Mca4020 SLM Unit 05

Probability and Statistics Unit 5
Unit 5 Measures of Central Tendency

Structure:
5.1 Introduction
Objectives
5.2 Requisites of a Good Average
5.3 Types of Averages
Mathematical Average
Arithmetic Mean
Geometric Mean
Harmonic Mean
Positional Average
Median
Mode
Quartiles
Deciles
Percentile
5.4 Summary
5.5 Terminal Questions
5.6 Answers
5.1 Introduction
In the previous units we studied about random variables, expectation of

random variables and moment generating function and their properties. Now
in the present unit we will study about different measures of central
tendency. Measures of central tendency or averages are also known as
Measures of location. It is a single values which represents the whole set of
data. Since it represents entire data so its value lies somewhere in between
the two extreme values of the data. In other words, the tendency of data to
Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 92

cluster around a figure which is in central location is known as central

tendency. Measure of central tendency or average of first order describes
the concentration of large numbers around a particular value. It is a single
value which represents all units.
In this unit we will study the measures used to summarize data such as
mean, median and mode.
Objectives:
At the end of this unit the student should be able to:
describe the concept of statistical average
calculate arithmetic mean for discrete and continuous data
calculate median and mode of data
5.2 Requisites of a Good Average
The following are the requisites of a good average:

It should be simple to calculate and easy to understand
It should be based on all values
It should not be affected by extreme values
It should not be affected by sampling fluctuation
It should be rigidly defined, preferably by an algebraic formula, so that
different persons obtain the same value for a given set of data
It should have sampling stability
5.3 Types of Averages

Averages are broadly classified into two main categories
I. Mathematical Average
II. Positional Average
III. Miscellaneous Averages

Mathematical Average
Arithmetic Mean Geometric mean Harmonic Mean
Positional Average
Median Mode Quartile Deciles Percentiles
Miscellaneous Average
Moving Average Progressive Average
5.3.1 Mathematical Average:

Arithmetic Mean
Arithmetic mean is defined as the sum of all values divided by total number
of values. Arithmetic mean is also called arithmetic average. It is most
commonly used measures of central tendency. Generally it is known as
mean.
Arithmetic average are of two types

a. Simple Arithmetic average
b. Weighted Arithmetic average

Simple Arithmetic Mean

Calculation of Simple Arithmetic Mean
Individual Series, Discrete Series and Continuous Series
Following are the methods for finding arithmetic mean for individual series
i) Direct method
ii) Short cut method
iii) Step deviation method
Direct Method:
Individual Series
Let X is the variable which takes values x1, x2, x3, xn over n items,
then arithmetic mean, simply the mean of X, denoted by bar over the
variable X is given by.
x1 x 2 x3 ............... x n x i
X i
n n
Discrete Series
= Sum of the product of the values and their corresponding frequencies
N = Sum of the frequencies i.e., or total number of observations.
Continuous Series
= Sum of the product of mid values and their corresponding

frequencies
N = Sum of the frequencies i.e., or total number of observations

Example: Calculate the mean for following data. Marks obtained by 6

students are given below:
20, 15, 23, 22, 25, 20.
x 1 x 2 ......... x n
Solution: Mean marks x
n
20 15 23 22 25 20

6
125
= 20.83
6
Example: Six month income of departmental store are given below. Find
mean income of stores.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
Income 25000 30000 45000 20000 25000 20000

(Rs.)
Solution: n = Total No. of items (observations) = 6

Total income = xi = (25000 + 30000 + 45000 + 20000 + 20000)
= 140000
Mean income =
x i

140000
Rs. 23333.33
n 6
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean by direct method from the following
data
Wage 10 20 30 40 50
No. of 4 5 3 2 5
workers

Solution: Lets denote the wages by X and number of workers by f
Wages (X) No. of Workers (f)

10 4 40
20 5 100
30 3 90
40 2 80
50 5 250
= 560
= =
Example: Calculate the missing value when its mean is 115.86
Wages 110 112 113 117 - 125 128 130

No. of 25 17 13 15 14 8 6 2
workers
Solution: Let the missing item be denoted by a
Wages (X) No. of workers (f) fX

110 25 2750
112 17 1904
113 13 1469
117 15 1755
A 14 14a
125 8 1000
128 6 768
130 2 260
Total

SAQ 1: The pocket allowances (in Rs) of 10 students are given below:
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Allowance 15 20 30 22 25 18 40 50 5 65
(X)
SAQ 2: The monthly income (in Rs) of 10 employees working in a firm is as

follows: 4487, 4493, 4502, 4446, 4475, 4492, 4572, 4516, 4468, 4489. Find
the average monthly income.
SAQ3 : Determine the average salary of a staff from the following data
relating to the monthly salaries of the teaching staff of a college by direct
method
Salary 2200 2500 3000 3700 4500
No. of 5 10 15 7 3
staff
SAQ 4: Find the mean for the following frequency distribution by using direct
method
Class- 84 90 90 96 96 102 102 108 108 - 114
interval
frequency 8 12 15 10 5

Short Cut Method

Individual Series
The arithmetic mean can also be calculated by taking deviations from any
arbitrary points.
Steps of this method is given below.
Step 1: Assume any one value as a mean which is called arbitrary average
(A).
Step 2: Find the difference (deviations) of each value from arbitrary average.
d = xi A
Step 3: Add all deviations (differences) to get d.
Step 4: Use following equation and compute the mean value.
X A
d
n
Discrete Series
Continuous Series
n = Total No. of observations
d = Total deviation value
d = deviation of item from the assumed mean
A = Assume mean
= Sum of products of deviations and their corresponding frequencies

Example: Find the mean marks obtained by the students for the following
data by using short cut method :
20 25 20 22 20 21 23 25 22 18
Solution: Let A = 20 and n = 10
Marks d = (xi 20)

20 0
25 5
20 0
22 2
20 0
21 1
23 3
25 5
22 2
18 -2
d = 16
xA
d
n
16
x 20
10
= 20 + 1.6
Mean Marks x 21.6
Example: Determine the average salary of a staff from the following data
relating to the monthly salaries of the teaching staff of a college by using
short cut method

Salary 2200 2500 3000 3700 4500
No. of
5 10 15 7 3
staff
Solution: Let A = 3000
X F d = (X-A) fd
2200 5 -800 -4000
2500 10 -500 -5000
3000 15 000 000
3700 7 700 4900
4500 3 1500 4500
Total -
We have,
= 3000 + = 3000 +10 = 3010
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean by short cutt method from the
following data
Wage 10 20 30 40 50
No. of 4 5 3 2 5
workers

Solution: Lets denote the wages by X and number of workers by f

Wages (X) No. of Workers (f) A = 30
d = X-30
10 4 -20 -80
20 5 -10 -50
30 3 0 0
40 2 10 20
50 5 20 100
= -10
= 30 - = 30 0.53 = 29.47
Example: Calculate the average marks obtained by B.Com students in

