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D
uring the development unnecessary (19). Test methods used method. Depending on the assay
of a biopharmaceutical, solely in process validation, or for technology, a comprehensive method
a wide variety of methods used only for product validation study can take three to six
analytical technologies characterization or comparability months and result in extensive costs
are used to assess the studies, may simply be qualified (22). A less-complex qualification
physiochemical and functional for their intended use (2021). For study for the same assay might be
characteristics of the product. As several years there has been completed in less than three weeks at
considerable debate in the a considerably lower cost. Other
biotechnology community and at opinions on test method validation
PRODUCT FOCUS: ALL BIOLOGICS times there have been inconsistent call for devoting greater experimental
PROCESS FOCUS: ANALYTICAL TEST expectations within the agency time and effort (and therefore cost)
METHOD DEVELOPMENT regarding the validation status of on the qualification study than on
assays used under such conditions. the validation exercise. In this
WHO SHOULD READ: ANALYTICAL Even the terminology applied to scenario, method validation consists
LABORATORY PERSONNEL,
R&D, these test methods is varied: of a specified number of method
QA/QC, REGULATORY AFFAIRS characterized, qualified, validated confirmation runs in the end-user
for phase [x], or little v validated. facility. In some companies,
KEYWORDS: CHARACTERIZATION, Despite oblique inferences in a few qualification studies (large or small)
COMPARABILITY, VALIDATION,
current regulatory documents, no are reviewed and approved by
QUALIFICATION, TEST METHODS
single guidance has yet been development scientists, whereas
LEVEL: INTERMEDIATE published to provide a clear, validation studies (large or small) are
consistent approach to this issue. reviewed and approved by those
2 BioProcess International SEPTEMBER 2004
QUESTIONS POSED AT THE CMC FORUM
individuals as well as representatives
from the QC and QA departments. Question: Does your company conduct a method performance assessment
Despite differences in the scope of study before (or instead of, for some methods) full ICH validation?
experimental work, documentation Answers: Attendees unanimously asserted that they do a study of this nature.
formats, and review/approval
practices, the prime objective of these Question: What do you call this type of study?
studies is to demonstrate adequate Answers: Highly varied; qualification, verification, characterization, little v
capability of the test method to meet validation, validation for phase "x", among others
appropriate standards of performance
for its purpose. Question: What do you do in this type of study that is different from complete
FDA or ICH assay validation?
THE CMC STRATEGY FORUM ON Answers: Widely varying strategies, but many common elements (see article text).
TEST METHOD QUALIFICATION
The third Well-Characterized Question: What is the expected outcome of this study?
Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Answers: Varied; assay optimization, assessment of initial method performance
(WCBP) Chemistry, Manufacturing specifications, establishment of system suitability and validity criteria, generation
of a formal designation for the status of the method (e.g., to formally declare it
and Controls (CMC) Strategy
qualified or characterized), training exercise, technology transfer study, or
Forum was held on 24 July 2003 on combinations of these
the campus of the National Institutes
of Standards and Technologies
(NIST) in Gaithersburg, MD, to
discuss these issues related to test qualified test methods. The replacement or modification to
method qualification. As with the attendees then received a set of four those procedures submitted in the
first two CMC Strategy Forums questions to facilitate open approved application and, as
(2324), the California Separation discussions for the remainder of the appropriate, report to us results
Sciences Society sponsored the event forum (see the Questions box). from qualification studies when a
(CaSSS; www.casss.org). More than post approval CMC change is
90 attendees represented large and REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS implemented using the approved
small biopharmaceutical companies, FOR TEST METHOD VALIDATIONS comparability protocol.
government agencies, industry Several existing FDA and ICH Regardless of the final validation
consultants, and academic guidance documents describe the study, FDA expects analytical
organizations. principles of assay validation and methods used in product
The objective of this forum was when to apply them fully. Some of development CMC activities to be
to review a wide variety of those documents also suggest when sufficient to
biotechnology industry practices full test method validation may not assure the safety of the product
and discuss possible regulatory be required: assure that analytical
expectations for test method Phase 1 IND (19): Validation [of information gained in development
qualification versus validation. The specific methods] and established can be reliably related to
goal was to determine whether specifications ordinarily do not need commercial manufacturing
common elements among the to be submitted at the initial stage provide a sufficient foundation
strategies typically used could of drug development. for method validation when
provide at least a minimal set of Process validation (20): It is appropriate during development or
benchmarks to reference when important that the test by the time of submission of the
conducting or reviewing test methodology be qualified to assure products marketing application.
method qualification protocols. The that the test results are objective and
first part of the forum consisted of accurate. WHEN IS TEST METHOD
overview comments from senior Comparability Protocols (21): In VALIDATION REQUIRED?
