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Q:1Whatisthebootsequenceofalinuxserver?
Q:2WhatisHarddiskdriverorHarddiskmodule,aretheydifferentorsame.Explain.
Q:3HowyouwillgettheWWNnumberofHBAcardinstalledinLinux
Q:4HowtocheckRHELVersion?
Q:5Whatisnetworkbondinganddifferentlevelsofbonding?
Q:6Howtosharealinuxresourceonwindowsmachine?
Q:7HowtoscannewlyassignedSANSLUNonLinuxserverwithoutrebooting?
Q:8Howtoresetgrubpasswdandrootpasswdinlinux?
Q:9Whatisjournalinginlinux?
Q:10Whatisdifferencebetweenext2&ext3andext4filesystem?
Q:11WhatarethestepstocreateLVMofnewlycreatedLUN?
Q:12Howtoseethetapedevicenameinlinux?
Q:12PowerpathOverviewwithsoftware/driverinstallationonLinuxservers?
Q:13WhatisRAID&differenttypesofRAIDlevels?
Q:14Whatarethedefaultportsusedforsmtp,ftp,ssh&samba?
Q:15HowtocalculatefreesizefromfreePEmentionedinVGDisplay?
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Q:16LVMinitializeonwhichstageinbootsequence?
Q:17WhatGrubanditsdifferentstages?
Q:18IfwehaveaFiledata.txt,Howyouwillgivepermissionasbelow
GroupNamefinance,writeonly
Userstom&jackonlyread
Usersbond,readwriteexecute.
Q:19Howtochangenetworkinterfacenameifcfgeth0toifcfgnic0
Q:20Howtoresizethefilesystem?
Q:21Howtopreservethepermissionontarbackup?
Q:22Howtosetdefaultgatewayindifferentways?
Q:24Howtoworkin2differentfileswithvieditor,Howtocopypaste&cutinmultiplefiles?
Q:25Differencebetweentar,cpio&ddbackup?
Q:26Howtoincreasesizeofswapinlinux?
Q:27Howtorunaparticularscriptinrunlevel3?
Q:28Whatismeaningofno_root_squashinnfs?
Q:29Whatdaemonsrunonnfsclient?
Q:30Howtocheckwhatarethedriverinstalledinsystem?
Q:31Whatistheformat/etc/fstabfile?
Q:32Fromwherethecommandrpmqafindtheinstalledpackages?
Q:33Whatisthefunctionofsyslog?
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Q:34Howyoucheckthebottleneckofslowserver?
Q:35WhatisthebasicformatofNFSmount?
Q:36Differnceb/wautomountFSandNFS
Q:37Whatistheroleofbootloader(GRUB)Stage1.5?
Q:38Differencebetweensuperblockanddatablock?
Q:39Howtochecktheversionofpackage?
Q:40WhatisSetUIDandGID?
Q:41Whatisstickybitandwheretouse?
Q:42DifferencebetweenLVM1andLVM2?
Q:43Whatisroleof$0,$?and$#inshellscripting?
Q:44HowtofindtheMXrecordofadomainfromthecommandline?
Q:45Whatisthelimitationoffdiskcommand&wheretousepartedcommand?
Q:46WhatareLogicalstepsforPXEServersetupinlinux?
Q:47Whatistheroleof%pre&%postinkickstart?
Q:48Whatarethedifferentfieldsofcrontabfile&cronlogfile?
Q:49whatisthedifferencebetweenU&Foptioninrpmcommand?
Q:50Howwillsupply/Resetpasswordfor50userwithouttypingpasswordagain&again?
Q:51HowwillyougetModule/DriverInformationinlinux?
Q:52Howtocheckactiveportsinlinux?
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Q:53Whatisdifferencebetweensarandvmstat?
Q:54isitpossibletobootthesystemwithout/bootpartitionORdeleted/bootpartition?
Q:55Howtochangethecomplexityofpassword?
Q:56Howtoresolveifauthenticationfailure(incorrectpassword)?
Q:57Howtochangerunlevelwithinlinux?
Q:58HowwillyouloadPAMmodule?
Q:59Isthereawaytocheckthecurrentsystemkernelfor32bitkernelvs.64bitkernel?
