7/16
C
P
WEIGHTS IN POUNOS
/2
/16
5/8
/16
3A
3/16
~8
5/16
1
4
1
2
W
W
Length
U
Inches
B
u a et h a D i e a rh n xn d ie ap a o Bm i eI
% %
s
i qh
ug s o p o d1u t n t o ne 1 8 1 4 6 9 2 5 8 1 4 7 0 3 6 9 2 5 8 1 4 rc l
n
es d 0 n s n s
h f te
%
Y2
9
2 1 8 2 47 1 2 54 5 2 62 9 3 3 3 3 79 97 0. 1. 3 6 0 4 7 1 5 9 2 6 0 3 7 1 4 8
2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 ; 0 0 0 1 1 1
6 6 7 8 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. 3 1 . 7 1 . 0 1 . 3 1 . 1 . 20 21 ; 2 2 23 24 2 2 3 3 7 0 4 7 0 4 7 0
3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9
4 1 5 . 1 7 . 7 6 9 . 3 7 1 . 9 7 3 . 5 7 5 .5 8 7 .3 8 9 1 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2
4 6 8 0 2 5 7 9 1 5 9 3 .0 9 8 9 :5 9 .3 1 . 1 . 1 . 61 . 31 . 1 . ;1 . 61 .4 1
.1 ; .7 .5 1 3 1 .0 1 .8 ; .5 .3 1 .0 1 .6 1 1 1 :6 1 . 2 . ; . . 12 . 212 . 12
. 22 . 22 32 . 32 . 42 . 42 . 43
. 2 . 6 .
7 .
3 : . 4 . 4 5. 4 7. 4 4 8 7 59 1 .5 1 4 .5 2
9 5 5 . 0 . 3 9 . 5 . 8 . 1 44 0 . 4 1 . 0 9: .5 ~ 1 . 1 206 0 . 6 . 1 .7 1 2 21
3 16 . 2 221 26 . ;1 0 . 8 1 . 2 229 47 . 1 4 .9 1 . 3 , 91 8 . 0 1 2 237 58 01
4 . 21 .1 2 246 3 8 01 4 , 61 .2 3 254 7 9 1; 5 . 3 3 262 1 : . 91 1 5 . 3 3 271
5 . 31 12 91 6 . 61 . 4 32 . . 0 . 1 9 7 . 5 9 0 . 81 4 , 11 7 . 51 2 . 81 6 1
8 6 3 . . . . 91 31 61 01 31 401 ;01 2 0 2 40 2 81 2 11 2 51 2 82 2 ;2 2 3 2 93
2 64 2 35 2 05 3 76 3;3 03 3 78 48 3 9 . 3 8 0: 5 0 2 13 14 9 . . . . 22 5 22 6
32 7 32 8 6 32 7 42 7 4; 4 8 8 43 09 3 3 ; 0 6 0 9 1 2 2 5 2 8 3 3 3 3 32 72 13
64 :4 5 8 76 16 67 :8 8 89 20 01 93 74 55 ;7 8 09 81 62 43 35 16 97 7 ; 6 0
. . . .
4 9 4 9
4 9 5 0
5 1 6 2
. ; . 9 . 2 . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 . .
3 7 53 3 1 :5 5 3 4 .6 6 30 7 6 8. 31 1 6 9. 41 ; 6 0. 6; . : 2 7 . : 3 74. 4 .
4 75. . 4 4 77. 4 .5 78. .6 4 89. 4 .7 8; . ; 8 8 . 0 9 7. 51 6 6 6 6 79 7 7 7 8
8 8 9 9 I 90 \: 3 6 1 8 1 1 % 1 1 % 1. 4 6 9
7 2 8 3
2 9 :1 1 11 41 71 01 41 1 7 1 1 1
7 . . . . . . , . . . . . .
~2 . 9 72 429 7 52 8 52 9 :2 0 12 62 2 73 3 83 5 83 7 93 03 1 ; 3 2 3 03 3 53 4
94 4 35 4 76 4 17 4 57 4 08 ; 49
8 3
4
9 4 0 5
33.1
34.6 36.2 37.7
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 1
Per Inch \dditional
N
1 8 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 .1
1 3 3 4 : 7 5 3 6 4 9 7 ; 5 8 1 9 : 7 3 0 : 1 2 2 3 8 4 5 5 5 5
1 1 2 3
4 4 5 6
3
6 7 8 9
1 % 1 4 1 7 1 0 % 61 2 .8 A
1
R
3
S
.5
B
0. 1 2 n Si f
4 5 5 0; 6 6 6 29 6 80 6 80 5 42 6 . 4 2 1 , 1 3
9
2
42 2 7. 5 3
B 8 a
.i nHn u Ae i NI sx 2 h da B1u t e 8.2. gsd o
t n
This table conforms
to
413
W
O
NOZZLES
W A W i ( N eN l tF d Sa el i h R aen I i c n n g P nf g ok r c e ia n d g fT Q
a R ue b o f i el r ec n r c k e )
S
1 2 3 4 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
CLASS 150
Y 6 9 1 2 4 6 9 1 1 2 3 4 5
300 11 2 12 25
4 7 1 1 0 2 32 264 316 63 8 72 0 1 84
600 13 15
4 6 6 5 1 5 1 5 1 4 5 2 25 3 85 5 75 6 11 9 108 1 9 3
900
1 2 4 7 0 120 0 27 5 38 0 56 5 71 0 99 0 1 3 3 8 2 1 4 6 8 3 1 1 0
1500 18
3 7 0 0 1 250 365 675 955 75 65 5 7 5 9 5 4
1
NOZZLES
for Quick Reference)
S
3 4 6 8
C
150
2 4 7 1 1 2 2 4 5 7 1
300
4 6 1 11 26 44 59 84 1 4 1 0 1 S
%
6
6 5 1 2 22 1 39 0 5 75 6 05 8 26 100 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 8
900 771 1 07 2 00 4 11 2 6 1 4 96 1 1 9 1 0 2 0 2 0 5 5
N
1500
1 12 36 65 1 6 1 6 0 0 0 9 G 2 6 2 8 1 S 3 1.4 3 3 1. 9 6 1. 7 0 18 . 3 3 4 5 9
0 1 6 4 6 0 3 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4
1 6 5 4 7 3
0
0
0 2 8
3 6 1 9
C
1
RC E O
U W P EL D I
2
3 6
l l
00 00
00 . 01 .
02 .0 05 .2
b b
5.2 4 0.4
46.3 1.7 0
. 3 0 57
414
WEIGHTS OF PACKING
P S C % % % % ~ x x 1 1 l l l 2 3 3 4 T T S d 3 c o ah n f d et 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 %
6 n tr e s e ae cl o d hi n t o ei m t rc U aa eS t S l ut r ho e C n e w f ea 4
5 5 6 6 5 I E oP Cu Fnu e d bo s i o r c t R Z A S R EC H I I G N P RG A I I L
N N TL A C A R B AM R B N R C I E C L AO S N I C A EO R B S E L T S A T L T OP E
N 1 9 7 1 6 5 9 3 7 6 4 % % 2 2 x 3 3 6 3 6 1 7 2 7 5 4 4 7 3 . . 4 3 2 45 2 2
2 3 8 3 2 3 6 0 3 4 3 0 1 5 3 4 5 2 2 2 4 9 1 2 9 4 1 4 . 4 67 5 7 . 4 05 7 4 .
4 72 7 6 5 5 4
w e o h ic 1t C 0e
g a s h ri e t t p bse e ro cf o e n e o n tm lt a e g n h S e t t aa e ilf n rs
l o1 5e p A 2 % l pl 0 u,e 3 m r % M i n 7 o ,o u N m%ni 1 ce , 1k l e 5r
WEIGHTS OF INSULATION
P C A LS C I O L I PU C N IU C M A U FD E T S BO E 1 I R OC 2 T .
FOAMGLASS
M G F F w m e O I L F A M NW E A I G L RO A B S A S LO S E S R L
9.0
8 4 8 h o o t iet v . . 1
c h od a eo s i j e a g
n eo i v c s r ae a il 8 s g t st n d e w 0h f e l we i d cg % hs c aha k t et a
lt b i f n s n m , ho go ri s b d t ee u d r e
sc e
.
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES METALS 62F. N-octane ............................0,70fjrl Sulp
hordioxide ............................ z.z50 Aluminum .........................
..... 2.70 Cyclopentane .....................0.7501 Water vapor ................
................. ().fjz3 Antimony ............................. 6.618 Methylcyc
lopentane ..........0 .7536 SOLIDS Barium ...,,.,,..,,..,,.,,,,,,,,,,.,.,..,,. 3
,78 Cyclohexane .........,...........,0,7834 MISCELL~NENJS Bismuth ..... .......
................... 9,781 Methylcyclohexane ...........0 .7740 2 Boron .........
..........................2.535 Benzene ..............................0.8844 Asb
estos..................................
B 8 r 7 6 5 r9 C 2a C 3O C 4O C 5O C o1
A s p............................... h a l t , u m . . s . .0 . . s . . Toulene.
.........,......,,.,.,,.......O.87l8 . . :Z. . . 0. 8 , ,. 6 0 .................
.....,..!, B o r ............. a x H . . . . . . . .Z . . . . . 0. 8 , , . 4 4 L
I 6 Q F U I 2 D S c . m.k B c r o .......................... i m o, . . . . ..
. Z . . . . 0 . 3. , . .. 8 6 A . . A.c 0 i0i Brick, c fire.....................
............ d H . . . . .. . Z . . ........................... 2. , e . .. c 8
t 1.06 l c o m h . . e.o. .r8 .l cB . . ,i . ha.r . ............................
... l 8. i. .a 0 c k3 r , 2.o B . n. . .z0. . .. e . . A. : .T . . 0 .c7 ., . o
, . .8 m A l p c o u h o l r , e ......................... 0 B . p r r i 7 e c s
9 k s e , ....................... 2,2 Cadmium............................... S,
648 C a .................................. l c i 1 u ~m . . ~ 5 0 0~ ~ 4 . . ~
o . ~ .~ ~ o~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ t [1~~ . ~ . .3 C h ............................... r o m
i6 u m . .................................. 9 Bromine . .......................
.......... 2 C . eP ; r m t l a9 nd e ( s en t )j :7: lt : : j ;, j j Cobalt....
................................ 8.71 a a cr i d , ,b ....o . . . . .0 l. , , .
i. . C , .c . . .,. . . ...h .. . , . . . , 9 ..a . . . . . . . . . .2 l, 6 , .
. . , . . .k ,,.. Copper................................... 8.89 C C d a i s u l
r p h i d b e , . . 1 . . o . . . . Charcoal,,....,,...,.......,........,...,,.
. . n . , . . . . . 2 0 6 Gold....................................... 19.3 o n
- s 0 e i e C d .a n o tl....................... 9h a r a 1 l3c i , t Iridium...
.............................. 22.42 C o t to ...................... s .t 7u .h
l u r r ,i c .................... Coal,bituminous ..................... 1.3 I -
c a s tr, . . . , ,7. .o. . . . .0, . .E 3. n, . -. 7p e 3 h 0.72 ..............
..................... 2.2 I -w r r . , o .7 ,o u. , 8 g . .Fluoricacid 0n h, - ,
t 7 . ........................... . , , 9 0 1.50 Concrete G a s o l i n e .....
........................... 0.70 Earth,dry................................. 1.2
Lead................................... 11.342 K e .............................
... o 4s e 0 1 n E e .wa e t , . . , ,r .. 8. , . . . t . . . . . .1.0 h . . , ,
. . . .,. . , Magnesium,.,,..,...,..............., 1 . 7r L i o n s e i e d l .
........................... 0.94 Emery ....................................... 4
.0 M a n ............................... g a n e 7 s e , 3 l ,. n .1 .), ,3 . .0
. .6. a . . .G . . .l . . ........................................ . . . ,l 9a 2
s2 s M e( Fr . . c . 6. . u . . . . r ,8 . M . y . . 5 . io . i. 4, ,e, . . . .
r . .. . . . a. . . .t 1 . .2 , . i. , G , .c .,, . .r .........................
............ .., a 2n i 2 0t e M o l .......................... y b d e 1 n u M
m 0u a c ird , . i a ................................. p h t 0.76 h Gypsum a ...
................................. 2.4 Nickel....................................
.. 8.8 N NitricAcid ............................ 1.50 Ice ......................
...................... 0.9 P l .............................. a t i n2 u 1 m , 3
7 l i i 0 v I e s.l a gl, , . r 9, . . . . . , .o n, . . . .,..., . , , .2 .2 ,
........ P o t............................ a s s 0i u O .m o ...................
............. 8 7 0 Palmoil ................................. 0,97 Limestone . .
.............................. 2,6 S ....................... i l 1 v0 . e 4 2 r-
1 0 . 5 3 e to 7......................... r o1 l 2 e 0 i u Mm . . . a . , , . .
l. . .r.8 , . , . . .b , . . . , .2.2 .l. . . . , . .e ,... S ..................
.............0 o d i u , Pm 9 p h c o 1 r iM i c . a ...........................
........ s d 7o n 28r y Steel ....... .............. ... ........... 7.85 P h o
a s .................... 0.92 T a ................................. n t a l 1 u
Rapeoil m 6 ................................. . 6 Mica..........................
............... 2.8 1,84 Mortar...................................... 1.5 T e ..
.............................. l l u r i 6 u Sulphuric m . acid ................
....... 2 5 Tin,.........,,..............,...,..,,....... 7 . . : + < 2. ; .
ow . .ho o 0 sc :p. . h . o . 1r0 u s e . n ,......... . t. 0, i ,5 . nP . e
l , o .P . a, ........................ 8s a t 1 r 7e r i T i ...................
................ t a n i 4 u Tm u r o .pd d Vinegar Quartz......................
................ 2,6 T u ....n ................ g 1 s -t e 8 1 n ...............
.................... 9. . 6 1,08 1 . . , , . . . . . ,t, . . , , . . ,1 ,e . . .
4 . .S . . .r. ... . ya d,r . . . . . . . .0 . .n ..,,...,.d 1 . .0 , . . . , .
. ,,, , , Uranium ................................. 18.7 W . . . . . a W s a ..
............................. t e e 1 r S , . w a . a , . . . , , 0 , . n . . ,
, . e . , , 2 d . 3 . , , . . , , ,. . , V a ................................. n
a d i 5.6 u m ................................ 2.3 Z ..........................
... i 7 n . 0 Whaleoil 4 c - ............................... 7 . 1 6 0,92 Sandst
one Slate......................................... 2.8
GASSES32F, HYDROCARBONS 60/60 F. ..................... .........2.7 ..............
................................ 1.ON Soapstone Ethane .........................
.......0.3564 Air.. Sulphur ....................................2.0 Propane .,,.
..,,,,..,,..,,,.,,0 .5077,, O.5O77cetYene ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ 09
20 ~~~bituminous ........................ ~.~ N-butane .........................
...0.5844 ........................................... .
I s o ..........................0 - b u t a N - p ..........................0 e
n t a [ s o ............. p e ..........0 n t a N - ............................
0 h e x a .n e n . e . nC e n . e 5 , 6 6 ma 6 , 6 3 3 1 o .r . n ,, , o, 2 4. b
6 4
, 1 Taprock................................... 3.0 0 .0 ,x,o, , i, . , nd ,, , ,
e , . , , .% . 7 7 . 0
, . 3 - m e t h .y .1 . p. e. .n . t . a . .n6.e . . . 6. . . 0 8
9 4 2 0
i
a
,
. ., . . xa .
2 2 - d i m e t h y l b u t a n, e
,
.
2 3 - d i m e t .h y . l ..b u . t .a6 n., e . 6 . . .60 .......................
... 0 . 6 8 8 2 - m e t h . .y . l. h . .e .. x . .a . n6 . e . . . ., 8. . , 0
3
. N . o
x, , . .5 , . ,y ,,... , , . .2 , , ,e , , . , , . . ,n ,,,...,, l - d i m e t h
y l c y c0 lopen . tO ane 7 .. 9. , ,g
416
V
I.D. of Vessel
S
A
H
2:1 ELLIP. HEAD*
Cylindrical S1-iELL/LIN.FT.
w o t
.
f
in. 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 1
02 108 114 120 126 132 138 144
Cu.Ft. 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.6 6.3 7.1 7.9 8.7 9.6 12.6 15.9
19.6 23.8 28.3 33.2 38.5 44.2 50.3 56.7 63.6 70.9 78.5 86.6 95.0 103.9 113.1
Gal. 5.9 8.0 10.4 13.2 16.3 19.7 23.5 27.6 32.0 36.7 41.8 47.2 52.9 58.9 65.3 72
.0 94.0 119.0 146.9 177.7 211.5 248.2 287.9 330.5 376.0 424.4 475.9 530.2 587.5
647.7 710.9 777.0 846.0
Bbl. 0.14 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.39 0.47 0.56 0.66 0.76 0.87 0.99 1.12 1.26 1.40 1.55
1.71 2.24 2.83 3.50 4.23 5.04 5.91 6.85 7.87 8.95 1o.11 11.33 12.62 13.99 15.42
16.93 18.50 20.14
Water lb. 49 67 87 110 136 165 196 230 267 306 349 394 441 492 545 601 784 993 1
226 1483 1765 2071 2402 2758 3138 3542 3971 4425 4903 5405 5932 6484 7060
Cu.Ft. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.2 4.8 5.6 8.4 11.9
16.3 21.8 28.3 35.9 44.9 55,2 67.0 80.3 95.4 112.2 130,9 151.5 174.2 190.1 226.2
Gal. 0.98 1.55 2.32 3.30 4.53 6.03 7.83 9.96 12.44 15.30 18.57 22.27 26.47 31.09
36.27 41.98 62.67 89.23 122.4 162.9 211.5 268.9 335.9 413.1 501.3 601.4 713.8 8
39.5 979.2 1134 1303 1489 1692
Bbl. 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.19 0.24 0.30 0.36 0.44 0.53 0.63 0.74 0.86
1.00 1.49 2.12 2.91 3.88 5.04 6.40 8.00 9.84 11.94 14.32 17.00 20.00 23.31 27.00
31.03 35.46 40.29
w
o
Water lb. 8.17 12.98 19.37 27.58 37.83 50.35 65.37 83.11 103.8 127.7 155.0 185.9
220.1 259.5 302.6 350.4 523.0 744.6 1021 1360 1765 2244 2802 3447 4184 5018 595
7 7006 8171 9459 10876 12428 14120
t
*vo]ume within the straightflangeis not included
71
7 I
V
I . A
S
DF &D. . M S HEAD* E
A
H
HEMIS.HEAD* G-d. 1.96 1
3.11 4,64 6.61 9.07 12.07 15.67 19.92 24.88 30.60 37.14 44.54 52.88 62.19 72.53
83.97 125.3 178.5 244.8 325.8 423.0 537.8 671.7 826.2 1003 1203 1428 1679 1958 2
267 2607 2978 3384
of Vessel !, i Cu.Ft.
i
n
Gal.
0.58 0.94 1.45 2.04 2.80 3.78 4.86 6.14 8.21 9.70 12.30 14.10 16.10 20.60 23.00
27.50 38.30 54.60 75.40 101 132 167 213 266 318 390 456 551 631 728 813 950 1106
Bbl.
. 0
wt. of Water
lb.
Cu.Ft. 0.26 0
0.42 0.62 0.88 1.21 1.61 2.09 2.66 3.33 4.09 4.96 5.95 7.07 8.31 9.70 11.22 16.7
6 23.86 32.73 43.56 56.55 71.90 89.80 110.4 134.0 160.8 190.9 224.5 261.8 303.1
348.5 398.2 452.4
13bl. 0.05
0.07 0.11 0.16 0.22 0.29 0.37 0.47 0.59 0.73 0.88 1.06 1.26 1.48 1.73 2.00 2.98
4.25 5.83 7.76 10.07 12.80 16.00 19.67 23.87 28.63 34.00 39.98 46.63 53.98 62.06
70.91 80.57
wt. of Water
lb.
12 ~
~~
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114
120 126 132 138 144
0.08 0.12 0.19 ~ 0.27 I 0.37 0.50 0.65 0.82 1.10 1.30 1.64 1.88 2.15 2.75 3.07 3
.68 5.12 7.30 10.08 13.54 ] 17.65 22.32 28.47 35.56 42.51 52.14 60.96 73.66 84.3
5 97.32 108.7 127.0 147.9
i
4.83 .
7.83 12.08 17.00 28.33 31.49 40.49 51.15 68.40 80.81 102.5 117.5 134.1 171.6 191
.6 229.1 319.1 454.9 628.2 843.9 1100 1391 1775 2216 2649 3249 3799 4590 5257 60
65 6773 7915 9214
s
16.34
25.95 38.74 55.16 75.66 100.7 130.7 166.2 207.6 255.4 309.9 371.7 441.2 519.0 60
5.3 700.7 1046 1489 2043 2719 3530 4488 5606 6895 8368 10037 11914 14012 16343 1
8919 21752 24856 28241
0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.38 0.49 0.55 0.65 0.91
1.30 1.80 2.41 3.14 3.98 5.07 6.33 7.57 9.29 10.86 13.12 15.02 17.33 19.36 22.62
26.33
*VO1umewithin the
flange k not included
418
PARTIALVOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS t t o Partialvolumesof horizontalcylinder
equalstotal volumex coefficient (found from tablebelow)
3 EXAMPLE E HORIZONTAL CYLINDER D = 10 ft., Oin. H = 2.75 ft. L =60 ft., Oin. TOTA
LVOLUME:0.7854 x D2 x L Find the partialvolumeof the cylindricalshell Totalvolum
e: 0.7854 x 102x60= 4712.4 cu. ft. Coefficientfrom table: H/D= 2.75/10= .275 Ref
er to the first two figures (.27) in the column headed (HID) in the table below.
Proceed to the right until the coefficient is found under the column headed (5)
which is the third digit. The coefficient of 0.275 is found to be .223507 Total
volumex coefficient= partial volume 4712.4 X .223507 = 1053.25CU.ft. cu. ft. mu
ltipliedby 7.480519 = U. S. Gallon cu. ft. multipliedby 28.317016 = Liter COEFFI
CIENTS H/D
.00
O
.000ooo .001692 .004773 .00s742 .013417 .018692 .o~4496 .030772 .037478 .044579
.052044 .0598!50 .067972 .076393 .085094 .094061 .103275 ,112728 .122403 .132290
,lh~~ig .152659 .163120 .173753 .1845.50
1
2
.000151 .oo~223 .005503 .009625 .014427
3
4
5
6
7
8
.001212 .004077 .007886 .012432 .017593
9
.001445 .004421 .008310 .012920 .018141 .023894 .030124 .036789 .043852 .051283
.059054 .067147 .075539 .084212 .093153 .102343 .111773 .121425 .131292 .141361
.04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
.000429 .000600 .002800 .006267 .010534 .015459 .02095.5 .026952 .033405 .040273
.047523 .055126 .063062 .071307 .079841 .088650 .055905 .063872 .072147 .080709
.089545 .098638 .107973 .1.17538 .127321 .137310 .099560 .108920 .118506 .12831
O .138320 .100486 .109869 .119477 .129302 .139332 .022115 .028208 .034747 .04169
4 .049017 .022703 .028842 .035423 .O4241O .049768
.019813 .0203g2 ,025715 .026331 .032081 .032740 .038867 .039569 .046043 .046782
.053579 .061449 .069633 .078112 .086866 .104211 .113686 .123382 .133291 .143398
.153697 .164176 .174825 .l&5639 .095884 .105147 .114646 .124364 .134292 .144419
.154737 .165233 .175900 .186729 ,054351 .062253 .070469 .078975 .087756 .096799
.1060.s7 .115607 .12.5347 .135296 .145443 .155779 .166292 .176976 .187820 .19881
4
.023296 .029481 .036104 .043129 .050524 .058262 .066323 .074686 .083332 .092246
.101414 .110820 .120450 .130296 .140345
.10
.15 .16 .17 .18 .19 .21 ,,22 .23 .24 .25
.20
.146468 .147494 .148524 .149554 .156822 .157867 .1.58915 .159963 .167353 .168416
,169480 .170546 .178053 179131 .180212 .181294 .188912 190007 .191102 .192200 .
199922 .201031 .202141 .203253
.19.5501 .196604 .197709
.30
.31
.2.52315 .253483 .254652 .264039 .265218 .266397
.255822 ,267578
,256992 ,25fj165 .259338 ,260512 .z68760 ,269942 .271126 .272310
.261687 .262863 .273495 .274682
419 PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)
H/D O
1 .277058 .WvW2 .301O2I .35 .36 .37 .38 .39 .311918 .3YI104 .336363 .348690 .:16
1082 .313134 ,:3~532~ .349926 .362325 .:{74778 .3872X? .399834 ,41~42fj ,4~,5(j5~
