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6
Indices and Logarithm
Exercise 3.2
1. Solve the following equations:
a) 32 x 27
b) 4 x 32
c) 3x
2
1
8
x2
1
d) 3
9
e) 4 x (52 x ) 10
f) 5 x 25 0
2
g) 7 x 4 1 0
h) 8 x 4 x 1
i) 9 x ( 3 ) x 2
4x
j) 82 x
2 x 1
k) 2 x 4 2 ( x 1)
2
2
l) 7 x 49 62 x
2
m) 4 x 6 16 x 1 0
2 9 x 1
n) 3 x x
27
2. Given that y ax n 23 and that y = 4 when x = 3 and y = 220 when x = 9, find the
value of a and n.
9
x
125
b) 2(4 x ) 32 y and 625
25 y
3x 1
27 and 4 (2 )
2x 6y
c)
9 y
4
2 m 1
4. Show that n
2 4 2
m m . Hence, find the value of m and of n which satisfy the
27 m
equations n
2 4 8 and
m 81 simultaneously.
9 m1
2
8
b) 4 2x x
x1 2 1
c) 3(9)
3
1
x
d) 4 2
2 x 3 8 7( 2 x )
5 x 1 20
e) 3
10 5 x
1
f) 2 x (5 x ) (10 x 1 ) 4
100
r2 2 k
10. If (3 x) r ( 2 ) 6 r can be simplified to 3 , find the values of the constants r and k.
4 9x x
3 3
12. By using an appropriate substitution, find the value of x for which x 2 8 x 2 7 .
Indices and Logarithm 201
6
Exercise 3.3
1. Convert the following to logarithmic form.
a) 2 x 16
2 1
b) 3
9
c) 100 10 2
d) a 3 y
e) 2 x p
f) x 4 2 k
3. Check whether the logarithm log x (5 2 x) is defined for each of the following:
a) x 2
b) x 0.5
c) x 3
d) x 2.5
e) x 1
f) x 2
x
6. Given that log 4 x 2 and log 2 y 3 , evaluate .
y
8. Given that log a 3 0.477 and log a 5 0.699 , evaluate the following:
a) log a 15
b) log a 3 5
c) log a 0.6
log a 25
d)
log a 3a
e) log a (5a 2 )
9
f) log a ( )
5a
9. Given that log 4 3 a and log 4 5 b , express the following in terms of a and b:
a) log 4 45
b) log 4 20
c) log 4 75
d) log 4 (0.6)
e) log 4 (0.75)
f) log 4 (1.8)
2. a = 3, n = 2
4 1
3. (a) x , y
9 9
(b) x 2, y 1
(c) x 1, y 1
4. m = 4, n = 3
5. 3
6. (a) 0,1
(b) 0,2
7. (a) 0,1
(b) 1,3
1 1
(c) ,
2 2
(d) 0
(e) -2,0
(f) 3
9. (a) 2
(b) 2
Indices and Logarithm 201
6
(c) 6
(d) 3
(e) 2
(f) 2
2
10. r = 3, k =
3
11. x = 1, y = -1 or x = 2, y = 1
12. 4
Exercise 3.3
1. (a) 4 log 2 16
1
(b) 2 log 3 ( )
9
(c) 2 log10 100
(d) 3 log a y
(e) x log 2 p
(f) 4 log x (2 k )
2. (a) 53 125
2 1
(b) 2
4
(c) 4 64
3
(d) x 4 3
(e) 3n y
(f) 2 p 1 4 y
3. (c), (d) and (e) are not defined
4. (a) 8
(b) 3
3
(c)
2
(d) 5
7
(e)
16
3
(f)
4
(g) 2,4
(h) 4
5. (a) -2
(b) 4
(c) 8
Indices and Logarithm 201
6
25
(d)
16
(e) 3
(f) 6
6. 2
7. 3ab
8. (a) x 2, y 4
(b) x 4, y 2
Exercise 3.4
1. 1.37
2. 6.48
3. 0.834
4. 0.282
5. 1.95
6. 0.880
7. 0.829
8. 1.21
9. 1.26
10. 2.58
11. 1.94
12. -0.713
13. 0.811
14. 2.58
15. 2.40
16. (a) 1.29
(b) -9.85
(c) 1.71
17. 1.86
18. (a) 0.633
(b) 0.112
(c) -1.16
(d) -.170
19. (a) 0.693
(b) 1.10, 1.39
(c) 0, 0.693
20. (a) 1.26
(b) -1.39, 2.20
21. x 0.631, y 1.631
22. (a) 9.11
(b) 4.38
23. (a) y lg( x 1)
(b) y 1 ln 3 x
Indices and Logarithm 201
6
(c) y e x 1
1
(d) y 10 2 x 1
1
(e) y ln( x 4)
2
(f) y e 4 x x
24. (a) 4.07
(b) 5.65, 0.177
(c) 1.35
(d) 3.33 108
(e) 18.9
(f) 3.69
(g) 0.349
(h) 4.5
(i) 72.5