Q:60whichfileisresponsibleforforwarding(DNS)andwhatsmeaningofMX,PTRrecord?
Q:61WhatareZombieprocessandhowtocheckZombieProcesses?
Q:62Howwillyoudifferentiatedefunctandrunningprocessesinlinux?
Q:63Howtorunjobinbackground?
Q:64Whatisanacron&wheretouseanacron?
Q:65WhatistheroleandsizeofMBR?
Q:66Howtosetgrubbootloaderpassword?
Q:67HowtosetthedateinISTFORMATfromthecommandline?
Q:68Howtochecknfsversionandrelease?
Q:69whatisstaticanddynamicrouteinlinux?
Q:70Howtocheckwhetheroracleisinstalledornotinunix?
Q:71Howtocheckwhichnfsshareismounted?
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Q:72HowtomountISOfileinlinux?
Q:73whatisLDScertificate?
Q:74HowwillyoupatcholderkernelversioninLinuxmachine?
Q:75Whatisthedifferencebetweenyast&yast2command?
Q:76HowwillyoudeactivatemouseinRHELandwhichserviceisresposibleforthat?
Q:77Whatissshportforwarding?
Q:78Howtopatchlinuxserversusingspacewalk?
Q:79WhatisthedifferencebetweenRHNandSpacewalk?
Q:80HowtorecoverdeletedLVMpartitionsinlinux?
Q:81Howwillyouusetrapandshiftcommandinunix?
Q:82WhataredifferentcomponentsofPostfixMailServer?
Q:83WhatistheuseofSPFrecord&DomainKeysinmailserver?
Q:84WhatisdifferencebetweenNFS3&NFS4?
Q:85Whatisuseoflsofcommand?
Q:86Howwillyouchecklastweekaccessedfiles?
Q:87whatistheuseofexec&okoptioninfindcommand?
Q:88Giveoneexmapleofsuid,sgidandStickybit?
Q:89Howtoresetfailedlogincountsinlinux?
Q:90Whatistheuseof.netrcfileinlinux?
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Q:91HowtointegrateLinuxServerswithMicrosoftActiveDirectory?
Q:92Whatisuseofxargswithfindcommand?
Q:93Whatarethedifferentstatesofaprocessinlinux/unix?
Q:94WhatistheuseofACLsinlinuxandhowtoimplementACLs?
Q:95Whatisthedifferencebetweenuseraddandadduser?
Q:96WhatisLVMSnapshotanduseoflvmsnapshot?
Q:97Howtocheckyumrepositryinformation&clearyumcacheinlinux?
Q:98Howtocreateyumrepositorylocally?
Q:99Whatistherolefencinginredhatcluster?
Q:100Howtogracefullyshutdowntwonodelinuxclusterincaseofplannedpoweroutage?
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Q:HowaredevicesrepresentedinUNIX?
Alldevicesarerepresentedbyfilescalledspecialfilesthatarelocatedin/devdirectory.
Q:Tellmethestepstoremovetheswapfile?
Firstlydisabletheswapfilebyswapoffcommand.
RemoveSwapfileentryfrom/etc/fstabfile.
Nowremovetheswapfilebyrmcommand.
Q:Whatcanwedowithpartedcommandorutility?
Viewtheexistingpartitiontable
Addpartitionsfromfreespaceoradditionalharddrives
Changethesizeofexistingpartitions
Q:Whatis'inode'?
AllUNIXfileshaveitsdescriptionstoredinastructurecalled'inode'.Theinodecontainsinfo
aboutthefilesize,itslocation,timeoflastaccess,timeoflastmodification,permissionandso
on.Directoriesarealsorepresentedasfilesandhaveanassociatedinode.
Q:Canweresizethesizeofapartition?
Yes,wecanresizethesizeofpartitionbypartedcommand.
#parted/dev/sda
Toresizethepartition,usetheresizecommandfollowedbytheminornumberforthepartition,
thestartingplaceinmegabytes,andtheendplaceinmegabytes.Forexample:
resize310242048
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Afterresizingthepartition,usetheprintcommandtoconfirmthatthepartitionhasbeenresized
correctly,isthecorrectpartitiontype,andisthecorrectfilesystemtype.