.437712 .450394 .463096 .475814 .488542 .50 .51 .mOOOo .501274
. . . .
.
4
5
6
7
8
9
.2~()&?7 .2S1820
.283013 .284207 .294995 .296198 .307068 .3082S0 ,319219 .3314.51 .343751 .3.56119
.308545 ,:]8102+ .393.553 .406125 .418736 .43137s .444050 .%)6741 .469453 .48217
6 .494906 ,507640 ,5~o~69 ..533090 ,345799 ,558486 .571154 .583789 .596392 .6089
56 ,~~147(-j .320439 .332678 .3449%5 .357359 .3697!)0 .382274 .394S08 .407:384 .
+19998 .4:12645 .445318 .458012 .470725 .483449 .496179 ..508913 .,521642 .53436
2 .547068 .559754 .572418 .585051 .597650 .610210 ,622725 .63.518!) .647598 .659
946 .672226 .684434 .696562 .708610 .74417X
.7.5.%+27
.285401 .28659/3 .297403 .2!3M5(i5 .309492 .310705 3~1660 .333905 .346220 .35859
9 .371036 .383526 .396063 .MM645 .421261 .433911 .446587 .459283 .4719!97 .48472
2 .497452 .,510186 ..522914 .53.5633 .548337 .561021 .3~~8~l .33.5134 .347455 .3
59840 .372282 ,384778 ,397320 .409904 .422.52.5 .435178 .447S57 .460554 .473269 .
4S5995 .498726 .5114.58 .524186 .536904 .549606 .562288
7
..55 .56 57 .58 .59
.5635 .55 .576212 .588835 .601423 .61397(I
.(WI ,61 .638918 .(351 310 .:: .Iii .66 .fii .(;s .(icl
6.
.630210 ,64264] .6!5501.5 .667322 .679561 .691720 . -. . .706207 .702.597 .70380
2 .714599 .71.5793 .716987 .718180 .727690 .728874 .730058 .739488 .740662 .7418
:)5 .7.511s 1 .7627X+ .~7421i .~%547 J9674? ;,~j:]$; ,763909 .77.5 :35.5 .7! Ui(
ii4 .797859 .753.506 ,76.50.59 ,776493 ,7S779,S ,708969
.70
.71 ,;~ .i94,jl i
.Tii .76 .77
.767356 77876.5 1 li900-K\ .801 1x6
.768.502
.805600 yoml .X16537 .817622 .X18706 .x~731~ ,s~~387 .8:17934 .S38987 .7X ,79 .8
47341 .84X37R .84941:1
.
.W7X(XI .S08XW4 .
.861680 .871690 .881494 .891080 .900440 .9095.57 .918419 .927089 .935313 .943312
.H62690 .872679 ,882462 .892027 .901362 .910455 ,919291 .927853 .936128 .944095
.X11(-M .812180 .819788 .R20N;9 .821947 .%23024 .S:30.520 .831584 .832647 .8:~~i
08 .841(R5 .842133 .X43178 .844221 ,%51476 .8.52506 .%5:{532 .%54557 .863698 .87
3667 .883428 .892971 .!302283 .91135o .920159 .928693 .936938 .944874 .864704 .87
4653 .884393 .893913 .903201 .912244 .921025 .929531 .937747 .945649
.813271 .814361 .825175 .835824 .846303 .856602 .866709 .876618 .886314 .895789
.90502!3 .914021 .922749 .931198 .939352 .947190 .954690 .961829 .968576
.80 .81 .82 .x3 .x4
,S57622 .867710 .877.597 .887272 .896725 .905939 .914906 .923607 ,93~0~8 .940150
.858639 .X5965.5 .868708 .869704 .87857.5 .888227 .X8918(I .897657 .8985S6 .9068
47 .!)07754 .!-)15788 .916668 .9~4~(jl .925314 ,Q~~~$~ .933677 .940946 .!)41738
.949476 .956871 ,!-363896
.90 .91 .92
.947956 .948717 .9.5.5421 .95614S .962522 .963211
.950983 .951732 .958306 .959019 .!%5253 .965927
.952477 .953218 .959727 .960431 .966.595 .967260
420 PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS COEFFICIENTS (cont.)
H
,!13 .!-)4
(
/1
2
D3
4)
5
6
7
8 .974285 .980187 .985573 .990375 .994497 .997777 .999849
9 .974897 .980750 .986081 .990%21 .994966 .998048 .999947
1!) .97 11,5X .971792 ,972422 .96922S .!l(}!)Kifi .!)70.5 .97.5.504 .976106 .!)7
6704 .977297 .9778%5 .978467
.973048 .973669 .979045 .979618
.95 .!)s1:{0s .wlw!) .!)82407 ,982!)48 ,9S:34S.5 .98401.5 .984541 .985060 .9(; ,
9s6.7%3 .r)xiotu) .Wii.ww ,!)XS().YI.WM530 .Wmol .989466.989924 .992939 .!3!)334
0 .993733.994119 .!)7 .99I2.5X.!)!)1(}90 .9!)2114 .!)w2,5:{() .98 .{}!).5~~~.!)!)5
,579 .995923 .9!)6257 .!)96581 .996896 .997?00 .997493 .99 .!)98:30s.!)!W.5.5.5
.!)98788 .!KX)O(M.!?99212.9!39400 .999571.999721 1.00 I . 0 0 0 0 ( M )
421
P
A R V T O I LI A H U OL MR IE Z C S O Y N L T A N I N L D E R S ( p e r R c een
o lt D aa gi t e at i Vmo oen t l eu f r m e . )
L
*
4
2
2
PARTIALVOLUMES IN ELLIPSOIDAL HEADSANDSPHERES D I 0.0 Two 2:1 Ellipsoidal Headso
n Horizontal Vessel Total Volume: 0.2618 D3 Partial volumesof ellipsoidalheads a
nd spheres = total volume x coefficient (in the table below) EXAMPLE: D = 10ft.,
Oin. H = 2.75 ft. Find the partial volume of (2) 2:1 ellipsoidal heads of a hor
izontalvessel. The total volume of the two heads: O2618 XD3 = O2618 X 103 = 261.
8 CU. ft. ,Oe;ficientfromtable HID= 2.75/10= .275 Refer to the first two figures
(.27) in the column headed (H/D) in the table below. Proceed to the right until
the coefficientis found under the column headed (5) which is the third digit. T
he coefficient of .275 is found to be .185281 Total volumex coefficient= partial
volume 261.8X .185281= 48.506 CU. ft. cu. ft. multipliedby 7.480519= U.S.Gallon
cu. ft. multipliedby 28.317016= Liter COEFFICIENTS 1/D .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .
06
.08
.09 .10
QAQ Two 2:1 Ellipsoidal Headson Vertical Vessel Total Volume= 2.0944 D3
O.u Sphere Total Volume= 0.5236 D3
2 3 4 7 s 1 9 5 6 O .0000oO .000003.~~lz .ooO02i.ooOOM .000075.000108.000146 .00
0191 .000242 .000298.oao360.0004Z9.~503 .000583.00066S.000760.00085T .0009~ .001
069 .001184.001304.001431.m15G~.0017m .001844.001993.002143 .002308 .002474 .0035
89.00379.5 .m~~ .004zzz.004444 .002646.~~szs .003006.0031%.0033R9 .004672.WMN15
.00514~.ms:~~~.00.5638 .005893.006153.006-i19 .006691 .006968 .007250.00753S .OM8
31 .008129.008433.008742.009057.009377 .009702 .010032 . . . . .01 lM7 .011764,
.010368.010709.01105.5
. . . . . . . . . .
.018176 .022842 .028000
.01!3620 .019069 .023336 .023835 .028542 .029090
.0195~:3 .019983 .0243:]S .024847 .029642 .030198
.020447 .020916 .025360 .025879 .030760 .031326
.021390 .021869 .022353 .026402 .026930 .027462 .031897 .032473 .033053
,
.24 .145152 .146Z18 .147347 .137.56S .148449 1:18042 1:;9719 14!)554 .150663 ,14
0799 .141883 .142969 .144059
423
P H/D
,
A 1
R V
T O 2
I LIN ELLIPSOIDAL A U L M E HEADS S A
SPHERESN
7 8
.165345 .176974 .188S82 .201056 .21348.5
. . . f .
D
COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)
O 3
.
4
,17~~~9 .184086 .19615,5 .2084s4
5
.161912 .1734.56 .18.5281 .197377 .2097:30
. 0 . . .
6
.163054 .174626 .186479 .198601 .210979
. . . . .
9
.166495 .1781.53 .190088 .20228S .214741
. , . . .
.26 .27 .28 .29 .31 .32 .33 ,:{4 .35 .36 .37 <38 .39 .40 .41 .42 .43 .44
.15625(3 .157376 .167648 .168804 .179334 .191296 .203<522
.
1.5X5(X3 . 16!I!W3 . 1s1705 J937Z() ,~0599~ .218526 .~:]1289 .244280 .257483 .27
0889 .284484 .298256 .312194 .326286 .340519 .354882 .369363 .383949 .398629 .41
3390 .428221 .443110 .458044 .473012 .488001 .503000 .517997 .532979 .547934 .56
2852 .577719 .592523 .607254 .621897 .636443 .650878 .665190 .679368 .693400 .70
7273 .720976 .734497 .747823 .760943 .773843 19792 .232578
.
.164198 .17.5799 .187679 .199827 .212231
. . . . .
.228718 .2416CA .254826 .~fj~lgz .281750 .295488 .309394 .323456 .337662 .352000
.366458 .381024 .395686 .410432
. . . . .
. . . . .
.258815 .272240 .285853 .299643 .313597 .327703 .341950 .356325 .370817 .395413
.400102 .414870 .429708 .444601 .459539 .474510 .489501 .504500 .519496 .534476
.549428 .564341 .579202 .594000 .608722 .623356 .637891 .652315 .666614 .680778
.694795 .708652 .287224 .201031 .31504)1 .329122 .343382 .357769 .372272 .386878
.401575 .416351 .431195 .446093 .461035 .476008 .491000 .506000 .520995 .535972
.550921 .565830 .580685 .595476 .610190 .624815 .639339 .653750 .668037 .682187
.696188 .710028 .723695 .737178 .750464 .763541 .776396 .787769 .800173 ,812321
.824201 .835802
. . . . .
.283116 .296871 .310793 .324870 .339090 .353441 .36791O .382486 .397157 .411911
.426735 .441619 .456.549 .471514 .486501 .501500 .516497 .531481 .546440 .561362
.576235 .591046 .605784 .620437 .634993 .649439 .66376.5 .677957 .692~4 .705894
.288597 .302421 .316406 .330542 .344815 .359215 .373728 .388344 .403049 .417833
.432682 .447586 .462531 .477507 .492500 .507500 .522493 .537469 .552414 .567318
.582167 .596951 .611656 .626272 .640785 .655185 .669458 .683594 .697579 .711403
.725052 .738516 .751781 .764837 .777669
.289972 .303812 .317813 .331963 .346250 .3fXM61 .375185 .389810 .404524 .419315
.434170 .449079 .464028 .479005 .494000 .509000 .523992 .538965 .553907 .568805
.583649 .598425 .613122 .627728 .642231 .656618 .670878 .684999 .698969 .712776
.726407 .739851 .753096 .766130 778940
.291348 .305205 .319222 .333386 .347685 .362109 .376644 .391278 .40f3000 .420798
,435659 .450572 .465524 .480504 .495500 .510499 .525490 .540461 .555399 .570292
.5S5130 .599898 .614587 .629183 .643675 .658050 .672297 .686403 .700357 .714147
.727760 .741185 ,754410 ,767422 .780208
.292727 .306600 .320632 .334810 .349122 :363557 .378103 .392746 .407477 .422281
.294106 .307996 .322043 .336235 .350561 .365007 .379563 .394216 .408954 .423765
.437148 .438638 .452066 .453560 .467021 .468519 .482003 .483503 .4970W3 .498500
.511999 .526988 .541956 .556890 .571779 ..586610 .601371 .616051 .630637 .645118
.659481 .673714 .687806 .701744 .715,516 ,729111 .742517 .755720 .768711 .78147
4 .513499 .528486 .543451 .558381 .573265 .588089 .602843 .617514 .632090 .64655
9 .660910 .675130 .689207 .703129 .716884 .730461 .743846 .757029 ,769997
.50 .51 .52 .53 .54 .55 .56 .57 .58 .59 .60 .61 .62 .63 .64
.500000 .514998 .529984 .544946 .559872 .574750 .58956S .604314 .618976 .633542
.648000 .662338 .676544 .690606 .704512
. . . .
.70 .71 .72 .73 .74 .75 .76 .77 .78 .79 .80 .81 .8z .83 .84
.784000 796478 .808704 .820666 .832352 .843750 .854848 .865634 .876096 .886222 .8
96000 .905418 .914464 .923126 .931392
.78.5259 .797712 .809912 .821847 .833505 .844873 .85.594r .866695 .877124 .88721
6 .896958 .906340 .915348 .923971 .93~19f3
.786515 .798944 .811118 .823026 .834655 .845994 .857031 .867753 .878148 .88S206
.897913 .907257
.848226 .859201 .869858 .880187 .890176 .899811 .909082 .917976 .926481 .934585
.849337 .860281 .870906 .881202 .891155 .900755 .909988 .918844 .927309 .935373
.850446 .861358 .871951 .882213 .892131 .901695 .910891 .919708 .928134 .936157
.851551 .862432 .872992 .883220 .893104 .902631 .911790 .920568 ,928954 .9369:36
.852653 .863502 .874030 .884224 .894073 .903564 .912685 .921425 .929771 .937712
.853752 .864570 .875065 ,885225 .895038 .90449:1 .913576 .922277 .930584 .938483
.898864 .908171 .917103 .925648 .933793
424
PARTIALVOLUMES IN ELLIPSOIDAL HEADSANDSPHERES COEFFICIENTS (Cont.) H/D
.S(}
O
. . . ,
1
. . . . . .
2
3
4
5 . . . , . +
6
7
8
9
.!l.l;f)(j:l
.{ \ i
. . . .
,!)(j(j:](j~
1. . . . . . .
, . . . S , .
,!kl:]i(j-!
.!)-ll,-)O1
.!)4 .-,j:j.l
.!)(jtj%li
. , , . , 1
i( , , . ,
. . . . . 1ti,j
. . . 1 .
, .
9
,q~ ,!)~I$J24 ,OS~~(}~\ ,9~yyj7 ,!):; .!)S5986 .9X6374 .986757 ,94 ,!)H96:{2 .98
996S .q~om)~ ,gj .{)6 .{)7 .q~ .99 1,001 ,J)9~750 .9!)3032 .9!).5:VZ3 .~q.5.5.56
.9973 .54 .997.526 .!-)9s816 .998931 .999702 .!J9W5S ,()()(XM)O
. ,
1
.!J7!J,53J .!)S()()17 .!)S0477 .!)S0!):11 .9%{126 .!)s35.70 .9S:N69 ,WLHw .!)s47
!)1 .9S3L94 .9%S94.j .9s71 ;\.; .9s7507 .!)S7S74 ,f)SS2:3[i.{)8,WJ9:1 .99062!3 .
9!W943 .9!)12.5S.091.567 .!XI1871 .992169 .!)!) :;s47 ,~)f)(j~ofi .9!)S007 .!)!)9
240 .!NW892 ,~\)4107 ,!)!)ti~11 .!)!)S1.56 .9w:J32 .999925
.!)X1:{S() .!)%359:; .9S920 I .992462
.!)93:;09 .!)9.5778 .99769z .!)99040 .!)99809
.993.581 ,<)~.50{)4 .997SS2 .9{19143 .WXW54
,f)~~~(j~ .994(jlj .!194S,56 .9!).50!).5 .9!)(X311.!IWLX(),5 .!)96994 .997177 .9
98:300 .!)!) S4:17 .WXWIX).Wl!lfi!)ti .999417 .999497 .9!W.J71 .999(L!O .999952
,!10!)!)73 .WW9N3 .999997
425
A
* O D u a
S
Iu e a er n e t fc i t l f u i d o tgeh t u d ) ar n hb ee sl
( S qF o straight m r e isnot e i an flanges
r i c a lA : S M 1 eE H m W s l tC y s l i i nd d 2 e F i d i d S l l il p F s l
ol ia a d anp l gh n e i a m eperht eE e r e r c H e a s eh e ea d a d d Lineal
Foot H e D a iH d H* of Vessel 92 8X 0D 2) 7 ( 1 0 x D ( c n- x D) Di n h e . s
D 0( ( . . x 59 D 2 8 71 X .) 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
3 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 0 1 2 4 5 7 8 0 1 3 5 6 8 9 1 2 4 6 7 . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1 21 1 46 1 61 2 87 1 3 0 3 27 4 42 5 68 5 83 6 08 7 23 8 49 9 64 1 . 1 . 1 .
1 . 2 . 2 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 89 0 0 4 2 2 8 4 0
6 2 0 3 5 7 1 2 7 2 3 8 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 6 1 9 1 1 2 23 36 38 41
52 55 67 70 83 9 .4 17 . 10 . 17 . 14 . 21 . 28 . 35 . 32 . 49 . 56 . 50 . 60 .
77 . 0 4 9 4 0 6 3 1 9 8 7 7 8 0 1 13 44 8 0 33 71 32 80 54 12 88 68 42 . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 9 . 19 28 24 35 42 56 6 6 72 82 91 16 15 12 13 1 .1 1 .5 2 .7
3 .9 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 5 1. 5 1 . 0 1 1 . 1 0 . 20 . 9
2 6 0 5 1 6 3 0 7 5 1 3 2 2 4 2 5 7 2 9 2 5 7 1 6 9 6 7 8 6 0 6 8 6 0 8 6 0 9 1
2 2 3 4 0 5 0 7 8 9 5 0 5 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . 02 15 14 17 26 20 38 32 40 46
5 .3 6 .9 7 .9 7 .1 . 8 0 9 . 5 10 . 10 . 10 . 20 . 20 . 35 . 30 . 40 . 0 50 . 3
55 . 7 65 . 1 70 . 7 70 . 8 3 5 9 0 0 7 1 0 6 10 . . . 0 . 1 5 1 7 5 3 2 2 0 5
8 . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 . 1 . 7 . 4 . 2 . 2 1 5 8 9 2 35 85 33 89 43 05 64 3
2 07 80 62 50 7 2 2 3
8 4 6 4 9 3 0 5 1 6 2 9 2 8 4 7 8 2 8
8 85 32 8 . 0 0 5 9 90 . 20 ~ ( ) . 10 6 9 1 9 0 23 5 21 6 . 1 0 1 84 2 41 0 . 2
0 1 4 5 7 71 0 . 3
0 2 20 .
D
W D
g
: ; ; 1 2
I
M II L L I TEMQ EU T H I V E A R L E N T S
Milli-
e c
meter
i
9A
D m ea
.
. .
m 7
7 8 9
cl i
i
Decimal a -m . . .
Milli-
m
1 1 1 1 1
l
Decimal
M
. . .
i 2 I 2
. .
3 4
. .
I9 1
1
.
.
2
.
5 6
. ~
1 1
. ;
1 1 1
. . 1
2 2 2
D
INCHES In.
. . . X . . . . . . . . . . . .
AF
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o
. . . . . . . . . . , . . . .
I
. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .
2
4
. . . . . . .
5
. . , . . . . . . , , . . . . .
6
. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
9
. ; . . . . . . . . , . . . .
10
11
0 .0000
~ ~
. . . . . . . .
1
. , . .
427
METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
This systemhas the advantagethatit is a coherentsystem.Eachquantityhasonlyone
unitandall baseunitsare relatedto eachother.Thefractionsandmultiplesoftheunits a
re made in the decimal system.
U
unit
O M
meter meter2 meter 3 gram second degree Celsius
M
symbol m equivalent of 39.37 in 1.196 sq.yard 1.310 cu.yard 0.035 Oz second OC =
32F 100C = + 212F
Length Area Volume Weight/massl Time Temperature
MUL~PLES AND FRACTIONSOF UNITS
S y m prefix b o m m c d d h k m i i e e e e i e k n I l Unit Multiplied by k n
]r 1 1 t 1 ( o
I
) 0 0 0 0 0 0
N i.
a l6 3s i a r n e d s l i o n e r
m c d
D h k M
c k 1 1 t l 1 g 1
i i i a o o a
m l t .h o u h . u n d2 1 t e t 0 h u n 2 t h o 3 u m i l 6
a
EXAMPLE:Unit of weightis gram; 1000 gram is one kilogram,1 kg
1,000m= 1 kilometer,km
MEASURESOF LENGTH UNIT: METER, m
z
Z ~ 1 centimeter, cm = 0.01 m gs ~ ~ 1 millimeter, mm = 0.001 m
*not used in practice
I
*1 decimeter, dm = O.lm
428
METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
1,()()0,000m2 = I = I = 1 a*
MEASURESOF AREA UNIT: SQUARE METER, m2
T
LLJ
< ~
2 o+
~ -J ~ L L o
r ~
*I sq. decimeter, dm2 = 0.01 m2 1 sq. centimeter, cm2 = 0.0001m2 1 sq. millimete
r, mm2 = 0.000,001m2
i p r a c t i c n e
MEASURES OF VOLUME UNIT: CUBIC METER. m3 1 hectoliter, hl = 1 liter, 1 = cu. cen
timeter = cu. millimeter = O.lm~ 0.001m3 0.000,001m3 0.000,000,001m3
1
g= 1t
t
G
100,000 g = 1 quintal, q 1,000 g = 1 kilogram, kg 10 g = 1 dekagram, dg MEASURES
OF WEIGHT UNIT: GRAM, g centigram, cg = 0.01 g milligram, mg = 0.001 g
$ ~ I
~~ ~ ~
1
L E
o~
G ~ ~ -J
&L
429
4
M
S
M E d
O M
,
A O S LU c m
R E mm
EN S p
G mm
T F H m m
k 1 km l
~
m
1
& 1 1 0 1 0 . - 2 104 1 107 m1 0 - 5 1 0 1 0 - 6 10 - 3 1 - 21 1 1 0 - m 1 0 - .
1 0 - 9 1 0 - 6 10 - 5 1 - 4 1 10 p
1c 1m I 1m
1 1
1
1 0 1 p 0
0 0 0 3 -
MEASURES OF AREA
k h m a 2 a
1k 1 ha l
1 m
1 1
1 1
1m 10
0 10- 1 0
1
1
01 1 1
01 201
4 1 . 6 1
20 1
0 1 0 1
m 40 0
20 1010 0 1
6
4 0 2 0
m 1 8
6 4 0 4 2 0
1d 1c 1m
1 1 1
1m0 1m 0 10-10 0 m M
1 a 21 0 1 0 1 0 - 1 z 0 - 8 10 1 0 ] 1 z 0 - 0 (1 1 11 2 0 21 0 E A O S VU 1 1
3 1
1 0 1- 1
1 0 - 41 20 - 6 102 . 41 2 . 8) 1 0 6 -1 - 4 - 1 0 - 8 10 - 6
0 0 2 4 E 3 m 3 0
2 0 0
R O
EL S c
U
M F
m 1m 1 hl 1 1 d 1c 1m 1
10-1
h 1 1
10
d 3
m l m m 1 33 0 0 1( 0
0 1( 1 2 1 32 1 0 0
3 6
5 3
1
1
1- 3 1 -3 1 0-6 1 0- 9
1 1 1
m10 m10 10 m
0 1- s 10- s 10 - J
1 2 0 .5 1 1 0 -8
1( 1 -3 0-6 1
3
0 3 0 -6
3 3
t It lq 1 kg 1 dg lg 1 Cg 1 mg 1 10-1 10-3 10-5 10-6 10-8 10-9
MEASURESOF WEIGHT dg kg g ~ 105 106 103 10 105 102 104 1 102 103 10-2 1 10.4 10-
2 10 1 10-5 10-3 10-1 1 10-7 10-5 10-3 10-2 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-3
Cg 108 107 105 103 102 1
10-1
mg 109 108 106 104 103 10
1
EXAMPLE CALCULATION Weight of the water in a cylindrical vessel of 2,000 mm insi
de diameter and 10,000 mm length: 3.1416 x 1,0002 x 10,000 = 31,416,000,000 mm3
31,416 liter, 1 31.416 cu. meter, m 31416 kilogram, kg (The weight of one liter
of pure water at the maximum density (4C) equals one kilogram.)
430 METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT RECOMMENDED PRESSURE VESSEL DIAMETERS Diameter
in inches 24-30 36 42-48 54-60 Diameter in millimeters 630 800
1,000
Diameter in inches 66-72 78-90 96-120 126-156
Diameter in millimeters 1,600 2,000 2,500 3,150
1,250
, Diameters in API feet 10 15 20 25 30 35-40 45-50 60
RECOMMENDED TANKDIAMETERS Diameters in meters 3.15 4.00 5.00 6.30 8.00 10.00 12.
50 16.00 Diameters in API feet 70-80 90-100 120 140-163 180-200 220-240 260-300
Diameters in meters 20.00 25.00 31.50 40.00 50.00 63.00 80.00
The recommendeddiameters are based on a geometricprogression,called Renard Serie
s(R1O)of PreferredNumbers.* Dimensionson drawingsshall be expressedin millimeter
s.The symbolfor millimee n r n ib e s o o d he o t )d o r da w Hw h t o ei n t w
n fg e n oe sv l . r el h r o ters, mm (no p
s D i b hs m o a h t ea n s 5b di do l a
, w m r w l aA h w e D n i I n M n g L E e s N : A S II O M LN I L S R L I M E T
EE
o ii o n m s ig lv l i m i e m t e a tx s ep yri n rs m ee b t s ese 1r e s 1 d
m ( e 0.
g
Scales @Metric Drawings: enlarging the object, 2, 5, 10, 20 times reducing the o
bject in proportion of 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000
a i with k Metric, i The n National g Board t of Boiler and Pressure * Reference
: M Vessel Inspectors.
431
1
I
2
0
v
i
I
1
32
433
434
435
I
I
t
I
t
I
II
I
I
I
I
II
I
436
.
II
2
I
t
II
I
II
I
II
I
I
437
I
Oulclcnm
-me
-F
I 00
-
r
4 m ] T
*
A
G
-
-
c
i
0
-
0
r-l
0
w)
0 e
0 0 0 0 w, @ r- m m
0
0
438

