Hope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Hope

Hope
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hope is an optimistic attitude of mind that is based on an

expectation of positive outcomes related to events and
circumstances in one's life or the world at large.[1] As a verb, its
definitions include: "expect with confidence" and "to cherish a
desire with anticipation".[2]

Among its opposites are dejection, hopelessness and despair.[3]

Contents
1 In psychology
1.1 Hope theory
2 In healthcare
2.1 Background
2.2 Major theories
2.3 Major empirical findings
2.4 Applications
2.5 Impediments
2.6 Benefits
3 In culture
4 In management
5 In literature Allegory of hope; oil on canvas,
5.1 Symbolism Francesco Guardi, 1747
6 In mythology
7 In religion
7.1 Christianity
7.2 Hinduism
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

In psychology
Dr. Barbara L. Fredrickson argues that hope comes into its own when crisis looms, opening us to
new creative possibilities.[4] Frederickson argues that with great need comes an unusually wide

1 of 11 4/20/2017 6:47 PM
Hope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope

range of ideas, as well as such positive emotions as happiness

and joy, courage, and empowerment, drawn from four different
areas of ones self: from a cognitive, psychological, social, or
physical perspective.[5] Hopeful people are "like the little
engine that could, [because] they keep telling themselves "I
think I can, I think I can".[6] Such positive thinking bears fruit
when based on a realistic sense of optimism, not on a naive
"false hope".[7]

The psychologist Charles R. Snyder linked hope to the

existence of a goal, combined with a determined plan for
reaching that goal:[8] Alfred Adler had similarly argued for the
centrality of goal-seeking in human psychology,[9] as too had
philosophical anthropologists like Ernst Bloch.[10] Snyder also Hope, which lay at the bottom of
stressed the link between hope and mental willpower, as well as the box, remained. Allegorical
the need for realistic perception of goals, [11] arguing that the painting by George Frederic
difference between hope and optimism was that the former Watts, 1886.
included practical pathways to an improved future. [12] D. W.
Winnicott saw a child's antisocial behavior as expressing an
unconscious hope for management by the wider society, when containment within the immediate
family had failed.[13] Object relations theory similarly sees the analytic transference as motivated in
part by an unconscious hope that past conflicts and traumas can be dealt with anew.[14]

Hope theory

As specialist in positive psychology, Charles Richard Snyder studied how hope and forgiveness can
impact several aspects of life such as health, work, education, and personal meaning. Snyder
postulated that there are three main things that make up hopeful thinking:[15]

Goals Approaching life in a goal-oriented way.

Pathways Finding different ways to achieve your goals.
Agency Believing that you can instigate change and achieve these goals.

In other words, hope was defined as the perceived capability to derive pathways to desired goals,
and motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways.

Snyder argues that individuals who are able to realize these 3 components and develop a belief in
their ability are hopeful people who can establish clear goals, imagine multiple workable pathways
toward those goals, and persevere, even when obstacles get in their way.

Snyder proposed a "Hope Scale" which considered that a person's determination to achieve their
goal is their measured hope. Snyder differentiates between adult-measured hope and child-
measured hope. The Adult Hope Scale by Snyder contains 12 questions; 4 measuring pathways

2 of 11 4/20/2017 6:47 PM
Hope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope

thinking, 4 measuring agency thinking, and 4 that are simply

fillers. Each subject responds to each question using an 8-point
scale.[16] Fibel and Hale measure hope by combining Snyder's
Hope Scale with their own Generalized Expectancy for Success
Scale (GESS) to empirically measure hope.[17] Snyder regarded
that psychotherapy can help focus attention on one's goals,
drawing on tacit knowledge of how to reach them.[18]

Auschwitz, a rose expressing In healthcare

hope

Background

Hope has the ability to help people heal faster and easier. Individuals who maintain hope, especially
when battling illness, significantly enhance their chances of recovery.[19] This is important because
numerous people with chronic, physical, or mental illness believe that their condition is stable and
that they have little chance of recovery. If health care providers begin to recognize the importance
of hope in the recovery process, then they can learn to instill hope within their patients; this would
enable patients to develop healthy coping strategies and therefore improve their physical and
emotional well being. Shaping peoples beliefs and expectations to be more hopeful and optimistic
is an essential component of positive psychology. In general, people who possess hope and think
optimistically have a greater sense of well being in addition to the improved health outcomes
outlined above. Positive psychologists teach strategies to help boost peoples hope and optimism,
which would benefit individuals coping with illness by improving their life satisfaction and
recovery process.