Q:WhatisLVM?
LVMstandsforLogicalVolumeManager.LVM,isastoragemanagementsolutionthatallows
administratorstodivideharddrivespaceintophysicalvolumes(PV),whichcanthenbe
combinedintologicalvolumegroups(VG),whicharethendividedintologicalvolumes(LV)on
whichthefilesystemandmountpointarecreated.
Q:WhatarethestepstocreateLVM?
Createphysicalvolumesbypvcreatecommand
#pvcreate/dev/sda2
Addphysicalvolumetovolumegroupbyvgcreatecommand
#vgcreateVLG0/dev/sda2
Createlogicalvolumefromvolumegroupbylvcreatecommand.
#lvcreateL1GnLVM1VLG0
Nowcreatefilesystemon/dev/sda2partitionbymke2fscommand.
#mke2fsj/dev/VLG0/LVM1
Q:Howwewillcheckfreespaceondrive/dev/sdawithpartedcommand?
#parted/dev/sda
print
Q:WhataretheprocessstatesinUnix?
Asaprocessexecutesitchangesstateaccordingtoitscircumstances.Unixprocesseshavethe
followingstates:
Running:Theprocessiseitherrunningoritisreadytorun.
Waiting:Theprocessiswaitingforaneventorforaresource.
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Stopped:Theprocesshasbeenstopped,usuallybyreceivingasignal.
Zombie:Theprocessisdeadbuthavenotbeenremovedfromtheprocesstable.
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Q:Whatcommandshouldyouusetocheckthenumberoffilesanddiskspaceused
andeachuser'sdefinedquotas?
repquota
Q:WhatisthedifferencebetweenLVMandRAID?
RAIDprovidesredundancybutLVMdoesntprovideRedundancy.
Q:WhatareLVM1andLVM2?
LVM1andLVM2aretheversionsofLVM.
LVM2usesdevicemapperdrivercontainedin2.6kernelversion.
LVM1wasincludedinthe2.4serieskernels.
Q:Whatisphysicalextent(PE)?
Eachphysicalvolumeisdividedchunksofdata,knownasphysicalextentstheseextentshave
thesamesizeasthelogicalextentsforthevolumegroup.
Q:Whatislogicalextent(LE)?
Eachlogicalvolumeissplitintochunksofdata,knownaslogicalextents.Theextentsizeisthe
sameforalllogicalvolumesinthevolumegroup.
Q:Whatcommandisusedtoremovethepasswordassignedtoagroup?
gpasswdr
Q:WhatisVolumegroup(VG)?
TheVolumeGroupisthehighestlevelabstractionusedwithintheLVM.Itgatherstogethera
collectionofLogicalVolumesandPhysicalVolumesintooneadministrativeunit.
Q:ExplainLVMsnapshot?
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LVMsnapshotsallowtheadministratortocreateanewblockdevicewhichpresentsanexact
copyofalogicalvolume,frozenatsomepointintime.
Q:Whatcanyoutypeatacommandlinetodeterminewhichshellyouareusing?
echo$SHELL
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Q:Writeacommandtofindallofthefileswhichhavebeenaccessedwithinthe
last30days.
find/typefatime30>filename.txt
Q:HowyouwillcheckonYourserverorsystemdevicemapperisinstalledornot?
Checkthefollowingfile.
#cat/proc/misc
ifthisfilecontains"devicemapper"termitmeansdevicemapperisinstalledonyoursystem.
Q:HowaresnapshotsinLVM2differentfromLVM1?
InLVM2snapshotsareread/writebydefault,whereasinLVM1,snapshotswerereadonly.
Q:Whatisazombie?
Zombieisaprocessstatewhenthechilddiesbeforetheparentprocess.Inthiscasethe
structuralinformationoftheprocessisstillintheprocesstable.
Q:IfavolumegroupnamedasVG0alreadyexistsbutineedtoextendthisvolume
groupupto4GB.Explainallsteps?
FirstlycreatePhysicalvolume(/dev/sda7)ofsize4GB.