*
m
N .
I
1
439
t
i
5
440
1
1
r
t
I
1
1 :
I
I
I
.
441 CONVERSION TABLE DEGREE
D D e E w
120 121 122 [23 [24 125 [26 127 128 129 130 131 9 132 5 2 133 8 134 6 1
7 2 0
GT e
R e
A E
E D s M
o
S I i
A n
N O uS
~
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
S te
0 0
1 DEGREE = +
= 0.01745 RADIANS
ec so
1
1

0
2 3 4
0.0174533 0.0349066 0.0523599 0,06981 32 0.0872665 0.10471 98 0.1221730 0.139626
3
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
i2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 57 58 59 70 71 72 9 0 73 6 2 74 4 4
0
,
0
0
5 6 7 8 9
[0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
0 0 0 0 0 0
. , . .9 .2 .
2 2 2
4 8 3 1 9 7
3 9 4
0,3141593
0,3316126 0.3490659 0.366S1 91 0.3839724 0.4014257 0.4188790 0.4363323 0.4537856
0.47123 89 0.4886922 0.50614 S5 0.5235988 0.54105 21 0.55850 54 0.5759587 0.593
41 19 0.6108652 0,62831 85 0.6457718 0,6632251 0.6806784 0.69813 17 0.715S850 0,
73303 83 0.7504916 0,7679449 0,7853982 0.80285 15 0.8203047 0,8377580 0.85521 13
0.8726646 0.89011 79 0.9075712 0.9250245 0,9424778 0.95993 .09773844 0.99483 77
1.01229
2 75 6 2 76 7 2 9 77 6
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08 09 lo
135 9 136 S 6 137 0 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152
1s3 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172
173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
4 7

