Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398

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Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Optimal capacitor placement in radial distribution systems

using teaching learning based optimization
Sneha Sultana , Provas Kumar Roy
Department of Electrical Engineering, Dr. B C Roy Engineering College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) approach to minimize power loss and
Received 2 March 2013 energy cost by optimal placement of capacitors in radial distribution systems. The proposed algorithm
Received in revised form 20 June 2013 is based on two basic concept of education namely teaching phase and learning phase. In rst phase,
Accepted 13 July 2013
learners improve their knowledge or ability through the teaching methodology of teacher and in second
part learners increase their knowledge by interactions among themselves. To check the feasibility, the
proposed method is applied on standard 22, 69, 85 and 141 bus radial distribution systems. Numerical
Keywords:
experiments are included to demonstrate that the proposed TLBO can obtain better quality solution than
Radial distribution system
Optimal capacitor placement
many existing techniques like genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), direct search
Optimal sizing algorithm (DSA) and mixed integer linear programming (MILP) approach.
Loss reduction 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Teaching learning based optimization

1. Introduction
The analysis of power distribution systems is an important area
of research due to the fact that it is the nal link between the bulk
power system and consumers. However, reactive power ows in a
distribution network always cause high power losses. At heavy
loads, the losses due to reactive power ows can even more signif-
icant. Moreover, these ows result in a high voltage drop at certain
areas of distribution network. It is important for the distribution
companies to optimize their operation by diminishing the losses
and improving the voltages at different busses. To assure minimum
loss and adequate levels of voltage at various points of the distribu-
tion network, the use of some devices that accomplish an effective
voltage control, a reactive power control and a power factor control
is essential. The shunt capacitor is one of the basic equipment to
full these objectives. To achieve the benets of loss reduction,
power factor correction, voltage prole improvement to the ut-
most extent under various operating constraints, distribution engi-
neers are required to determine the optimal location and size of
capacitors to be placed at different load levels. Hence, the optimal
capacitor allocation in electrical distribution networks is always a
major concern of electric power utilities. Many researchers used
classical methods [13] for solving optimal capacitor placement
problem. Khodr et al. presented mixed integer linear optimization
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 3436512192; fax: +91 3432533186.
E-mail address: sneha.sultana@gmail.com (S. Sultana).
methodology [4] for the optimal location and sizing of static and
switched shunt capacitors in radial distribution system. Jabr ap-
plied mixed integer linear programming (MINP) [5] approach for
optimal placemen of xed and switched type capacitors in a radial
distribution network. The aim of this paper was to minimize the
costs associated with capacitor banks, peak power and energy
losses while satisfying a specied set of physical and technical con-
straints. Recently, a pareto based multi-objective MILP approach
[6] was proposed by Franco et al. for solving the optimal allocation
of voltage regulators and capacitors in radial distribution systems.
A mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) [7] approach for
the reconguration of capacitor allocation to minimize energy
losses on radial electrical networks was proposed by Oliveira
et al. Wu et al. developed loop analysis based method [8] to nd
the optimal size of capacitor to minimize the power loss in distri-
bution systems for daily operation. An interior point method (IPM)
[9] to solve the optimal capacitor placement problem in radial dis-
tribution systems was proposed by Segura et al. However, the opti-
mal capacitor placement problem of radial distribution system for
variable load level is considered as a non-linear optimization prob-
lem with a non-differentiable objective function due to the fact
that the costs of the capacitor vary in a discrete manner and the
system load also varies continuously throughout the day. There-
fore, the classical optimization techniques cannot perform satisfac-
torily, in solving optimal capacitor placement problems.
Over the last two decades, the studies on meta-heuristic tech-
niques have shown that the most of the difculties of classical
methods can be eliminated by applying these techniques. The most