Nowrunfollowingcommand.
vgextendVG0/dev/sda7
Q:IfavolumegroupVG0have3PV's(/dev/sda6,/dev/sda7,/dev/sda8)buti
wanttoremove/dev/sda7pvfromthisVG0?
vgreduceVG0/dev/sda7
Q:WhatisthemaximumsizeofasingleLV?
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For2.4basedkernels,themaximumLVsizeis2TB.
For32bitCPUson2.6kernels,themaximumLVsizeis16TB.
For64bitCPUson2.6kernels,themaximumLVsizeis8EB.
Q:Whichcommandisusedtoextendalogicalvolume?
lvextendsize+<addsize>/dev/<vgname>/<lvname>
resize2fs/dev/<vgname>/<lvname>
Q:Whatdaemonisresponsiblefortrackingeventsonyoursystem?
syslogd
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Q:WhatdoyoumeanaFileSystem?
FileSystemisamethodtostoreandorganizefilesanddirectoriesondisk.Afilesystemcan
havedifferentformatscalledfilesystemtypes.Theseformatsdeterminehowtheinformationis
storedasfilesanddirectories.
Q:TellmeallstepstoremoveaLVM?
Toremovealogicalvolumefromavolumegroup,firstunmountitwiththeumountcommand:
umount/dev/<vgname>/<lvname>
andthenusethelvremovecommand:
lvremove/dev/<vgname>/<lvname>
Q:WhichcommandisusedtocreateLVMSnapshot?
vcreatesize<size>sn<snapshotname><lvname>
Thelvcreatecommandisusedtocreateanewlogicalvolume,meaningtheremustbefree
physicalextentsinthelogicalvolumegrouptocreateasnapshot.Thesoptionmeansthatthe
LVisasnapshot,<snapshotname>isthenameofthenewLVcreated,and<lvname>isthe
nameoftheLVfromwhichtocreatethesnapshot.
Q:Whatisthelocationof"network"fileandwhatdoesthiscontains?
location:/etc/sysconfig/network
Thisfilecontainsfollowingfields
NETWORKING=yes
NETWORKING_IPV6=no
HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
Q:WhichdeamonisrequiredtostartNetworkservices?
network
/etc/init.d/networkstart
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Q:TellmethenameofdirectorystructurehierarchyforLinux
/root
/boot
/bin
/sbin
/proc
/mnt
/usr
/var
/lib
/etc
/dev
/opt
/srv
/tmp
/media
Q:Whatistheroleof/etc/resolv.conffile?
InthisfilewesetstheDNSservers(usingtheirIPaddresses)andthesearchdomain.The
valuesoftheDNSserversareoftenaddedwhenthenetworkisactivatedbecausethedatacan
beprovidedbyDHCPorasimilarservice.
Q:Isthereanyrelationbetweenmodprobe.conffileandnetworkdevices?
Yes,Thisfileassignsakernelmoduletoeachnetworkdevice.
ForExample:
[root@localhost~]#cat/etc/modprobe.conf
aliaseth0b44
Hereb44isthekernelmodulefornetworkdeviceeth0.
WecanConfirmbyfollowingcommand(Thismoduleb44ispresentornot).
[root@localhost~]#lsmod|grepb44
b44290050
Q:Whatdoes/bootdirectorycontains?
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The/boot/directorycontainsstaticfilesrequiredtobootthesystem,suchastheLinuxkernel,
bootloaderconfigurationfiles.Thesefilesareessentialforthesystemtobootproperly.
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Q:Ifsomeonedeletes/bootdirectoryfromyourserver,thanwhatwillhappen?
Inthatcaseyourserverwillbeinunbootablestate.YourServercantbootwithout/boot
directorybecausethisdirectorycontainsallbootablefiles
Q:WhatisthelocationoflogfilesforCUPS?
ThelogfilesfortheCUPSprintingsystemarelocatedinthe/var/log/cups/directory.
Q:WhatisYUM?
YUMstandsforYellowdogUpdater,ModifiedbecauseitisbasedonYUP,theYellowdogUpdater.
