Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

PANITIA MATEMATIK TAMBAHAN

DAERAH KUBANG PASU

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

FORM 5

CHAPTER 10

LINEAR PROGRAMMING

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Note 10.1 The Concept of Linear Inequalities

Solutions:
a) 2x + 3y 6
1. A line y=mx + c divides a Cartesian plane into regions. Steps Solution
The region above the line including the solid line is y mx 1. Draw a solid straight line
+c for equation 2x + 3y 6
while the region below the solid line including the line
y mx + c

2. Determine the region

which define the equation
and shade.
* Region above the line
satisfies 2x + 3y 6

2. A dashed line is used when the regions exclude the line.

3. To check the answer by Use coordinates (3,2) to check the

substituting one point within answer.
the region into the Therefore, 2(3) + 3(3) = 15 ( 6).
inequalities. So the shaded region satisfies the
inequalities.
Example 10.1.1
Shade the region that is defined by the inequality. b) 4x 3y > 12
a) 2x + 3y 6
Steps Solution
b) 4x 3y > 12

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

1. Draw a dashed straight line

for equation 4x - 3y > 12 2. Determine the region
which define the equation
and shade.

2. Determine the region

which define the equation 3. To check the answer by
and shade. substituting one point within
* Region above the line the region into the
satisfies 4x - 3y > 12 inequalities.

3. To check the answer by Use coordinates (5, -1) to check the b) y > 4/5x - 3
substituting one point within answer. Steps Solution
the region into the Therefore, 4(5) 3(-1) =23(> 12). 1. Draw a solid straight line
inequalities. So the shaded region satisfies the for equation 3x 5y + 3 0
inequalities.

PRACTICE 10.1.1 A
Shade the region that is defined the inequality.
a) 3x 5y + 3 0
Steps Solution
1. Draw a solid straight line 2. Determine the region
for equation 3x 5y + 3 0 which define the equation
and shade.

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

3. To check the answer by d)

substituting one point within
the region into the
inequalities.

EXERCISE 10.1.1
1. For each shaded region given, state the inequalities that Answers:
defined the region. 1a) y < 3x + 2 b) 4x 3y 3
\a) c) 3y + 5x -4 d) 5x > -y 1

Example 10.1.2
For each of the following, find the linear inequality that define the
shaded region.
a)

b)

b)

c)

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

For each of the following, find the linear inequality that define the
shaded region.
a)

Solutions:
a)
Steps Solution
1. Find a linear equation. Gradient = - y-intercept = 2
x-intercept -1
=2
Linear equation is y = 2x + 2
b)
2. Write the inequality that The region is defined by y 2x + 2.
defines the region.

b)
Steps Solution
1. Find a linear equation. The linear equation of the line
passing through (4,0) and (1,5) is
y-0 = 5-0 ; y = -5/3x + 20/3
x-4 1-4
5x + 3y = 20
Solutions:
2. Write the inequality that The region is defined by 5x + 3y < a)
defines the region. 20
Steps Solution
1. Find a linear equation.
PRACTICE 10.1.2 A

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2. Write the inequality that The region is defined by ...............

defines the region.

Solutions:
b) c)
Steps Solution
1. Find a linear equation.

2. Write the inequality that The region is defined by ..................

defines the region. Answer:
1 a) 3y 2x b) 4x + 3y -5
EXERCISE 10.1.2 c) 2y > 3x 4
For each of the following, find the linear inequality that define the
shaded region.
a)

Example 10.1.3
Shade and label R for the region which every point satisfies linear
inequalities y 3x, x + y > 5 and 6y x 6.

Steps Solution
b) 1. Draw solid straight line
for equation y = 3x , 6y x = Refer below
6 and a dashed straight line
for equation x + y = 5.

2. Shade the regions which Refer below

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

satisfies all the linear

inequalities.
2. Shade the regions which
3. Determine the intersection satisfies all the linear
of all these regions to inequalities.
represent the regions of
points that satisfies all the
given inequalities.

3. Determine the intersection

of all these regions to
represent the regions of
points that satisfies all the
given inequalities.

SKILL PRACTICE 10.1.3 A

Construct the region R defined by the following
a) 3y + 4x 15, y 2x , 3y x 0 b) y - 2 , 2y 3x + 6 , y x 12.
b) y - 2 , 2y 3x + 6 , y x 12.
Steps Solution
1. Draw solid straight lines
for
Solutions equation .................................
.........
a) 3y + 4x 15, y 2x , 3y x 0

Steps Solution
1. Draw solid straight lines
for 2. Shade the regions which
equation ................................. satisfies all the linear
......... inequalities.

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

3. Determine the intersection

of all these regions to
represent the regions of
points that satisfies all the
given inequalities.

b)

EXERCISE 10.1.3

Construct the region R defined by the following

a) y 0, 3x 4y , x < 3
b) 5y + 3x -5 , 6y x 12, y 6x 9
c) 2y > -5x 6, y 3, y - 4.

c)
Answer
a)

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Example 10.1.4 the boundaries and write the shaded region is above the solid line
Determine the inequalities that define the shaded region in the linear inequalities to define y=0. The inequality is y 0.
graph below. the shaded region. L2: The equation is y = 2x. The
shaded region is below the solid line
y = 2x. The inequality is y 2x.

