Lecture 4

Fluid statics and dynamics

Using pressure: Hydraulic Lift

Archimedes principle (float or

sink?)

Continuity equation

Bernoullis equation

Applications
 Hydraulic Lift
Use pressurized liquids for work
(based on Pascals principle): increase
pressure at one point by pushing
piston...at another point, piston can
push upward

Force multiplication:
p 1 = A 1 + p0
F1

equal to p2 = A2 + p0 + gh
F2
A2
A 1
> 1
F2 = F1 A1 ghA2
A2

Relating distances moved by pistons:

V1 = A1 d1 equal to V2 = A2 d2
d2 = A2 /A1
d1

Additional force to move heavy

object thru d2 : F = g (A1 + A2 ) d2
 Buoyancy: Archimedes principle
Buoyant force: upward force of a fluid
Buoyant force,
B F
f f= V g
weight of displaced fluid,
 To float or sink?
Net force: FB w
f V f g avg. V0 g
Float or sink or static equilibrium for
avg. < f or avg. > f or avg. = f

master formula
...rather for 1st case pushed up till only
partly submerged:
FB = f Vf g = w = 0 V0 g
Vf < V0

90% of ice underwater...

 Example

A 6.0 cm.-tall cylinder floats in water with its axis

perpendicular to the surface. The length of the cylinder
above water is 2.0 cm. What is the cylinders mass
density?
 Boats

steel plate sinks, but geometry (sides) allows it

to dissipate more fluid than actual steel volume:
avg. = m0
Ah < f
 Ideal fluid
incompressible (not so
good approximation for
gases)
laminar (steady) flow
(not turbulent): velocity
at given point is constant
with time
non-viscous (no
resistance to flow a la
no friction for solid
object)
irrotational (test paddle
wheel wont rotate)
 Equation of continuity (I)
Streamlines (path of
particle of fluid:e.g.
colored drop of water in
in stream)

Flow tube: bundle of

streamlines (invisible
pipe)
 Equation of continuity (II)
Fluid not created/
destroyed/stored within V1 = A1 x1 = A1 v1 t
flow tube (volume flowing across A1 ) = V2 ...

master formula

Flow faster in narrower part :

e.g., water from tap

Q = V A (volume flow rate)

constant
 Bernoullis equation
work and energy conservation applied to volume
of fluid in flow tube: K + U = Wext.
by pressure of
surrounding fluid

W1 = F1 x1 = p1 V
W2 = F2 x2 = p2 V
U = mgy2 mgy1 = V g (y2 y1 )
1 ! 2 "
K = 12 mv22 12 mv12 = V v2 v1 2
2

master formulae
 Example
Water flows at 5.0 L/s through a horizontal pipe that
narrows smoothly from a 10 cm diameter to 5.0 cm.
diameter. A pressure gauge in the narrow section reads
50 kPa. What is the reading of a pressure gauge in the
wide section?
 Applications I: Venturi tube
(Measuring speed of flowing) gas

Combine master
formulae: (i) continuity
equation (ii) Bernoullis
equation (equal ys) and
(iii) pressure vs. depth

!
2liq. gh
v1 = A2
(A21 A22 )
!
2liq. gh
v2 = A1
(A21 A22 )
 Airplane lift
Continuity and
Bernoullis equations