0142-0615/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.07.011
388 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398
popular modern meta-heuristics stochastic search evolutionary
algorithms are evolutionary programming (EP), simulated anneal-
ing (SA), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization
(PSO), ant colony optimization (ACO), differential evolution (DE),
biogeography based optimization (BBO), etc. Song et al. proposed
fuzzy controlled evolutionary programming (Fuzzy EP) [10] to
recongure distribution network to reduce system power loss.
Ching et al. developed SA [11] for feeder reconguration and
capacitor settings for power loss reduction and voltage prole
enhancement in distribution systems. Ghose and Goswami intro-
duced hybrid SA (HSA) [12] for solving the problem of optimal
capacitor placement in radial distribution system including the ef-
fects of supply harmonics and load unbalances. Goswami et al.
developed greedy search technique (GST) [13] to determine the
optimal size and optimal placement of capacitor to minimize
power loss and energy cost. Masoum et al. presented maximum
sensitivities selection algorithm (MSS) [14] for optimal sizing and
placement of xed and switched capacitor banks in radial distribu-
tion lines in the presence of linear and nonlinear loads. A PSO [15]
based approach for optimal capacitor placements to minimize har-
monic distortion effects in radial distribution systems was intro-
duced by Yu et al. Prakash and Sydulu also used PSO [16]
approach for nding the optimal size and location of capacitors
in radial distribution system. The proposed method was imple-
mented on standard 70-bus and 135-bus systems and its perfor-
mance was compared with the Tabu Search (TS) and GA
algorithm. Singh and Rao developed modied PSO [17] for nding
the optimal sizing and location of capacitors. The proposed tech-
nique was used to nd optimal locations for shunt capacitors from
the daily load curve. Kalyuzhny et al. proposed GA [18] as an opti-
mization tool to place shunt capacitor on distribution system un-
der capacitor switching constraints. A non-dominated sorting
genetic algorithm (NSGA) [19] to solve optimal capacitor place-
ment problem for reactive power compensation in electric radial
distribution network was proposed by Antunes et al. Szuvovivski
et al. proposed GA [20] to locate optimal position of voltage regu-
lators and capacitors banks to control the voltage, reactive power
and power factor of radial distribution system. A multi-objective
fuzzy based GA [21] for simultaneous minimization of energy cost
and improvement of voltage prole was proposed by Das. Sydulu
and Reddy presented GA [22] to determine optimal size and loca-
tion of capacitor to minimize the power loss of 15, 31, 34, 69 and
85-bus radial distribution networks. Chiou et al. presented hybrid
differential evolution (HDE) [23] for solving capacitor placement
problems of large scale distribution systems. Huang et al. proposed
a two stage immune algorithm (IA) [24] to solve multi-objective
optimal capacitor placement problem. Mandal et al. proposed
BBO [25] to identify the optimal location of capacitor in order to
minimize power losses and capacitor installation cost. Sedighi-
zadeh and Kalimdast presented binary honey bee foraging (BHBF)
approach [26] to solve optimal capacitor placement problem of ra-
dial distribution systems. To test the effectiveness, the proposed
method was implemented on IEEE 9-bus test system and its perfor-
mance was compared with binary PSO (BPSO) and GA. Muthuku-
mar and Jayalalitha implemented harmony search algorithm
(HSA) [27] to identify optimal location and size of capacitors to re-
duce the cost of total real power loss and capacitor installation
cost. Raju et al. presented direct search algorithm (DSA) [28] to nd
the optimal size and location of xed and switched capacitors in a
radial distribution system to maximize the savings and minimize
the power loss. The algorithm was tested on standard 22, 69 and
85 bus systems and the results were compared with the results
of PSO and GA. Rao et al. [29] presented plant growth simulation
algorithm for capacitor placement in radial distribution systems
which determine the optimal locations and size of capacitor to im-
prove the voltage prole and reduction of power losses. Recenly,
Kaur and Sharma proposed ant colony optimization (ACO) algo-
rithm to solve capacitor allocation problem of radial distribution
system [30]. Taher and Bagherpour introduced hybrid honey bee
colony optimization (HBCO) [31] algorithm to place shunt capaci-
tors in IEEE 25-bus and a modied IEEE 37-bus test systems to
minimize power system losses while maintaining total harmonic
distortion (THD) of buses in an acceptable range. A modied dis-
crete PSO [32] for nding the optimal rating and location of xed
and switched capacitors of radial distribution system was pro-
posed by Ziari et al. in his recent endeavor.
Very recently, a new optimization technique, known as teaching
learning based optimization (TLBO) has been developed by Rao
et al. [33]. It is one of the newest evolutionary algorithms and is
based on the natural phenomenon of teaching and learning pro-
cess. It has already proved its superiority over other existing opti-
mization techniques such as GA, ABC, PSO, harmony search (HS),
DE, Hybrid-PSO [33]. It has also proved as an efcient optimization
technique in other elds of engineering such as Mechanical Engi-
neering [34], Civil Engineering [35] and Electrical Engineering
[3638]. However, from the literature review it is seen that the
application of TLBO for optimal capacitor placement problem of
distribution system has not been explored in previous works. This
motivates the authors to use TLBO to locate optimal position and
rating of capacitor in radial distribution system to minimize power
loss and save energy cost. The present work describes TLBO meth-
odology for optimal capacitor allocation, considering the daily load
curve represented by a given number of load levels. This problem is
formulated as a nonlinear constrained mixed discretecontinuous
optimization problem. In order to show the effectiveness of the
proposed approach, three test systems are used in this paper. Re-
sults obtained from the proposed approach are compared with
those obtained from PSO, GA, fuzzy based GA and DSA.
This rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 provides
the mathematical problem formulation. TLBO algorithm is de-
scribed in Section 3. Section 4 presents the TLBO method for solving
the optimal capacitor placement problem. Section 5 presents the
numerical simulation results for the TLBO method applied on three
standard distribution networks. Section 6 outlines the conclusions.
2. Mathematical problem formulation
2.1. Objective function
The objective of optimal capacitor placement problem of radial
distribution system is to optimize a certain objective function such
as cost, loss, voltage prole, voltage stability index while satisfying
all operational constraints. In this article, two objective functions
given below are used for simulation study.
2.1.1. Minimization of real power
The optimal capacitor placement problem is mainly concerned
with the minimization of power loss in distribution network. Math-
ematically, the real power loss minimization may be dened as:
X
nn
Minimize PRPL Pgni  Pdni  V mi V ni Y mni cosdmi  dni hni 1
i2
where PRPL is the real power loss; Pgni is the active power output of
the generator at bus ni; Pdni is the active power demand at bus ni;
Vmi is the voltage of bus mi; Vni is the voltage of bus ni; Ymni is the
admittance between bus ni and bus mi; dmi is the phase angle of
voltage at bus mi; dni is the phase angle of voltage at bus ni; hni is
the admittance angle of Y i Y ni \hni .
2.1.2. Minimization of total cost
Installation of capacitor in distribution network can improve
the power ow through distribution lines and can also improve
 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398 389

