Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IR
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:
8 .1
10 .2
11 .3
12 .4 ) (
)(
The
must have to
23 .5 ) (
26 .6
30 .7
33 .8
36 To Do .9
38 .10
44 .12
48 .14
50 .15
53 .16
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54 .17 :
55 .18
106 .40 ) (
108 .41
109 .42
111 .43 adjective
115 The same as .44
118 .45 adverb
123 .46 intensifiers (very, too, enough) :
127 Such .47
129 .48 too enough
130 .49 Other
136 .50 Relative Pronouns
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141 .51
145 .52
146 Conditionals .53
149 Otherwise .54
150 Wish .55
151 .56 if
151 .57 It is time
152 IF .58
153 Unless .59
154 Would rather .60
156 as if as though .61
157 in Case ) .62 (
158 Both .63
159 .64 active & passive voice :
:
.
.
170 .65 :
171 .66
172 .67 reported speach
173 .68 Indirect speech
.
:
.
:
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:
:
181 .69 ) ( gerund
184 .70 to
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:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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:
:
1383
enayatpour@ce.uta.edu
. .
http://www-ce.uta.edu/~enayatpour/hmpg/mynotes.htm
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,MCHE TOEFL
,IELTS
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:
:
:
IELTS TOEFL
IELTS TOEFL .
.
. . .
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+ + + +
. .
I we
you you
he
they
she
it
: . )(
. )( , to .
to
to see I see
You see
They see
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: .
: .
: .
3 this that
: .
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:
me us
you You
him
her )( them
it
my our
your your
his
her their
its
)( : to
ought to .used to
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:
-1
-2
) (
do does .
?Can you go
I can go
?Can you
?You can
-3 )(
(not) .
is not isn' t
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am not am not
4 :
: .
: not not
?You cant go cant you go
?You can not go can you not go
Have Has-had -
Do Does-did -
could can
Shall Should
Will Would
May Might
Must Had to
ought to
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Used to
need
Dare
Would rather
Had better
:The
) (
I eat apple.
. . "
" .
am-is-are be to have
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I have I can have I am I must be
you have you can have You are You can be
They have They can have He is he must be
We have we can have
She has she can have
Have Am
to have Is Be
Has are
1
2 2
3
4
5
6
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
11 .
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:
:""
( to) -1
used : )ought to to -2
( have-has am-is-are )
.( have , be)
want pretend
like refuse
hope decide
wish intend
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try be going to
promise hate
prefer dislike
must : have to
I must go ) (
I have to go
must
) ( have to
has to
: had to must.
: has , have .
have
+
has
have
+ to
has
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:
. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
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:
9. We ought to be polite.
Ought you to be polite? Are you ought to polite?
You ought not to be polite. You arent ought to polite.
Ought you not to be polite? aren't you ought to polite?
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Simple Present Tense ) (
: .
: to
. ) (it-she-he ) (ies-es-s .
-1 s :
: z,o,x,ch,sh,s es :
Washes/buzzes/watches/fixes/misses/mixes
-3 y y a,e,I,o,u s
Plays play
y y y
i es .
Carry carries
Study studies
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-4 :
every +
each +
-5 :
: does ,do .
: .
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:
-1
-2 2
-3
-4
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Question Words. .
who -1 :
whom -2 :
what -3 :
where -4 :
when - -5
how many -6
how much -7
how -8
-9 what time
whose + -12
-13 an, a .
which.
why -15
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(wh questions):
-1 . :
Where
When
How
?do you work
Why +
What time
How often
How fast
-3
s es ies .
He works
?Who works
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?Which teacher works
-1 : 2
-2
-3
-4
-5 .
:
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have to
: ( have to )
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
:
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: .
: - ----
be +ing
be : are,is,am ing
: are , is , am .
: are,is,am
: ing
now
at present -
at the moment
This morning
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This year
This week
: :
look !hush up
listen stop
be careful keep
Be careful he is eavesdropping. !
-1 ing -like-know-understand-want .
-2 y ing y ing .
Playplaying
Studystudying
Carrycarrying
-3 e ing e ing
be e .