CBER and CDER representatives some instances, analytical To meet these expectations, and
regarding current regulatory procedures are used in the when it is feasible and appropriate,
guidelines related to test method characterization and/or assessment companies should follow the
validation and considerations for of the functionality of a product, recommendations for the full
different method applications. but not for batch release or for validation of an assay. The
Following the FDA presentations, process control (e.g., NMR Regulatory Considerations box
examples presented by speakers spectroscopy, carbohydrate illustrates when completely
from Amgen, Merck, and an structural analysis, attachment site validated assays are required by
independent pharmaceutical determination). If you specify these regulations or recommended by
consultant pointed to elements they analytical procedures in a guidance and when assays might not
have found crucial to the successful comparability protocol, we be fully validated. These
design and implementation of recommend that you provide any
SEPTEMBER 2004 BioProcess International 3
Figure 1: Possible timing for assay qualifications that lead to validation developed or optimized, so a
rational, scientifically based
approach seems most sensible for
such assays at an early stage of
development.
Although not a focus of this
meeting on assays to address product
quality, it was illustrated that assays
to support clinical studies, especially
those that support safety (e.g.,
immunogenicity) are generally
expected to be fully validated.
Clinical laboratories have to be
compliant with clinical assay
requirements produced by bodies
such as CLIA (26) and NCCLS (27).
Forum participants generally
agreed that the typical window for
using qualified methods occurs early
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS in the development cycle, as
FOR TEST METHOD VALIDATION early on in the drug development Figure 1 shows. Typically, methods
process. For example, process are validated during phase 3 studies
WHERE COMPLETE ASSAY VALIDATION development assays used to assess in preparation for conducting
IS REQUIRED:
viral clearance or viral inactivation conforming validation studies and
Lot release assays
procedures require validation before for submitting a marketing
Raw material, in process, and their use with phase 1 clinical application. Validation of critical
excipient testing materials if following GLP as assays (e.g., potency) may be
Stability methods for defining recommended (25). required before phase 3 to assure
expiration dates/holding times Determining what assays can the quality of biologics used in
GLP study assays assess safety is not always those pivotal studies and to provide
Clinical study assays? straightforward because some a stronger link of critical quality
(Immunogenicity?) product assays (e.g., identity and parameters to the safety and efficacy
purity) can detect changes that could of the products.
WHEN THE EXTENT OF ASSAY potentially affect product safety. When it is unnecessary to have a
VALIDATION IS DEPENDENT ON OTHER Typically, greater confidence is (fully) validated method, at a
FACTORS: needed for assays that directly assess minimum the assay must be
Assays for quality assessment known safety attributes such as scientifically sound, generally
Stability methods for defining product QC microbial methods (e.g., suitable for its intended purpose and
expiration dates/holding times sterility or bioburden). Such assays stage of product development, and
up to marketing application often follow official compendial capable of generating reliable
submission procedures (the US Pharmacopeia, results. These are similar to many
Comparability and for example), and when followed as but not all of the goals for
characterization assays written in a user laboratory, they do completely validated assays. The
Clinical study assays? (phase not require performance of complete difference largely rests in the
dependent? biomarkers, validation. It must be noted that the ongoing confidence in the results
immunogenicity?) suitability of these methods, as with and therefore in the amount of
any compendial method, has to be operational robustness needed in
determined under actual conditions the validation. When assessing assays
requirements or recommendations of use (e.g., interference from the during development, regulators look
clearly depend on several factors, test article in a sterility test at several factors that influence the
including the stage of product method) (7). amount of validation required.
development and the intended use It must also be considered that These include factors such as assay
of the assay. There is no single some assays used for GLP or early complexity, criticality, intended
algorithm, because some assays, safety studies may not be amenable purpose (e.g., safety assessment or
especially those used for GLP to validation to the extent expected characterization, release), and stage
animal toxicology or related safety for assays at licensure. Assays used of development.