the voltage level of different buses. This results in lower power loss interaction with their classmates which also helps them to improve
and better energy efciency of the network which ultimately re- their results. The knowledge of the students is nally evaluated on
duces the energy loss cost. However, the installation of capacitor the basis of their results. The concept and mathematical formula-
increases the investment cost. Therefore, the objective of optimal tion of teaching and learning phases are as follows.
capacitor placement problem in this case is to minimize the total
cost and is dened as [28]:
3.1. Teaching phase
X
L X
ncap
Minimize S K e T j Pj K c Q ci 2 This is the initial part of the algorithm which is mostly respon-
j1 i1
sible for the global search of the algorithm. In this phase, the stu-
where Ke is the energy cost per each kWh; Tj is the duration for dents enhance their knowledge with the help of the teacher and
which jth load level operates; Pj is the active power loss during the teacher tries to improve the average result of the class from
jth load level; Kc is the purchase cost of capacitor per kVAr; Qci is the initial level to his own level. However, in spite of his best effort,
the size of the capacitor placed at the ith bus; ncap is the number the teacher can only improve the mean grade of the class to some
of capacitor locations. extent but not up to his own level. If the mean grade of the ith sub-
ject at the tth iteration is improved from k to ktnewi , the difference of
2.2. Constraints the previous and new mean ktdiffi may be given by [33]:

ktdiffi r1  ktnewi  t f kti 6

The optimal capacitor placement problem of distribution net-
work is subjected to following constraints: where r1 is a random number between (0, 1); tf is the teaching fac-
tor and is given by [33]:
 The voltage must be kept within the specied limits at each bus: tf round1 r2 7

V min 6 V 6 V max 3 where r2 is a random number uniformly distributed between 0 and

1; round is the nearest integer value. The modication of grade
where Vmin, Vmax are the lower and upper limits of bus voltage, point of different subjects of the students using teaching phase is
respectively. described below:
 The apparent power ow through each branch must be less
than the maximum apparent power admissible for the line
and it may be expressed as follows:
for i 1 : N P
Si 6 Si;max i 1; 2; . . . ; nl 4
for j 1 : N D
where nl is the number of branches, Si is the apparent power ow of xt1
i;j
xti;j ktdiffi
the ith branch and Si,max is the maximum apparent power ow limit end
of the ith branch. end
 Capacitors are available in discrete sizes. So, shunt capacitors
are to be dealt with multiple integers of the smallest capacitor
size available and it may mathematically be expressed as: where xtj;i , xt1
j;i are the grade of the ith subject of the jth student at
Q ci 6 LQ S L 1; 2; . . . ; nc 5 the tth and (t + 1)th iteration.

where nc number of shunt capacitors, Qci is the kVAr rating of the

capacitor installed at the ith bus and QS smallest capacitor size 3.2. Learning phase
available.
This is the nal part of the algorithm which is used in TLBO to
improve the local search ability of the algorithm. This phase of
3. Teaching learning based optimization
the algorithm simulates the learning of the learners through mu-
tual interaction with their classmates. Each student learns new
Teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) introduced by Rao
things from another randomly selected student if the selected stu-
et al. [33,34], is a new variant of meta-heuristic optimization tech-
dent has better knowledge than him. The improvement of the
nique inspired by the natural phenomenon of teaching and learning
grade point of the students using the concept of learning phenom-
process. It has emerged as one of the simple and efcient tech-
enon may be represented as follows:
niques for solving nonlinear optimization problem. In this optimi-
zation technique, a group of students in a class is considered as a
for k 1 : N P
population and the solution vector of the objective is analogous
a randpermN P ;
to the grade point of different subjects offered to the students.
i a1;
The result of a student is analogous to tness function in other pop-
X k xk; :; X i xi; :;
ulation-based techniques, to represent the quality of each solution
set. TLBO is based on the concept of teachinglearning process in a if f X k < f X i
class. In comparison to other meta-heuristics algorithms reported for j 1 : N D
in the recent literature, the TLBO algorithm involves a very few xt1
k;j
xtk;j rand  xtk;j  xti;j
mathematical computations for updating the solutions which end
makes the algorithm very fast. TLBO algorithm is based on the elseif f X k > f X i
two natural phase of study, i.e. teaching and learning phase. Tea- for j 1 : N D
cher is usually considered as highly educated person who motivates xt1 xtk;j rand  xti;j  xtk;j
k;j
the students and shares his knowledge with the learners so that the end
students can enhance their knowledge. The teacher trains the stu- end
dents to improve their academic results in the class. However, the end
students not only learn from their teacher but also through mutual
390 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398

where xt1 t
k;j ; xk;j are the grade points of the jth subject of the kth student
where nb is the number of buses in the network.
at tth and (t + 1)th iterations; xti;j is the grade point of the jth subject of Step 3: Initialize randomly the size of the capacitors within their
the ith student (randomly selected) at tth iteration; f X k ; f X i are the operating limits which are installed in the distribution network.
overall grade point of the kth and the ith students. The initial discrete rating of the capacitors are obtained as
The different steps of TLBO algorithm are as follows: follows