Come coming
Take taking
Have having
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Be being
-4
Sit sitting
Put putting
Read reading
-5 ie ing ie y ing .
tie tying
die dying
lie lying
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: .
: ed ied .
see saw ) (: -1 :
do did
am , is was
are were
have had
go went
come came
see saw
: did .
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-1 ed ied .
-2 :
in + )( in 1920
: .
: y y ed
play played
stay stayed
say said
pay paid
y y y
i ed ied .
carry carried
study studied
try tried
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:
-1 2
-2 5
-3
-4 1367
-5
-6
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:
To Do
You did. Did you do?
. -2
He has to go.
. -3
He had to teach.
. -4
. -5
. -6
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I was teacher last year.
-7
-8
-9 .
: when
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:
) (to you
. :
please
would you
could you
you you .
again .
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:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
-9 .
-10 .
-11 .
-12 .
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6-Please be happy.
. -1
. -2
. -3
. -4
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They will be here in three weeks.
. -5
. -6
-7
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Simple future tense :
: .
+ + will / shall + :
) (will shall .
( will shall
)( tomorrow (
tomorrow
soon
sooner or later
three weeks
next +
wont shant .
: will shall .
if unless
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when as long as
while suppose
before as soon as
after to pass
till
until
( I ) + before +
( II ) before +
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) (
that .
+ + + that + + + )(1
1. 2. 3 that 1. 2. 3
) :(2
that to .
1. 2. 3 that 1. 2. 3 1. 2. 3 to 2. 3
) : (3
that not to .
: not .
)(to go not to go
)(to be or not to be
Not to go )(
Not to come
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not to write
) :(4 that to
let
I let you that you go. I let you to go I let you go.
make
I make you that you be. I make you to be I make you be.
see
hear
watch
observe
feel
have
know
notice
) :(5 that
ing .
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:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
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tell & say
) ( say
said.
) ( ) (
tell told .
)( )( mean meant.
I mean you /
to tell a lie
to tell a fact
to tell a joke
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-2 -1
every day -1 : :
-1 : :
often usually
always hardly
generally frequently
scarely rarely
: ever never .
4 .
-1 .
I always go there. .
-2 .
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-3
-4 .
) 2 )(. do (.
I always do go.
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The ) - ( :
a-an
some
any
an , a :
-1 u ) ( ) (a ) (u )(
) (an .
) (a u (an)
a university
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a used car
an umbrella
an uncle
-2 ) (one ) (a :
-3 ) (h ) (a ) (h an .
an hour )(
an honest man
an honor man
a hand
a hen
a hat
) :(1 the - - - .
) :(2 the .
The god, The sun, The earth, The moon, The sky
The :
The north
The south
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The east
The west
The .
The bible
The koran
The torah
: made of .
) (s The .
The .
The .
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mine ours
yours yours
his )(
theirs
hers )(
its )(
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:
)(of
)(s
Alis mother
Alis book
s es ies ) (s ) (, )(s
) (s .
) (s .
todays news
tomorrows news
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. : ( )of -1
: : from -2
to be from
to come from
: . : out of -3
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: through -4 .
: than -5 er
more .
: since -6 .
: how -7 - .
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How do you know my address?
. to buy at -8
. to buy from
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Future Continuous Tense
will shall
I shall be working
I will be working
He/she/it will be working
You will be working
We shall be working
We will be working
They will be working
. will shall :
. I, We
: :
: -
: -
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We will be having a test next week .
. -1
. -2
. -3
. -4
. -5
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:
. -1
. 8 -2
. . 3 -3
. -4
. -5
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Sequence of tenses :
. .:
-1 .
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Used to
) - -( did
else where :
someone else :
: Used to .
used to/would -
used to
else where :
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someone else :
-1 .
-2 .
-3
-4
.
-5 .
) ( . To be used to
To get used to ) ( .
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:
to take a nap :
to do exercises :
or else :
accustomed .
Some of you arent used to standing in front of the class but dont worry, gradually
you will get used to it.
-1 .
-2
.
-3 .
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. -4
. -5
. -6
. -7
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Question tag
) -
- ( :
-1 not
-1
-2
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there :
: 3 .