studies, are expected to be validated, to characterize a product at the
despite such studies occurring very preclinical stage (e.g., potency
assays) are unlikely to be completely
4 BioProcess International SEPTEMBER 2004
WHAT DISTINGUISHES
Table 1: Matrix example for qualification activities; (X) = typically included; others may be needed
QUALIFICATION FROM VALIDATION? in some cases
A key question posed by this CMC Qualify
Strategy Forum was, How do your Qualify Compendial
qualified and validated methods Qualify Qualify Qualify Method Method (New
New Analyst New Lab Method (New) (Commercial) Sample Type)
differ from one another? Although
the specific details varied greatly, Requirements Training Transfer Qualification Validation Verification
many common elements emerged System suitability
from the discussions: Assay acceptance X X X X X
For Qualification of a Test Method: Specificity/
There are no predetermined carryover X X X
method performance specifications; Linearity/
however, there may be minimal range X X
method performance capability Precision X X X X
requirements based on an intended Accuracy/
application. recovery (X) (X) X
Qualification studies are used LOD/LOQ (X) (X) (X)
to determine method performance
Standards/samples
capabilities for parameters such as stability X X X
specificity, linearity, accuracy, and
Robustness X
precision as required for an
intended application. Equivalence
comparability of
A method cannot fail results X X X
qualification; it can (and should) be
reoptimized until it can achieve
acceptable performance. fail the validation study unless a ISSUES RELATING TO
If it cannot achieve the clear assignable cause (e.g. analyst TEST-METHOD QUALIFICATION
required performance, it should be error) can be found and corrected. Forum participants also identified
rejected for the application. The rationale for failing a validation several experimental issues frequently
For Validation of a Test Method: study if methods cannot meet addressed in qualification protocols.
Method performance predetermined specifications is Although some of the terms used
specifications should be established simple: If the method cannot below are not identical to those in
before validation begins; validation reliably pass the validation study, the ICH or FDA method validation
should not be a discovery or what confidence is there that it guidance documents, the general
optimization study. would perform reliably under issues many forum attendees typically
Specifications must be met by routine QC conditions? addressed in designing qualification
every validation trial run for the To provide clear guidance to study protocols are specificity,
validation study to pass. assay developers and end-users, relative accuracy, sensitivity,
A method can fail validation; if some companies use a matrix proportionality or limited linearity,
it does, assignable cause for the approach to distinguish among precision, and system suitability.
failure should be investigated and applications and requirements of Specificity (can I detect my
resolved before the method can be method qualification and method molecule in its matrix?): It was noted
considered fully validated. validation (Table 1). The first that experimental confirmation of
In contrast with qualification, it column lists parameters to be assay specificity is the first study
was generally agreed that validation examined, and the remaining some conduct when assessing new
studies are more rigid method column headers list the applications. analytical methods. It prevents an
assessment exercises. Some Each point where a parameter is unpleasant surprise later if the
participants indicated that required to support the specified method fails to distinguish the
validations should not be a time for application of the method is marked analyte from other components
analytical discovery; they should be with an X. The matrix is used to present in the sample, rendering the
a confirmation of (by then) organize several strategies into a assay completely unsuitable for the
demonstrated, predictable assay consistent, comprehensive approach intended use. However, in some
capabilities. Performance that is customized for each intended instances specificity is not a critical
expectations are presented as application. It accounts for the assay parameter because it is
predetermined validation major functions of an analytical supported by other, orthogonal
specifications. As such, validation testing laboratory and provides a analytical methods in the analysis of
experiments are all on the record; clear plan for each method. the product.
that is, if a validation run does not
pass established specifications, it can
SEPTEMBER 2004 BioProcess International 5
Relative accuracy (can I measure Reliance on quality control samples Q.2 What are the appropriate
the abundance of my molecule relative and other system suitability performance characteristics to address?
to some reference point?): It was measures (see below) is a more A common mistake is to select
noted that absolute accuracy might useful approach at this stage. parameters for qualification or
be impossible for early-stage System suitability (how can I ensure validation that are not meaningful
applications because an empirically that my assay system is working when I or to miss potentially critical ones
quantitated product reference perform a run?): It was noted that such as reagent variability. Such a
standard is typically required to get establishment and routine use of mistake seems to happen particularly
true accuracy. Such a standard often meaningful system suitability often with biomolecular methods,
is unavailable until later in measures appropriate to the sample which do not necessarily fit
development. type and analytical technology of a chromatographic validation
Although it may be impossible to method is one of the most critical strategies. They frequently require
obtain absolute quantitation of the tasks of assay development. Because inherently variable, complex
molecule or its impurities during of its value in assessing method reagents and materials. The need for
early development steps, the performance, it should be done as assessment of critical assay materials
capability of a method to distinguish soon as possible in the product during assay development and
defined changes in the amount of development cycle. Some forum qualification is an important process
such substances should be participants noted that evaluating and often takes the form of
demonstrated at least over the initial and establishing meaningful system robustness testing.