WheredoesthenameYellowdogcomefrom?YellowDogisaversionofLinuxforthePower
ArchitecturehardwareandisRPMbased,justlikeRedHatEnterpriseLinuxandFedora.YUP,and
laterYUM,werewrittenbytheLinuxcommunityasawaytomaintainanRPMbasedsystem.
Q:HowyouwillinstallsoftwarebyYUM?
yuminstall<pkgname>
Q:Whichoptionisrequiredtoassumetheanswer"yes"toanyquestionsasked
duringinstallationofpackagedependenciesforYUM?
The"y"optionisusedtoassumetheanswer"yes".
ForExample
yumyinstallsquid
Q:Whatdoes/devdirectorycontain?
The/devdirectorycontainsalldevicefilesthatareattachedtosystemorvirtualdevicefiles
thatareprovidedbythekernel.
Q:WhataretheadvantagesofYUM?
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Automaticresolutionofsoftwaredependencies.
Multiplesoftwarelocationsatonetime.
Abilitytospecifyparticularsoftwareversionsorarchitectures.
Q:HowtoremoveasoftwarebyYUM?
yumremove<pkgname>
Q:Whatistheroleofudevdaemon?
Theudevdemonusedtocreateandremoveallthesedevicenodesorfilesin/dev/directory.
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Q:Whatkindoffilesornodes/dev/directorycontainsandhowdoIaccessorsee
devicefiles?
BlockDeviceFiles:
Blockdevicefilestalkstodevicesblockbyblock[1blockatatime(1block=512bytesto
32KB)].
Examples:USBdisk,CDROM,HardDisk
#ls/dev/sd*
CharacterDeviceFiles:
Characterdevicefilestalktodevicescharacterbycharacter.
Examples:Virtualterminals,terminals,serialmodems,randomnumbers
#ls/dev/tty*
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Q:HowtoinstallLinuxsoftwaresbyRPM?
rpmivhtest1.01.i386.rpm
Q:Ifafileassociatedwithtest1.01.i386.rpmdeleted,thanHowwewillrecover
thatfile?
Wecanreinstallthisrpmagain.
Q:WhichoptionsarerequiredtoupgradeaRPM?
Upgradingapackageissimilartoinstallingone.Typethefollowingcommandatashellprompt:
rpmUvhtest2.01.i386.rpm
Q:InwhichdirectoryRPMdatabasestored?
/var/lib/rpm
Q:TellmethenameofdevicefileforPS/2mouseconnection.
/dev/psaux
Q:Ifyouaregettingerror"packageisalreadyinstalled"butyouhavetoinstall
packageanyhow.whatoptionyouwilluse?
rpmivhtest1.01.i386.rpm
Preparing###########################################[100%]
packagetest1.01isalreadyinstalled
Inthiscaseyoucanuse"replacepkgs"option.
rpmivhreplacepkgstest1.01.i386.rpm
Q:Explainthecommand"rpmqa"?
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Itwillqueriesallcurrentlyinstalledpackages.
Q:Tellmethenameofdevicefileforparallelport(Printers).
/dev/lp0
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Q:Whatdoes/etc/X11/directorycontains?
The/etc/X11/directoryisforXWindowSystemconfigurationfiles,suchasxorg.conf.
Q:HowtolistPCIDevicesonyourserverorSystem?
use"lspci"command.
Q:Whatistheroleof"Kudzu"?
KudzuisusedtoDetectnewHardware.
Q:HowtoEnableACLsfor/homepartition?
Addfollowingentryin/etc/fstab
LABEL=/home/homeext3acl12
Nowremount/homepartitionwithacloption.
mounttext3oacl/dev/sda3/home
Q:HowtoViewACLsforafile(test_file)?
getfacltest_file
Q:Whatdoes/etc/skelldirectorycontains?
The/etc/skeldirectorycontainsfilesanddirectoriesthatareautomaticallycopiedovertoanew
user'shomedirectorywhensuchuseriscreatedbytheuseraddoraddusercommand.
Q:Whatdoes/etc/X11/directorycontains?
The/etc/X11/directoryisforXWindowSystemconfigurationfiles,suchasxorg.conf.
Q:HowtolistPCIDevicesonyourserverorSystem?
use"lspci"command.
Q:Whatistheroleof"Kudzu"?