Step 1: Generate the initial grade of various subjects (control

variables) of all the students. The grade point of different for i 1 : nc
subject of a student represents a potential solution to the Q i Q min
i rand  Q max
i  Q min
i
given problem. The initial population may mathematically if Q S1 6 Q i 6 Q S2  Q S2 Q S1
2
be expressed as Q di Q S1 ;
2 3 elseif Q S2  Q S2 Q S1
6 Q i 6 Q S3  Q S3 Q S2
x1;1 ; x1;2 ;. .. ;x1;j ;. .. ;x1;ND 2 2

6 x ; x ;. .. ;x ;. .. ;x
6 2;1 2;2 2;j 2;ND .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 7
P6
4 xi;1 ; xi;2 ; .. .; xi;j ;. . .; xi;ND . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 5
xNP ;1 ;xNP ;2 ; .. .; xNP ;j ;. .. ;xNP ;ND
where xi,j represents the initial grade of the jth subject of the
ith student; NP is the population size and ND is the number of
control variables.
Step 2: Evaluate the average grade of the individual subject
offered to the students. The average grade of the jth subject
may be represented by:
ki meanx1;j ; x2;j ; . . . ; xi;j ; . . . ; xNP ;j
Step 3: Calculate the overall grade (objective value) of each
individual student and sort the students based on their
results and the best solution set is considered as the teacher
and is given by:
X teacher Xjminf X
xbest;1 ; xbest;2 ; . . . ; xbest;j ; . . . ; xbest;ND minf X
Step 4: Compute the grade point of all subjects (control vari-
ables) of each student using teaching phase mention in Sec-
tion 3.1. The modied grade point of the jth subject of the ith
student is given by:
xt1
i;j xti;j r2  xteacherj  round1 r1  kj 
where r1 and r2 are the random number uniformly distrib-
uted between [0, 1].
Step 5: Update the grade points of various subjects using the
concept of learning phase as explain in Section 3.2.
Step 6: Repeat Steps 25 for a specied number of iteration
cycles.
4. Algorithm of TLBO applied to optimal capacitor placement
problem
In optimal capacitor placement problem, the size of the capac-
itors and their positions are considered as decision variables and
are used to form objective function. The procedure for implement-
ing the TLBO algorithm in solving optimal capacitor placement
problem may be summarized by the following steps:
Step 1: Initialize the population size (NP), the maximum number
of iterations and the number of capacitors to be installed in the
distribution network.
Step 2: Depending upon the capacitor numbers, their positions
are randomly generated as follows:
for i 1 : N P
a randpermnb
for j 1 : nc
locj aj
end
end
7 Q di Q S2
..
7 8 .
Q Sn1 Q Sn2 Q Sn Q Sn1
elseif Q Sn1  2 6 Q i 6 Q Sn  2
Q di Q Sn1
Q Sn Q Sn1
elseif Q i P Q Sn  2
Q di Q Sn
end
end
9 Q S1 ; Q S2 ; . . . ; Q Sn are the available capacitor size; Qdi are the avail-
able capacitor size, The operating kVAr of all the installed capac-
itor, comprise a vector which represents the grade of different
subjects of a particular student and it also represents a candidate
solution for the optimal capacitor placement problems. Each set
of the feasible solution of matrix Pi represents a potential solu-
tion and is given by:
10 Pi loci;1 ; loci;2 ; . . . ; loci;nc ; Q i;1 ; Q i;2; ; . . . ; Q i;j; ; . . . ; Q i;nc  12
Depending upon the population size, initial solution P is cre-
ated which is given by:
P P1 ; P2 ; :::; Pi ; :::; PNP  13
11 Step 4: Run the load ow to nd the power losses of the distri-
bution network. In this article, a direct load ow algorithm
based on the bus-injection to branch-current (BIBC) matrix
and the branch-current to bus-voltage (BCBV) matrix [39] are
used. Afterward, the objective functions using (1) and (2) are
evaluated. Based on the objective value, sort the students from
best to worst and the best solution obtained so far is assigned as
the teacher of the class.
Step 5: Modify the grade point of each subject (kVAr of installed
capacitors) of each student using the concept of teaching phase
as explain in Section 3.1.
Step 6: Update the grade point (kVAr of installed capacitors) of
each subject of all students using the learning phase explain in
Section 3.2.
Step 7: Convert the continuous ratings of capacitors to discrete
ratings using the concept explain in Step 3.
Step 8: Check whether the calculated kVAr of the any installed
capacitor violates the operating limits or not. If any value is less
than the minimum level it is made equal to minimum value and
if it is greater than the maximum value it is made equal to the
maximum level.
Step 9: Stop the iteration process and print the best solution set
(optimal locations and optimal size of capacitors) if the stop-
ping criterion is satised, else go to Step 4.
5. Simulation results and discussion
To assess the efciency of the proposed TLBO algorithm, three
test systems with two different objective functions are used. The
implementation of the proposed TLBO algorithm for optimal
 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398
capacitor placement problem is done in MATLAB 7.6 on a personal
computer having 2.53 GHz core i3 processor with 3 GB RAM. Here,