expected operating range. suitability measures which some Q.3 Is the performance of the assay
Proportionality or limited linearity maintain are necessary before acceptable for its application? When
(is the signal proportional to the initiating method validation studies the requirements of the product
abundance of my molecule over a least are among the most critical specifications are not factored into
a minimal range, even if the method is outcomes of a test method the choice or optimization of test
not strictly quantitative?): It was qualification study. methods, participants agreed that
noted that full linearity and limit of hindsight is 20/20. The inevitable
detection/limit of quantitation THE SCIENTIFIC outcome of such a serious omission
(LOD/LOQ) might be unnecessary INTEGRITY OF TEST METHODS is to realize (too often, during
in early-stage applications unless the Whether it is qualified or validated, validation) that the assay as-is will
intended use of an assay is to all forum participants agreed that the never be capable of meeting the
quantitate low-level moieties (e.g., if scientific integrity of a method is performance characteristics required
the drug substance and the drug paramount. To focus a method for its intended use or that its
product concentrations are development process, it is important performance-acceptability criteria
significantly different). It was also to consider the following questions will require substantial revision for
noted that the qualification or when selecting and developing any the assay to be used as-is. Acceptable
validation of LOD/LOQ for low- analytical assay. Scientifically-sound performance criteria for any assay
level impurities and degradants approaches to questions such as these should be developed in association
might have to be reiterated many should yield an analytical procedure with the customer be it process
times as the process developers that does what it is intended to do, development, manufacturing,
generate changes in the product. generates adequate data for its regulatory, or clinical to try to
Precision (do I get the same result if application, and provides confidence avoid encountering such issues too
I run this method twice or more using in the results. These are principles late in the process.
the same sample?): It was noted that that good analytical scientists Q.4 Do I have sufficient confidence
although assay precision based on whether in industry or in regulatory in results obtained from this assay?
repetitive testing of one sample does agencies seek to have confirmed This question formed the central
provide a good indication of intra- in test method development records, premise of discussions on using a
assay variability, 10 runs of one including qualification and/or qualified assay in designated
product lot might provide no more validation studies. circumstances. What elements are
confidence of assay suitability than Q.1 What is the objective of the necessary to provide sufficient
would three runs of three lots. In assay? Several attendees knew of evidence that a test method will
addition, the requirements for instances in which the objective of perform reliably under the expected
precision testing of a qualified assay an assay was never actually conditions of use? Is a full
should be based on the needs for established, or was incorrect, validation study as defined by
the assay. If an assay is going to be resulting in a misdirected attempt at current FDA and ICH guidance
optimized over time and not used qualification or validation. A study the only exercise that can provide
extensively during that time, then it protocol should state the objective adequate experimental proof of
seems logical that there is less need of the assay and specify how the suitable assay performance?
for considerable precision testing. study design will ensure that the Or, as some forum attendees
objective of the assay is met. proposed, can an intended use be
6 BioProcess International SEPTEMBER 2004
better defined to allow a partial Figure 2: Evolution of method performance expectations
validation to establish method
performance capabilities within
specified limits? For example, if a
methods intended use is specified as
RP-HPLC Assay to Determine the
Purity of Product X; for Use During
Phase 1 Clinical Trials, the QC use
of this assay must be limited to phase
1 clinical material, not for all future
lots of the product. Assuring
suitability for ongoing QC testing
would entail numerous robustness
experiments under a wide variety of
potential operating conditions. But
by limiting the validated application
to a defined developmental phase,
minimal robustness testing of the
highest risk operating variables
present at that time might adequately
show that the method is capable of
meeting its restricted intended use.
To many, this approach meets the Figure 3: Qualification/validation design strategies during development
fit for use definition of validation
and avoids the use of the confusing
term qualification.
Q.5 How will I objectively
demonstrate that each assay I run is
valid? Whether a method is to be
qualified or validated, forum
participants generally considered
that including assay controls (or test
system suitability measures) is
critical for verifying that meaningful
results are obtained with each run
of the method. In fact, many
believed that until, or unless, a
method is fully validated, system
suitability criteria serve as the
greatest source of confidence in its
reliable valid performance.