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KudzuisusedtoDetectnewHardware
Q:HowtoEnableACLsfor/homepartition?
Addfollowingentryin/etc/fstab
LABEL=/home/homeext3acl12
Nowremount/homepartitionwithacloption.
mounttext3oacl/dev/sda3/home
Q:HowtoViewACLsforafile(test_file)?
getfacltest_file
Q:Whatdoes/etc/skelldirectorycontains?
The/etc/skeldirectorycontainsfilesanddirectoriesthatareautomaticallycopiedovertoanew
user'shomedirectorywhensuchuseriscreatedbytheuseraddoraddusercommand.
Q:Whathappenswhenyouaddanewdeviceafterinstallation?
TheKudzuprogramrunseachtimethesystembootsandperformsahardwareprobe.Ifnew
hardwareisfound,Kudzuattemptstomapittoakernelmodule.Ifsuccessful,theinformation
issaved,andthedeviceisconfigured.
Q:HowtoremoveanACL?
setfaclremoveall<filename>
Q:TellmenameofLinuxFilesystems?
Ext2
Ext
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Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweenext2andext3filesystems?
Theext3filesystemisanenhancedversionoftheext2filesystem.
ThemostimportantdifferencebetweenExt2andExt3isthatExt3supportsjournaling.
Afteranunexpectedpowerfailureorsystemcrash(alsocalledanuncleansystemshutdown),
eachmountedext2filesystemonthemachinemustbecheckedforconsistencybythee2fsck
program.Thisisatimeconsumingprocessandduringthistime,anydataonthevolumesis
unreachable.
Thejournalingprovidedbytheext3filesystemmeansthatthissortoffilesystemcheckisno
longernecessaryafteranuncleansystemshutdown.Theonlytimeaconsistencycheckoccurs
usingext3isincertainrarehardwarefailurecases,suchasharddrivefailures.Thetimeto
recoveranext3filesystemafteranuncleansystemshutdowndoesnotdependonthesizeof
thefilesystemorthenumberoffilesrather,itdependsonthesizeofthejournalusedto
maintainconsistency.Thedefaultjournalsizetakesaboutasecondtorecover,dependingonthe
speedofthehardware.
Q:Explainthecommand"rpmqf"?
itqueriestheRPMdatabaseforwhichpackageowns<filename>.Whenspecifyingafile,specify
theabsolutepathofthefile.
Q:Howtoverifyallinstalledpackages?
rpmVa
Q:HowManyRunLevelspresentinLinux?
Thereare7runlevels,witheachhavingitsownproperties.
0:Haltthesystem
1:Singleusermode
2:Notused
3:Multiusermodewithtextlogin
4:Notused
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5:Multiusermodewithgraphicallogin
6:Reboot
Q:WhichconfigurationfileisrequiredtochangetheRunLevelofServeror
system?
/etc/inittab
Tochangethedefaultrunlevel,modifythisline.
id:5:initdefault:
Q:Anyideaaboutext4filesystem?
Theext4orfourthextendedfilesystemisajournalingfilesystemdevelopedasthesuccessorto
ext3.Ext4filesystemreleasedasafunctionallycompleteandstablefilesysteminLinuxwith
kernelversion2.6.28.
Featuresofext4filesystem:
1.Currently,Ext3supports16TBofmaximumfilesystemsizeand2TBofmaximumfilesize.
Ext4have1EBofmaximumfilesystemsizeand16TBofmaximumfilesize.
[AnEBorexabyteis1018bytesor1,048,576TB]
2.Fastfsckcheckthanext3
3InExt4thejournalingfeaturecanbedisabled,whichprovidesasmallperformance
improvement.
4.Onlinedefragmentation.
5.Delayedallocation
Ext4usesafilesystemperformancetechniquecalledallocateonflush,alsoknownasdelayed
allocation.Itconsistsofdelayingblockallocationuntilthedataisgoingtobewrittentothedisk,
unlikesomeotherfilesystems,whichmayallocatethenecessaryblocksbeforethatstep.