the population size (NP) and the maximum iteration number (Nmax)
are taken as 50 and 100, respectively, for all the test systems under
consideration. In all three cases, TLBO algorithm is run for 50 times
with the different randomly generated initial solutions and the
best results are listed in the corresponding Tables.
5.1. Power loss optimization
In rst case study, the proposed TLBO technique is tested to
minimize the power loss of 69-bus and 85-bus radial distribution
systems. The minimum loss values obtained from the proposed
method and those obtained from the other solution methods, re-
ported in the literature recently, are compared, and the outperfor-
mance of the proposed solution method in terms of solution
quality against the other methods is demonstrated.
5.1.1. 69-Bus test system
Initially, the proposed method is implemented on 69-bus test
system. This radial distribution system consists of 69 buses with
68 numbers of branches as it is shown in Fig. 1. The full system
data for this system are given in [21]. The total system rated load
is of 1.896 MW and 1.347 MVar [21]. After load ow, a real power
loss without capacitors at rated load is 224.7 kW [21]. To validate
the effectiveness of the proposed method to nd the optimal size
and location of capacitors, its results are compared with other
techniques. For this test system, three capacitors are optimally
sized and placed. Table 1 shows the power loss, minimum bus volt-
age, optimal locations and optimal size of the three capacitors ob-
tained by GA [22], PSO [16], DSA [28] and TLBO techniques. It is
seen from Table 1 that installation of capacitors reduces the power
loss signicantly. In may further be noted from the simulation re-
sults reported in Table 1 that the total power loss using TLBO is re-
duced by 10.27 kW compared to the GA [22], 6.13 kW compared to
PSO [16] and 650 W compared to DSA [28]. This shows that the
proposed TLBO algorithm is more effective than the other methods.
The minimum bus voltage obtained with the proposed algorithm is
0.9313 p.u. which is better when compared to 0. 90919 p.u. ob-
tained without capacitor installation [28].
42 43 44 45
41
40
50
39 49
38 55
48
37 54
47
36
53
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
28 51
29 52
30
32 33
31 34 35
Fig. 1. The schematic diagram of the 69-bus radial distribution system.
391
5.1.2. 85-Bus test system
To show the effectiveness of TLBO for large scale distribution
network, it is implemented on 85-bus test system. The single line
diagram of the system is illustrated in Fig. 2. Line data and load
data of this system are taken from [40]. Without using any capac-
itor in the network, the total real power loss of this system is
286.52 kW [40]. For this test system, fourteen capacitors are opti-
mally sized and placed. Simulation results of optimal position and
size of capacitors along with power loss and minimum bus voltage
are compiled in Table 2. It is seen that after installation of capaci-
tors, the total power losses obtained by different methods are sig-
nicantly reduced. It may also be noted that minimum bus voltage
is improved signicantly (from 0.8713 p.u. [28] to 0.9242 p.u.)
after installing the capacitors. Moreover, it is found that the loss
obtained using proposed TLBO technique is 143.18 kW which is
less compared to 144.01 kW of active power loss obtained by
DSA [28], 163.32 kW obtained by PSO [16] and 146.061 kW ob-
tained using GA [22]. Therefore, it can be concluded that for this
large and complex system, TLBO produces better simulation results
than GA [22], PSO [16] and DSA [28] with full constraint
satisfaction.
5.1.3. 141-Bus test system
In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed TLBO
algorithm for a practical large scale distribution system, it is ap-
plied to a real network of 231 nodes that covers a zone of the
metropolitan area of Caracas. In order to simplify the calculations,
the network is converted to 141 buses by eliminating the section-
ing devices. The detailed data of this system are taken from [41].
The base values of apparent power and voltage used for this test
systems are 100 MVA and 12.47 kV, respectively. The lower and
the upper voltage magnitude limits at all buses are 0.95 p.u. and
1.05 p.u., respectively. The total active and reactive powers of sys-
tem load are 1171.5125 kW, and 725.7846 kVAr, respectively. The
schematic diagram for the test system is shown in Fig. 4. It is as-
sumed that a capacitor is composed of several banks, and each
bank has a xed size of 150 kVAr and can be operated separately.
Meanwhile, for the sake of verifying the advantages of the pro-
posed method for solving capacitor allocation problem, the simula-
tion results obtained by TLBO are compared directly to the results
obtained by MILP for solving the same problem which are reported
46
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
66
68 69
67
392 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398