442
C
R 1 R R a d A A =~ D n
T
D T I 5 = D I A 7
D
A E G N R S E R 7
t
E O 8 E
S E S
Ten-
.N D 2 E 9 G5
Thousandths
i Tenths a
iiundrcdths s
1
2

6
o ~
j
O0 0
.6
3
4 5 6 7 8 9
29.6 171053 14.4 229010 39.2
114035
110 2733. O 1701 I 19. 4
I 0 841.3 1043 Q7.9
6 2 3
00 652, 5 O010!8
1 I1 O
00 041.3
1 f 5 1
1I
8
2 O
1
E 1
X C S
A
M
P
L
E
S
o
h 8 a2 3 n t 7 gr. 6 ea 4 d i a o n l Fu t t i r o o a on p o :b p ol m s a ei tn
ge 8 26 3 3 = = = =7 1 0 0 . 75 . 0 . 4 0 5 1 r 8 a 4 03 d 0 r 7 a5 6 d 0 r 0 a1
6 d 7r 0 6 s 2 a1 6 d ag 2 nr o lm 5i 4 a 3i 1 a 4i 8 a 4i 3 a s e v e 8 . . . .
. . n n n n e o s e 0 t > 4 30 6 30 s s s s
~ 2 C S 1 0 0 0 0 1
2
14 6 .
h 1 a .r n 5 a t g. d d 2 eie 6 o l Fu t t i r ao a n bo :b a = . = = . . 0 = =0
. 0 r . 5 5 d 1 i4 2 3 5 01 8 4 00 2 3 0 0o 4 8 6 2
5 2 6 2
a 47 n78 2 8 5 7 0 1 26 31 71 6

=2 8 = 8
2 2 4
4 04
443 CONVERSION TABLE DEGREE MINUTESANDSECONDS TO DECIMALS OF A DEGREE ,
o 1
2 3 4
6 7 8 0 o 0
DECIMALS OF A DECREETO MINUTESANDSECONDS

o
o
51 52 53
30
30 31 31 32
33
0
36 12 48 24
0
0
0333 0500 0667
0
o
028 056 083 111
0
5
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
0.005
250
001 002 003 004
o 4 o 7 o 11 o 14 O 18
0.;}
13
0.1667
1;
0
0.00
009 o o
O.:\
36 0
3
o
39
0
o%
6 0
0.%
0
26 27 28 29
30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 :: 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
% ,
4333 4500 4667 4833 0.5000 5167 5333 5500 5667 0.5833 6000 6167 6333 6500 0.6667
6833 7000 7167 7333 0.7500 7667 7833 8000 8167 0.8333 8500 8667 8833 9000 0.916
7 9333 9500 9667 9833 1.000 0
26 27 28 29
30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 :; 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 :: 56 57 58 ;?
) ,9
722 750 778 806 0.00833 861 889 917 944 0.00972 01000 028 056 083 0.01111 139 16
7 194 222 0.01250 278 306 333 361 0.01389 417 444 472 500 0.01528 556 583 611 63
9 0.01667 0
0.i:
16 17 18 o.% 21 22 23 o% 26 27 28
9
0
9 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17
36 12 48 24 0 36 12 48 24 0 36 12 48 24
0.%
76 77 78 O.;b 81 82 83 0.;: 86 87 88
45 45 46 46 47 4.8 48 49 49 50 51 51 52 52
0 36 12 48 24 O 36 12 48 24 o 36 12 48
o%
31 32 33 0.:: 36 37 38 0.;: 41 42 43 0.1: 46 47 48 o% 0
18
O
18 36 19 12 19 48 20 24 21 o 21 36 22 12 22 48 23 24 24 O 24 36 25 1
0.%
91 92 93 0.32 96 97 98 1.% 10 20 30 1.% 60 70 80 2.;: o
54 o 54 36 55 12 55 48 56 24 57 o 57 36 58 12 58 48 59 24 60 O 66 O
444
+
mIwl
o &
o d-
.
445
446
C
( c c e e c
F
o Fn fv ea m or cs e t i t se o r t o n t a or itnh S sn dm a g s e r hd yert s
st r A e t f ie E e f1S3 c m 8e , 0 T M U L T I P L Y B Y B T A T O 3 . x 2 8 fl
0 8 e& 3 e2 n t ........................................ i m e t e r s . 3 9 3
7 n t ........................................ i m e t e r s
............................... :ubic feet .....................................
...... :ubic feet ........................................... :ubic feet .......
.................................... ....................................... ...
................................... ...................................... .....
.................................... . ... . .... . . .. . .... . . .. .........
............................... ................................................
..... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........
........... ................... ......... . . . .. . . .. . .... .. ... . . ...
........................... .............................. .....................
............................ d ....... ..................... ............. iters
...................................................
meters meters meters ............................ ................... ..........
...................................... .........................................
....... statute .....................................
l
.......................................... .....................................
..... ............................ ........... ........... radians .............
.................................. ............................ ................
.................... .................................... ......................
................ ...................................... ....... ................
........................... .. . .. . . ... . .... . ... . . ... . . .. . . .. .
. ... .. ... . ... .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .........
................................. .......................................... y .
.....
a
447
PART IV. DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
3. CenterofGravity .............................................................
..................... 452
4.
Beam Formulas...................................................................
.................. 455
5. DesignofWelded Joints .......................................................
................ 458
6.
ExampleofCalculations ..........................................................
............. 461
7. Bolted Connections...........................................................
.................... 463
448
S
A
S
F
T
DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS s~ = Bendingstress,psi A =Cross s e c a t i i r o n e n a
sl a 2 , . ~ = Shearstress,psi AR = RequiredcrosssectionalArea, in2 S~ = Allowab
letensileor compressive
I =Moment of inertia, in4 M =Moment, in-lb M* = Allowablemoment,in-lb
P =F o lb r c e , PA = Allowable force. lb =Tensile or compressive stress, psi s
TYPE OF LOADING
stress, si S~* = AlIowa t le bendingstress,psi. s~~ = Allowableshear stress,psi.
Y Z = Distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber, in = Section modulus, in3 EXA
MPLES
p-p
J
;:i;;;, TENSION . P A+ COMPRESSION
P
A, = $:in21 s = + (psi) PA = AS4 (lb) p (in2) AR =
The stress in a 2 x % in. bar made from SA 285-C steel due to 5,000 lb. tensiona
l load is: Area, A = 2 x V4= 0.5 in2; S = $ = 5~~0 = 10,000 p
s
s~
s
.
p (
.L.
m A
p Single
PA = AS~~ (lb) AR =$~~n2) s~ = ~A(psi) ~P
P = 2AS~~ (lb)
To support a load of 11,000 Ibs. in compression, the required area of steel bar
m f a S 2r sd 8 io t e 5 e m p s ) ~i > P AR = = E = 0.5 inz s~ , The required a
rea of bolt made from SA-307 B steel to support a load of 15,000lbs. in double s
hear: AR =~ = A 2s,4 .*~51~~o~=0.75 in
> J2~ P/2+ Q Double SHEAR P[
A p (in2) 2ss~ M = P/ (in-lb) MA = ZS~ (in-lb) M (in3) zjQ= sr--
The maximumbendingmomentat the 60inchesfrom the support:
sup ort of a cantilever beam due to a loaJ of 1,000 Ibs. acting at a distance of
M =Pl = 1,000 X 60 = 60,000 in-lb. Q BENDING -Y
s = ; (psi)
S* = ~, (psi)
mm
Section modulus
d
If dimensionb =2 in. and d=4 axisof moment on the base. 1=42.67.
Z= I/y = 42.67/4 = 10.67 in3 axis of moment throu h center, 1= 10.67, Z=Ily = 10
.67I2 = ! .335 in3
z=~
b u SECTION MODULU s
y
449
A
TYPE OF STRESS & JOINT ;TEEL
Bearing Shear Compression rension (except pin eonneetion) Bending ~hear Bearing
(on projected area of bolts
i s W E oh c J L o e n n ea c t n i r o TD N E
STRESSES
ALLOWABLE STRESS SOURCE CODE
1.60x The values of 0.80x 1 tables UCS-23 0.60x 0.60 x 0.66 x 0.40 x
n ) T 1 x E F L
FOR NONPRESSUREPARTSOF VESSELSANDOTHERSTRUCTURES
UCS-23 Notes
}
Specified minimum yield stress Min. tensile .
s t r
American Institute of Steel
C o n s t r 5 e n g t h
O D S EI
Full penetration groove weld tension, compression, shear Partial penetration gro
ove weld 1. tension transverse to axis of weld, shear on throat 2. tension paral
lel to axis of weld or compression on throat
same as for the steel welded American Welding Society
13,600psi same as for the steel welded
Fdlet weld, shear on throat
13,600psi (using throat dimension) 9,600 psi (using leg dimension) same as fille
t weld i 1,
Plug or slot weld
.-
-
P
D E F I
O
Y T
I MO
SR
xx e f t i i ir n
A
=
A
ON S I i zr
1
=
B N O I J F j r Radius of gyration, ~~ = e n a Y =, D . i s t a a n [ ec i . z =
n i
A = bd I=
b
f = Z = a r = 0.289
1
y
1----1
a
a r = 0.S77
d
. : , ::, .,. , ,, :: . :,: . E&
Z = r = 0.577d
A =
h
~~ .
~~ : i Y
y = Yzd I
Z

d
u
k b
L
a
\@
=
A = ~ bd
A = az
, ,..
:
. ,
,
.
: y = .
I=
,,
a
.
.
,: .
I=
Z =
a
2
Z = 0.118 a~ r = 0.289 a
r =
d
A =
I =
Z =~
Z =
/
\ /
\
E!h I
A = bd
-
a
K
a b ~ a :,,.:. Y
+ b2 r = 0.289 U2
A = a y = 0.707 I
Z =(0.118a 12
-r = 0.408d
A = Y= ~= ~ + +
r = 0,289
+
w
A =
( b ( +4 a +b 1 ( 2
a a
a
y = Y2d
Y= I = 1
I=
Z=
r = 0,289 d
-
Z =
r = .. -
Q
451
P
D
A
O SR
T Y I M O N Br
z
O
c x f { ii r be
, A = ~= : ~ [ i =
-(a z =I
E
=
F
I O N SI
z
. O
=
LF S
Section modulus,
1
= Moment of inertia, in.4
A = ,. y =
?
,,,.,,,. . .,., :,:,.-- ,.,.:,. .:::.:. Y , . d
I= Z = 0.098(D4-d4 )/D r
F L

+
,.,, :,:.,.:,:,:.:.: ,., .;. :.:.:. .......,
-
,
/ f
w
u
r = e f n n
R
Y
S c
A =
[
eo t c w t h ai ol i n l y wl R i 1 nh d e e r0 ~ ;
.:: ::::
bt) dA = 4 ~ . b ((l?d + a)+ dz > 1 , ~ + 7
1=
IGi
1 = R( r z = R[ r r = O. A = Y= d
I
~ L a
i
5z =
r
!
3
A = bd - h (b t) Y =
Z= d
r = 0.132
E s d 6 A = Y= I
Z r A = y = i = [bdh(bO] /12
Z
/4 = bs + h( ?..... ... :~,: fj Y z = r y = != ............... +
A = 2 1 :
i ~
452
C
G
E
center of gravity h of an area or e body is the point through which about any ax
is the loment of the area or body is zero. If a body of homogeneous material at
the center of ravity were suspended it would be balanced in all directions. area
s ass uare, rectangle,circle,etc. coincideswith he center of gravityof symmetrica
l 1i h geometrical center of the area. e For arqas w c n h symmetrical . a o or
whichare r e t
Ymmetrical about one axn only, the center of gravitymaybe determinedby calculati
on.
x
I
Y
-+ . 25
Y
I
c
C.g
~-
b
a
x
Y
EXAMPLE #1
The center of gravity is located on the centerline of symmetry. (Axis y y) To det
ermine the exact location of it: 1 Divide the area into 3 rectangles . and calcu
late the area of each. (A, B, C) 2. Determine the center of gravity of the recta
ngles and determine the distances a b and c to a selected axis (x x) per endicul
ar to axis y y. gravity 3. Calculate distance y to rocate the center of o r m u
l a : by the f y = Aa+ Bb + A +B+ C A s sf u a mo rr i eon c e t g Aa= 16, a n B
= gr l 14 s e sf : and C= 12 square inches and for the distances of center of gr
avities: a = 1, b = 5 and c = 9 inches. y = 16X 1+ 14X5+12X 9 = 4462in. 16+ 14+
12 The area is not symmetrical about an axi:s. The center of gravity may be dete
rmined gy calculating the moments with reference to two selected axes. To determ
ine the distances of center of gravity to these -
Y
h
c1
,
a x e s : 1 Divide the area into 3 rectangles . and calculate the
areas of each. (A, B, C)
2 D a d t t e c r me o ig hn .r o e ta r e v e eli r d i sn a t hb aa n c t c a
de x es na, x t%e s al,t bl, ac, t n a c y e s x iy 3. Calculatedistancesx and y
by the formulas: e t i
( c
\
... 4cj-
hc t f , -i o s
x -+A.
ccl+ 1 - A Y x
x = AuI +Bbl + Ccl
A+B+C y = Aa+Bb + Cc A+B+C
P A a L c
b x 1 t a
al Y
X A# M
E
and c,=3 ~ = 16x 4+ 14x 1+12x 3 = 2.71 in. y = 16X 1+ 14x5+12x8 16+ 14+ 12 16+ 1
4+ 12
s sf u a mo rr i eon c e g t A a= 1 a n B gr=14 l s e sf 6 CE 1 s n qi2 u na f a
c dd = r ih 2 s n oeeto a s n e o g n r a a t= v 1 ibe=t c= i r 9: e sf 4, : b,
=1 5
= 4.62 in.
4
C
A
O G
T T w f t T T p R c I
E
r h
\
A
\
E
a
L
B

c
A N G L E e o g hn r i a ta t e v i e n itr e t rh of sly e AD c itsa it e o nn
e BE, bh the i isides s BC c eand A h c The t p e r Cp e n d d ii c .s u l t a t
cr e o\ g o hn r t any ta m v e of e the i r sides t is f y one equal too t hh
p e i e h ri p r e gn t d t i h side. c e ut Hence, h l a ra = ha+ 3 o t
. r
h e
I
Br
R A P E Z O I D D 7 c e o g hn r i o ta t v el e ji r a l r AB a i l DE. ln e e
l
o t i th f i ym s
n n is pn i he don e dg i
c
1
=
~
(a + 2 b)
D
m
1---
f! J--
IEd
3 (a+ b) a + e =
~ = h (2 a + b) 3 (a+ b)
2 b a + )
3(
rA
a
T /<
4
@
b
SECTOR OF CIRCLE Distance b from center of gravity to center of circle is: 2 rc
= r2c = 38 ~g, r sin a b o! T E a d e e s g s r e sed of i w Ah = i sector, c n i
h e x p i r For the area of a half-circle: b = A r + 3 T = 0.4244r For the area
of a quarter circle: b = 4 & X r + 3 T = o.6o02r
F t a o ao srh o a i c e irx er a t c f lh ef :
b = 2 r + T = 0.6366 r r
b
1
C
l=$kl R
r
SEGMENT OF CIRCLE The distance of the center of gravity from the center of the c
ircle ~3 r3 s a i n is: b = A 12 A = 3 in which A ==area of segment. PART OF CIR
CULAR RING b from center of gravity to center of circle is:
b = 38.197 $~$a
&
h
A
a in e
x gpi r degrees. l e s e s
e sd
n
} ir
o
h
FRUSTUM OF CONE For a solid frustum of a circular cone the formula: a = h (R2 +
2 R + 3 rz) 4 (R2 -i- Rr r2)
T l o o c t h ac P t e oi g o h en r n o tta
by:
r
c v e f eo isr nh tu f oi y a r R +
c f f
frustum
of a cone is determined
3
I
*
d
h(
2r
)
a
3 (R+ r)
4
C
EXAMPLES
A
2r-o-
O G
E
1
1
-o
=
0
0
I