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Money goes nowhere nowadays, does it?
shall we ) ( lets : 4
: tag : 5
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Avoid Repatition
a an
. ) ( none
too either .
)(4
none, either
We have none, either.
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to know of:
to be willing:
party :
. . -1
. -2
. -3
. . -4
. -5
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The additions
+ so +
+too +
+ neither +
+ either +
-1 .
-2 .
He used to study here, so did his brother/ his brother did too.
-3 .
He doesnt have to work with you, neither do the workers/ the workers dont either.
-4 .
He wont attend the class tomorrow, his friend wont either/ neither will his friend.
-5 .
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. -6
. -7
. -8
. -9
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CAN
. can
will be able to .
) ( can can
-1 .
You can come with me tomorrow, provided you ask your fathers permission.
-2 .
MUST
must .
will have to .
must Must ) (
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-1 ) ( .
-2 .
If you want to pass in the university enterance examination , you will have to study
hard.
WANT
will want
to be going to
+ want +
expect + Want +
want
intend to be going to +
need will want +
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I will want my money next week - Im going to buy a car- I want you to pay my
money back.
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Some &any
some -1 ) ( )
( any .
: 1 some.
: 2 some any .:
: 3 some .
You should have a good command of english because some day , some student may
ask you some question that you cant answer.
) ( ) (
any : 4 .
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.
What would you like for lunch? Any thing you like.
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some body
some one
some thing
some where
some place
every body
every one
every thing
every where
every place
no some .
no body
no one
no thing
no where
no place
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s else
s .
Some body
every body + s +
no body + elses +
any body
some no
no any .
He knows somebody.
He knows nobody.
. -1
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Some body elses brother said some thing else.
. -5
: some
: . other : Else
. what some
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what other things?
-1
-2
-4
-5
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/ s + of + this,that,these,those +
-2
. -3
-4 .
-5 .
-7 .
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Some of your classmates decide to come here next Friday.
. -8
This elder brother of yours can make friends with that good student or friend of mine.
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possesive forms :
-1
-2
of -3 s
: own -4 .
: own .
: belong to : .
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Putting two sentences together :
keep )( ) (
if whether .
whether .
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) - - ( did
do you think
? Who is he
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self :
-1
Reflexive pronouns
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
-2 self .
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:
: .
to for .
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Here & There
here there .
Here
+ +
There
Here
+ +
There
Here I am. ) (
Here it is . ) (
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you first: ) (
after you: ) (
ladies first: -
please be seated:
go on:/ go ahead
who is speaking:
.:
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:
-1
-2
-3
-4 .
-5 .
1- I want to know whether you are going to buy or rent the house.
2- Ask him if he can lend you some money.
3- Im not sure whether he will come to the meetting with me or not.
4- He lives in this small home by him self.
5- I wish I could see my self as others see me.
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it
it
-1 :
It is hot today.
It is cold today.
It was raining. .
It is sunny. .
-2 :
-3 :
it is far. .
it is about 5 miles. 5 .
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: : -4
: -5
It is easy.
It is easy to speak English.
It is easy for you to speak English.
: it -6
That is it It is a pity :
it makes no difference :
It isnt up to you
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16
1 I take.
2. I am taking.
3. I have taken. ) (
1. I will take.
2. I will be taking.
1. I would take.
2. I would be taking.
1. I took.
2. I was taking.
3. I had taken. -
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= along -1 .
= across .
: against -2 .
It is against regulations. .
-3 by
in on
on .
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inside : outside # inside -4 out side
in ) (
come in.
go out.
He jumped into the pool with his clothes on and pulled the drowning boy out of the
pool.
: in .
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in the room , in the office
. in there , here :
Come in here.
to eat in.
to eat out.
to be in.
to be out.
to let in.
to let out.
to breathe in.
to breathe out.
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: at -6 ) ( table , desk . :
: in : at
: at : in -
: office :
above .
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: 1
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) ( :
: A .
For
+ +
: B
. ) ( since
+ + +
: 2 .
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: .
:
C ) ( .
:for -1
for +
: since .2
since +
since yesterday
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since + last +
He left for England two weeks ago and I havent heard from him since/ since then/
ever since.