Table 1
Simulation results using GA, PSO, DSA and TLBO for loss minimization (69-bus system).

Techniques
GA [22] PSO [16] DSA [28] TLBO
Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar)
Optimal placement of capacitor 61 700 46 241 61 900 12 600
64 800 47 365 15 450 61 1050
59 100 50 1015 60 450 64 150
Minimum voltage bus NA NA NA 65
Minimum voltage (p.u.) NA NA NA 0.9313
Best power loss (kW) 156.62 152.48 147.00 146.35
Worst power loss (kW) NA NA NA 146.92
Mean power loss (kW) NA NA NA 146.57
Standard deviation NA NA NA 0.02134
Average computational time (S) NA NA NA 15.76

51

50 56
42
39
37 41 49
38 43
48 52
40 53 54
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
24
55
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15
85 14

80 81 82
18 78 44 45 46 47
16 19 57 60 61 62 83 84
20 58 77
17
21 23 59
63 64 65 66
22
79
67 68 69 70 71

76
72
73
74 75

Fig. 2. The schematic diagram of the 85-bus radial distribution system.

in the literature [41]. In addition to the TLBO results, the obtained
results from MILP method are also represented in Table 3. It is
noted that the mentioned results of the MILP method reported in
this paper, are directly quoted from the references. Observation
of Table 3 shows that the best location of capacitors using the pro-
posed method for obtaining the optimal loss is 26, 42, 46, 49, 61
and 116. From Table 3, it can be inferred that, the active power loss
obtained using TLBO technique is comparatively better than the
MILP algorithm.
5.2. Energy cost optimization
To demonstrate the efciency of the proposed method for cost
minimization objective function, simulation studies are carried
out on 22, 69 and 85 bus test systems. In this simulation study,
three different load demand patterns of light load (50%), nominal
load (100%) and peak load (160%) are considered to show the effec-
tiveness of the proposed method. Duration of time for light load,
nominal load and peak load taken from [28] are 2000 h, 5260 h
and 1500 h, respectively. Here, energy cost is assumed as US $
0.06 per kWh and purchase cost of capacitor is taken as US $ 3.0
per kVAr [28].
5.2.1. 22 Bus test system
To investigate the performance of the proposed method for
practical system, a practical 22 bus agricultural distribution system
[28] is used to evaluate the energy cost. This test system consists of
22 buses, 21 branches and the total system load is of 662.311 kW,
667.40 kVAr. The data of this test system can be obtained from [28]
and it is demonstrated in Fig. 3. The results obtained by the pro-
posed algorithm are compared to those of DSA [28] reported in
the literature. The capacitor optimal locations and sizes along with
 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398 393

Table 2
Simulation results using GA, PSO, DSA and TLBO for loss minimization (85-bus system).

Techniques
GA [22] PSO [16] DSA [28] TLBO
Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar)
Optimal size and location of capacitor 26 48.437
28 214.062
37 103.125 6 150 4 300
38 120.312 8 150 7 150
39 178.125 14 150 9 300
51 100.000 17 150 21 150
54 212.5 18 150 26 150
55 101.562 7 314 20 150 30 0
59 4.6875 8 796 26 150 31 300
60 157.812 27 90 30 150 45 150
61 112.5 58 453 36 450 49 150
62 104.688 57 150 55 150
66 9.375 61 150 61 300
69 100 66 150 68 300
72 67.187 69 300 83 150
74 112.5 80 150 85 150
76 71.875
80 356.25
82 31.25
Minimum voltage bus NA NA 54 54
Minimum voltage (p.u.) NA NA 0.9224 0.9242
Best power loss (kW) 146.061 163.32 144.01 143.18
Worst power loss (kW) NA NA NA 143.65
Mean power loss (kW) NA NA NA 143.29
Standard deviation NA NA NA 0.02209
Average computational time (S) NA NA NA 18.38

Table 3 1 2 3
Simulation results using MILP and TLBO for loss minimization (141-bus system).

Techniques
MILP [41] TLBO
9 10
Location Size Location Size 4
(KVar) (KVar)
13 14 15
Optimal size and location of 23 300 26 900 5
capacitor 50 300 42 900 11
55 300 46 900
64 300 49 900 6
12
79 300 61 750
7 16
94 300 115 900 8 19 20 21
Minimum voltage bus 124 86 17
Minimum voltage (p.u.) NA 0.9487
Best power loss (kW) 45.26 44.5854 18
Worst power loss (kW) NA 45.2140
Mean power loss (kW) NA 44.7932 Fig. 3. The schematic diagram of the 22-bus radial distribution system.
Standard deviation NA 0.02316
Average computational time NA 22.34 5.2.2. 69 Bus system
(S) The proposed TLBO algorithm is further applied on 69-bus test
system to determine the optimal size and location of capacitors such
that energy cost is minimized. The total cost for the system without
any capacitor is found to be 135,905 $ [21]. Before the capacitor
power loss and minimum bus voltage for three different load levels placement, minimum voltage level and power loss of the system
are listed in Table 4. Without capacitor installation, the real power for light, nominal and peak load are 0.95668 p.u., 51.60 kW;
losses in the system are 4.32 kW, 17.69 kW and 46.68 kW for light, 0.90919 p.u., 224.96 kW; and 0.84449 p.u., 652.40 kW, respectively
nominal and peak load as reported in [28]. It is observed that en- [21]. The size of capacitors, their positions and the impact of optimal
ergy loss cost, capacitor installation cost and total cost obtained placement and sizing of capacitors on the energy loss cost, capacitor
by the proposed TLBO method are signicantly less than those pro- cost and total cost of the system are given in Table 5. It is found that,
duced by DSA [28]. Moreover, it is noticed that the proposed algo- after compensation, for all the algorithms the total cost, the mini-
rithm gives more reduction in power loss for the normal and peak mum voltage level and power loss at different load levels are im-
load levels as compared to DSA and same loss for light load. Fur- proved signicantly. From Table 5 it can also be found that the
thermore, it is observed that the after installing capacitors the pro- objective value found by the TLBO algorithm is better than those ob-
posed algorithm gives better bus voltages for the light (from tained by the Fuzzy GA [22] and DSA [28]. This demonstrates that
0.9866 p.u. [28] to 0.9903 p.u.), normal (from 0.9729 p.u. [28] to the TLBO successfully achieves better simulation results than other
0.9822 p.u.) and peak load (0.9560 p.u. [28] to 0.9712 p.u.) levels. techniques while satisfying all system operational constraints.
394 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398

108 109
110 95

94
22
93 107

125
92 101 102 103 104 105 126 127 128 129 130
124
91

123
90 106
96 97 98
122
89 134
121 133
88
99
120

100
60
119 131 132

118

34
117 136
33 35

15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20

36 114
111 21
112 135
37 113 115 137
22
38 53 116 138
23

39 24

25
40 72

70 71 26
41
58 139
54 55 56 57 59
74 73 42 27
28
43
77 76 29
44
60
75
30
45
60
31
46 78 79 80 141
61 69 140
32
62 63
47
83 81
64
48
82
49

84 65 66 67 68
50

51
85
52
86

87

Fig. 4. The schematic diagram of the 141-bus radial distribution system.