Major theories

Of the countless models that examine the importance of hope in an individuals life, there are two
major theories that have gained a significant amount of recognition in the field of psychology. One
of these theories, developed by Charles R. Snyder, argues that hope should be viewed as a cognitive
skill that demonstrates an individuals ability to maintain drive in the pursuit of a particular goal.[20]
This model reasons that an individuals ability to be hopeful depends on two types of thinking:
agency thinking and pathway thinking. Agency thinking refers to an individuals determination to
achieve their goals despite possible obstacles, while pathway thinking refers to the ways in which
an individual believes they can achieve these personal goals.

Snyders theory uses hope as a mechanism that is most often seen in psychotherapy. In these
instances, the therapist helps their client overcome barriers that have prevented them from
achieving goals. The therapist would then help the client set realistic and relevant personal goals
(i.e. "I am going to find something I am passionate about and that makes me feel good about
myself"), and would help them remain hopeful of their ability to achieve these goals, and suggest
the correct pathways to do so.

3 of 11 4/20/2017 6:47 PM
Hope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope

Whereas Snyders theory focuses on hope as a mechanism to overcome an individuals lack of

motivation to achieve goals, the other major theory developed by K.A Herth deals more specifically
with an individuals future goals as they relate to coping with illnesses.[21] Herth views hope as "a
motivational and cognitive attribute that is theoretically necessary to initiate and sustain action
toward goal attainment".[22] Establishing realistic and attainable goals in this situation is more
difficult, as the individual most likely does not have direct control over the future of their health.
Instead, Herth suggests that the goals should be concerned with how the individual is going to
personally deal with the illness"Instead of drinking to ease the pain of my illness, I am going to
surround myself with friends and family".[22]

While the nature of the goals in Snyders model differ with those in Herths model, they both view
hope as a way to maintain personal motivation, which ultimately will result in a greater sense of
optimism.

Major empirical findings

Hope, and more specifically, particularized hope, has been shown to be an important part of the
recovery process from illness; it has strong psychological benefits for patients, helping them to
cope more effectively with their disease.[23] For example, hope motivates people to pursue healthy
behaviors for recovery, such as eating fruits and vegetables, quitting smoking, and engaging in
regular physical activity. This not only helps to enhance peoples recovery from illnesses, but also
helps prevent illness from developing in the first place. [19] Patients who maintain high levels of
hope have an improved prognosis for life-threatening illness and an enhanced quality of life.[24]
Belief and expectation, which are key elements of hope, block pain in patients suffering from
chronic illness by releasing endorphins and mimicking the effects of morphine. Consequently,
through this process, belief and expectation can set off a chain reaction in the body that can make
recovery from chronic illness more likely. This chain reaction is especially evident with studies
demonstrating the placebo effect, a situation when hope is the only variable aiding in these patients
recovery.[19]

Overall, studies have demonstrated that maintaining a sense of hope during a period of recovery
from illness is beneficial. A sense of hopelessness during the recovery period has, in many
instances, resulted in adverse health conditions for the patient (i.e. depression and anxiety following
the recovery process).[25] Additionally, having a greater amount of hope before and during
cognitive therapy has led to decreased PTSD-related depression symptoms in war veterans.[26]
Hope has also been found to be associated with more positive perceptions of subjective health.
However, reviews of research literature have noted that the connections between hope and
symptom severity in other mental health disorders are less clear, such as in cases of individuals
with schizophrenia.[27]

Applications

The inclusion of hope in treatment programs has potential in both physical and mental health