.4
+ since + ( I )
it is + + since + ( II )
.( II) since ( I)
. :
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:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
- - - p.p
: ever-never .6 -
ever never .
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: .
.7
So far
by now
up to now
up till now
up to the present time.
: already .8 p.p
: .
: just .9 - - p.p .
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: yet .10
not not .
: still .12 - - -
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) (
: .
: A
for
:A
+ +
+ For +
: 1 .
He hadnt eaten anything for three days when we took him to the doctor.
: B ) (
: 1/
.
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: .
+ when/before +
+ after +
+ since +
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: ) + ( ) + (
. :
)(by + + (For) + +
: 8 .
: 10 .
We will have been living in tehran for ten years by next month.
. : Will
: :
By +
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: " "
( For ) + +
-1 .
I had been doing the cooking for two hours before you called.
: had.
: before, when.
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talkative : crowded :
intelligent : taciturn :
ugly : rich :
considerable :
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adjective
:
.
careful student .
: .
+ to be +
+ to get +
+ to turn +
+ to become +
+ to grow +
+ to make +
) ( link
verb :
: ) . ( .
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:
:
this, that
: . :
-1 :
:
as as
not so as
-2 ) ( : .
: .
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) ( than
er
:
-3 :
: .
the
)( est
:
: y er est .
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much
many More than the most
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The same as
: same the )
:
(
: ) ( er , re , le , ow
y er est .
most , more
-1 y happy er,est y
i .
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-2 e wide st , r
big er est
busy trousers
noisy scissors
: the same
( like
:
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the same as .
+ as the same +
the
same :
long length
wide width
deep depth
old age
high height
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adverb
ly
:
.
sincere sincerely
quick quickly
careful carefully
:
.
ly ly .
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a nap
a shower
a test-exam
Take a bath
a dictation
a trip
a vehicle
-1 .
-3 .
-4 .
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-5 .
-7 .
-8 .
-9 .
-10 .
ly :
friendly lovely
deadly kingly
likely worldy
motherly fatherly
sily ugly
sisterly
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: ly
friendlyLY .
Fashion
In a/ an + Way
Manner
: :
-1 :
as as
not as/not so as
:
-2 :
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. ly more than ly
er :
-3 ) ( :
.
.
the est :
} / / { ...........
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intensifiers :
much, many
much +
many +
much many
much many
a lot of
too very .
Too
/ +
Very
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very : too & very
:
/ + enough
enough
:
Little
Few
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: few & little .
a little
a few
all
plenty of a great deal of a lot of a lot of a large number of plenty of
most most
much many
some some
------- several
a little a few
little few
no
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:
.
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Such
:
Such a/an :
Such :
Such a/an + +
So + + a an +
Very
a + Very + +
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:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
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enough too
. enough too
. :1
too + / + to
/ + enough + to
. :2
too + / + for + to
/ + enough + for + to
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Other
other
:
another +
the other +
one ones .
another one
other ones the other one
the other ones
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other ) the other(
) (S .
others
) ( The others
other another .
each other
-
one another
) ( to gather
other .
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other than = except
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
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:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
11 .
12 .
13 .
14 .
15 .
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:
1 .
5 .
Our house is more expensive than the house that you have bought.
7 .
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I think, your shoes are cheaper than mine
. 10
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Relative Pronouns
Link .
) +( +
) (
1 who .
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6 when .
what . :
That . because
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) (who
They Those
:
.1
3 whom who ) which ( that
.2
whom ) which(
.3
.
1 ) (necessary ) (defining .
:
.
a writer is a person.
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Person
:
) (unnecessary .
: none defining
defining .
1 .
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2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 . .
9 .
10 .
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to do does-did
to have has-had
to be am-is-are-was-were
to need
can Could
may Might
must
shall Should
will Would
used to
ought to
to be supposed to
had better
would rather
have to
).(modal
. :
would-should-might-could
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1 :
) . (
Should .
:
may .
It may be raining.
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might-ought to-should-could-would
could
should
) ( would + have P.P
might
ought to
not
not :
1 . .
2 . .
3 . .
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4 .
5 ) (.
6 .