English paper by short cut method
Class of 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

marks
No. of 5 3 7 25 20
students
Marks of No.of Mid values d =(m-25) fd

students Students (f) (m)
0-10 5 5 -20 -100
10-20 3 15 -10 -30
20-30 7 25 0 00
30-40 25 35 10 250
40-50 20 45 20 400
Total

= 25 + = 25 + 8.67 = 33.67
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean from the following data using
Short cut method
Size 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69
Frequency 10 8 6 4 2
Solution: From the above table we have
Size Mid value F A = 44.5

(m) d = m-A
20-29 24.5 10 -20 -2 -20
30-39 34.5 8 -10 -1 -8
40-49 44.5 = A 6 0 0 0
50-59 54.5 4 10 1 4
60-69 64.5 2 20 2 4
So,
= 44.5 + = 44.5 0.6 = 43.9
SAQ 5: Calculate the arithmetic mean by short cut method from the
following data
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

No of 20 24 40 36 20
Students

SAQ 6: Calculate the arithmetic mean by short cut method from the
following data:
Marks No. of Students

Less than 10 5
20 17
30 31
40 41
50 49
Step Deviation Method

This method is extension of Short cut method. This method is used when
the figures of deviations appear to be big and divisible by a common factor.
Individual Series:
Discrete Series:
Continuous Series:
Where c = common factor by which each of the deviation is divided
= the deviation from the assumed average divided by the
common factor i.e.,

Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean by means of Step deviation

method
Marks 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 - 50
No. of 20 24 40 36 20
Students
Marks Mid f A = 25,
values(m) d = m-25
0 10 5 20 -20 -2 -40
10- 20 15 24 -10 -1 -24
20 30 25 = A 40 0 0 0
30 40 35 36 10 1 36
40 50 45 20 20 2 40
Total
Example: Calculate the arithmetic mean using the short cut method from
the following table:
Marks No. of Students
More than 0 30
More than 2 28
More than 4 24
More than 6 18
More than 8 10

Solution: Since cumulative frequency is given so we first find the simple

frequencies
Mid A = 5,
No. of
Marks values
Students(f) d = m-5
(m)
02 30 28= 2 1 -4 -2 -4
24 28 24= 4 3 -2 -1 -4
46 24 18= 6 5=A 0 0 0
68 18 10=8 7 2 2 8
8 10 10 9 4 4 20
Total
SAQ 7: The number 3.2, 5.8, 7.9 and 4.5 have frequency x, (x+2), (x-3) &
(x+6) respectively. If AM is 4.876 find the value of x.
Weighted Arithmetic average

In case of simple arithmetic mean equal importance is given to every items
of the series. But there may be cases where not all the items are given
equal importance. So different weights are given to the different items in
accordance with the nature and purpose of the study. Weighted average is
always advisable for comparative studies.
Under the direct method:
Under the short cut method:
Under the step deviation method:
Where , = Weighted arithmetic average

= Sum of the products of the values and their corresponding weights
= Sum of weights
A = Assumed average
= Sum of the products of deviations from the assumed average and
their corresponding weights
C = Common factor
X = last value
i = interval of the values in common
Example: Calculate the weighted mean of the following data:

Items 81 76 74 58 70 73
weights 2 3 6 7 3 7
Solution: From the above data, we have
X W WX
81 2 162
76 3 228
74 6 444
58 7 406
70 3 210
73 7 511

Example: A student obtained 60 marks in English, 75 in Hindi, 63 in

Science, 59 in History and 55 in maths. Calculate the weighted mean of the
marks if weights respectively are 2,1,5,5,3.
Solution: From the above data, we have

X W WX
60 2 120
75 1 75
63 5 315
59 5 295
55 3 165
Example: Comment on the performance of the students of 3 universities

given below using weighted average course of study
Universities
Course Mumbai Kolkota Chennai
No. of No. of No. of
of Pass% Pass % Pass%
Students Students students
Study
MA 71 3 82 2 81 2.0
M. com 83 4 76 3 76 3.5
BA 73 5 73 6 74 4.5
B.Com 74 2 76 7 58 2.0
B.Sc 65 3 65 3 70 7.0
M.Sc 66 3 60 7 73 2.0

Solution:
Universities
Course Mumbai No. of Kolkota No. of Chennai No. of

of Pass% Students Pass % Students Pass% students
Study X W WX X W WX X W WX
MA 71 3 213 82 2 164 81 2.0 162
M. com 83 4 332 76 3 228 76 3.5 266
BA 73 5 365 73 6 438 74 4.5 333
B.Com 74 2 148 76 7 532 58 2.0 116
B.Sc 65 3 195 65 3 195 70 7.0 490
M.Sc 66 3 198 60 7 198 73 2.0 146
Total 432 20 1451 432 28 1977 432 21 1513
Weighted Arithmetic mean is
Mumbai:
Kolkota:
Chennai:
SAQ 8: A train runs 25 miles at a speed of 30 mph, another 50 miles at a

speed of 40 mph, then due to repairs of the tracks travels for 6 minutes at a
speed of 10 mph and finally covers the remaining distance of 24 miles at a
speed of 24 mph. What is the average speed in miles per hour?
Combined Mean
Combined arithmetic mean can be computed if we know the mean and
number of items in each group of the data.

The following equation is used to compute combined mean.
Let x 1 & x 2 are the mean of first and second group of data containing N1 &
N2 items respectively.
N1 x 1 N 2 x 2
Then, combined mean = x 12
N1 N 2
N1 x 1 N 2 x 2 N 3 x 3
If there are 3 groups then x 123
N1 N 2 N 3
Example: Find the means for the entire group of workers for the following
data.
Group 1 Group 2
Mean wages 75 60
No. of workers 1000 1500
Solution: Given data: N1 = 1000, N2 = 1500
x 1 75 & x 2 60
N1 x 1 N 2 x 2
Group Mean = x 12
N1 N 2
1000 75 1500 60
=
1000 1500
x 12 Rs. 66
Example: If average height of 30 men is 158 cm and average height of

another group of 40 men is 162 cm, find the average height of the combined
group.

Solution: Given that,
n1 30 1 158 , n 2 40 2 162
30 158 40 162
160.28 cms
30 40
The average height of the combined group is 160.28 cms.
Example: if you are given any 4 values among n1, n2, x1, x2 and , we can
find the fifth value. Suppose, n1 30 , n2 40 2 162 , and 160.28

Find 1 ?
Solution: On substituting the given values in the following equation, we get,
N1 x 1 N 2 x 2
Then, x 12
N1 N 2
30 1 40 162
160.28
30 40
301 40 162 160.28 70
30 1 160.28 70 6480
30 1 11219 .60 6480
4739 6
1 157.98
30
SAQ 9: Average weight of 100 screws in box A is 10.4 gms. It is mixed with
150 screws of box B. Average weight of mixed screws is 10.9 gms. Find
the average weight of screws of box B.

