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Permutations

Definition of n factorial
The definition of n!, pronounced n factorial
is (n)(n-1)(n-2)(3)(2)(1)
For example,
o 3! = (3)(2)(1) = 6
o 4! = (4)(3)(2)(1) = 24
o 5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 720

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Let BMS stand for the order of Bob on the

Permutations
Example: Given 3 people, Bob, Mike and Sue,
how many different ways can these three
people be arranged where order matters?
left, Mike in the middle and Sue on the
right.
Since order matters, a different arrangement
is BSM. Where Bob is on the left, Sue is in the
middle and Mike is on the right.
If we find all possible arrangement of Bob,
Mike, and Sue where order matters, we have
the following
BMS, BSM, MSB, MBS, SMB, SBM

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Example: Given 4 people Bob, Mike, Sue and Exercise:

Alice, how many different ways can these three How many ways can you arrange the letters in
people be arranged where order matters? the word MICRO

BMSA, BMAS, BSMA, BSAM, BAMS, BASM,

MBSA, MBAS, MABS, MASB, MSBA, MSAB, How many ways can 8 different albums be
SBMA, SBAM, SMBA, SMAB, SABM, SAMB, arranged.
ABMS, ABSM, AMBS, AMSB, ASBM, ASMB

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Exercise Permutation
How many ways can letters in the word Repetitions NOT allowed
PENCIL be arranged? In many cases, some of the items we
want to arrange are identical.
Do this as fraction.
How many ways can you arrange the Factorial the total number of letters and put
numbers 24 through 28 (inclusive)? this on top.
Factorial the repeated letters and put them

on the bottom

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Example: Exercise
1. How many ways can the letters in the

1) How many ways can you arrange the word MISSISSIPPI be arranged?
letters in he word THESE? 2. If a multiple choice test has 10 questions,

2) How many ways can you arrange the of which one is answered A, 4 are
letters in the word reference? answered B, 3 are answered C and 2 are
answered D, how many answer sheets are
possible?

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Permutation Exercise
Repetitions are allowed
Sometimes we are interested in arrangements 1. If there are 4 light switches on an
allowing the use of items more than once.
electrical panel, how many different
Example
orders of on/off are there?
Howmany 3 letters words can be created, if
repetitions are allowed? 2. How many three digit numbers can be
formed? (Zero cant be the first digit)
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Permutation

Arranging a subset of items
Sometimes you will given a bunch of objects,
and you want to arrange only a few of them.
Example:
Thereare 10 people in a competition. How
many ways can the top three be ordered?

10 9 8 Since only 3 positions can be filled,

we have 3 spaces. Multiplying, we
get 720

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Example 1: Find the number of ways to arrange 4 Example 2: Find the number of ways to arrange 6
people in groups of 3 at a time where order items in groups of 4 at a time where order
matters. matters.
Solution: Solution:

There are 24 ways to arrange 4 peoples taken 3 at There are 360 ways to arrange 6 items taken 4 at
a time when order matters. a time when order matters.

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Exercise
1. A committee is to be formed with a
president, a vice-president, and a
treasurer. There are 10 people to be
selected from. How many different
committees are possible?
2. A baseball league has 13 teams, and each
team plays each other twice; once at
home, and once away. How many games
are scheduled?
Permutation
Specific position
Frequently when arranging items, a
particular position must be occupied by
a particular item.
The easiest way to approach these
questions is by analyzing how many
possible ways each space can be filled.

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Permutation Extra Exercise

Example
1. How many ways can Adam, Beth, Charlie and
Doug be seated in a row if Charlie must be in
the second chair.
2. How many ways can you order the letters of
KITCHEN if it must start with a consonant and
end with a vowel?
1. How many ways can you order the letters
from the word TREES if:
a. A vowel must be at the beginning?
b. It must start with a consonant and end with
a vowel?
c. The R must be in the middle?

3. How many ways can you order the letters of d. Consonants and vowels alternate?
TORONTO if it begins with exactly two Os?
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Permutation
Permutation
Always together
Example:
Frequently, certain items must always be
1. How many arrangement of word ACTIVE
kept together.
are there if C & E must always be
To do these questions, you must treat the together?
joined items as if they were only one
object.
2. How many arrangement of word
KEYBOARD are there if K & Y must always
be together?

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Example: Given 3 people, Bob, Mike and

Sue, how many different ways can these
three people be arranged where order
does not matters?

Since order does not matter, any

arrangement with Bob, Mike and Sue is
considered the same arrangement.
Therefore, the only arrangement is BMS.

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Example: Find the number of ways to take 20
objects and arrange them in groups of 5 at a time
where order does not matter.
Solution:
There are 15,504 ways to arrange 20 objects
taken 5 at a time when order does not matters.
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Exercise:
1. How many ways can you select 17 songs for
mix CD out of a possible 38 songs?
2. If an ice cream dessert can have 2 toppings,
and 9 are available, how many different
topping selection can you make?
3. If there are 17 randomly places dots on a
circle, how many lines can you form using any
two dots?
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Example: Find the number of ways to take 4
people and place them in groups of 3 at a time
where order does not matter.
Solution:
Since order does not matter, use the combination
formula
There are 4 ways to arrange 4 people taken 3 at a
time when order does not matters.
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Combinations
Basic combinations
If you want to do is select items, and dont care
what order theyre in, you can use combinations
Example
A committee of 4 people is to be formed from a
group of 9 people. How many possible
committee can be formed?
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Combinations
Combinations including specific
items
Sometimes you will be force to include
or exclude particular items when making
a combination.
This will reduce the number of items in
your selection pool, and also the
number of items you can select.
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Example:
1. A school committee of 5 is to be formed
from 12 students. How many committees
can be formed if John must be on the
committee?
2. If a committee of 7 people to be formed
from a pool of 12 people, but Rachel and
Megan must be on the committee
selections can be made?
Exercise:
1) There are 45 songs, and you want to make
a mix CD of 18 songs that must include 3
particular songs. How many different
selections could you make?
2) If a committee of 7 people to be formed
from a pool of 12 people, but Rachel &
Megan must be on the committee, how
many selections can be made?

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Combinations
Combinations From Multiple Selection Pools
When presented with multiple groups of items
from which you are required to make a selection,
you will MULTIPLY the separate cases together.
Example
A committee of 3 boys and 5 girls to be
formed from a group of 10 boys and 11 girls.
How many committee are possible?
Exercise:
1) There are 5 meats and 9 veggies available
to make a sandwich. How many
sandwiches have 2 meats and 6 veggies?
2) How many committees can be formed
from 11 men & 9 women if 3 men and 3
women must be on the committee?

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Combination
At least / At most
These questions will require you to ADD all the
possible cases together.

Example 1:
A committee of 5 people is to be formed
from a group of 4 men & 7 women. How
many possible committees can be formed if
at least 3 women are on the committee?

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