I
lb lb
80 Ibs 75000 Ibs 600 Ibs b
x
I
2-6
1800 lb 600 lb 78880 lb
x=
=
75000 x 50 + 80 4,017,760 78,880
X
2 + 1800 X iO + 800
X
102 + 600
X
2-6 + 600
X
97-6
=
Ibs = 50,935 = 50 I 1.1/4
B
I
108-0 t 6-0 5-0 42-0 (24000 Ibs) ~ 2-0 I 564) (17000 Ibs)
9 2 *
2400
b
1900 lbs s &
= 1000 Ibk
+
t
, A[
weight:
x
. q
17000 lb 1400 lb
1
l
9
x
2400 x ~+ 24000x 27+ 100ox 49 + 1
= 4
7 7
1 0 , 7
Ibs. 7
14 8 0 1 ( 0 0 1 J 9. x 7 o O
O 0+ X1 0 +
2200,900 == 47.700
46.14 = 46-1] 16
4
B
D
E r I
F
T Y I M O
!
O
O WL F = S load, lb.
V v w e = = =
E
= = = = =
F
I O N SI
N B
P=
R
M F
u n i d fi o s trl r mi b l ou y t e n i lcx l e e i l p s . at t a ra X a n oo
f m io l e r n c n t x b e= fD , i . = l, e c n n , o c o o n r c le ncl t or ae
A t ae f dD b de f i . t i o
=
Cantilever fixed at one end Concentrated load at free end
K R
~
A s
u
p
R V p= P o M X
P r
= tt = , P X
= 1
x 1 A free end, Arnu = $&
Ax 312X + X3) t =~ 6EI 23
a
P
II p ,
Cantilever fixed at one end - Concentrated load at any point R= V=P b A support,
= P t When x>a = a) Y Pb3 R (31 - b) At free end, Amu = ~
-j
b
Whenx>a Whenx<a A = Pb2 (31 _ 3X b) AX = p ) (3b I + %
x
6
E
R = V =
Vx = Wx Wi
3I
E
Cantilever fixed at one end Uniform load over entire span
R
A support,
l14max = ~

W12
t
Mx=
( ! 4 4
+
1
At freeend,
=
8
W14 A = -
2 E
+ ! 3 1 _X I E
Cantilever fixed at one end Load increasing uniformly from free end to support
R R
V=w -+-
Vx=WA
A support, = ~m
12
=
=
M

x t 1E 54
=
w=
WI
3
At free end, A
W13 W12
A a=
& &
x ()
x 1 xr
free end, O = + Z2EI
456
B
5
F
O
1 n x t d ,
12 RI
x
P
Supported at both ends Concentrated load at mid-span R] = R2 = v = P/2 1/2 P Pl
A load, = t < h W x M 1 e ~ 4 R2
l Ao x < h1 P = am 4 e d ea A 8 /( 1 , e =nx ~ E 1
B
6
1 W S
P
3 = dI 6
E
n 4~ 3
2 X X/ 1 x i
a 1
u
p a pb o e r Max w
o dn tc e l t o Ce n d n t ta h ra ao spt e d oa n Pb a < b h R~ = V/ e = A n l o
=
1
nt
d
a RI x m 1
b
R2 = V2 = W x h 1 i 1 b~)s ~ when a > b A rnti = A l 2 &> 3 ~bx W x<a h Ax = 3(1 e
n b X2)
A ends,
Max when a >b
MX = e <
Pbx
a
A o.
91 = & (2al
= +
+ $
t
-
3a
)
7
S
u
p a pb o e r
T o t R
e nu d tn
a RI
x
P,
P2
V=P
cw deo t n hq c s eu l n ot ao er a l qa t s e uddpf a se a l r, c l = x<a h MX=
PX e =W
a
R
A center, Arnax =~ W x h
= e
(3ft 4a2)
:1
I 31a
n3a2 X2}
B
1
When X>u AX (3h - 3X2 az) but x <(1 Q) = ~ At ends, 6 = Pa 2EI(1 a)
8 Supported at both ends Two equal concentrated loads, unequally spaced from end
s + P2b ~2 = + P2(1- b) RI = V1 = PP I 1 a b Whenx when RIQ1 Ml = RI a = PI v bu
t X h M2 = R2eb Max w RI R1 W x<a h M. e = RI X n 1 B W x ah e n > but x < (1 -
b) MX = RI x (X a)
)
a both ends Uniformload overentirespan
R = ~
1
=
WI
-
l V=W -j (
2
V
)
P
1

c
e
n
W t
M ~ ( - x x) e m r t- j a
=
center,Arnu= ~
*
Ax
+

At ends,
O= 24EI
m
457
B o
,l~lR
2 x
F
ends Uniform load partially distributed over span (2c a< h = e= ~ n + b) c Max w
lvlaxwhena~:V
W
Mmax
O
=~(2.,~)
x< e> + b) u n = (
a t
X
=
hb
a
b
I
At x = a + ~ 2W w =RIX When x <a ~ ( I a)2 When x>a but Mx = R W x h b) > = e( a
n +
e x =; xx < h
A
RI
a+
X pd a t n P
-

F
12 p 1/2
a ib R=
o C o en n ct d el n d ta h rm ao s ti e dd a -
s
$tte;e~;er and
M... . ~ V
2
$
i \
/
<,
\
8
$
W ~
M. 1 = e ~. (4x / n 1)
= &
A =
4
~
Fixed at both ends Uni~orm load over entire span \
R = V = / II[i ;IIII1] R A e M =
W/2
V n
=
x+
=
-7 w
x( t
)
\ /
x
A 3
I m
x
u
I!!

1
J s center, t , M = A (61x i2 6XZ) .
d W
At center,
W14
= 3
=
(1 - X)2
Both ends are overhanging Uniform load over entire beam R = V{ + V2 = w(a + l\2)
VXI = WXI V. = W(X 112) For overhang,
B A e s t u wp
~
=
= ~
A support,
M
= $
t
M. p e = o e ~ r n(lx t s X2 , a) 4
x
t
a
a
Whena
M
.
= = 1
x total length or A = .3541
WP
M C 6
R,
RI
458
D
GROOVE-AWELD a u Groove w
W
J
FOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS
s
i a
ac a f t m
l e
t
d
o t b m t j
F g
W
t
s
o
t
FILLET WELD
S
of w
.../ ,. b
u e
throat
The size of an equal-leg fillet weld is the leg dimension of the largest 45 ri ht
triangle inscribed in the cross section of the wel8 .
I-1---J%
face ,,
The size of an unequal-legfilletweldis the shortestdistancefrom the root to the
face of the filletweld. Throat dimension= 0.707 x leg dimension
K
root
MinimumWeldsize* \ Thicknessof the thickerplate, in.
Minimum fillet weld size, in.
over
1/2
3/16
3/4
/4
/2
%6
ZY4
%
6
/2
6
5/8
* Weld size need not to exceed the thickness of the thinner part joined
Economy of filletwelding 1. Use the minimumsizeof filletweldrequiredfor the desi
redstrength.
2. L
p 3. A o o w s f p
Increasing the size of a fillet weld in di~ectproportion, the volume (and costs)
of it will increase with the square of its size.
tc a e a e vc t c l e o en t t b r d iri c o ei d at a c y ,c d ea s i i s do li
oebw y l n e- ,w e l d i t i o n . wi pt lr a el n l st v y e t lef rt st e d o
a l hyc r g h r c si o ete e r e a ve o t ne eg tr h
/
Allowable Load
)#
x a t a m lp l lo h eo w r a :% a o x b 1e ll ae f
,
% w oi d 4 xln 0n e= l 2 40 eI lg
t d b
The strength of the welds is a function of the welding procedure and the electro
de used. For carbon steeI joints commonly used maximum allowable static load 9,6
00 (9.6 kips) lbs f W er 1 square inch of the fillet weld leg-area, or 600 Ibson
a %6 le x 1 I
Fo
e
C o m L b o i n ae S s h a t e b r e ao e nt n v e c t Io i r b i a ola tl y e m
e t h o d
d d s s o rd r si s s t niddr o gt e n e sa cr s l cu l e o nsm a t b d r ec ii
oo c n am g b s . lt e a hhat s sp de t r noi a oesn v c i r m i y a pd cl e d o
i ns f s in e er d v .
-rd7
D
~
A
W
V =
J
subjectedto bendingmoment,in2
FOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS
= Length of weld, in. W f = A l l lo o w w$o b9 elk a e p m .l e eg a rr = B e m
n o d k mi e n i ng
V e sr th k i ec i a a l r p , = F wi l l d eil m e iel n ts i d o l ~i .= ddL n
o p , f o 6 wi s k a l e p l li d e nd e a l ii o nw n e ea c l l h t p , s = A
vera e vertical shear on fillet s
P = Allowable concentrated axial ?
w
weld, Eips per lin. inch of weld w~ = Bending force on weld, kips per

COMPRESSION
VERTICAL SHE,AR
BENDING
RESULTANT FORCE: W = ~W,2 + W22+ W32 EXAMPLE #1 Determine the required size of f
illet weld. The length of the weld is all around 8.5 inches and the tensional lo
ad 20 kips. 20,000 Ibs. ~ . -P- . 20 = 8.5 A,,, o
w
2.35 kips per lin. in.
w = =
f
0.24; use X fillet weld
.
$ EXAMPLE #2
Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld 12 inches (6 e
ach side) and the load 9 kips. & 62 Section modulus, (from table) SW= ~= ~= 12 i
n 9,000 lbs 3 M 3x9 = 2.25 kips per lin. inch Bending Force, ~ = 12 w
Shear ForceW, = ~W= ~ = 0.75kips per lin. inch Resultantforce, W =<W~2 + WJ2 =
d ~
2 + 0 =
v
kips per lin. inch.
W 2.37 Fillet weld size, w = = = .247; use K fillet weld f 9.6
460
DESIG~
OF
W
J
x.
t
-- x
PROPERTIES OF WELD OUTLINES 1 I d2 s. = 6
d s ~
z
I
S = b W d
L

b iY S ( S ( d ( =t~ + d o 4 p w m W 4 ) ) 3 b ) b ) dl ( + d o= t t o 6 x(2b + d
)
i r

+ I I
+
b x r at bottom) (max.stress Y
--b Y 1-l
x
s
. b
+ :
W
d
,v
b
I S (
1
d ( = t~ b
+ o
p
2
w
d
)
b
)
Y I
d
A
~ I Y b t
x
;W = (
( fm
d (2b + d) 2 o ~ t t o m ) ) + a o b a o r xt c t . o e m t )
x -
SW.
x + S 0
hi
l
d 1
dx 1

x
. ~
d
w
2
461
E
C
A X
E
C
EXAMPLE #2
A X
I ._= ==------=--- _-.---= =---- .- .
A vertical vessel is supported by two beams. The weight of the vessel is 20,000
lbs 1 = 120 in Assume pin joint The load on one beam: Moment:
I d 10-0
P M == 4
10,000x 120
4
= 300,000 in-lb
l
Required section modulus: z=!! S* Assuming for allowable stress, SA: 20,000 psi,
I : b I :
Section modulus: z= 300,000 = 15 in3
20,000
I
The section modulus of a wide flange 8WF 20 is 17 in3 Moment of inertia: 69.2 St
ress at the center of wide flange:
10,000 lbs
M Sz==
300,000
17
= 17,647psi
A
I
Deflection:
A A
48EI
=
10,000x 1203
~
48 x 29,000,000 X 69.~=
%6 h.
=
.1794 in -
463
B
C
FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS REQUIRED LENGTH OF BOLTS NOMINAL BOLT
D I 1
%
REQUIRED BOLT LENGTH = i GRIP+ D1MENS1ONS BELOW,
:A T S 1E W H R AE 2 W S RO /
7
n A S H
/
* N y W I1
7
h SE H R E
8
c
e R
s S
A ,
/
I
1~
6
8
1f
1
7 1 1i 1~ 1E 1 1 l
1~
1 1%6 1 I1
1
1y16 f ?46 1 1l
5
/
1
6
1
1
2
1Y
1
7

2/
z ~
8
1 ~
6
1
6
MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCE AND SPACE The minimumdistancefrom the center of bolt hole
to any edge BOLT DIAMETER
7
5
MINIMUM EDGEDISTANCE
A S
7
1~
H
E
2
AA R R
/ 3 7 4
OT O DL E
8 4
L
/ / .