Merits and Demerits of Arithmetic Mean

Following are the merits and demerits of Arithmetic mean
Merits Demerits
It is simple to calculate and easy to It is affected by extreme values.

understand.
It cannot be determined for

It is based on all values
distributions with open-end class
intervals.
It is rigidly defined. It cannot be graphically located.
It is more stable. Sometimes it is a value which is not

in the series.
Geometric Mean
The GM is nth root of product of n quantities of the series. It is observed by
multiplying the values of items together and extracting the root of the
product corresponding to the number of items. Thus, square root of the
products of two items and cube root of the products of the three items are
the Geometric Mean.
Usually, geometric mean is never larger than arithmetic mean. If there are
zeros and negative numbers in the series, the geometric means cannot be
used. Logarithms can be used to find geometric mean to reduce large
number and to save time.
The geometric mean (GM) of a series of n positive numbers is given by:

i) In case of discrete series without frequency,
GM n x1.x 2 .......... ....x n
log x
It is also given by GM anti log
n

ii) In case of discrete series with frequency,
GM n X1f1.X 2 f 2 .......... Xn f n
where,
n f1 f2 .......... . fn
f log
x


n

iii) In case of continuous series,
GM n X1f1.X 2 f2 .......... ..Xn fn
where, n f1 f2 .......... . fn and x1, x 2 ,......, x n are the mid points of

class intervals.
F log
x


n

Weighted Geometric Mean

Like the weighted arithmetic mean we can also calculate the weighted
geometric mean.
Weighted Geometric mean
= Sum of the products of the logarithms of the value, X and their

corresponding weights
= Sum of the weights

Combined Geometric Mean
The combined geometric mean of n number of series is
Merits of GM
a. It is based on all the observations in the series.
b. It is rigidly defined.
c. It is best suited for averages and ratios.
d. It is less affected by extreme values.
e. It is useful for studying social and economics data.
Demerits of GM
a. It is not simple to understand.
b. It requires computational skill.
c. GM cannot be computed if any of item is zero or negative.
d. It has restricted application.
Example: Find the GM of data 2, 4, 8
Solution: Here x1 = 2, x2 = 4, x3 = 8, n = 3
GM = n x1 x2 x3
GM = 3
2 48 = 3
64 4
Or
x 2 4 8
logx 0.301 0.602 0.903 logx = 1.806
log x 1.806
GM = Antilog = Antilog = Antilog (0.6020) = 3.9997 4
N 3

Example: Compare the previous year the Over Head (OH) expenses which
went up to 32% in year 2003, then increased by 40% in next year and 50%
increase in the following year. Calculate average increase in over head
expenses. Let 100% OH Expenses at base year
Solution
Year OH Expenses (x) log x

2002 Base year
2003 132 2.126
2004 140 2.146
2005 150 2.176
log x = 6.448
log x 6.448
GM = Antilog = Antilog = 141.03
N 3
Example: Find GM for following data.
Marks (X) 130 135 140 145 150

No. of students(f) 3 4 6 6 3
Solution:
Marks (x) No. of students (f) log x f log x

130 3 2.113 6.339
135 4 2.130 8.52
140 6 2.146 12.876
145 6 2.161 12.996
150 3 2.176 6.528
f = N = 22 f log x =47.23
f log x 47.23
N 22

Example: Find out GM for given data
Yield of
wheat in 1 10 11- 20 21- 30 31-40 41-50 51-60
MT
No of
farms
3 16 26 31 16 8
frequency
(f)
Solution:
f log m 146.348
N 100
Example: From the following data relating to the price index find the
weighted geometric mean.
Necessaries Food Clothing Housing Medicine Education
Price Index 150 260 350 250 175
Weights 10 6 4 2 3
Solution:
Necessaries Price Index Weights (W) Log X W Log X
(X)
Food 150 10 2.1761 21.7610
Clothing 260 6 2.4150 14.4900
Housing 350 4 2.5441 10.1764
Medicine 250 2 2.3979 4.7958
Education 175 3 2.2430 6.7290
Total 57.9522
By weighted geometric mean G.M., we have

SAQ 10: The growth in bad-debt expense for Das Office Supplies
Company, over the last few years is as shown in table given below.
Calculate the average percentage increase in bad-debt expense over this
time period.
Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Expense
1.110 1.090 1.075 1.080 1.095 1.080 1.200
Rate
SAQ11: The share-price of a particular company was moving up and down.

Following data consolidates its movement for past 6 months. Find the
appropriate average share-price.
Share Price 110 115 118 119 120

Harmonic Mean
It is the total number of items of a value divided by the sum of reciprocal of
values of variable. It is a specified average which solves problems involving
variables expressed in within Time rates that vary according to time.
If x1, x2, xn are n values for discrete series without frequency, then
their harmonic mean (HM) is.
n
H.M.= (individual Series)
(1 / xi )
n
= (Discrete Series)
f i (1 / xi )
n
= (Continuous Series)
f i (1 / mi )
Weighted Harmonic Mean

Merits of Harmonic Mean

1. It is based on all observations.
2. It is rigidly defined.
3. It is suitable in case of series having wide dispersion.
4. It is suitable for further mathematical treatment.
Demerits of Harmonic Mean

1. It is not easy to compute.
2. Cannot used when one of the item is zero.
3. It cannot represent distribution.
Example: Calculate the harmonic mean of 9.7, 9.8, 9.5, 9.4, 9.7.
Solution: The harmonic mean (HM) is calculated as:
X 1/f
9.7 0.1031
9.8 0.1020
9.5 0.1053
9.4 0.1064
9.7 0.1031
Total 0.5199
5
HM = = 9.6172
0.5199
Therefore, the harmonic mean is 9.6172.

Example: The daily income of 05 families in a very rural village are given
below. Compute HM.
Family Income (x) Reciprocal (1/x)
1 85 0.0117
2 90 0.01111
3 70 0.0142
4 50 0.02
5 60 0.016
1 = 0.0738
x
N 5
HM = = = 67.72
1 0.0738
x
Example: A man travel by a car for 3 days he covered 480 km each day.
On the first day he drives for 10 hrs at the rate of 48 KMPH, on the second
day for 12 hrs at the rate of 40 KMPH, and on the 3rd day for 15 hrs @ 32
KMPH. Compute HM and weighted mean and compare them.
Solution:
X 1
x
48 0.0208
40 0.025
32 0.0312
1 = 0.0770
x
Data:10 hrs @ 48 KMPH
12 hrs @ 40 KMPH
15 hrs @ 32 KMPH
N
HM =
1
x

3
=
0.0770
HM = 38.91
Weighted Mean
w X Wx
10 48 480
12 40 480
15 32 480
w = 37 wx = 1440
wx 1440
Weighted Mean = x = 38.91
w 37
Example: Find HM for the following data

Reciprocal
Frequency Mid point 1
Class (CI) 1 f
(f) (m) m
m
0 10 5 5 0.2 1
10 20 15 15 0.0666 0.999
20 30 25 25 0.04 1
30 40 8 35 0.0285 0.228
40 50 7 45 0.0222 0.1554
f = 60 1
f = 3.3824
m
N 60
HM = = = 17.73
1 3.3824
f
m