L3: The equation is y 5 = 4 5

Solution
Steps
1. Determine the lines that
bounded the shaded region.
x2 20
x + 2y = 10.
The shaded region is under the
dashed line x + 2y = 10. The
inequality is x + 2y < 10
L4: The equation is y 0 = 3 0
x2 42
3x 2y = 6.
Solution The shaded region is above the solid
The shaded region is bounded by line 3x 2y = 6. The inequality is
four lines as shown below. 3x -2y 6

SKILL PRACTICE 10.1.4A

Find the inequalities that define the shaded region R.
a)

b)
2. Find the equation for all L1: The equation is y = 0. The

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b)
Steps Solution
1. Determine the lines that The shaded region is bounded
bounded the shaded region. by ...... lines as shown below.

Solutions:
a)
Steps Solution
1. Determine the lines that The shaded region is bounded
bounded the shaded region. by ...... lines as shown below.

2. Find the equation for all

the boundaries and write the
linear inequalities to define
the shaded region.

2. Find the equation for all

the boundaries and write the
linear inequalities to define
the shaded region.

EXERCISE 10.1.4

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Find the inequalities that define the shaded region R. a) The lines are x = 0, y = 0, y = -3/2x + 3 and y = -4/5x + 4.
a) The inequalities are x 0, y 0, y > -3/2x + 3 and y < -4/5x
+ 4.
b) The line are y = -1/2x + 1/2, y = -3/2x + 4 and y = x -1.
The inequalities are y -1/2x + 1/2, y -3/2x + 4 and y x
-1
c) The lines are y = -1, y =3x and y = 3/2x + 3/2.
The inequalities are y > -1, y > 3x and y 3/2x + 3/2.

b)

c)

Answer:

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

10.2 Notes of The Concept of Linear Programming 2. Determine variables The number of cake A = x
The number of cake B = y
1. Linear programming can be used to solve problems by using
graphs. The following are the steps. 3. Determine the inequalities Total flour used up is less than 10
a) Determine the two variables, x and y. kg = 10000 g;
b) Form a system of inequalities. therefore 500x + 300y 10 000
c) Draw the graph for each inequality. 5x + 3y 10..........(1)
d) Determine the region which satisfies all the inequalities.
e) Form an optimum function k = ax + by. Total sugar used up is less than 6 kg
f) Select a suitable value of k and draw the line ax + by = k. = 6000 g
g) With the use of ruler and set square, slide the line towards Therefore 400x + 150y 6000
the region to obtain the required optimum function. 8x + 3y 120.........(2)

Example 10.2.1
Form inequalities that define the constraints specified in the PRACTICE 10.2.1
following problems. Form inequalities that define the constraints specified in the
1. Mrs Ling wants to make two types of cakes, A and B, with 10 following problems.
kg of flour and 6 kg of sugar. Cake A requires 500 g of flour 1. A handicraft factory produces x units of hats and y units of
and 400 g of sugar while cake B requires 300 g of flour and baskets everyday. The productions follows the following
150 g of sugar. She makes x number of cake A and y number constraints.
of cake B. State all the inequalities apart from x 0 and y 0. I : The number of hats produced is not more than 50
Solution: units per day.
Steps Solution II : The total production is at least 150 units a day.
1. Understanding problem *Cake A need 500 g flour and 400 g III : The number of baskets is not more than two times
sugar the number of hat produced.
*Cake B need 300g flour and 150 g
sugar 2. Determine variables The number of hats = x
* Total flour Mrs Ling had= 10 kg The number baskets = y
Total sugar Mrs Ling had = 6 kg
*The total flour and sugar used up 3. Determine the inequalities I :
is less than the total sugar Mrs Ling
had. II

III

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

EXERCISE 10.2.1 Example 10.2.2

Form inequalities that define the constraints specified in the The price of 1 lot of each stock A and stock B in Bursa Malaysia are
following problems. RM 400 and RM800 respectively. Lina wishes to buy x lots of stock
A and y lots of stock B based on the following conditions:
1. A school takes in x number of Science stream students and y I The number of lots of stock B is more than stock A
number of Art stream students according to the following II The total number of lots she wishes to buy is not more than
conditions. 30 lots.
I : The number of Science stream students exceed the III She wishes to invest at least RM 16000.
number of Art stream by at least 30. Write the inequalities that describe the conditions and hence
II : The total intake is not more than 100. construct and shade the region of feasible solutions.
III : The number of Art stream students is less than 50.
Solution
2. A book seller sells x copies of Mathematics workbooks and y Let x = number of lots of stock A
copies of Science workbooks to a school. The number of Let y = number of lots of stock B
workbooks he sells follows the following constraints. I y>x
I : The total number of workbooks is at least 200 copies II x + y 30
II : The number of Mathematics workbooks sold is at III 400x + 800y 16000
most two times the number of Science workbooks. or x + 2y 40
III : The total profit is not less than RM1000 is a Graph :
Mathematics workbook gives him a profit of RM3 and
a Science workbook gives him a profit of RM2.