E T D
m
m m
R
4 8
o
z
3 g
3
/
1y
1
1/8
1 1% 1
1 y2
1 2
2
1~
~ 2 ~
y
.y 4 z D 8 T S
B
m
1? l y1
l
4 45 4
8
L /E D
y
I
BOLT HOLES shall be
~16
larger than bolt diameter.
ALLOWABLE LOADS in kips SA 307 unfinished bolts and connected material: SA 283C,
SA 285C, SA 36 Nominal Diameter
o B T A A l i T A L S l o eS n t i r l s r i el e a ba i f t e s 0 , l e 4d o n
n li e 3 s o 6 r n u n s .0 n 6
vi
3
7
1/ 23 .0 . 1 5
1y /
11
4
l
8
1E /
y
2 .0 s , 9
9 . 1 73 61 . 6 . 0 51 07 . 1 7 56 634. 0 046 . 1 62 2 4 9 . 7 1 25. 9 2 9.1 3 2
3 .21 1 0 2 . 1 82 1 1 94. 5 39, 81
954 3 8. 37
lL o wo a e n s l i o h o w a e
a Sb d Da
4 g. 8 b.
6 l . 1 l .
7e . 0 12 e
7.2 4 5.5 8
1 85. 4 2 9.0 4 24 .73
PARTV. .MISCELLANEOUS ..........................................................
.............................. 466 1. Abbreviations
2.
Codes, Standards,Specifications.................................................
......... 470
3. Boiler and Pressure VesselLaws...............................................
........... 474
4. List ofOrganizations Sponsoring or Publishing Codes, Standards or Specificati
ons Dealing with Pressure Vessels . . .. . . . . .
476
5.
Literature......................................................................
......................... 479
6. Definitions .................................................................
........................... 483 7. Index ti_~.___~~_~~~fi~ti.~. ti.~~~.~~~mu~~ti
omofiu.ti.ti. m.o.ti.~. 494
466
A
COMPILED:From 1 ASAZ32.13-1950ABBREVIATIONS . FOR USE ON DRAWINGS 2. ASAZIO.I-I9
41 ABBREVIATIONS FOR SCIENTIFIC & ENGINEERING TERMS ADDED: ABBREVIATIONS GENERAL
LY USEDON VESSEL& PIPINGDRAWINGS AnchorBolt AmericanInstitute of SteelConstructi
on Allowance Allowable AmericanNational StandardsInstitute AmericanStandard Asso
ciation AmericanPetroleum Institute Approximately Asbestos AmericanSocietyof Mec
hanical Engineers AmericanSociety for TestingMatls.
A B B E B L B O B O B Bt U v C e l oo P t o t rK a rT i h n e o i r Cr v V a l c
e
AB AISC
Ccw cfm CFW CG CG cm % %to% co CONC CPLG CORR ALLOW COUP CRS
g Cse
ALLOW ANSI ASA API APPROX ASB ASME
CounterClockwise CubicFoot per Minute ContinuousFillet Weld Commercial Grade Cen
terof Gravity Centimeter Centerline Centerlineto Centerline Company Concentric C
oupling CorrosionAllowance Coupling ColdRolled Steel
Carbon Steel
e t R t bu bo . k w d e T cc x H a T . w n e e i i i t
ASTM AVG
bbl
B B B B B B b B B
Barrel
R
B We B i G n W i r m Wire
C e t C n to c l t e C e n C T C u C l iD n Cu t F u c df p f eC l o c Pt i o Cm
o Tt H Cm W u Wn c k e t T D o w n D t ue i r s mD h a l D oE u E i t H e D e t
E ve e l D l d W g h a DIA m
c
o s ri e g o m e b t l v a i
c CA
Gauge Degree Centigrade Corrosion Allowance
DIAM DIM DP
Diameter Diameter Dimension Design Pressure
467
ABBREVIATIONS (cont.) DTL DWG
EA EH EL ELEV ELL ELLIP EQ ETC EXT F F-F F&D FF FIG FIN FLG FS ft FT3 FW 13 GA G
ALV gal GG GOL gpd gpm GR HVY HD HEMIS HEX HH HL
Detail Drawing
Each Extra Heavy Elevation Elevation Elbow Ellipse, Elliptical, Ellipsoid Equal,
Equally Et Cetera External Fahrenheit Face to Face Flanged & Dished Flat Face F
igure Finish Flange Far Side, Forged Steel Foot, Feet Cubic Foot Fillet Weld Gra
m Gage Galvanized Gallon Gage Glass Gage of Outstanding Leg Gallon per Day Gallo
n per Minute Grade Heavy Head Hemispherical Hexagonal Handhole Hole
HLA HLL
HLSD HR HT ID in INCL INS INT JE kg 1 lb lbf lbs LC LCV LG LG Lin. ft. LLA LLC L
LSD LR Ls LWN m MB MK MATL MAWP MAX MH MIN MKD
HighLevelAlarm HighLiquidLevel
High Level Shut Down Hot Rolled Heat Treatment Inside Diameter inches Including,
Included Inspection Internal Joint Efficiency Kilogram Liter Pound Pound Force
Pounds Level Control Liquid Control Valve Long Level Gage Lineal Foot (Feet) Low
Level Alarm Liquid Level Control Low Level Shut Down Long Radius Low Stage Long
WeldingNeck Meter Machine Bolt Mark Material Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
Maximum Manhole Minimum Marked
468
7
ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)
mm MMSCF MSCF MW N N&C NLL NO NOM NPS
NS NTS
OA
OD OR OSHA Oz Ozs P PBE Pc Pcs Pcv PI . k PROJ PSE psi psia psig
Millimeter MillionStandard CubicFeet ThousandStandard CubicFeet Manway North New
& Cold NormalLiquidLevel Number Nominal NationalPipe Size AmericanNational Taper
PipeThread NearSide Not to Scale Overall OutsideDiameter OutsideRadius Occupati
onalSafety and HealthAdministration Ounce Ounces Pressure PlainBoth Ends Pressur
eControl Pieces PressureControl Valve PressureIndicator Plate Projection PlainSm
allEnd Pound per Square Inch Pound per Square Inch Absolute Pound per Square Inc
h Gage
RAD REF REINF REPAD REQD RF RJ RTJ RV s s/c SCF SCH SCR SCRD SDV SERV Sht. SF SHT
SM SMLS so SPA SPEC SPGR SQ SR Ss s-s s/s STD STL STR SUPT SYM T&B TC TBE
Radial Reference Reinforcing ReinforcingPad Required RaisedFace RingJoint RingTy
pe Joint ReliefValve Schedule ShopCoat StandardCubicFoot Schedule Screw Screwed
ShutdownValve ServiceSheet StraightFlange Sheet Seam Seamless SlipOn Spacing Spe
cification SpecificGravity Square Short Radius StainlessSteel Seamto Seam Standa
rd Steel Straddle Support Symmetrical Top & Bottom TemperatureControl ThreadedBo
th Ends
-
ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)
Psv R TEMA
THD THK TI TLE TOC TOS TS TSE T-T TW TW
Pressure Safety Valve Radius Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association Threade
d, Thread Thick Temperature Indicator Threaded Large End Top of Concrete Top of
Steel Tube Sheet Threaded Small End Tangent to Tangent Tack Weld Thermowell
TYP USAS VA VOL v WG ~ OUT WP WT XH
XX STG
Typical United States of America Standards Institute Valve Volume With Water Gal
lon WeldingNeck Without Working Pressure Weight Extra Heavy Double Extra Heavy D
ouble Extra Strong
470
C
STANDARDS,SPECIFICATIONS
PRESSURE VESSELS, BOILERS ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 1995
I I I
Iv v
V V V I
x
X
P M N H N R B R P R W F R
B S P B p P E R C o f C C a o P 1 D P o N V P P O o H e B 2A e u i b
V a f I B
R f D Q P I
Components
British Standards Institution (BSI) 1500 Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels for Use i
n the Chemical, Petroleum and Allied Industries 1515 Fusion Welded Pressure Vesse
ls for Use in the Chemical, Petroleum and Allied Industries (advanced design and
con struction) Canadian Standards Association (CSA) B-51 -h41991 - Code for the
Construction and Inspection of Boiler! and Pressure Vessels TANKS American Petr
oleum Institute (API) Spec 12B Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Pro
duction Liquids, 1990 Spec 12D Specification for Field Welded Tanks for Storage
of Production Liquids, 1982
CODES,S
S
S
1
Std 620 Std 650
Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Prop duction Liquids, 1988 Recommended Rules fo
r Design and Construction of Large Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, 1990 Weld
ed Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 1988
S
f
U N N A D N N N N
L 1 5 S t S t W A L U L W A
I T T
( f f ( F F
n a a C C
a b n
AWWA Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage
3 5 5
F P F L L
A &C P P G G
( L S a U
r C a H G P
l
PIPING
A B B B B B B
N 1 1 1 1989 1 1
S P F C L R P G P P P
I a T P w P
( R P 1 A P S e
Piping Systems
m
r
Gas Transmission
and Distribution
HEAT EXCHANGERS
E S s
J M 5 E J
w
1
A A
a
I P
G
a tt E
x
PIPES American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI B36.19-1976 Stainless St
eel Pipe ANSVASME B36.1OM-1985 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
CODES,STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS
F
FLANGES, AND VALVES
E a V W P P S F a O G T F a F S a S F A G S f S a N P P B S B a L
I u
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI B16.25-1992 B ANSI B16. 10-199
2 F ANSI B 16.9-1993 ANSI B 16.14-1991 ANSI B 16.11-1991 ANSI B16.5 1988 ANSI B
16.20-1993
E
D
o
a a
F F F F w F T P A R F
M
The American S
A f T a M
(ASTM) 1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 1 Iron and Steel Products Vol
ume01.O1/SteelPiping, Tubing and Fittings, 131 Standards Volume 01.03/Steel Plat
e, Sheet, Strip, and Wire, 95 Standards Volume 01.04/Structural Steel, Concrete
Reinforcing Steel, Pressure Vessel Plate and Forgings, Steel Rails, Wheels, and
Tires 135 S
M I U S S C B P C o B 1 C ( O I n ( o
t
Steel Structures Painting Manual Volume 1, Good Painting Practice Volume 2, Syst
ems and Specifications
U S b S B a P V L S o B a P V L C C a P ( R S a R a C
473 CODES,STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS Environment P C o Federal Regulations, Prote
ction of Environment, 198840- Parts 53 to 60 (Obtainable from any Government Pri
nting Office)
r
A
S o C E (ASCE) Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures ASCE 7-88
(Formerly ANSI A58.1)
TABULATION OF THE BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANAD
A JURISDICTION Alabama
Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida
I II NNNN
YYYY YNYN YYYY YYYY YYYY YYYN YYYY YNYY
XV VIII(1)VIII(2) XI NN
YN NN YY YY YY NN YY NN
KEY:ASMECode SEC
I P 1 ( B o o 1 1 w i )
Georgia
Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana
I o
YYYY
YYYY YYYY YNYY YYYY
wY Y a Y Y Y
YY
Y Y YY YN
Y
y N
VIII(l)- Pressure Vessels V e s VIII(2)-Pressure XI-I n Is n e s r p ve
N Y u c l
e
Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missis
sippi Missouri Montana Nebraska
YYYNNY YYYYNN YNYN YNYY YYYY YYYYN Y Y Y YNYY YNYY YYYY YNYN YNYN
NN YN Y Y* N YY N Y N N
N- Lawdoesnotcover *-Onlyportions of Codeorcall jurisdiction Y y Y N y N N SOl.J
RCE:
T c o h nt d a b e io u n
ls
Nevada New Hampshire
New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon
Pemsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas
Utah Vermont Virginia
YNYY
YNYY YYYY YNYN YNYY YYYY YNYY YYYY YNYY YYYY YYYY YYYY YYYY NNNN YNYN YYYY YYYNN
Y YYYY YNYY YYYY
Y
N YY NN N Y YN YY YN YY YY YY YY NN NN YY YY YN YY
N
N N Y
tionandvari~ces inthe m
::;;:t$;n ;::5:::0;::5;; Law5Rules andRegu,ation~ CoP~right 1994 uniform Boilera
nd PressureVessel Laws Society. [t doesnotlistalltheexemp-
laws and regulations. More detailed information is avail:::5u;::;:;:n:::;:;:n:;;
beobtained fromthejurisdictiomlauthority ortheSociety.
.
475 TABULATION OF THE BOILER OF T
JURISDICTION Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alberta British Columbia
Manitoba New Brunswick New Foundland &
A
U
1 11 YYYY YNNY YYYY YNNY YYYY Y Y YYYY YYYY Y N
P
S
(continued)
V
A C
L
IV VIII(1) VIII(2) XI YY NN YY NN YY Y Y Y Y YY YY Y Y Y N Y Y Y YN YY Y YN YY N
NN YY YY N N N
SEC
I P B o o w i l
Labrador
Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchew
an Yukon Territory Albuquerque Buffalo Chicago Denver Des Moines Y N Y YNNY YYYY
Y Y Y YYYY YYYY Y Y Y YNYN YYYYNN YYYY YYYY YNYN
IV-Heating Boilers VIII(l)- Pressure Vessels VIII(2)-Pressure Vessels XI-1nservi
ce Inspection,
N u c l e
Y
N
Y-Required byLaw N- Lawdoesnotcover *- Onlyportions of Code orcall jurisdiction
SOURCE: Thiscondensed tabulation of o dataistaken fromSynopsis
B L ao P R a a ir V e l n s ee s R u w e g l us n l ae
N
Detroit Los Angeles Memphis Miami Milwaukee New Orleans
New York City Omaha
YYYY
YYYY
Y
YN
Y Y N
Y N N
Y Y YYYY YYYY
Y Y Y N YNYY
Y
Y Y
Y
Y y
Y Y YN
Y N N
:::::i;;:
;;e;:urJn;:;::
::O;O:::;;::;C:; ;::;;::; lawsandregulations. Moredei n f oi ar m v a a tii tai]~
d
u t n S o S dc yh i e n e o t
St. Joseph St. Louis Seattle Spokane Tacoma Tucson Tulsa UniversityCity Dade Cou
nty JeffersonParish St. Louis County
District of Columbia
YYYY Y N Y Y YNYY YYYY YNYY YNYY YNYY YNYY YYYY
Y Y Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
N Y Y N y y YN YN YN YN YN YN YN
Y Y N Y
Urther nformation.may be obtained fromthejurlsdlctlonalauthorl~orthe socie~
Y Y
Y Y
476
L
S S
~AME& ADDRESS
O
O P D W C P A PA S P O P V
4MERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING 15Eisenhower Drive ~mmm, NJ 07652 (201) 368-9100 ENG
INEERING & SAFETY SERVICE hMERICAN INSURAN CE SERVICES GROUP, INC. \5 John Stree
t, New York, NY 10038 AISG, INC.
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE** ANSI 11West42nd Street, New York, NY 100
36 (212) 642-4900 F U S n ot iA a tm S e te t ar I d e n ni d s(s c a tfUa rai d
tS s u At ne S K*
p t 1r A im 9 Se o t r 6 aA i rns c o s d 6 ao( a c nr i A d a ts i S o n A )
)
d
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE 1220L Street, Northwest Washington,D.C. 20005 (202)
682-8375
API
AMERICANSOCIETYOF MECHANICALENGINEERS 345East47thStreet NewYork,N.Y. 10017 (212)
705-7722 AMERICANSOCIETYFOR TESTINGANDMATERIALS 1916RaceStreet l?hiladelphia, PA
19103 (215)299-5585 AMERICANWATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6666WestQuincyAvenue Denver
,CO 80235 (303)794-7711
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY P.O. Box 351040 Miami, FL 33135 For Orders Only 800-334
-9353
ASME
ASTM
AWWA
AWS
BRITISHSTANDARDS INSTITUTION* 389Chiswick HighRoad LondonW44AL *Bfitish Stmdwd P
ublications areavailable from
The American
BSI
N
a StandardsInstitute t i o n
a
l
CANADIANSTANDARDSASSOCIATION 178RexdaleBlvd. Rexdale,ONCanadaM9W 1R3 CE COMPANY
COMMERCIALUNIONINSURAN OF AMERICA 1 Beacon Street
Boston, MA 02108 (617) 725-7304
CSA
L
N & AA D D M R EE
O
S S A B B R E V I A T
SPONSORING OR PUBLISHING CODES AND STANDARDSOR SPECIFICATIONS DEALING WITH PIPIN
G ANDPRESSURE VESSELS
COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. 1725 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1004 Arling
ton, Va22202 (703) 412-0900 EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 25 North B
roadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 HEAT EXCHANGE INSTITUTE, INC. 1300 Summer Ave., Cle
veland, OH 44115 (216) 241-7333
I N T E R N A T I C OO N N A L F E R O E N C E B U I O L F D F I I NC G I A L S
5 S Workman 3 6 Rd. 0 . Mill
CGA
EJMA
F
ICBO
Whittier, CA 90601 (310) 699-0541 THE NATIONALBOARDOF BOILER AND
PRESSUREVESSELINSPECTORS 1055CrupperAve.,ColumbusOH43229 (614)888-8320
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION P.O. Box 9101, Batteryrnarch Park @incy, MA
02269 (617) 770-3000 (800) 344-3555
O C C U P A T I S O N A AA LF E T N H E AA D ML I N IT S T RHA T I O N 2 Constit
ution 0 Avenue,N.W. 0 Y D
NBBI NGPA
O
Washington, D.C.20210 (800)344-3555
S 5 E I A N S E TN I L T U K T E 7 0 OakwoodRd.,LakeZurich,IL60047 (708)438-TANK
T T
STEEL STRUCTURES PAINTING COUNCIL 40 24th Street, 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 1522
2 Telephone: (412) 687-1113 Fax: (412) 687-1153 TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS
25 North Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 (914) 332-0040
U N D E R W R L I T A E B R O S R A T O I R I E SN, 3 PfmgstenRoad,Northbrook, 3
3 IL60062 (708)272-8800 C
SSPC
.
UL
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 2100 Second St. S.W., Washington, D.C. 20593 (202) 267
-2967
U V 3 N I B F OO A I R P M LR E L S S SA O E C W LI N Evergreen 0 Rd., Suite 240
8 E E N S R S U DR E ST Y . E
UBPVLS
Louisville, KY40243 (502)244-6029
L
S S
NAME& ADDRESS
O
O P D W C P A P A S P O P V
ABBREVIATION USEPA WRc
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C.
20460 WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL 345 East 47th St. New York, NY 10017 (212) 705-7
956 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 345 E. 47th Street New York, NY 10017 (8
00) 548-2723
ASCE
LITERATURE
1. S. Timoshenko, Strength of AZateria/s, 1955, D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. 2
. S.P. Timoshenko, Theory of P[ates and Shells, 1959, A4cGraw-lYiii Book Co., Ne
w York. 3. R.J. Roark and W Y F f S 1975, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. Vessel
Handbook Publishing, Inc., Tulsa, OK.
5. L.E. Brownell and R.H. Young, Process E
a
S
5th Ed.
4. K.K. Mahajan, Design of Process Equipment-2nd Ed. 1985, Pressure
D
V
D
.
1
John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Out of Print)
6. M.B. Bickel and C. Ruiz, Pressure VesselDesign and Analysis, 1967, Macmillan
Publishing Co. Inc., New York.
7. H.H. Bednar, Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, 2nd Edition, 1986, Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 8. S.S. Gill, The Stress Anaiysis of Pressure Ve
sselsand Pressure Vessel Components, 1970, 9. J.F. Harvey, Theory and Design of
Modern Pressure Vessels 2nd Ed. 1974, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
10. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)
Volume I. Analysis, 1972, ASME. 11. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Anal
ysis (Collected Papers)
Volume II. Components and Structural Dynamics, 1972, ASME. 12. Pressure Vessels
and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers) Volume III. Materials and Fab
rication, 1976, ASME.
13. W. Soedel, Vibrations of Shells and Plates, 1981, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
New York.
14. W. Flfigge, Stresses in Shells, 2nd Ed. 1973, Springer - Verlag, New York.
15. R. Szilard, Theory and Analysis ofPlates, 1974, P r e n t i c I e - H n a l
l c,
E n g C l e lN w io of d f J s , .
16. M. Hetdnyi, BeamsonElasticFoundation,1974,TheUniversityof Michigan
Press, Ann Arbor.
1
Foundation Design 7 Handbook . (Collected
1968,Hydrocarbon
Processing,Houston,TX. 18. Design of Flarzgesfor Full Face Gaskets, Bulletin No.
45, Taylor Forge& Pipe Works, Chicago,IL. 19. M. L. Betterley,Sheet Metal Draft
ing, 1961,McGraw-HillBook Co., Inc., New York 20, B. F. Forman:PressureVesselCom
puterPrograms,1995,PressureVessel HandbookPublishing,Inc., Tulsa, OK.
21. M. H. Jawad & J. R. Farr, Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipmen
t, 1984, John Wiley & Sons,New York.
22. Kohan, AnthonyLawrence,Pressure VesselSystems, 1987, McGraw-Hill Book Compan
y,New York,NY.
Do eR s Pressure n s n Vessel . ,i Design s Manual, , 1987, Gulf Publishing 23.
M Co., Houston,TX.
481
S
COVERED BY THE WORK(S) LISTED UNDER LITERATURE
( B B n u T r m t th e b w e fo d e r rh se wk at r( s l o is u ei b) n h jt e g
c ht .e e O C n y d l iS i nh n de r g l i l c s af , l Flange 1 4Design &Analy
sis,8 A e n n o aSmooth,6 dl ys s , i s f Flanged andFluedExpansion Joints,4
Bolted Joints, 9 Brittle Fracture, LowStress, 6 Buckling, 6 ofFlatandCurved Plates
- Formulas, 3 Buckling ofShells,6 CastIronPressure Vessels, 9 CodesofVarious Countr
ies,24 Collapse, Fatigue andIncremental, 6 Composite Materials, 12 Computer Analysi
s ofPressure Vessels,8 Concrete forPressure Vessels, 12 Cone,Conical Section whenH
alfApex Angle isGreater than30,7 Conical Heads andReducers, 6 Corrosion, 6 Corrosion
Resistant Materials, 12 Cracks, Development of,6 CreepEffects, 8 Cylindrical Shell
s, Analysis of,6 DeadLoads, 7 Deformations inPressure Vessels,3 Design ofFlanges,4 R
ectangular Tanks, 4 TallStacks, 4 TallTowers, 7 Discontinuity Stresses, 7, 9 Divisio
n 2 ofASME CodeComparison to Division 1,4 Dynamic Stability, 11 Dynamic andTempera
ture Stress, Formulas, 3 Earthquake Loads, 7, 24 Economics ofDesign andConstructio
n,9 ElasticStability, 8 PlatesandShells - Formulas, 3 Elastic Stress Analysis, 6 Ele
vated Temperature Effects, 10 Elliptical Opening, StressConcentration, 9 Expansion
Joints, Flanged andFlued,4 PipeSegment, 4 External Loads, 10,24 External Pressure;
StressAnalysis, 8 Fatigue, 9, 10,12 Fatigue andincremental Collapse, 6 Filament-Wo
und Pressure Vessels, 9 Flange Design, 4
Flanges andClosures, 11,24 Flanges withFullFaceGasket21 FlatClosure Plate, 6, 24 Fl
atPlates - Formulas, 3 Stresses in.,9 Floating Heads, Stress Analysis of,4 Foundati
on Design, 20 Fracture, 6 Fracture Mechanics, 10 Fracture Properties ofMaterials,12