SAQ 12: Calculate the harmonic mean of the following data:

X 1 2 3 4 5
F 5 4 3 2 1
SAQ 13: From the following series find out the weighted harmonic mean by
taking number of labourers as the weights:
Wages(rs) 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44
No. of 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
labourers
Note:
1. If all the items in a variable are the same, the arithmetic mean (AM) x ,
harmonic mean and Geometric mean are equal. i.e., AM GM HM .
2. If the size vary, mean will be greater than GM and GM will be greater than
HM. This is because of the property that geometric mean to give larger
weight to smaller item and of the HM to give largest weight to smallest
item. Hence, AM GM HM
Positional Average
Median
Median of distribution is that value of the variate which divides it into two
equal parts. In terms of frequency curve, the ordinate drawn at median
divides the area under the curve into two equal parts. Median is a positional
average because its value depends upon the position of an item and not on
its magnitude.
Median of a set of values is the value which is the middle most value when
they are arranged in the ascending order of magnitude. Median is denoted
by M.

Calculation of Median
Individual Series: First arrange the data in ascending or descending order,
then median = Size of item, where N is the total number of items in
the series.
Case I : If the number of items is odd, then the median is the middle value
after the items are arranged in ascending or descending order of their
magnitude.
Case II: If the number of items are even in number, then the median is the
arithmetic mean of two middle values after the items are arranged in
ascending or descending order of their magnitude.
Discrete Series:
1. Convert the simple frequency of a series into cumulative frequencies.
2. Determine the size of th item of the series, where N =
3. Find the median value corresponding to the size of th
4. If th is a whole number than th item gives the value of median. If
th is in fraction, then AM of th and th item gives the value of
median.
Continuous Series:
1. The frequencies are first converted into cumulative frequencies
2. Median class of the series is identified. It corresponds to that cumulative

frequency which includes the size of th item.
i.e., M = Size of th item where N = Sum of frequencies.

3. The following formula is applied to determine the actual median
values M =
where = lower limit of median class
= cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median
= frequency of the median class
= size of the median interval
Merits and Demerits of Median
Merits Demerits
It can be easily understood and It is not based on all values.
computed.
It is not affected by extreme It is not capable of further algebraic
values. treatment.
It can be determined graphically It is not based on all values.
(Ogives).
Example: Find the median value of the following set of values

45, 32, 31, 46, 40, 28, 27, 37, 36, 41, 47, 50.
Solution: Arranging in ascending order, we get:

27, 28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 50
we have, N= 12
12 1
th
Median = value 6.5th value

2
We have to take the average of 6th and 7th value.
37 40 38.5
2
The median for the given set of values is 38.5.

Example: Find the median value for the data shown in table given below
X 12 16 10 14 17 20 15
f 4 9 3 5 4 2 10
Solution: Here, we have, N = 37
X f Cumulative frequency
10 3 3
12 4 7
14 5 12
15 10 22
16 9 31
17 4 35
20 2 37
th th
n 1 37 1
19 th value
2 2
Therefore, the median, M is 15.
Example: Find the median of the following data
Weight in Kg 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55
Frequency 10 15 40 27 8
Solution: As it is an exclusive type of interval, we organise the data as

shown in the table below
100 50
2 2

Cumulative frequency table for data in solved problem 36
Cumulative
Weight Frequency Frequency
Frequency
30-35 10 10
35-40 15 25
40-45 40fc 65
45-50 27 92
50-55 8 100
M= where,
Lower limit of median class = 40.

C = Cumulative frequency up to previous class = 25
f = frequency of class = 40
h = Width of class interval = 5
50 25
Median 40 5 43 125
40
Hence, the median weight is 43.125 kg.
Example: Find the missing frequency for the data shown in table given that
its median is 34.
Class interval Frequency

0 10 4
10 20 9
20 30 -
30 40 20
40 50 18
50 60 7
60 70 3

Solution: Since median is 34, it falls in the class-interval 30-40. Let f be

the missing frequency. Therefore, we have the data shown in table
M=
Class interval Frequency Cumulative frequency
0 10 4 4
10 20 9 13
20 30 13 + f
30 40 20 33 + f
40 50 18 51 + f
50 60 7 58 + f
60 70 3 61 + f
(61 f ) / 2 (13 f )
34 30 X10
20
61 / 2 f / 2 13 f 35 / 2 f / 2
4 4 16 35 f
2 2
f = 19
Therefore, the missing frequency is 19.

Example: Find the median for following data. The class marks obtained by
50 students are as follows.
Cum.
CI Frequency (f)
frequency (cf)
10 15 6 6
15 20 18 24
20 25 9 33 N/2 class
25 30 10 43
30 35 4 47
35 40 3 50
f = N = 50
N 50
25
2 2
Cum. frequency just above 25 is 33 and hence, 20 25 is median class.
i = 20 15 = 5
f=9
cf = 24
M=
Median = 20
5
25 24 = 20 5 = 20.555
9 9

Example: Find the median for following data.
Mid values (m) 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195
Frequencies (f) 6 25 48 72 116 60 38 22 3
Solution: The interval of mid-values of CI and magnitudes of class intervals

are same i.e. 10. So, half of 10 is deducted from and added to mid-values
will give us the lower and upper limits. Thus, classes are.
115 5 = 110 (lower limit)
115 5 = 120 (upper limit) similarly for all mid values we can get CI.
CI Frequency (f) Cum. frequency (cf)
110 120 6 6
120 130 25 31
130 140 48 79
140 150 72 151
150 160 116 267 N/2 class
160 170 60 327
170 180 38 365
180 190 22 387
190 200 3 390
f = N = 390
N 390

2 2
195
Cum. frequency just above 195 is 267.

Median class = 150 160
M=
= 150
10
195 151 = 153.8
116
SAQ 14: Find out the median of the following distribution
Wage rate 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

No. of workers 22 38 46 35 20
SAQ 15: Calculate median from the following Data:
Value Frequency
Less than 10 4
Less than 20 16
Less than 30 40
Less than 40 76
Less than 50 96
Less than 60 112
Less than 70 120
Less than 80 125
SAQ 16: Calculate the median class
Value 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50

SAQ 17: Calculate the median from the following data
X 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
f 2 5 12 20 10 7 3

SAQ 18: Following are the marks obtained by the batch of 10 students in a
certain class test in statistics (X) and accountancy (Y):
Roll No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X 63 64 62 32 30 60 47 46 35 28
Y 68 66 35 42 26 85 44 80 33 72
In which subject is the level of knowledge of student higher?
SAQ 19: Calculate the median from the following series 200, 217, 316, 296,
282, 317, 299.
Mode
It is the value which occurs with the maximum frequency. It is the most
typical or common value that receives the height frequency. It represents
fashion and often it is used in business. Thus, it corresponds to the values
of variable which occurs most frequently. The model class of a frequency
distribution is the class with highest frequency. It is denoted by z.
Mode is the value of variable which is repeated the greatest number of times
in the series.
If each observations occurs the same number of times, we can say that
there is no mode. If two observations occur the same number of times, we
can say that it is a Bi-modal. If there are 3 or more observations occurs the
same number of times we say that multi-modal case.
Merits and demerits of mode

Merits Demerits
In many cases it can be found by It is not based on all values.
inspection.
It is not affected by extreme values. It is not capable of further
mathematical treatment.
It can be calculated for distributions It is much affected by sampling
with open end classes. fluctuations.
It can be located graphically.
It can be used for qualitative data.

