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Unit 1 I C Engines
Saleel Ismail
Associate Professor, Mechanical Engg.
SMBS
Unit 1 - IC Engines
Topic Date
4 Strokes
Intake/Suction
Compression
Expansion/Power
Exhaust
Each stroke is associated with a distinct (green) event in four stroke engines
In two stroke, more than one event occurs simultaneously during each stroke
MEE 2003 - Thermal Engineering Systems
Ideal 4 Stroke SI Engine Cycle
Stroke (Piston Event Nature of Intake Exhaust
motion) process valve valve
Intake () Intake (0-1) Isobaric (patm) Open Closed
Compression () Compression (1-2) Isentropic Closed Closed
Combustion (2-3) Isochoric
Expansion () Expansion (3-4) Isentropic Closed Closed
Exhaust () Blowdown (4-1) Isochoric Closed Open
Exhaust (1-0) Isobaric (patm)
Play Video
MEE 2003 - Thermal Engineering Systems
Ideal 4 Stroke CI Engine Cycle
Stroke (Piston Event Nature of Intake Exhaust
motion) process valve valve
Intake () Intake (0-1) Isobaric (patm) Open Closed
Compression () Compression (1-2) Isentropic Closed Closed
Expansion () Combustion (2-3) Isobaric Closed Closed
Expansion (3-4) Isentropic
Exhaust () Blowdown (4-1) Isochoric Closed Open
Exhaust (1-0) Isobaric (patm)
Cut-off
1 2 3 4 5 6
Toothed Signal
wheel
processing
Engine CA
sensor
MEE 2003 - Thermal Engineering Systems
Valve Timing Diagram
Valves dont open and close at the Dead Centres, as ideally expected
Reasons:
i) effective intake and exhaust
ii) gradual actuation by cams
Timing of opening and closing represented on a polar diagram, showing
offsets w.r.t TDC and BDC
= 1 : Stoichiometric
< 1 Lean (more air) > 1 : Rich (more fuel)
MEE 2003 - Thermal Engineering Systems
Stages of SI Engine Combustion
A: Instant of Spark.
A to TDC : Spark advance
A B : Flame development A flame
kernel is established near spark,
consuming nearby mixture
B: Start of measurable pressure rise
(deviation from motoring)
B C : Flame propagation phase (Vflame const, turbulent flame). Large
pressure rise as volume is nearly constant (close to TDC)
C : Instant of peak pressure
C D : Flame extinction phase flame velocity drops (flame
approaches walls - loses heat, radicals, boundary layer effect). Contact
with walls reduces flame front area. Pressure falls due to expansion
D : Flame extinguished
Play Video
MEE 2003 - Thermal Engineering Systems
Auto-ignition
When the temperature of a flammable air-fuel mixture is sufficiently high,
some the mixture ignites spontaneously following some pre-flame
reactions
Pre-flame reactions result in an ignition lag/delay
No external ignition source required
Hence called auto-ignition or self ignition or detonation
Similar to an explosion - causes rapid release of a large quantity of energy
Requirements for auto-ignition T, t,
After-burning
20% of energy release
Performance, emissions
Injection pressure ~ 1 bar
Cost, complexity
Port injection
One injector per cylinder multi-point fuel injection (MPFI)
Injection just upstream of intake valve
Better control of mixture quality, distribution
Injection pressure ~ 5 bar, continuous or sequential (modern)
Direct injection
Direct injection SI (DISI) or Gasoline direct injection (GDI)
Injected into each cylinder (similar to diesel)
High volumetric efficiency, less knock, higher CR, low emissions
Injection pressure ~ 20-40 bar
C C C C
1 2 1 2
Pump
Filter
C C
Distributor system 1 2
Distributor (HP) pump pressurises, meters fuel
Has a rotary mechanism to supply equal quantity of fuel
to each cylinder at the appropriate time (similar to
distributor in ignition system)
Distributor
MEE 2003 - Thermal Engineering Systems pump
Inline and Distributor Type Pumps
ENGINE RADIATOR