7 . .
8 .
9 .
10 .
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.
+ +
: .
1 + ) (By tomorrow By +
in
two weeks 2 +
within
3 +
+ 4
by the time
before +
as soon as +
when
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Conditionals
) (if clause
) (main clause :
if +
)(
+ if +
1 : .
if +
) (Possible.
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2 : .
if +
+
) (imaginary.
3 : .
if +
have + P.P + have + P.P
If Hellen had had money, she could have bought the book yesterday.
.
) (impossible .
1 .
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She didn't try, if she had tried , she would have succeeded.
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Otherwise
if clause .
:
They didnt invite me, If they had invited me, I would have gone.
:
otherwise
:
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Wish
wish to wish .
wish wish
wish
1 wish would .
:
2 wish .
3 wish
:
: . wish
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if
if .
on condition
Suppose
Pr ovided
Pr oviding Suppo sin g
It is time
to
. :
its time + to
. :
+ it is time +
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IF
) (if clause if
(1 : Should .
:
(2 : were if
(3 : had if
Should : if
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Unless
) (if clause if not .
:
If not = unless
If = unless not
Unless you dont try, you will succeed = Unless you try, you won't succeed.
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Would rather
Prefer
+ Prefer + to
+ would rather +
) (2 would rather
prefer .
/ + to + / + prefer +
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(3 Prefer would rather
I Prefered to go.
+ Prefer + to
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as if as though
as if as thought .
as if as thought .
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( in Case )
:
. .
. .
:In case .
+ {incase} + / / /
Helen has left the door open, in case Her mother comes earlier.
+ {incase} + / /
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Both
.
(1 .
both of the
+ both the +
both
+ both of +
both - .
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active & passive voice :
Voice active
passive .
passive
active .
) ( Subject .
-1 doer .
-2 Subject
Sufferer
:
Hellen is a student.
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.
participle .
present participle
Participle
Past participle
: ing . :
run running
: ed .
wash washed
fall fallen
:
.
I go with him .
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go him go
with .
To be + p p
to be p.p .
He tells her.
:
( Subject sufferer
He tells her.
She ----------.
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( by
He tells her.
He tells her.
She -----------told by him.
( to be p . p .
He tells her.
She is told by him.
-1 5 .
-2 .
-3
.
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
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-8 .
-9 .
-10 .
-1 .
-2 .
-3 1694 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 80 .
-9 .
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: -1
: -3
: -6
: -7
Helen will have told Bob Bob will have been told by Helen.
: -8
4 16
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who whom :
-1 whom
whom
who .
who :
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by whom
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
-9 .
-10 .
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:
-1 :
:
-2 : .
:
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:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
-9 .
-10
.
. .
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The letter is written to him by me.
He is written the letter by me.
subject suffer to
+ be + p.p let +
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:
+ )( + + have +
get to
:
+ + to + get +
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
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-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
-9 .
-10 .
p.p + + have/get +
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reported speach
.1 ) ( direct speech
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Indirect speech
( comma ) that (
: 12 :
(1 .
:
(2 .
:
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.( 3
:
.( 4
:
.( 5
:
.( 6
:
.( 7
:
: .( 8
Bob said, I will have been studying for two years by April.
Bob said that he would have been studying for two years by April.
.( 9
:
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:
:
.
(10 .
:
:
.
) ( reporting tag
say to tell .:
say to tell .:
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-1 .
-2 .
-3 2 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 5 .
-9 .
-10 .
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:
:
) (
if whether .
) ( not to
:
Helen said to Bob, open the door before you come in.
to
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:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5
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The following +
next + The next +
The + + after
The + + before
last +
The + previous +
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:
. :
! + / + how +
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) ( gerund
ing .
live living
be being
-1 . to
-3 :
avoid defer
appreciate delay
admit advise
discuss detest
consider enjoy
cant help finish
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deny forgive
forbid include
imagine keep
mention oppose
mind quit
postpone risk
practice remember
resume stop
suggest tolerate
understand
:
: ) (s
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
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:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
) (s .
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:to
.:
( stop stop
:
.
stop .
( remember remember
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:
(Present .
) prefect :
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