Calculation of Mode:
Individual Series:
Inspection method: In this case this method involves an inspection of the

items. One is to simply identify the value that occurs most frequently in a
series.
Example: Find the mode of the following data: 8,10,5,8,12,7,8,9,8,11
Solution: Here in this series the value 8 occurs most frequently in the
series. Hence, mode = 8
Discrete Series: In case of discrete series mode can be calculated by two

methods
1. Inspection method
2. Grouping method
Inspection Method: In this method, the value of mode is determined by

inspecting the series. The value whose frequency is maximum is the mode.
Example: Find out the mode from the following data
Income (Rs) 110 120 130 140 150 160
No. of persons 2 4 8 10 5 4
Solution: From the following series, the value 140 has the maximum
frequency i.e., 10. Thus mode is 140
Grouping method: There may be cases when the value having the highest
frequency may not be the modal value. This is the case when the difference
between the maximum frequency and frequency preceding or succeeding it
is very small. In such a case mode can be determined only by grouping
method. This method consist of two tables (i) Grouping table (ii) Analysis
table.

Grouping table: A grouping table has 6 columns

1. In column I, the maximum frequency is marked underlined or put in
a circle.
2. In column II, frequencies are grouped in twos, starting with the first
two frequencies of the series.
3. In column III, first frequency is left out and the remaining are grouped
in twos
4. In column IV, frequencies are grouped in 3s starting with the first 3
frequencies.
5. In column V, leave the first frequency and group the remaining in 3
frequencies
6. I column VI, leave the 1st and 2nd frequency and group the other
frequency in 3s.
The maximum frequency in each column is encircled.
After preparation of grouping table we will prepare analysis table as follows:
1. Put the column number on the left hand side
2. Put the probable value of the mode on the right hand side.
3. Now, enter into columns the highest frequencies marked in the

grouping table.
4. Take the total of each column to find out the value repeated
maximum number of times. This value against which the total is
highest is the mode.
Example: Find the mode by grouping method
X 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
f 2 3 6 12 20 24 25 7 5 3 1

Solution:
II III V VI
X I IV (1+2+3)
(1+2) (2+3) (2+3+4) (3+4+5)
7 2 2 +3 = 5 2+3+6=11
8 3 3+6 = 9 3+6+11 = 21
6+12+20
9 6 6+12 = 18
= 38
10 12 12+20 = 32
20+24+25 =
11 20 20+24 = 44 12+20+24 = 56
69
24+25+7
12 24 24+25 = 49
= 56
13 25 25+7 = 32 25+7+5 = 37
14 7 7+5 = 12
15 5 5+3 = 8
16 3 3+1 = 4
17 1
Analysis Table:
Col. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Tot. 1 3 5 4 1
From the table the size 12 occurs the maximum number of times i.e., 5
times. Thus the mode is 12

Continuous Series: In this method, first the modal group is find out either
by using the inspection method or by grouping method. After determining
the modal group mode can be found by using the following formula:
Mode =
Where = lower limit of the modal class
= frequency of the modal class
= frequency of the pre- modal class
= frequency of post modal class
= size of the modal group
Note: 1. If the 1st class is the modal class then is taken as zero.
Similarly, if the last class is the modal class then is taken as zero
2.Mean Mode = 3 (Mean Median)
which is same as, Mode = 3 Median 2 Mean
Example: Calculate the mode from the data
Wages 0-5 5 10 1015 15-20 2025 2530 30- 35
No. of marks 3 7 15 30 20 10 5
Solution: From the inspection method, modal class is 15 20
Mode =
= 15, = 30, = 15, = 20, =5
Example: The following data relate to size of shoes. Find the mode.
6, 7, 6, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 8, 7, 7, 9, 10, 9, 9, 9, 8, 8, 11

Solution: Arranging the data in ascending order, data obtained is shown in

table
Size Frequency
6 3
7 3
8 4
9 7
10 2
11 1
Modal value is 9, which is corresponding to the highest frequency 7.

Example: Praveen, an apartment builder, concerned about the number of
customers who wishes to have plinth area of their apartments. He collects
the data and summarizes as shown in the following table Find the modal
plinth area.
Plinth Area Sq ft No. of Customers
600 800 4
800 1000 10
1000 1200 15 f0
1200 1400 25 f1
1400 1600 12 f2
1600 1800 8
Above 1800 2

Solution: We note that the intervals are exclusive type and the highest
frequency is 25. Therefore, the corresponding interval is 1200-1400, which
is called modal class.
Mode =
Where = lower limit of the modal class = 1200
= frequency of the modal class = 25
= frequency of the pre- modal class = 15
= frequency of post modal class = 12
= size of the modal group =200
Therefore, the mode is calculated as:
25 15 2000
Mode 1200 200 1200 = 1286.95
2 25 15 12 23
Hence, the modal plinth area is 1286.95 square feet.
Example: Find the modal for following data.

Marks (CI) No. of students (f)
1 10 3
11 20 16
21 30 26
31 40 31 Max. frequency
41 50 16
51 60 8
f = N = 100
We shall identify the modal class being the class of maximum frequency.
i.e. 31-40.

where,
= 31
= 26
= 16
= 10
30 31
l1 30.5
2
Mode =
10 (31 - 26)
Mode = 30.5
2 x 31 26 16
Mode = 33.
Example: The distributions shown in table are the average monthly

balances of customers in a nationalized bank. The mode of the distribution
is 119. Find the total number of customers surveyed.
Distribution of average monthly balances of customers
Class Interval Frequency

0 50 78
50 100 123
100 150
150 200 82
200 250 51
250 300 47
300 350 18
350 400 9
400 450 6
450 - 500 4

Solution: Let the missing frequency be f since the mode is given to be 119.
Modal class is 100 150. =f f0 = 123 f2 = 82 = 50
f 123 f 123
119 100 50 119 100 50
2f 123 83 2f 205
192f 205 50f 123
38f 3895 50f 6150

2255 12f
f 188
The total number of customers surveyed is 601.
SAQ 20: From the data given below locate the value of the mode by the
appropriate method
Marks 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45
No. of
5 6 15 10 5 4 2 2
Students
SAQ 21: From the following distribution locate the modal value by grouping
methods:
Monthly
94 95 96 93 87 79 73 69 68 67
wages Rs
No. of
78 82 83 89 95 103 108 117 130 97
workers
Median is the mid-value of series of data. It divides the distribution into two
equal portions. Similarly, we can divide a given distribution into four, ten or
hundred or any other number of equal portions.