5.2.3. 85 Bus system Without compensation, minimum voltage and loss for light, nom-
In order to prove the scalability of the proposed method, it is inal and peak load are 0.9397 p.u., 70.11 kW; 0.8713 p.u.,
applied on 85 bus test system to minimize the energy cost. 316.11 kW; and 0.7722 p.u., 975.93 kW, respectively [21]. To
 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398 395

Table 4 5.3. Robustness test

Simulation results using DSA and TLBO for cost analysis (22-bus system).

Techniques In order to check the robustness of the proposed TLBO algo-

DSA [28] TLBO rithm for solving the optimal allocation problems, 50 independent
trials are performed on all the test systems. The lower part of Ta-
Location Size Location Size
(KVar) (KVar)
bles 17 presents the statistical results obtained by the proposed
TLBO algorithm. From these tables, it is clear that the standard
Light load
Optimal size and location 4 0 9 150
deviations of the solutions in terms of the two objectives (power
of capacitor 13 150 14 0 loss and total cost) are small which indicates the robustness of
16 150 17 150 the proposed algorithm for handling the studied test systems of
17 0 20 0 this paper.
Minimum voltage bus 22 22
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9909 0.9903
5.4. Convergence property
Power loss (kW) 2.39 2.39
Nominal load
Optimal placement of 4 150 9 150
Convergence characteristics of power loss and cost of the pro-
capacitor 13 300 14 150 posed TLBO algorithm for three test systems are shown in Figs. 5
16 150 17 150 and 6. From the convergence graph, it may be observed that the
17 150 20 150 objective value converges smoothly to the optimum value without
Minimum voltage bus 22 22 any abrupt oscillations. This conrms the convergence reliability of
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9824 0.9822 the proposed TLBO algorithm.
Power loss (kW) 9.66 9.31
Peak load
5.5. Computational time
Optimal placement of 4 150 9 150
capacitor 13 450 14 300
16 300 17 150 The average computational time taken by the proposed TLBO
17 150 20 300 technique for the different test systems is reported in Tables 17.
Minimum voltage bus 22 22
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9701 0.9712
Power loss (kW) 24.89 24.43
Energy loss cost ($) 5575.59 5423.33 Table 5
Rating of installed 150, 450, 150, 300, Simulation results using Fuzzy GA, DSA and TLBO for loss analysis (69-bus system).
capacitors (KVAr) 300, 150 150, 300
Techniques
Capacitor cost ($) 3150 2700
Best total Cost ($) 8725.59 8123.33 Fuzzy GA [21] DSA [28] TLBO
Worst total Cost ($) NA 8158.51
Location Size Location Size Location Size
Mean total Cost ($) NA 8134.65
(KVar) (KVar) (KVar)
Standard deviation NA 0.02058
Average computational NA 29.38 Light load
time (S) Optimal size and 59 0.000 15 300 22 150
location of capacitor 61 0.000 60 300 61 450
64 300 61 450 62 150
Minimum voltage bus 65 65 65
Minimum voltage 0.9622 0.9683 0.9662
evaluate the reliability of the proposed optimization scheme, the (p.u.)
simulation results of the proposed method are compared with Power Loss (kW) 40.48 35.52 34.43
those of DSA method. Comparative results after optimal capacitor Nominal load
placement are summarized in Table 6 along with the location Optimal Placement of 59 100 15 450 22 300
Capacitor 61 700 60 450 61 1050
and size of capacitors for different load levels. It is observed from
64 800 61 900 62 300
the simulation results that after installation of capacitors the total
Minimum voltage bus 65 65 65
power loss and minimum voltage obtained by different methods
Minimum voltage 0.93693 0.9318 0.9321
are improved signicantly. It may also be noticed from Table 6 that (p.u.)
TLBO gives the better cost and loss simultaneously, compared to Power Loss (kW) 156.52 147.0 146.80
those reported in DSA [28]. Comparing these results, it may be con- Peak load
clude that the performance of TLBO method is superior to DSA. Optimal Placement of 59 1100 15 900 22 300
Capacitor 61 800 60 900 61 1050
64 1200 61 1800 62 750
Minimum voltage bus 65 65 65
Minimum voltage 0.90014 0.8936 0.8795
5.2.4. 141 Bus system (p.u.)
Finally, the proposed TLBO algorithm is implemented on 141- Power loss (kW) 460.45 427.3 417.28
bus test system to nd the optimal rating and position of capaci- Energy loss cost ($) 95,727.00 89,112.6 88016.37
tors for minimizing the total cost. It is found from the simulation Rating of installed 1100, 900, 900, 300,
capacitors (KVAr) 800, 1200 1800 1050,
results that the best location of capacitor in terms of minimum to-
750
tal cost for light load are 49, 81,87; for nominal load are 15, 21,55, Capacitor cost ($) 9300 10,800 6300
63, 78, 85 and for peak load are 31, 45, 62, 63, 79, 87. Solution of Best total cost ($) 1,05,027 99,912.6 94316.38
the optimal allocation problem for this test system as considered Worst total cost ($) NA NA 94388.52
by the authors of the present work being totally a new one, no Mean total cost ($) NA NA 94342.39
Standard deviation NA NA 0.02392
comparison on simulation results is possible. Hence, the results Average computational NA NA 36.87
of only the proposed TLBO method for this test system are shown time (S)
in Table 7.
396 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398

Table 6
Simulation results using DSA and TLBO for cost analysis (85-bus system).