4 of 11 4/20/2017 6:47 PM
Hope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope

settings. Hope as a mechanism for improved treatment has been studied in the contexts of PTSD,
chronic physical illness, and terminal illness, among other disorders and ailments.[26][27] Within
mental health practice, clinicians have suggested using hope interventions as a supplement to more
traditional cognitive behavioral therapies.[27] In terms of support for physical illness, research
suggests that hope can encourage the release of endorphins and enkephalins, which help to block
pain.[19]

Impediments

There are two main arguments based on judgement against those whom are advocates of using hope
to help treat severe illnesses. The first of which is that if physicians have too much hope, they may
aggressively treat the patient. The physician will hold on to a small shred of hope that the patient
may get better. Thus, this causes them to try methods that are costly and may have many side
effects. One physician noted[28] that she regretted having hope for her patient; it resulted in her
patient suffering through three more years of pain that the patient would not have endured if the
physician had realized recovery was infeasible.

The second argument is the division between hope and wishing. Those that are hopeful are actively
trying to investigate the best path of action while taking into consideration the obstacles.
Research[19] has shown though that many of those who have "hope" are wishfully thinking and
passively going through the motions, as if they are in denial about their actual circumstances. Being
in denial and having too much hope may negatively impact both the patient and the physician.

Benefits

The impact that hope can have on a patients recovery process is strongly supported through both
empirical research and theoretical approaches. However, reviews of literature also maintain that
more longitudinal and methodologically-sound research is needed to establish which hope
interventions are actually the most effective, and in what setting (i.e. chronic illness vs. terminal
illness).[27]

In culture
In the matter of globalization, hope is focused on economic and social empowerment.

Focusing on parts of Asia, hope has taken on a secular or materialistic form in relation to the
pursuit of economic growth. Primary examples are the rise of the economies of China and India,
correlating with the notion of Chindia. A secondary relevant example is the increased use of
contemporary architecture in rising economies, such as the building of the Shanghai World
Financial Center, Burj Khalifa and Taipei 101, which has given rise to a prevailing hope within the
countries of origin.[29] In chaotic environments hope is transcended without cultural boundaries,
Syrian refugee children are supported by UNESCO's education project through creative education

5 of 11 4/20/2017 6:47 PM
Hope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope

and psycho-social assistance.[30] Other inter-cultural support for

instilling hope involve food culture, disengaging refugees from
trauma through immersing them in their rich cultural past.[31]

In management
Robert Mattox, a social activist and futurist, proposed in 2012 a
social change theory based on the hope phenomenon in relation A Syrian refugee girl with a
to leadership.[32] Larry Stout postulated in 2006 that certain hopeful expression
conditions must exist before even the most talented leaders can
lead change.[33] Given such conditions, Mattox proposes a change management theory around
hope, suggesting that a leader can lead change and shape culture within a community or
organization by creating a "hopescape" and by harnessing the hope system.

Hope diamond system A coal to diamond process

In literature

Hope is the thing with feathers that perches in the soul and sings the tune without the
words and never stops at all.
Emily Dickinson[34]

A classic reference to hope which has entered modern language is the concept that "Hope springs
eternal" taken from Alexander Pope's Essay on Man, the phrase reading "Hope springs eternal in
the human breast, Man never is, but always to be blest:"[35] Another popular reference, "Hope is the
thing with feathers," is from a poem by Emily Dickinson.[36]

Hope can be used as an artistic plot device and is often a motivating force for change in dynamic
characters. A commonly understood reference from western popular culture is the subtitle "A New
Hope" from the original first installment (now considered Episode IV) in the Star Wars science
fiction space opera.[37] The subtitle refers to one of the lead characters, Luke Skywalker, who is
expected in the future to allow good to triumph over evil within the plot of the films.