Quartiles
A measure, which divides an array, into four equal parts is known as
quartile. Each portion contain equal number of items. The first second and
third point are termed as first quartile (Q1). Second quartile (Q2) and third
quartile (Qs). The first quartile is also known as lower quartiles as 25% of
observation of distribution below it, the second quartile Q2 is also known as
median which contains 50 % of observation, the third quartile Q 3 contains
75% of observations of the distribution below it and 25% of observation
above it.
For discrete series with or without frequency, Q1 and Q3 are given by:
N 1
th
Q1 is value
4
(2( N 1))
th
Q2 is value
4
(3( N 1))
th
Q3 is value
4
For continuous distribution Q1 and Q3 are given by:
N / 4 Cf p
Q1 L.L. C.I .
fc
N / 2 Cf p
Q 2 L.L. C.I .
fc
3N / 4 Cf p
Q3 L.L. C.I .
fc
Where L.L= lower limit of the quartile class, C.I = Class width, fc = frequency
of quartile class, N = total frequency and C.fp= Cumulative frequency of
class preceding the quartile class.

Measures of quartiles
The quartile values are located on the principle similar to locating the
median value.
Following table shows procedure of locating quartiles.
Measure Individual and Discrete senses Continuous series
Q1
N 1
th
value
N
th
value
4 4
2N 1
th
2 th
Q2 value N value
4 4
Q3
3
N 1th value 3 th
N value
4 4
Example: Locate the median and quartile from the following data.
Size of shoes 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
Frequencies 20 36 44 50 80 30 30 16 14
Solution:
X f cf
4 20 20
4.5 36 56
5 44 100 Q1
5.5 50 150
6 80 230 Q2
6.5 30 260 Q3
7 30 290
7.5 16 306
8 14 320
N = f = 320

Q1 =
1
N 1th item
4
1
Q1 = 321
4
Q1 = 80.25th item
Just above 80.25, the cf is 100. Against 100 cf, value is 5.
Q1 = 5
Q2 =
1
N 1th item = median
2
1
Q2 = x 321
2
160.5th item
Just above 160.5, the cf is 230. Against 230 cf value is 6.
Q2 = 6= median
Q3 =
3
N 1th item
4
3
Q3 = x 321 = 240.75th item
4
Just above 240.75, the cf is 260. Against 260 cf value is 6.5.
Q3 = 6.5
Example: Calculate the partition values for the following data:
4,7,3,9,9,12,7,12,6,18,19,20,4,7,6,5,17,16,19
Solution: The values of variables arranged in ascending order of magnitude

are 3,4,4,4,5,6,6,7,7,7,9,12,12,16,17,18,19,20. Here n = 19

, Size of 5th item = 5
, Size of 15th item = 17
Example: Weekly sales of a product on 8 different shops are as follows.

Calculate the quartiles.
Sales in units: 309, 312, 305, 307, 310, 308, 308, 306
Solution:
th N 1
Arranging the data in ascending order. We have Q1 as value
4
305, 306, 307, 308, 308, 309, 310, 312.
N 1 th 8 1 th
Q1 = 4 Value = Value = 2.25th value
4
= 2nd value + 0.25 (third value second value)
= 306 + 0.25 (307 306) = 306.25
2( N 1)
th
Q2 value = 2.25 x 2 = 4.5 value

th
4
= 4th value + 0.5 (5th value 4th value)
= 308 + 0.5 (308 - 308) = 308
3( N 1)
th
Q3 Value = 2.25 x 3 = 6.75 value

th
4
= 6th value + 0.75 (7th value 6th value)
= 309 + 0.75 (310 309)
= 309 + 0.75 = 309.75
Therefore, Q1, Q2, and Q3 are 306.25, 308 and 309.75 respectively.

Example: The data shows the distribution of weight of students of 1st

standard of a school. Find the quartiles.
Class Interval 13 - 18 18 - 20 20 - 21 21 22 22 - 23 23 - 25 25 30
Frequency 22 27 51 42 32 16 10
Solution:
Class interval Frequency Cumulative frequency

13 18 22 22
18 20 27 49
20 21 51 100
21 22 42 142
22 23 32 174
23 25 16 190
25 30 10 200
N
N=200 Q1 thValue 50th value
4
N / 4 Cf p
Q1 L.L. C.I .
fc
50 49
Q1 20 1 20.02
51
N
Q2 th value
2
N
Q2 th value 100 th value
2
N / 2 Cf p
Q 2 L.L. C.I .
fc
100 49
Q 2 20 1 21
51

th
3
Q3 value 150 th value
4
3N / 4 Cf p
Q3 L.L. C.I .
fc
150142
Q 3 22 1 22.25
32
Therefore the quartiles Q1, Q2, and Q3 are 20.02, 21 and 22.25.
Deciles
The deciles divide the arrayed set of variates into ten portions of equal
frequency and they are some times used to characterize the data for some
specific purpose. In this process, we get nine decile values. The fifth decile
is nothing but a median value. We can calculate other deciles by following
the procedure which is used in computing the quartiles.
Formula to compute deciles:
For discrete and individual series:
For continuous series:

Actual value of decile in case of continuous series is calculated by the

following formula
Where =lower limit of the decile class, N=total frequency, f=frequency of

the decile class, c.f =cumulative frequency of preceding class and i =width
of the class interval.
Percentiles
Percentile value divides the distribution into 100 parts of equal frequency. In
this process, we get ninety-nine percentile values. The 25th, 50th and 75th
percentiles are nothing but quartile first, median and third quartile values
respectively.
Formula to compute percentiles is given below:
For discrete and individual series:

For continuous series:
Actual value of percentile in case of continuous series is calculated by the

following formula
Where =lower limit of the decile class, N=total frequency, f = frequency of

the percentile class, c.f =cumulative frequency of preceding class and i =
width of the class interval.
Example: From the following data find the middle deciles, and the two
extreme percentiles
Size of the
8 6.5 7.5 7 5.5 6 4.5 4 5
shoes
Frequency
7 8 10 15 40 25 22 18 10
of sale

Solution: Arranging the data in ascending order
Size of the shoes in Frequency Cum Frequency

ascending order f Cf
4 18 18
4.5 22 40
5 10 50
5.5 40 90
6 25 115
6.5 8 123
7 15 138
7.5 10 148
8 7 155
Total N=155
Middle Decile
D5 = Value of 5(N+1) th item
10
= Value of 5(155+1) th item= 78th item
10
= 5.5
Lower Percentile
P1 = Value of (N+1) th item
100
= Value of (155+1) th item= 1.56th item
100
= 4.
Upper Percentile
P99 = Value of 99(N+1) th item
100
= Value of 99 (155+1) th item= 154.44th item
100
=8 ( locating against CF 155 which is just greater than 154.44)