Heads, Stress Analysis of8, 11,24 HeatExchangers, ShellandTube,4, 24 HighTemperatu
re Materials, 12 HubFlanges, Rotation of,4 Hydrogen Embrittlement,12 LegSupport for
Vertical Vessels, 4 Ligament Stresses, Analysis of,8 LimitAnalysis andPlasticity, 1
0 Lobed Pressure Vessels, 9 LocalLoading, Stress Analysis o~8, 11 LocalStresses in
Vessels,7,23 LowStress Brittle Fracture, 6 LowTemperature Materials, 12 LugSupport
forVertical Vessels, 4 Materials forVessels, 6, 7,9,24 Membrane Stresses, 7,9 Mitre
d Bends, Analysis of,6, 8 Modular Construction, 9 Non-Bolted Closures, 9 Nozzles, 11
,24 Nozzles, Intersection Stress Analysis, 8 Nozzles, Stresses inVessels Exerted
by, 15, 16,17 Nozzle Thermal Sleeves, 9 Oblique Nozzles, 6 Perforated PlatesandShel
ls, 11 PipeBends, Stress Analysis o~8 PipeSegment Expansion Joints, 4 PipeSupports
at Intervals - Formulas,3 PipeLoads, 7 PipingSystems, Stress Analysis of,6, 11 Plas
ticity, 10 Plastic Collapse, 6 Plates, Theory andAnalysis of,18 Prestressed Concret
e Vessels,9 Rectangular Tanks, Design ofi4
S
U
B
( J c E a Cz
T f hS u
e
d
) etg t l sf s , ,
R e i n f oo rO c p e em n e i n2 nt g R S u i p p on ~ g2 R o o t H a F tl ai n
u o g ne S aD d o e d s~ 2 l ie ,g S e A i n as l y si i s c 11m
s , 7 f S, u o V p 4e pb Lso s ur4 6 S u Lugs,Stresses p p E o r xerted s , f b 4
inVessels by, 24 7 n , TallStacks, 4 Design of,4, 24 , TallTowers, Vibration of,4
Selection ofMaterials,6 Shallow Shells, 14 SheetMetalDrafting, 22 ShellandTubeHeatE
xchangers, 4 ShellsofRevolution, Analysis of,6, 24 Sliding Supports forHorizontal
and Vertical Vessels, 7 Spherical Shells, Analysis of,6 StressandStrainDueto Press
ure onor Between Elastic Bodies - Formulas, 3 StressConcentration, 9 Stresses inHo
rizontal Vessels Supported byTwoSaddles(Zick),7 Stresses inFlatPlates,9 Stresses I
nVessels,8,14,24 Formul~3 Stacks, Designs ofTall,4 Structural Dynamics, 11 Support o
fVessels byLegs,4, 7
Tanks, Design ofRectangular,4 Temperature, Effects ofElevated,10 Temperature Stres
ses - Formulas, 3 Thermal Stresses, 7, 9 ThickCylinder, 9 ThickShells, Anslysisof6 T
ubeSheetDesign, Fixed, 4 Vertical Vessels Supported byLugs,4 1 Vibration, Analysis
ofTallTowers,4 Induced byFlow,11 WeldDesign, 7 Welded Joints,Design of,6,9 Welding, 1
2 Wind-Induced Deflection ofTowers,7 Wind-Induced Vibration ofTowers,7 WindLoads, 7
, 24
3
DEFINITIONS
f a t
T r e o m sh u om r v a fate a e l m a s r t oh o t n rf l r o im a iu c h y to c
gdi o h t n n s o ao l t io l ha g q ie o c u ro d im ,b ad i n , a h e r e o f
. e l Pressure The pressureabovethe
rc f i e a l W e ia ew l o pe h e n t r in f f t r is or n q u mi o a aL
e w l e d i q i o n c tr h t h m is
T p o m m e n an p t ea t ro y f I d n o il tn ow n a g d oi h d n r g
absolutezerovalueof pressure thattheoretically obtainsin emptyspaceor at the abs
olute zeroof temperate, as distinguished fromgage pressure.
Material backing up the joint
e t r h o o t A o al n n a uo s r m u by gbs f t e e a a nr c e f s B a S c i at
kb i a r nc h a m ev p t r i ao an p l cel g o ri n t o cis n e i s t i d n g i
a f f o a so t rr t o m e lw o ew m f e r x in o c tr e te s ept ;t i o h n h w
s , e c o m a p u o nsm e u n er e t a t sl al e l m l e le y in c t s . t e f n
h a w si i T n e g p l i l g a i b s l t e i c d e f o o r a m o a r t i d o A el
. i i n t e pr s b e l c eta zi t n(n n gw ee ed seum r n c e t o t ia al b j a
o u 9 di ( t cn n e jot t o(r) g i d nC n 0 e . to a r ) d . e M a a t s e t r b
i ba ar rl s U A 6 0 ) w t h s h p re h a c e n t pn oi e c yra m w l d i s b t
o fe r a t f i o ol n u r r e e ua so l tu g v a e ll h ,l o y b f e e Av t i w
y t h p i a ie n o h ac u,l a rn t h e il e r B t e gd u t sh e h t t i Ap f fi
c n t o g tnp a n pi o e nce a n g l e s . w a f i ef im t l t a s a t hl Ii ri
i e an g h p o w l i l ln i a t oe ue xw tt r t h n n ge r a hr
A w
duringweldingto facilitate obtaininga sound w a
j o et i m nle i m w l a y p p r o i i x ti m n a s p a l B w a m ue n j o i p i
r v n e se t c o n s t s r u hc h t i c o m p e pn l e a te r t f u s i o n T o
b y w p je u oel S o i D n oB g u e l S o q B i J un o u at o r w ep o lr o u d
c i e p ns f sg e sJ Ag n e tP r l aa t w hc o e a r l i ep e s rc i e o b n nhd
c e u ca e t s d i n y Fg P e u w a e i l ae w t c or t wr h i iin tc tc t h ,
o h h u r t P ee n e B t Jr aou t ii w o u o w i it in a p p o l p i c r aa et w
i s o ow sn i un i t r t f et h o dh h u r t B J e b a s c t kr i i n u o f m i
s el tl ae e fl r .
S?3
CD
m=
m
a t g t
m d p ih to p ia o l t ah n a t t rt n hn u ef a b a t o h xw n ru t o hm it u o
y io g s hmc h e h a i z ri h ce o i e w r nt e c o aii o es d ; eh ntt ts p t
ro t a a v m air t he t a r a iyi e a nl fif ez i ae n d e i ttf h o m h o ag u
ei n ne p o i n nu l f s a o r td m e
T
m
I db I
et c t o ru c a ro o m w ls b fi e o i oi ln n t ai r i eng s gu s ee s . eea a
s f t e n e t f A threaded sleeve u t c so n hT ei e h r wp i h f e o ea b . rr
y n a t t s eh v n e e o a eens l n x yt t dhi eu prr s n e i oaa t r l pd . i d
e f o r m T l o i w n e o s f u c n o o nd d e s c tes r a e tT rn a t r st i ie
ners h i n t e fr m w i i te i tl e l nl dt e i nt g n u su u w ra s e l i ft t
le e br yt ee o d h n hh c a at o l j io ew a i h n e i tr p c , n h m ue t tn
e a a e n d ll st ee e sim v po rae r n ta t i n c or w he m ei e l n d t e s i
n f g n l l ad u T s iy m ih o ei am a et i c renn r g io d o l a a p i np r o r
x n i m ea t e e el y p r s e is t u s rs c i uep va aels f l la os ll s ls y e
i ht o sh e n e opposite to t f l o w .
other line.
T l u es h ton aa r s e g k i a f v i a g m e n n i a o n t v d e d e r r i a c o
n d e t s a i a fg l tn l l e du o o iw d o 1 I 1 t o s i e t r w v o r h i a e
m i c n n e a e u f , l d m n t e p t ha i o r d o s - u-i g ns r h en e c f se
eb r t o e e v f o ii noc hr o e r I rte i ln m tion o A cn o tl m y y m .o p n
h a p s ls a u a s p t es n e d eo d m d t b p a h r o e dxi uc y co is y s eo
b s ne s gi t t r h e f va ha e l r i t so e ed w c >a c u t o r s ai a e eg c p
s c en x c r eou a os r gravity in forcing the plate b c a f u a c s tr i aie n
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l y ia ee s s i if on o n sA l , ro c c o ra rl o l i s a o iw ( o daU nn G d s
c e- e 2e d b uf )e .w d s2 uc o swe i ii u d t h nio s oo ft y i n l ,t d h 2 T
dt h eh i s i ct k is n.o g ee t n s h s um hae s w e t mo a f e r e t q h u ia
i c t r c k o e n ra d e n rh ls o ls o s i w d oa e nn c e
(UT)a nondestruc-
r e e hf s tu t fl r at ei f lnh o u g u o i tm r g s ew - me e h l a , d d in e
n s aa oh et f ts m n i nf a e e h l e t ll t a de ewl r eo . lr r s a h gr l p
od w c ihee t ne e sc s e es h t d r n f o o ut d d r oee n p e m io hs e s t i
ht t T m j eoh p i t r u n oia i e c s nl e g s e s d n m a w ke il nd gs . I r p
f t ils o n n a t e sn W r I o u r g ert h ao I t c o n s o th v r u et c tws i
n o eespn leh dl ri fai p s n e fd g ud I uo ri l c n hi a anrn ab cg ct t e e .
r i c ae r e s s bs t t r r C e i (c s t U oh e ea W d d- p y 2re oe 7a s) 3 p s
o oc e b cn s ie e e ru rl f e n tg u m w i p ix i a u a er t 0 b d rp no nu ch
o e . e f o l l o w s : b, o n . 1 S h m i e a el s u d r t be a . mda g ec r r
l gc e , a ad c r s m a e g t ru t an p aag c l a s r l at a , e ts rcs n o m c
,m a i , c s o ah tw w r se h e ts e i r s T l h y m d r a eo gx r g t ew y n aef
ce l u la d le ,i i l n e g s , ie - is n c w rc i ta n h cs e r o tF s eu sr a
t e s o se o t r ao e s l l be a n c e g t , r a od m n p . u i r i i p m o pt
s do e i r s st bt a i e nn t sg tt u 2 P r we s e p sr l o ud f c r i. e i l e
s n ns a g e d s upper : uh y c , ph i - w ts o e i i th esln i at td c h r, t r
e i s p i os r t t e an hns ace s ,p e ru , r mre n ies w t s t , uhs trd r ie
e s dh s c -i s f a t hbr a g i ei n r cr a g a s . h o r ia z t o l n y t oa n
p lhi , w o e i ih e d el n s o t b i m
T
T
m
m t
e a tp h r o awi je R F
l hd ea o a w hc te lw ae on ms n os t r t sr m a t d eh e r i t aat l s ies o l
, m e u w n t h m d c i e e o h n c t r t d t i h e a n f eu l a io n c n di tv
t i sp o c l re d vs o he d d u n c e O a f m n a e t l e e x a r h i y a i w l
b s ie u t y p r i o o l d i ne n f dt . f s m a o ott t e m ir s i e or a hm eu
l e sr t is w ny mi ito r us e s et n l g h t mi o i e lw o tl r da e i lra sr
o ,y nn o e r yd s
IN: E Abbreviations ...........................:. ........466 Checklist for insp
ectors...................255 Abrasion ..........................................
...483 Checkvalves..................................... 367 Absolute pressure ..
............................483 Definition.....................................
484 Accessopening, tickness of.....,........, 140 Chemicalplant piping..........
............. Allowable loadonsaddle ..................110 Chemicalresistance Al
lowable pressure ........................ 18-25 of gaskets......................
............... 224 Allowable pressure, flanges ................28 Metals.......
.................................... 224 stressesfor Allowable paints...........
................................ 253
non-pressureparts ........................ 4
l A A A 4 9 Chipping............................................ 484 l oo p w ab
n l ec . . en a. s. . d . t . i.Circles,circumferences . f .ne. . g . 2 3 6 ...
............................................... l l o y 4 8 of, ................
................ 3 and areas 300 n b dc e ........................ oh so l i r 7
g t7C n i -divisionof.. 8 4 r c l .......................... e s ,
Anglejoint .........................................483 Anglevalves ............
..........................366 definition ......................................4
83 Annealing...........................................483 API 650 tanks .......
.............................204 API 12Ftanks...................................
.203 Appurtenances, Preferredlocations.......................241 Arc welding ...
....................................483 Area of circles.........................
........... 300 Planes............................................ 258 Area of s
urface, Cylindricalshell head...................425 ASMEflangedand dished head,
allowablepressure.......... 20-24 Dimensionof m....., .........................
335 Externalpressure............................34 Internalpressure.............
.......... 20-24 Automaticwelding ...........,.,...........,..483 Backing.......
.......................................483 Base ring design ....................
........ 79-83 Beamformulas...................................455 Bend allowance
s of Steelphltc .................................236 Bendingof pipe and tube ...
...............234 Ilcnt pipe ............................................ 280
B v ao p le
Segments of ................................ 290 Circularplate, weightof... ....
............ 404 Circumferences and areas i ....................................
.. r c l e 300 s of c Circumferential stress ......................... 14 Clad v
essel........................................ 484 Coderules relatedto Services..
...................................., 181 Thicknesses...........................
......
Codes ................................................. 470
Combinationof stresses...................... 69 Combustibleliquids..............
............ 184 Commonerrors Detailingvessels.......................... Complet
efusion................................ 484 Cone,allowablepressure, Internal....
................................ 20,24 Externalpressure.........................
.. 36 Frustrumof...,.......................,......276 To cylinderreinforcement .
.......... 159 Wallthicknessfor internalpressure.................20, Conicalsect
ion, Allowablepressure..................20, 2
E x p t r e .................... e r sn s ....... a u3 l r e W t h a i .........
................ c kl n 2 e 2 ls s 0 o n s t o r V u C c t Si o S n C I S f , p
a c i ................................ , f i c a t i o 13n 9 7 4 o n to r a c t
i o n f H o r vi z e ......................... o sn t s a e 9 l l s 1 2 o n ,vd
e e r c s i i o mn a l s 8 3 o a degree................................... 443 f
8 3 Degreesto radains....................... 441 . 4 8 3
Boltedconnections ............................463 Bolts,weightof ...............
.................. 4
B B B B
C ir e l n s e s ru rd e .................................... s a s e w 4l s C C
r f ri ................................... at c t t l u e r 4 e r i t...........
............................... t l e n e s s 4 u ..............................
.............. s h i n g . u t t Weld...........................................
483
Capacitiesof fabrication....................232 Carbonsteel, propertiesof ......
..........186 Centerof gravity................................452 Centigrade,con
version to Fahrenheit ..................................444 Ccntroidof an area .
...........................484 Chain intermittent IiIlcl Weld ..................
.................... 484
Factors......................................... 446 Gallonsto liters ..........
................. 439 Inchesto millimeters...................431 Kilogramsto pou
nds...................438 Litersto gallons........................... 439 Millim
etersto inches...................433 Poundsper sq. in, to kilogramsper sq. centi
meter......,. 440 Poundsto kilograms.................... 438 Radiansto degrees .
..................... 442
Sq. feet tosq. meters ..1................437 Sq. meterstosq. feet ..............
,....437 Cornerjoint ....................................... 484 Corrosion......
.............................215,484 Fatigue ...................................
...... 484 2 Corrosionresistantmatcrinls........,.... Creep.....................
............................. 484 Couplings.....................................
..... 468 Definition..;.................................. 484 Lengthof..........
..................,,138, 139 Weightof ..................................... 413
Wchling........................................ 361 Cylinders,. partialvolumeof.
.............,...418,421 Cylindricalshell allowable Pressure....................
................ 18,22 Area of surface............................. 425 External
pressure........................... 32 Thicknessfor internal pressure...........
.................... 18,22
W .......................................... e i g h 3t D a m s a ..............
.................. t g ri ne g 4s Davit ........................................
.......... 312 D e o c a degree, i m a l s
conversion.................................... 443 Decimalsof an inch...........
................ 426 Decimalsof a foot ............................. 426 Definit
ions......................................... 483 Deflection....................
........................ 68 Deformation,strain ........................... 484 D
egreesto radians,conversion.........441 Descriptionof materials.................
... 192 Designpressure,definition...............484 internal....................
....................... 15 external .......................................... 3
1 Designspecification.......................... 195 steel structures............
................. 447 tcmpcraturc.................................. 484
tall towers ....................................... 52 weldedjoints ............
............ 1 448
D e t ofpressure a i vessels l i ............. n g 240 Dimensions ofheads.......
.................. 335
Eccentricity........................................485 Efficiencyof weldedjoint
.................485 Elastic ................................................48
5 Elasticlimit........................................485 Elasticstability .....
...............................67 Illcctroslagwelding...........................
485 2 2 Ellipsoidalhead allowable pressure ....................................
18, 22 area of surface..............................425 dimensionsof ...........
....................335 externalpressure ............................34 locating
point on ..........................293 partialvolumeof... ......................
. wall thicknesstor internalpressure..................18$22 Endurancelimit,. ....
.............................485 Engagementof pipe...........................235
Erosion...............................................485 Examinationof weldedj
oints ............177 Expansionjoint ..................................485 7 5 o
f horizontalvessels ......................99 of metals..........................
............. 191 s 8 openings....................... 4 Extensionof 128 External
pressure .................................31 f charts ..........................
.............. 42-47 stiffeningring .................................40 Fabricat
ingcapacities........................232 Fabricationtolerances..................
......200 Factors,conversion............................446 Factorof safety ....
..............................485 Fahrenheit,conversionto centigrade............
.........................444 Fatigue............................................
...485 Fiber stress.........................................485 Filler metal....
.....................................486 Fillet weld ...........................
...............486 Fittings....................................... 126-127 weldi
ng.........................................361 dimensions.......................
............361 7 weight...........................................390 4 , Flamm
able liquids............................. 184 Flangedand dished head, allowablep
ressure....................20, 24 area of surface..............................4
25 dimensionsof ...............................335 externalpressure ............
................34 thicknessfor internal pressure...............................
Flangedfittings,prcssuretemperaturerating ..........................28 Flrmgc d
imensions,...................,..,......,....341 pressure-temperature rating ....
.......28 weightof ......................................395
pipe............................................... 330 Discontinuity...........
..................484,485 Divisionof circles ............................. 289 D
oubleweldedbuttjoint ...................485 lapjoint ...........................
............. 485 Drop at intersectionof nozzle and shell ......................
................. 291 Ductility.............................................485
Earthquake........................................... 61 map,of seismiczones....
................ 64 ...................... Eccentric Eccentricload..............
........................ 66
w l t e h aia ...................... c a k l t n 2d e ls o s 6 cylinderand plane
................... 2S1 f o u c s o tn cr c e .u . n .m .o t. . r . .i f .n c .
.cylinderand . . . 2 e 7 sphere................. 6 of 2S6 e c cc e .............
................. n ot r i n2c e nozzleand 7 of shell,drop 9 ............. 291 F
g p u i .................................. a pe i ln 2 s g 0 8 Isotropic.......
...........................,.......4. 487 F f wiu ..............................
..... l el l el l 4 t Joint d ! 3 6 172, 174 efllciencies.......................
F F
h r
Gage Gallonsto
.....................................
definition..................................... 487 Joint penetration...........
.................... 487 Junctionof cone to cylinder............. 159 Killedstee
l ........................................ 487 Kilogramto pounds,conversion.....
. 438
........................................ ....................
Ladder .............................................. 315 Laminatedvessel.......