Contemporary philosopher Richard Rorty understands hope as more than goal setting, rather as a
metanarrative, a story that serves as a promise or reason for expecting a better future. Rorty as

6 of 11 4/20/2017 6:47 PM
Hope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope

postmodernist believes past metanarratives, including the

Christian story, utilitarianism, and Marxism have proved false
hopes; that theory cannot offer social hope; and that liberal man
must learn to live without a consensual theory of social
hope.[38] Rorty says a new document of promise is needed for
social hope to exist again.[39]

Symbolism

The swallow has been a symbol of hope, in Aesop's fables and

numerous other historic literature.[40] It symbolizes hope, in
part because it is among the first birds to appear at the end of
winter and the start of spring.[41]

Other symbols of hope include the anchor[42] and the dove.[43]

In mythology
Engraving of Pandora trying to
Elpis (Hope) appears in ancient Greek mythology with the story close the box that she had opened
of Zeus and Prometheus. Prometheus stole fire from the god out of curiosity. At left, the evils
Zeus, which infuriated the supreme god. In turn, Zeus created a of the world taunt her as they
box that contained all manners of evil, unbeknownst to the escape. The engraving is based
receiver of the box. Pandora opened the box after being warned on a painting by F. S. Church.
not to, and unleashed a multitude of harmful spirits that
inflicted plagues, diseases, and illnesses on mankind. Spirits of
greed, envy, hatred, mistrust, sorrow, anger, revenge, lust, and despair scattered far and wide
looking for humans to torment. Inside the box, however, Pandora also discovered and released a
healing spirit named Hope. From ancient times, people have recognized that a spirit of hope had the
power to heal afflictions and helps them bear times of great suffering, illnesses, disasters, loss, and
pain caused by the malevolent spirits and events.[44] In Hesiod's Works and Days, the
personification of hope is named Elpis.

Norse mythology however considered Hope (Vn) to be the slobber dripping from the mouth of
Fenris Wolf:[45] their concept of courage rated most highly a cheerful bravery in the absence of
hope.[46]

In religion
Hope is a key concept in most major world religions, often signifying the "hoper" believes an
individual or a collective group will reach a concept of heaven. Depending on the religion, hope
can be seen as a prerequisite for and/or byproduct of spiritual attainment, among other things.

7 of 11 4/20/2017 6:47 PM
Hope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope

Christianity

Hope is one of the three theological virtues of the Christian

religion,[47] alongside faith and love.[48] "Hope" in the Holy
Bible means "a strong and confident expectation" of future
reward. Titus 1:2 In modern terms, hope is akin to trust and a
confident expectation".[49] Paul the Apostle argued that hope
was a source of salvation for Christians: "For in hope we have
been saved...if we hope for what we do not see, with
perseverance we wait eagerly for it".[49]
People collecting the miraculous
According to the Holman Bible Dictionary, hope is a "[t]rustful water in Lourde, France
expectation...the anticipation of a favorable outcome under
God's guidance.[50] In the Pilgrim's Progress, it was Hopeful
who comforted Christian in Doubting Castle; while conversely at the entrance to Dante's Hell were
the words, "Lay down all hope, you that go in by me".[51]

Hinduism

In historic literature of Hinduism, hope is referred to with Pratidhi (Sanskrit: ),[52] or Apksh
(Sanskrit: ).[53][54] It is discussed with the concepts of desire and wish. In Vedic philosophy,
karma was linked to ritual sacrifices (yajna), hope and success linked to correct performance of
these rituals.[55][56] In Vishnu Smriti, the image of hope, morals and work is represented as the
virtuous man who rides in a chariot directed by his hopeful mind to his desired wishes, drawn by
his five senses, who keeps the chariot on the path of the virtuous, and thus is not distracted by the
wrongs such as wrath, greed, and other vices.[57]

In the centuries that followed, the concept of karma changed from sacramental rituals to actual
human action that builds and serves society and human existence[55][56]a philosophy epitomized
in the Bhagavad Gita. Hope, in the structure of beliefs and motivations, is a long-term karmic
concept. In Hindu belief, actions have consequences, and while ones effort and work may or may
not bear near term fruits, it will serve the good, that the journey of ones diligent efforts (karma)
and how one pursues the journey,[58] sooner or later leads to bliss and moksha.[55][59][60]

See also
Defeatism Optimism
Disappointment Self-Reliance
El Dorado The Principle of Hope
Micawberism Utopianism

8 of 11 4/20/2017 6:47 PM
Hope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope

References
1. "Hope | Define Hope at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. 1992-11-27. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
2. "Hope Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com.
Retrieved 2012-10-02.
3. B. Kirkpatrick ed., Roget's Thesaurus (1995) p. 852-3
4. Fredrickson, Barbara L. (2009-03-23). "Why Choose Hope?". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
5. Fredrickson, Barbara L., et al. (2008). "Open Hearts Build Lives: Positive Emotions, Induced Through
Loving-Kindness Meditation, Build Consequential Personal Resources" (PDF). Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 95, pp. 10451062. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
6. "Mental Health, Depression, Anxiety, Wellness, Family & Relationship Issues, Sexual Disorders &
ADHD Medications". Mentalhelp.net. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved
2012-10-02.
7. D. Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (1996) p. 88
8. "Breaking down Barack Obama's Psychology of Hope and how it may help you in trying times
Wellness, Disease Prevention, And Stress Reduction Information". Mentalhelp.net. 2008-11-05.
Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
9. Eric Berne, What Do You Say After You Say Hello? (1974) p. 57-8
10. Peter Berger, A Rumour of Angels (1973) p. 79
11. Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press,
1994, pg. 78
12. Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press,
1994, pg. 19
13. D. W. Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (1973) p.228-9
14. P. Casement, Further Learning from the Patient (1990) p. 7
15. https://teachingpsychology.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/hope-theory.pdf
16. Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope Theory: A Member of the Positive
Psychology Family. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp.
257276). New York: Oxford University Press.
17. "Self-concept, Hope and Achievement:A look at the relationship between the individual self-concept,
level of hope, and academic achievement". Missouriwestern.edu. 1997-05-01. Archived from the
original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
18. Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press,
1994, pg.10
19. Enayati, Amanda. "How hope can help you heal". CNN. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
20. Snyder, C.R (1994). The Psychology of Hope. New York, NY: Free Press.
21. Weis, Robert; Speridakos, Elena (2011). "A Meta-Analysis of Hope Enhancement Strategies in Clinical
and Community Setting". Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice.
22. Herth, K.A. (2000). "Enhancing hope in people with a first recurrence of cancer". Journal of Advanced
Nursing. 32: 14311441.
23. Wiles, R.; Cott, C.; Gibson, B.E. (2008). "Hope, expectations, and recovery from illness: A narrative
synthesis of qualitative research". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 64 (6): 564573.
24. Simonik, T. "Reflections on hope and recovery". National Eating Disorder Information Centre.
Retrieved April 20, 2015.
25. Knabe, Hannah (2013). "The Meaning of Hope for Patients Coping with a Terminal Illness: A Review
of Literature". J Palliative Care Med.

9 of 11 4/20/2017 6:47 PM
Hope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope

26. Phillips, Suzanne. "Does Hope Really Make a Difference? Scientific Findings". PsychCentral. Retrieved
20 April 2015.
27. Schrank, Beate; Stanghellini, G; Slade, M. "Hope in psychiatry: a review of the literature". Wiley Online
Library. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
28. Jarrett, Christian. "Is it ethical to instill false hope?". Research Digest. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
29. Mosi, Dominique. "The Culture of Hope." The Geopolitics of Emotion: How Cultures of Fear,
Humiliation, and Hope Are Reshaping the World. New York: Doubleday, 2009. 3055. Print.
30. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news
/five_stories_of_hope_from_zaatari_refugee_camp/
31. http://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2016/6/576d29884/berlin-refugee-guides-show-cultural-riches-
home.html
32. Mattox, Robert (2012-10-14). Dealers in Hope: How to Lead Change and Shape Culture. lulu.com.
ISBN 978-1105577208.
33. Stout, Larry. Time for a Change. USA: Destiny Image, 2006
34. "SparkNotes: Dickinson's Poetry: "'Hope' is the thing with feathers..." ".
35. An essay on man Alexander Pope Google Boeken. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
36. "32. Hope is the thing with feathers. Part One: Life. Dickinson, Emily. 1924. Complete Poems".
Retrieved 2012-10-02. C1 control character in |title= at position 5 (help)
37. " "A New Hope" Star Wars". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
38. D. L. Hall, Richard Rorty (1994) p. 150 and p. 232
39. Rorty, Richard. Philosophy and Social Hope. London: Penguin Books, 1999
40. Christos A. Zafiropoulos (2001), Ethics in Aesop's Fables: The Augustana Collection, ISBN
978-9004118676, Brill Academic, page 61
41. Hope B. Werness (2006), The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in Art, ISBN
978-0826419132, page 395
42. M. Ferber, A Dictionary of Literary Symbolism (2007) 'Anchor'
43. J. Matthews, The Grail Tradition (2011) p. 67
44. Magaletta, Philip R., & Oliver, J.M (April 1999). "The Hope Construct, Will, and Ways: Their Relations
with Self-Efficacy, Optimism, and General Well-Being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, pp.
539551". Retrieved 2012-10-02.
45. Tom Shippey, J. R. R. Tolkien (2001) p. 153
46. Tom Shippey, The Road to Middle-Earth (1992) p. 140-3
47. "hope" A Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Edited by Elizabeth Knowles. Oxford University Press, 2006.
Oxford University Press.
48. "Meaning of : Hope; Bible Definition". Bible-library.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012.
Retrieved 2012-10-02.
49. "Hope | Bible.org Worlds Largest Bible Study Site". Bible.org. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
50. "HOPE Holman Bible Dictionary on". Studylight.org. Retrieved 2012-10-02.
51. Dante, Hell (1975) p.85
52. prati-dhi (http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdf) Sanskrit
Lexicon, University of Koeln, Germany (2009), see page 666
53. Apksh (http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdf) Sanskrit
Lexicon, University of Koeln, Germany (2009), see page 56
54. apekSA (http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=apekSA&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&
beginning=0) Spoken Sanskrit-English dictionary Version 4.2, Germany (2008)
55. De John Romus (1995), Karma and Bhakti ways of Salvation: A Christological Perspective
(http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/37-1_001.pdf), Indian Journal of Theology, Volume 37, Issue
1, pages 114

10 of 11 4/20/2017 6:47 PM
Hope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope

56. De Smet, R. (1977), A Copernican Reversal: The Gtkra's Reformulation of Karma, Philosophy East
and West, 27(1), pages 5363
57. Maurice Bloomfield, The Mind as Wish-Car in the Veda (https://archive.org/details/jstor-592741),
Journal of the American Oriental Society, Volume 39, pages 280282
58. David Krieger (1989), Salvation in the World A Hindu-Christian Dialogue on Hope and Liberation, in
Jerald Gort (Editor, Dialogue and Syncretism: An Interdisciplinary Approach), ISBN 0-8028-0501-9,
see Chapter 14
59. Jeffrey Wattles, The Concept of Karma in the Bhagawad Gita (http://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu
/syllabi/w/wattles/hkarma.htm), Department of Philosophy, Wabash Center, Kent State University
(2002)
60. Oliver Bennett (2011), The manufacture of hope: religion, eschatology and the culture of optimism,
International Journal of Cultural Policy, 17(2), pages 115130

Further reading
Averill, James R. Rules of hope. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Miceli, Maria and Cristiano Castelfranchi. "Hope: The Power of Wish and Possibility" in
Theory Psychology. April 2010 vol. 20 no. 2 251276.
Kierkegaard, Sren A. The Sickness Unto Death. Princeton University Press, 1995.
Snyder, C. R. Handbook of hope: theory, measures, & applications. Academic [Press], 2000.
Stout, Larry. Ideal Leadership: Time for a Change. Destiny Image, 2006

External links
Media related to Hope at Wikimedia Commons
publisher=Unc.edu Barbara Fredrickson (https://web.archive.org/web/20120220170115/http:
//www.unc.edu/peplab/barb_fredrickson_page.html)
Hope through Prayer (http://www.prayerforums.co.uk/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hope&oldid=774215062"

Categories: Positive mental attitude Emotions Propositional attitudes

This page was last modified on 7 April 2017, at 00:10.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional
terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.

11 of 11 4/20/2017 6:47 PM