Example: Find the 7th decile and 60th percentile for the given data of
patients visited to hospital on a particular data
CI f Cf
10-20 1 1
20-30 3 4
30-40 11 15
40-50 21 36
50-60 43 79 P60
60-70 32 111 D7
70-80 9 120
f = N = 120
l1 60
7
N 84
10
h = 10, f = 32
cf = 79
D7 = 60
10
84 79
32
7th Decile = D7 = 61.562
60th percentile :

h = 10
f = 43
cf = 36
60
N 72
100
P60 = 50
10
72 36
43
P60 = 50
10
72 36
43
P60 = 58.37
SAQ 22: From the following monthly wages of 10 workers (Rs): 120, 150,
170, 180, 181, 190, 192, 200, 210, calculate first quartile, 9th decile and
70th percentile.
SAQ 23: Find for the following data

Monthly 200- 400- 400- 600- 800- 1000- 1200- 1400-
Rent 400 600 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
No. of
6 9 11 14 20 15 10 8
Family
Monthly Rent 1600-1800 1800-2000
No. of Family 8 7
5.4 Summary
In this unit, we studied about different measures of central tendency like
mean, median, mode, Geometric mean, harmonic mean, percentile, decile,
quartile with the help of suitable examples .

5.5 Terminal Questions

1. Find the missing frequency form the following data for which the mean
is 52:
Marks 10- 20 20-30 30- 40 40 -50 50 -60 60 -70 70- 80

No. of
5 3 4 - 2 6 13
students
2. Calculate the arithmetic mean from the following data

Class
20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55
Interval
Frequency 10 12 8 20 11 4 5
3. Calculate the average marks from the following data by using short cut
method
Marks 6 10 11 15 16 20 21 25 26 30
No. of
20 30 50 40 10
Students
4. A house wife uses 10 Kg of wheat, 20 Kg of fuel, 5 Kg of sugar and 2 Kg
of oil price (per Kg) of these items are resp. Rs 1.50, Rs 0.50, Rs 2.80
and Rs 10.
5. Calculate simple and Weighted arithmetic mean price tonnes of coal

purchase by an industry for the half year
Months Jan Feb. March April May June

Price 42.50 51.25 50 52 44.25 54
Purchases 25 30 40 50 10 45
6. From the following series compute the value of the geometric mean
Marks 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No. of
5 13 7 11 4
Students

7. From the following data compute the weighted arithmetic and geometric
means.
Class of Employees: I II III IV

Salary per month: 5000 3000 500 300
No. of employees: 1 9 50 100
8. From the following data relating to the marks secured by a batch of 85

students determine the Harmonic mean
Marks 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

No. of
11 13 17 21 23
Students
9. From the following frequency distribution determine the value of median
Marks 5 50 15 60 55 40 35 75 10
No. of
3 7 5 6 9 4 6 8 2
Students
10. Determine the value of median from the following series
11- 13- 15- 17- 19- 21- 23- 25- 27- 29-
Class
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
frequency 5 426 720 741 665 395 38 8 5 7
11. Find out the mode from the following data
Income 110 120 130 140 150 160

No. of persons 2 4 8 10 5 4
12. Find out the mode from the following data
X 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
f 2 3 6 12 20 24 25 7 5 3 1

13. Calculate the median and quartile for the following data:
10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70-

Marks 0-10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
No. of
5 7 8 12 28 22 10 8
students
14. Calculate the median, the 1st quartile, 3rd quartile, 4th decile and 15th
percentile of the following series of the marks obtained by 10 candidates
in an examination: 24, 23, 28, 15, 10, 40, 42, 32, 48, 8
15. Following data shows the size of shoes sold at a store during a given
week. Find
Size of Shoes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
frequency 120 137 330 900 312 81 17
5.6 Answers
Self Assessment Questions
1. Let the pocket allowances be denoted by X
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 N=10
Allowanc
15 20 30 22 25 18 40 50 5 65
e(X)
Mean of pocket allowances =

x i

340
Rs. 34
n 10
2. Let the income be denoted by X.
Then = 4487+ 4493 + 4502 + 4446 + 4475 + 4492 +4572+ 4516+
4468+ 4489 = 44,940.
Then = = = 44,94

3.
Salaries (X) No. Staff (f) fX

2200 5 11,000
2500 10 25,000
3000 15 45,000
3700 7 25,900
4500 3 13,500
Total = 40 = 1,20,400
= = = 3,010
4.
Class-Interval Mid values (xi) Frequencies (fi) fixi

84 90 87 8 696
90 96 93 12 1116
96 102 99 15 1485
102 108 105 10 1050
108 114 111 5 555
= = = 98.04

5.
No. of Mid values A = 25

Marks fd
Students (f) (m) d = m-A
0-10 20 5 -20 -400
10-20 24 15 -10 -240
20-30 40 25 0 0
30-40 36 35 10 360
40-50 20 45 20 400
= 25 + = 25 + 0.857 = 25.857
6.
No. Mid A= 25
Marks Students Values
(f) (m) d = m-25
0-10 5 5 -20 -2 -10

10-20 17 - 5 = 12 15 -10 -1 -12
31 17 =
20-30 25 = A 0 0 0
14
41 31 =
30-40 35 10 1 10
10
49 41 =
40-50 45 20 2 16
8

7.
X f fX
3.2 x 3.2x
5.8 x+2 5.8x+11.6
7.9 x3 7.9x 23.7
4.5 x+6 4.5x + 27
Or
Or
Or
Or
Or
8. Time taken in covering 25 miles at speed of 30 mph = 50 min

Time taken in covering 50 miles at a speed of 40 mph = 75 min
Distance covered in 6 minutes at a speed of 10 mph = 1 mile
Time taken in covering 24 miles at speed of 24 mph = 60 min
Therefore, taking the time taken as weights we have the weighted mean as
Speed (X) Time taken (W) WX

30 50 1500
40 75 3000
10 6 60
24 60 1440

Average Speed = mph
9. Given that: n1 100 , n2 150 1 10.4 , and 10.9
2 ?
We know that:
N1 x 1 N 2 x 2
x 12
N1 N 2
100 10.4 150 2
10.9
100 150
1040 150 2 10.9 250 2725
150 2 2725 1040 150 2 1685
1685
2 11.23 gms
150
Therefore, the average weight of screws of box B is 11.23 gms.
10. The geometric mean is given by:
GM = 7 (1.11) (1.09) (1.075 ) (1.08) (1.095 ) (1.08) (1.20) = 1.109675
Therefore, the average increase is 1.09675 1 = 0.09675 %
11.
Share Price X frequency Log X f log x

110 4 2.0414 8.1656
115 11 2.0607 22.6677
118 21 2.0719 43.5099
119 6 2.0755 12.4530
120 2 2.0792 4.1584
Total 44 90.9546

The geometric mean GM is calculated as:

GM = antilog
log x = antilog 90.9546 = antilog 2.0672 = 116.7
N 44
The appropriate average share price is Rs. 116.70.
12.
X F 1/X F 1/X
1 5 1 5
2 4 0.5 2.0
3 3 0.33 0.99
4 2 0.25 0.50
5 1 0.2 0.2
Total
HM =
13.
No. of
Wages Mid-
Labourers
(Rs) values (m)
(W)
10-14 12 0.0833 1 0.08333
15-19 17 0.0588 2 0.1176
20-24 22 0.0454 3 0.1362
25- 29 27 0.0370 4 0.1480
30-34 32 0.0312 3 0.0936
35- 39 37 0.0270 2 0.0540
40 - 44 42 0.0238 1 0.0238
Total

14.
Wage Rate Frequency C.f

0-10 22 22
10-20 38 60 C.f
20-30 46 f 106 M
30-40 35 141
40-50 20 161 =N or f
Median item = size of item= =80.5 item
80.5 th item lies in class 20-30

Hence median class is 15.20
M= + i
= 20 + 10
= 20 + 4.4565
= 24.4565
15.
Value f C.f
0-10 4 4
10- 20 12 16
20- 30 24 40
30- 40 36 76
40- 50 20 96
50-60 16 112
60-70 8 120
70- 80 5 125
N=125
Median item = size of item = item

Therefore median lies in the class 30- 40
M= + i
= 30+ 10
= 30 + 10
= 30 + 6.25
= 36.25
16. Since we are given inclusive series, first we convert into inclusive one by
deducting 0.5 from the lower limit and add 0.5 to the upper limits
Value f c.f
0.5- 10.5 4 4
10.5- 20.5 12 16 M
20.5-30.5 20 f 36 cf
30.5- 40.5 9 45
40.5-50.5 5 50
f = 50
Median item = size of item = item
Therefore median lies in the class 20.5- 30.5
M= + i
= 20.5+ 10
= 20.5 + 10
= 20.5 + 4.5
= 25

17.
X f cf
10 2 2
12 5 7
14 12 19
16 20 39 M
18 10 49
20 7 56
22 3 59
N=f=59
Median item = size of item
= size of item
= size of item
The value of item lies against 39 whose value is 16
Hence, M= 16
18.
X 28 30 32 35 46 47 60 62 63 64
Y 26 33 35 42 44 66 68 72 80 85
Median item = size of item
= size of item
= size of item
Median (X) = Size of item =

Median (Y = Size of item =
Median marks of Accountancy (Y) are more than that of Statistics (X).
Therefore, level of knowledge of students is higher in accountancy.
19. The data is first arranged in ascending order
S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Items(X) 200 217 264 282 296 299 316 317
M = Size of item
Here N = 8, M = size of of item = size of of item
= (Size of item+ Size of item)/ 2
= (282+296)/ 2 = 578/ 2 = 289

20. By the method of inspection it comes out that the class (15-20) has the
maximum frequency 15 which is much more than its next frequency 10.
Hence (15-20) is the modal class.
Mode =
= 15
= 15 approx.

21.
II III V VI
X I IV (1+2+3)
(1+2) (2+3) (2+3+4) (3+4+5)
97+130= 97+130+117 =
67 97
227 344
130+117 = 130+117+108
68 130
247 = 355
117+108 = 117+108 +103

69 117
225 = 328
108+103 =
73 108
211
103+95 = 108+103+95 103+95+89 =

79 103
198 = 306 287
87 95 95+89 = 184 95+89+78 = 262

89+78 = 89+78+82 =
93 89
167 249
78+82+83 =
94 78 78+82 = 160
243
82+83 =
95 82
165
96 83
Analysis Table:
Col. 67 68 69 73 79
1 1
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 1 1 1
5 1 1 1
6 1 1 1
Tot. 2 5 4 2 1
From the analysis table the maximum total 5 is against the value 68. Thus
the modal wage is Rs 68.

22.
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Wage 120 150 170 180 181 187 190 192 200 210
1st Quartile:
= Size of 2nditem + (Size of 3rd item size of 2nd item)
= Rs 150 + (170-150)= 165
= Size of 9th item + (Size of 10th item size of 9th item)
= Rs 200 + 9/10 (210-200)= 200+9 = 209
= Size of 7th item + (Size of 8th item size of 7th item)
= Rs 190 + 7/10 (192-190)= 191.40
23.
Monthly Rent No. of Families cf

200-400 6 6
400-600 9 15
600-800 11 26
800-1000 14 40
1000-1200 20 60
1200-1400 15 75
1400-1600 10 85
1600-1800 8 93
1800-2000 7 100= N

, so the class is 600-800
Terminal Questions
1. Missing frequency is 12
2. 35.5
3. 17.67
4.
5.
6. G = 42.25
7. A.M = 544 approx., GM = 408 approx.
8. 35 approx.
9. Median = 50

10. 17.46
11. 140
12. 12
13. , ,
14. Median = 26, , ,
15. , ,

Mca4020 SLM Unit 05

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Probability and Statistics Unit 5

Unit 5 Measures of Central Tendency

In the previous units we studied about random variables, expectation of

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 92

cluster around a figure which is in central location is known as central

5.2 Requisites of a Good Average

The following are the requisites of a good average:

5.3 Types of Averages

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Arithmetic Mean Geometric mean Harmonic Mean

Median Mode Quartile Deciles Percentiles

Moving Average Progressive Average

5.3.1 Mathematical Average:

Arithmetic average are of two types

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Simple Arithmetic Mean

= Sum of the product of the values and their corresponding frequencies

N = Sum of the frequencies i.e., or total number of observations.

= Sum of the product of mid values and their corresponding

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 95

Example: Calculate the mean for following data. Marks obtained by 6

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June

Income 25000 30000 45000 20000 25000 20000

Solution: n = Total No. of items (observations) = 6

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 96

Solution: Lets denote the wages by X and number of workers by f

Wages (X) No. of Workers (f)

Example: Calculate the missing value when its mean is 115.86

Wages 110 112 113 117 - 125 128 130

Solution: Let the missing item be denoted by a

Wages (X) No. of workers (f) fX

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SAQ 2: The monthly income (in Rs) of 10 employees working in a firm is as

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 98

Short Cut Method

Step 3: Add all deviations (differences) to get d.

Step 4: Use following equation and compute the mean value.

n = Total No. of observations

d = Total deviation value

d = deviation of item from the assumed mean

= Sum of products of deviations and their corresponding frequencies

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Solution: Let A = 20 and n = 10

Marks d = (xi 20)

Mean Marks x 21.6

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Salary 2200 2500 3000 3700 4500

Solution: Let A = 3000

2200 5 -800 -4000

2500 10 -500 -5000

3000 15 000 000

3700 7 700 4900

4500 3 1500 4500

= 3000 + = 3000 +10 = 3010

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Solution: Lets denote the wages by X and number of workers by f

Example: Calculate the average marks obtained by B.Com students in

Class of 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

Marks of No.of Mid values d =(m-25) fd

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Size 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69

Solution: From the above table we have

Size Mid value F A = 44.5