Techniques
DSA [28] TLBO
Location Size (KVar) Location Size (KVar)
Light load
Optimal size and location of capacitor 6 0 15 0
8 0 23 150
14 150 26 150
17 150 32 150
18 0 36 150
20 0 38 0
26 0 45 0
30 150 52 0
36 300 57 150
57 150 61 0
61 0 64 150
66 150 73 150
69 150 82 0
80 0 84 150
Minimum voltage bus 54 54
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9629 0.9616
Power loss (kW) 34.76 34.11
Nominal load
Optimal placement of capacitor 6 150 15 150
8 150 23 300
14 150 26 300
17 150 32 150
18 150 36 150
20 150 38 150
26 150 45 150
30 300 52 150
36 450 57 300
57 150 61 150
61 150 64 300
66 150 73 150
69 300 82 150
80 150 84 0
Minimum voltage bus 54 54
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9224 0.9241
Power loss (kW) 144.01 143.2493
Peak load
Optimal Placement of Capacitor 6 150 15 150
8 300 23 0
14 150 26 300
17 150 32 450
18 300 36 150
20 300 38 150
26 150 45 150
30 450 52 300
36 900 57 300
57 300 61 150
61 300 64 450
66 300 73 300
69 600 82 450
80 450 84 0
Minimum voltage bus 54 54
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.8770 0.8647
Power loss (kW) 410.69 411.60
Energy loss cost ($) 86,586 86,346
Rating of installed capacitors (KVAr) 150, 150, 150, 150, 300, 300, 150, 150, 300, 300, 450, 150, 150, 150,
450, 900, 300, 300, 300, 600, 450 300, 300, 150, 450, 300, 450, 150
Capacitor cost ($) 13,950 11,250
Best total cost ($) 100536 97,596
Worst total cost ($) NA 97,622
Mean total cost ($) NA 97,608
Standard deviation NA 0.02876
Average computational time (S) NA 41.46

Due to nonavailability of simulation time of the other methods, the literature. However, from the simulation results it may be said that
computational efciency in terms of CPU time of the TLBO method the TLBO method is a computationally efcient optimization
could not be compared with other methods reported in the technique.
 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398 397

Table 7
Simulation results using TLBO for cost analysis (141-bus system).

Techniques
TLBO
Location Size (KVar)
Light load
Optimal size and location of capacitor 49 150
50 0
75 0
78 0
81 150
87 150
Minimum voltage bus 52
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9680
Power loss (kW) 13.2511
Nominal load
Optimal placement of capacitor 15 900
21 600
55 900
63 900
78 900
85 750
Minimum voltage bus 52
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9484
Power Loss (kW) 44.7311
Peak load
Optimal Placement of Capacitor 31 900
45 900
62 900
63 900
79 900
87 900
Minimum voltage bus 52
Minimum voltage (p.u.) 0.9073
Power loss (kW) 129.1649
Energy loss cost ($) 27332.1245
Rating of installed capacitors (KVAr) 900, 900, 900, 900, 900, 900
Capacitor cost ($) 16,200
Best total cost ($) 43532.1245
Worst total cost ($) 43561.5462
Mean total cost ($) 43548.0064
Standard deviation 0.02083
Average computational time (S) 49.08

164 5
x 10
162 1.5

160
Active power loss (kw)

1.4
158
Total cost ($)

156 1.3
154
1.2
152
150 1.1
148
146 1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Iteration cycles Iteration cycles
Fig. 5. Convergence curve of power loss of 69-bus system using TLBO.
Fig. 6. Convergence curve of cost of 85-bus system using TLBO.

6. Conclusion optimization technique is implemented and successfully applied

on small, medium and large scale radial distribution network to
In this article, the teachinglearning based optimization (TLBO) improve the cost and to reduce the power loss. The simulation re-
technique which is one of the recently developed population based sults demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm to
398 S. Sultana, P.K. Roy / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014) 387398
solve optimal capacitor placement problem. Moreover, the perfor-
mance of proposed TLBO technique is compared with the GA, PSO,
Fuzzy GA and DSA. The comparison conrms the effectiveness and
the superiority of the proposed TLBO approach over the other
techniques.
However, in TLBO algorithm single teacher is used to improve
the results of a class which comprises a large number of learners.
Moreover, the teaching factor used in TLBO algorithm is either 2
or 1 which means learner learns either cent percent or zero percent
from the teacher. This may result in slower convergence rate for
large scale non-linear optimization problem. Therefore, to speed
up the search process and to improve the convergence rate, some
modications may be possible and this is left for further research.
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