........................ 487 Lapjoint ..........................................
.. 487 Laws,boilerand pressurevessel ...... 474 Layeror laminatedvessel ........
......... 4S7 Leg support 102 f o ....................................... r m u
l a 2s 5 ....................................... 8 dimensions...................
................ 108 p r ....................................... o b l e m 2s 6
8 arcs ................................... 297 G s i f o er ....................
.......... r t m a h u 1m l Lengthof a 6 Lengthof pipeand coupling G v l .......
................................. ao l b v e 4 e 8 6 for openings...............
.......... 13S, 139 d i m e n s i o n 366 s ...................................
of stud bolts................................. 237 G i r t i....................
................ a z a p t i h o4 n s 6 Lethalsubstances........................
...... 487 G rw ....................................... o eo v l e 4 d s 6 Lifli
ngattachments........................... 119 Ileads ............................
.....................334 Liflinglug ......................................... 11
8 definition.....................................,486 Ligament..................
......................... 487 volumeof .....................................416
Linedvessel ...................................... 487 weightof ................
......................375 Liquidpenetrantexamination........... 487 Heat treatme
nt....................................486 Liquidpetroleumpiping.................
..210 1Hemispherical head, allowable Literature ................................
........... 479 pressure.................................... 18,22 Liters to gal
lons, conversion ............ 439 area of surface..............................
425 Loadings ...................................... 1 3 dimensionsof ...........
....................335 L o pointson c a t i n g externalpressure ..............
..............34 ellipsoidalheads.......................... 293 o r vesselcompon
ents....... 241 wall thicknessf Locationsof i n p t r e . e. r . .s n . .s 1. a
.2 u . l. Longweldingneck............................ .r . . e. 8 . . . . , 2 34
I I { i gs h .................................. - ta l le o y 4 e l 8 stress....
.......................... 6 Longitudinal 14 1Iingc,......+........,..........,.
......,.....,....4 ,..314 [,OW-dk)y S(CC] .................................. 487
flydrogenbrittleness..........................486 properties of ...............
................. 187 I[ydroslatictest ..................................486 L t
emperature operations o ............. w 185 Hydrostatictest presssure...........
......... 1S Lug,lifting ...,,,.,,.,..,,,., ...................,,, 118 1hydrosta
tic test pressure Lugsuppport..................................... 109 for flang
es ......................................28 Magneticparticleexamination.........
487 Impact stress ...................................... 486 Malleableiron ....
............................... 487 test .......................................
......... 486 Materials,descriptionof..................,.192 Inchesto millimeter
s, propertiesof ................................ 186 3 1 conversion.............
....................... 4 test report..................................... 487 I
n s o p ep c ............................ et i n o in 1 n g of foreigncountries
..................... 2 3 194 l n s pc c h c e ........................... t o c
r k l s 2i s Maximum t 5 5 allowablepressure, I n s u w l ao e t ..............
......... ii f o n g , .4 h . tflanges .1 4 ....................................
....... 28 I n t e w r m................................ i t et e n t l 4 d 8 7
for pipes....................................... 142 I n p t r e ...............
............. e r s n s a u1 l r 1 e stress5 , 8 ...............................
............... 13 I n t e o r cs e c t o i o n n f e stress values........... 1
6, 189$190,487 and cylindcr .................................. 28S workingpressu
re................... Is, 487
...........................
welding .......................................486 Gaskets,chemicalresistanceof.
........ Gate valve ..........................................486 dimensions....
...............................365 Generalspecifications.......................2
43 Geometricalconstructions.................268
,
4
8
7
Measures ............................................ 321 Measurement, metric sy
stem of... ...... 427 Membrane stress ................................ 488 Metal
arc welding .............................. 488 Metals, chemical resistance of..
. ....... 224 Metric System of measurement .........427 Mist extractor .........
........................... 316 Mitered pipe ...................................
... 2
h i f c k n eo s s r n p t r e ...................... er sn s a 1 u l r e 4 w o
e ...................................... i g h 3t f 9 P f is i t y .............
.............. tp m i b n eo 3 g l s 6 P c i ...................................
.... po i d n eg 2 s 0 P l a ............................................ s t i
c i t y 4 8 P b l e a n a l l d o. t . i w . . . a.ne. n . .g .c. . e. . s . . .
. 2 3 7 0 u P o ul 8 n t a e h iq tc k en a ef ls s , l d i n 1g f 7 M i l lt i
m n e tc e h r s e s ow , e o .................................... c o n ......
............................ v e r s i o 4n P t . h l 3 i rca k e tnlt. 3 e a s
et s , i o n o M i t n h i oi m c u k m n s s r a df i oe gx r a a mp. i.h .ni .
a c . .t . i . o . . n. . . . 3 s ah h e ........................... e l n a l
1 s d Pd sl w 8a o 2s e ................................ t i e g , h4 t f 0 M o
e ld a . u .s . .t . l .i .1 . c i. 4 .i . . t f .P 8y . . l. . . .8 t , 8r ....
......................................... a7 f o m 3 1 M o o rd i u ............
............... gl i u d s 4 i t Pf y v 8 8 v g 4 e ............................
.............. l a l u 8 M oo i m n.............................. ee nr t 4 i Pl
ug f a weld .........................:................. 8 8 489 i
wall t
Nameplate......................................... 317 Needle valve.............
......................... 488 Neutralaxis.......................................
. 488 Surface......................................... 488 Nipple ..............
.................................. 488 Non-pressurewelding......................
. 488 Normalizing....................................... 488 strength ..........
.............................. 488 test ........................................
........ 488 Nozzledetails.................................... 244 Nozzle loadin
gs................................. 153 Nozzleneck thickness...............122,
140 Nozzleweightof ............................... 413
Pneumatictest................................... 489
P P P P 8 8 8
optimum vesselsize.......................... 272 Primarystress..................
.......,,.!,...,,,.489 Organizations....... .............................. 476 P
ropertiesof pipe............................... 3 o s e ........................
............ c t i o n4 f s Oxidation...........................................
488
s t
o ir s .................................... sa o nt si 4 o o ...................
........................... r o s i t y 4 w h o t e r ees.................... al
t a tm 4 de n t t oper sq. uinch to n d s e q r . kilogramp s c e n tc i o m n
e .v .t . e.e . r.r . s. , . i. . o n. . . . . P ot k ui l c n oo g d n .rv s .a
e . r m . os ., i . o , P po c i w............................. p oei nr 2 d g
e P r el fo eco r va r t ee i dos n s s e c o m p ..............................
.... o n e n t 2s P po c i w............................. p o ei nr 2 d g e P r
el fo eco r va r t ee i dos n s s e c o m p .................................. o
n e n t 2s h e a t i n g 4 Openings............................................
122 P r e .......................................... P r o e f s ..............
..................... s l u ur e i2 f d detailingof ............................
....... 244 P r e s s u r e T e m r p e r a a t u r e t i . . . . . . . . . . n
. . extensionof.................................. 128 P r v e s ................
................... e s s u r s e 4 e l reinforcementof..,................. 129-
137 d e ........................................ t a i l i n 2g weightof .......
............................... 413 l a w ......................................
......... 4s weldingof .................................... 244 P r r e v s e s
.......................... l a u i r l e e 4 v f e Operatingpressure............
........... 15,488 P r e s s u r e welding................................489 te
mperature.................................. 488
. 4 4 0 n . 4 0 f l 4 0 f l 4 8
. .g . 2 8 3 7 8
P-number........................................... 489 o s Packing,weightof ...
.......................... 414 o t Paintingof steel structures................24
7 uas, 4 n e 2 n1 .............................. ne a c l i h 4n g oo c l y lu ,
.i . m .n . d . e .Q e 4 1r f 8 Partial v h e a d 4s 2n .......................
..................... R a to 2 d i a s degrees,conversion.........442 s p ......
..................................... h e r 4e 2 2 Radiographing................
...................490 P a s s 4 ...............................................
..... 8 9 Radiusof gyration .............................490 P e t refinerypipin
g r o l e.................208 u m Radiographicexamination.................174 P
b ei .............................. n d p i 2 n e 3 g 4 relationto , 2 platethic
kness..............30 8 0 d i m o e ............................... n s i o n 3s
f 3 0 Randomlength...................................490 e n g a...............
................... g e m e n 2t 3 5 ............................. 1 Reactionof
l e o f on p e ng i n g ot1 s , .1h . . .R 3 . f. e .r . c , m i ,....0 t e r e
2d ..,.,.............................. R e f p r o o p..........................
....... e r t i e 3s f 38 t t a n.............................. a g ,u l9n a r 2
k 8 r a c t o0 r y 4 .......................................... 2 2
2 5 . , ,l . 9, a s i...................... n t l e , . s e 1s .................
.................. t e e .1 f l. . . 9 . .......................................
.. u b e 332 f s 9
s
5 1 9
R e f r i pg e r i ... a. . t.p . i. . . o. . i n . . . . : .n. . . . . .g. . 2
I( w thicknessfor a internal l l R c i n f o C r c c t m c c o yn t...... l, 1 i
n n dpressure e e S o .............................. r $ 18,22 R e i n o f o o
pr c ........... e i n n 1 gi 1 n Spot 2 g f welding............................
......... s 39 , 7 491 R e w q t u h i ai r c e k l d n e Squarefeet ls s to squ
aremeters,
for internalpressure................. 18-2; Residualstress .....................
.............. 49(
Resistance welding ............................ 49Q Right triangles, solution of
... ............. 27(!
Ringjoint flanges ...............................356 Ringsmadeof sectors........
................ 274 Rootof weld ......................................490 Saddl
edesign....................................... 98 dimension.....................
................ I Scale...................................................49a S
carf ...................................................49(I Scheduleof openings
........................245 Screwedcouplings.............................368 Se
al weld............................................49o Seamlessheadjoint efficie
ncy..........176 vesselsection ............................... 176 Secondarystre
ss ................................ @O
Section modulus ................................ 49o Sections, properties of ...
.................... 450 Segments of circles ............................ 290
Seismicload.........................................61 map of seismiczones .....
................ 64 Services,Code rules .......................... 181 Shapeof o
penings ............................. 122 Shearstress ..........................
..............49o Sheet steel, weight.,...........................399 Shell, def
inition.................................49o volumeof ...........................
..........416 weightsof ..................................... 375 Shieldedmetala
rc welding ...............49o Single-weldedbuttjoint ....................49o lap
joint ........................................490 ..............................
............... Size of openings................................ 122 checkwdvcs.
.......................... 367 vessel...........................................
. 272 ~ymbolsfor pipe fittings.................. 369 weld ......................
........................ 49o Shop weldedtanks............................. 203 Ia
ckweld .......................................... 492 Skirt design..............
....,.,,.,,...,.,..,,,. .,,,. 76 rail towers, design ...........................
... 52 openings.......................................319 ranks, rectangular....
......................... 212 Slag .............................................
....... 491 ranks, shop welded........................... 2 Slendernessratio....
............................ 491 for oil storage ..............................
204 Slot weld ............................................491 ree joint ........
.................................... 492 Solutionof right triangles ............
.....270 temperature,conversion Specificgravities...............................
415 centigradeto Fahrenheit.............. 444 Specificgravitydefinition.........
........491 rensile strength................................. 492 Specificationf
or design stress ............................................ 492 of vessels....
.................................. 195 rest ....................................
................ 492 Specifications .....................................470 res
t pressure ..................................... 492 Sphere,allowablepressure...
.........18, 22 rest pressure,external........................ 31 externri! pres
sure ............................ 34 rhermalexpansionof metals............ 191 p
artial volIImc of .......................... 412 [hcrnml fa[iguc.................
................ 492 rhermalstress ........,.............. +.... ....... 492
conversion................................... 437 Squaremetersto squarefeet, con
version................................... 437 Stabilityof vessels..............
.............. 491 Staggeredintermittent filletweld.............................
........ 491 Stainlesssteel, propertiesof...., ....... 190 Stair ...............
.................................... 313 Standards..............................
............. 47o Statichead ........................................... 29 defi
nition..................................... 491 Steelstructures,designof........
......... 447 Stiffeningring, externalpressure .......40 construction...........
........................ 48 Strain .............................................
.... 491 Stressand strain formula;.................448 Stress,definition........
....................... 491 Stressvaluesof materials.................. 189 Stres
ses,combinationof... .................. 69 in cylindricalshell..................
....... 14 in largehorizontalvessels supportedby saddles................86 in pr
essurevessels................. 13,491 Structures,designof ......................
... 447 Structuralmembers,weldingof...,.... 458 Stud ...........................
........................ 491 Studbolts, lengthof.......................... 237 S
tuddingoutlets ................................ 357 Subjectscoveredby literature
.......... 481 Submergedarc welding .................... 49] Supportof vessels,l
eg ...................... 102 ................................................ 1
09
0
Thicknessof VCSSCI wall, for pipes ....................................... 148 de
finition......................................492 Weaving.......................
...................... 482 8o 2 321,374 code rules related t ...................
.. 1 Weights..................................... for full vacuum...............
................49 bolts..............................................412 charts
.,.,,,..,,,...,,,,,.. ................... 49-51 c i pr ........................
....... cl u a l ta 4r e s for internalpressure................. 18-27 couplings
......................................413 for nozzleneck........................
..... 140 flanges..........................................395 of pipe wall ....
.............................. 148 galvanizedsheet ...........................39
9 Threadedand weldedfittings............126 insulation..........................
............414 Throat.................................................492 nozzl
es..........................................413 Tolerances,definition...........
.............492 openings.......................................413 Tolcranccsof
fabrication...................200 packing......................................
...414 Topicscoveredby literature..............481 pipes and fittings Transition
pieces........................ 287-288 plates ..................................
..........400 Transportationof vessels...................246 sheetsteel ........
.............................399 Tube, bendingof..,.............,...............
234 shells and heads ...........................375 propertiesof ..............
...................332 vessels ............................................59 e
....................... l d e d Typesof w Weld,definition.......................
..........492 metal.............................................493 U. M. plate
.........................................492 e on 1 i n 1 gr 2 s sizes f o p ...
............. Ultrasonicexamination ......................492 W j e c l oa d t .
.................... ei eg on d r1 i t e s Undercut.............................
............... 492 designof ....................................... 174 Unequal
platethickness examination.................................. 177 weldingof .....
............................... 178 locations...................................
.... 174 Unit strain ..........................................492 Weldedsteel t
anks.............................204 stress.....................................
........492 Welding,definition............................493 fittings .........
.................................361 V~]VCS . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JtjS of nozzles .....
................................244 Vessel,definition...........................
.... 492 procedure...;..................................493 Vessel,components, o
f pressurevessels ...................... 170 preferredlocations.................
......241 rod ................................................493 Vibration.....
.........................................60 symbols.............................
........... 179 Volumeof cylinders, partial ....,..........,...................4
18, 421 Wind load ............................................52 of shells and h
eads.......................416 Windspeed map ............................54,57 .
........................488 of solids........................................ 26
4 Workingtcmpc.mturc Vortex breaker...................................320 Wrough
tiron......................................493 Yield Wallthicknessfor internal p
ressure.................................... 18-27
........................................ 493
24 7

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