Q:Howtoverifythesignatureofanrpm?
rpmKtest1.01.i386.rpm
Q:ExplainarchitecturesrequiredforRPMs?
noarchArchitectureindependent,canrunonanyarchitecture
i386Genericbuildfora32bitx86system
i586Sometimesusedwhenbuildingkernelsforolderx86processors
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IntelPentiumII,IntelPentiumIII,IntelPentium4,AMDAthlon,and
i686AMDDuronsystems(MostRPMsforthesearchitecturesarebuiltusingthei386
architecture,withthekernelforthesearchitecturesbeingbuiltwiththe
i686foroptimalperformance.)
x86_6464bitprocessorssuchasAMDAthlon64,AMDOpteron,andIntelEM64T
ia64IntelItanium
ppc32bitIBMPOWER,IBMeServerpSeries,andIBMeServeriSeries
s390x64bitIBMeServerSystemz
Q:Howwecreateext3filesystemon/dev/sda7disk?
#mkfsj/dev/sda7
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Q:Canweconvertext2filesystemtoext3filesystem?
Yes,wecanconvertext2toext3filesystembytune2fscommand.
tune2fsj/dev/<BlockDeviceName>
Q:What"neat"commandwilldo?
neatcommandprovidesGraphicalinterfacetochangenetworksettingsfornetworkdevices.
Q:Whichprotocolisrequiredtoallowlocalprintingandprintsharing?
InternetPrintingProtocol(IPP)isrequiredtoallowlocalprintingandprintsharing.
Q:WhatisSWAPSpace?
SwapspaceinLinuxisusedwhentheamountofphysicalmemory(RAM)isfull.Ifthesystem
needsmorememoryresourcesandtheRAMisfull,inactivepagesinmemoryaremovedtothe
swapspace.WhileswapspacecanhelpmachineswithasmallamountofRAM,itshouldnotbe
consideredareplacementformoreRAM.Swapspaceislocatedonharddrives,whichhavea
sloweraccesstimethanphysicalmemory.
Q:WhatarethestepstocreateSWAPfilesorPartition?
Createswappartitionorfile
Writespecialsignatureusingmkswap
Activateswapspacebyswaponacommand
Addswapentryinto/etc/fstabfile
Q:Howyouwillcreateswapfileofsize4GBandexplainswapfileentryin
/etc/fstabfile?
Useddcommandtocreateswapfile.
ddif=/dev/zeroof=/SWAPFILEbs=1024count=4
mkswap/SWAPFILE
swapona
Entryinto/etc/fstabfile.
/SWAPFILEswapswapdefaults00
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Q:WhatisCUPS?
CUPSstandsfor"CommonUNIXPrintingSystem".CUPSisaopensourceprintingsystem
developedbyAppleInc.CUPSusestheInternetPrintingProtocol(IPP)toallowlocalprinting
andprintsharing.
Q:Howwewillcreateext4filesystem?
#mke2fstext4/dev/DEV
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Q:whichutilityorcommandisusedforcreatingsoftwareRAIDsforRHEL5?
mdadm
Q:CanwecreatesoftwareRAIDduringLinuxinstallation?
Yes,wecancreateSoftwareRAIDduringLinuxInstallationbyDiskDruid
Q:Explain/procfilesystem?
/procisavirtualfilesystemthatprovidesdetailedinformationaboutLinuxkernel,hardwares
andrunningprocesses.Filesunder/procdirectorynamedasVirtualfiles.Because/proc
containsvirtualfilesthatswhyitiscalledvirtualfilesystem.Thesevirtualfileshaveunique
qualities.Mostofthemarelistedaszerobytesinsize.Virtualfilessuchas/proc/interrupts,
/proc/meminfo,/proc/mounts,and/proc/partitionsprovideanuptothemomentglimpseof
thesystem'shardware.Others,likethe/proc/filesystemsfileandthe/proc/sys/directory
providesystemconfigurationinformationandinterfaces.
Q:Canwechangefilesparametersplacedunder/procdirectory?
Yes,tochangethevalueofavirtualfile,usetheechocommandandagreaterthansymbol(>)
toredirectthenewvaluetothefile.Forexample,tochangethehostnameonthefly,type:
echowww.nextstep4it.com>/proc/sys/kernel/hostname
Q:ExplainRAID1?