Answer:
1. I : x y 30
II : x + y 100
III : y < 50

2. I : x + y 200
II : x 2y
III : 3x + 2y 1000

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Answer:
EXERCISES 10.2.2 1. I x > y
1. A pack of coffee powder contains a mixture of x g of grade A II x + y 10, x + y 12
coffee powder and y g of grade B coffee powder. Both types Graph:
of coffee powder are mixed based on the following
conditions:
I The amount of grade A coffee powder must be more
than grade B coffee powder.
II A pack of coffee powder is at least 10g but not more
than 12 g.
Write the inequalities that describe the conditions and hence,
construct and shade the region of feasible solutions.

2. A tuition center offers tuition classes for Mathematics and

Physics. The tuition center can enroll x students for
Mathematics and y students for Physics. The tuition classes
2. I x 2y
are confronted with following conditions:
II x + y 150
I The number of students enrolled for Mathematics is at
III y > 40
most twice that of Physics.
Graph:
II The tuition center has a maximum capacity of 150
students
III The number of students enrolled for Physics is more
than 40.
Write the inequalities that describe the conditions and hence,
construct and shade the region of feasible solutions.
x

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Example 10.2.3 PRACTICE 10.2.4

1. In the diagram, the shaded region R is given. Find the
maximum and minimum value for the function c= 2x + y
which satisfy the shaded region.

Find the maximum and minimum value for the function P= 3y 2x

which satisfy the shaded region R.

Solution:
1. Determine the vertices
Solution from the graph
1. Determine the vertices The vertices are (2,1), (4,1), (2,6)
from the graph and (1,3)
1. Use the vertices in c =
2x + y
2. Use the vertices in c = At (2,1), c = 2(2) + 1 = 5
2x + y At (4,1), c = 2(4) + 1 = 9
At (2,6), c = 2(2) + 6 = 10 2. State the maximum
At (1,3), c = 2(1) + 3 = 5 and minimum value
3. State the maximum The maximum value of c = 10 of c
and minimum value The minimum value of c = 5
of c

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

EXERCISE 10.2.4 Example 10.2.5

Use graph paper to construct and label the region R defined by
inequalities y 1/2x + 4, y -8/3x + 8 and y 3/2x. Find the
maximum and minimum values of x + y, given x and y are integers.

Solution
1) Construct a graph based on the inequalities in the questions.

(i) Find the three inequalities that define the region R.

(ii) Find the maximum value for Q = 1/2x + y.
(iii) Find the minimum value for R = 2y + 3x

Answer
(i) y = 4x + c
At (4,2), 2=4(4) + c
c = -14
The lines are y = -x + 6, y = 2/3x + 6 and y = 4x 14
The inequalities are y -x + 6, y 2/3x + 6 and y 4x
14.
(ii) The vertices are (0,6), (4,2), and (6,10)
At (0,6) , Q = (0) + 6 = 6
At (4,2), Q = (4) + 2 = 4
At (6,10), Q = (6) + 10 =13
The maximum value of Q = 13
(iii) At (0,6) , R= 2(6) + 3(1) = 12
At (4,2), R = 2(2) + 3(4) = 16
At (6,10), R = 2(10) + 3(6) = 38 2) From the graph, the first pair of integers is (2,3) and the last
The minimum value of R = 12 pair of integers is (4,6)
3) The maximum value of x + y = 4 + 6 = 10

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The minimum value of x + y = 2 + 3 = 5

EXERCISE 10.2.5 (ii) (a) For a minimum 2x y, the vertex is (2,10).
1. Given the inequalities 5x + y 20, x + y 12, x + 3y 18, x The minimum value of 2x y = 2(2) 10
0 and y 0. = -6
(i) Draw and label the region R that satisfies the above (b) For minimum x + 2y, the vertex is (3,5).
constraints The minimum value of x + 2y = 3 + 2(5)
(ii) Use the graph, find = 13
(a) The minimum value for 2x y 2.
(b) The maximum value for x + 2y

2. Use a graph and label the region R which represents the

following inequalities 0 y 6, x + y 2, 2y + 3x 24 and x
0. Given that the linear optimum function k = y + 2x, find
(i) The maximum value of k
(ii) The point which will give k a minimum vale and find
the value of k.

Answer
1(i)

(i) The optimum point is (8,0)

The maximum k = 0 + 2(8) = 16
(ii) For k minimum, the point is (0,2)
k = 2 + 2(0) = 2

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Panitia Matematik Tambahan Daerah Kubang Pasu LINEAR PROGRAMMING

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