RAIDLevel1isbasedonMirroringtechnique.Level1providesredundancybywritingidentical
datatoeachmemberdiskofthearray.Thestoragecapacityofthelevel1arrayisequaltothe
capacityofoneofthemirroredharddisksinaHardwareRAIDoroneofthemirroredpartitions
inaSoftwareRAID.RAID1providesredundancymeansgoodprotectionagainstdiskfailure.In
RAID1writespeedisslowbutreadspeedisgood.
Q:ExplainRAID5?
RAIDLevel5isbasedonrotatingparitywithstripingtechnique.RAID5storesparity
informationbutnotredundantdata(butparityinformationcanbeusedtoreconstructdata).
ThestoragecapacityofSoftwareRAIDlevel5isequaltothecapacityofthememberpartitions,
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minusthesizeofoneofthepartitionsiftheyareofequalsize.TheperformanceofRAID5is
basedonparitycalculationprocessbutwithmodernCPUsthatusuallyisnotaverybigproblem.
InRAID5readandwritespeedsaregood.
Q:WhichkernelmoduleisrequiredforSoftwareRAID?
mdmodule
Q:WhatistheroleofchunksizeforsoftwareRAID?
ChunksizeisveryimportantparameteronwhichRAIDperformancebased.
Weknowstripesgoacrossdiskdrives.Buthowbigarethepiecesofthestripeoneachdisk?
Thepiecesastripeisbrokenintoarecalledchunks.Togetgoodperformanceyoumusthavea
reasonablechunksize.
ForbigI/OswerequiredsmallchunksandforsmallI/Oswerequiredbigchunks.
Q:Whatistheuseofsysctlcommand?
The/sbin/sysctlcommandisusedtoview,set,andautomatekernelsettingsinthe/proc/sys/
directory.
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Q:/proc/directorycontainsanumberofdirectorieswithnumericalnames.What
isthat?
Thesedirectoriesarecalledprocessdirectories,astheyarenamedafteraprogram'sprocessID
andcontaininformationspecifictothatprocess.
Q:WhatisthedifferencebetweenhardwareRAIDandSoftwareRAID?
ThehardwarebasedRAIDisindependentfromthehost.AHardwareRAIDdeviceconnectsto
theSCSIcontrollerandpresentstheRAIDarraysasasingleSCSIdrive.AnexternalRAID
systemmovesallRAIDhandling"intelligence"intoacontrollerlocatedintheexternaldisk
subsystem.ThewholesubsystemisconnectedtothehostviaanormalSCSIcontrollerand
appearstothehostasasingledisk.
SoftwareRAIDisimplementedunderOSKernellevel.TheLinuxkernelcontainsanMDdriver
thatallowstheRAIDsolutiontobecompletelyhardwareindependent.Theperformanceofa
softwarebasedarraydependsontheserverCPUperformanceandload.
Q:WhatarethecommonlyusedRAIDtypes?
RAID0
RAID1
RAID5
Q:ExplainRAID0?
RAIDlevel0worksonstripingtechnique.InRAID0thearrayisbrokendownintostripsand
dataiswrittenintostrips.RAID0allowshighI/Operformancebutprovidesnoredundancy.
RAID0ArraySizeisequaltosumofdisksinarray.Ifonedrivefailsthenalldatainthearrayis
lost.
Q:WhatisRAID?
RAID,standsforRedundantArrayofInexpensiveDisks.RAIDisamethodbywhichsamedata
orinformationisspreadacrossseveraldisks,usingtechniquessuchasdiskstriping(RAIDLevel
0),diskmirroring(RAIDLevel1),anddiskstripingwithparity(RAIDLevel5)toachieve
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redundancy,lowerlatency,increasedbandwidth,andmaximizedabilitytorecoverfromhard
diskcrashes.
Q:WhyshouldweuseRAID?
SystemAdministratorsandotherswhomanagelargeamountsofdatawouldbenefitfromusing
RAIDtechnology.
FollowingarethereasonstouseRAID
Enhancesspeed
Increasesstoragecapacityusingasinglevirtualdisk
Minimizesdiskfailure
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