LECTURER : DR.

INTAN SUHANA BT MOHD RAZELAN

PROGRAM : BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COURSE AND CODE : HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING (BAA2413)
TEACHING MATERIAL: EXERCISES FOR HIGHWAY TOPICS

TOPIC 1 : STRUCTURAL STRENGHT OF PAVEMENT

1.0 Below table shows the results of a mechanical analysis of a soil. Using
AASHTO method for soil classifications, state weather the soil is suitable
to be used as subgrade of a federal road. Calculate the Group Index of
the soil as well.

Mechanical Analysis
Sieve Percent Plasticity
No. Passing Tests
4 80 LL = 48%
10 78 PI = 20%
40 82
100 65
200 70

1.1 Below table shows the results of a laboratory test on three inorganics soils.
Calculate the Group Index of each soil and state weather the soils are
suitable to be used as subgrade of road constructions.

Sieve Size Soils Number

1 2
% passing
No.10 100 100
No.40 85 85
No.60 2 15
No.200 50 1
No.270 45 0.5
Plasticity
characteristics
Liquid Limit 35 31
Plasticity Index 5 2

1.2 A sample of soils has 30% passing no.200 sieve , a liquid limit of 50
and a plasticity index of 30. Calculate the Group Index of the soils.
TOPIC 2: HIGHWAY MATERIALS

2.0 An aggregate sample with below characteristics is intended to be used in

construction of new road connecting Kuantan and Pekan. Calculate the bulk
specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and percentage of moisture
absorptions of this aggregate sample.

Dry mass = 1220.6 gm

Mass in Saturated Surface Dry Condition = 1237.5gm
Volume of aggregate (excluding volume of absorbed water) = 440.0cm3

2.1Following are the results of gradation test on three sources of aggregates.

Combined these aggregates to give a gradation falling approximately in
the centre of the specification.

Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate Specificatio

A B C n
Passing
100% 100%
25mm
19mm 92% 90-100%
9.5mm 41% 100% 100% 50-75%
4.75mm 19% 77% 96% 35-55%
2.36mm 7% 60% 79% 30-60%
600m 4% 42% 40% 16-40%
300m 2% 36% 16% 8-25%
75 m 1% 28% 3% 3-6%

2.2 Below Table shows the results of a gradation test on three sources of
aggregates. With an objective to produce a dense graded asphalt mix,
combined these aggregates to give a gradation falling approximately
between 45-55% of the specifications.

Aggregate Aggregate Aggregat Specificati

Passing
A B eC on
25mm 100% 100%
19mm 82% 90-100%
9.5mm 45% 100% 100% 50-75%
4.75mm 23% 80% 88% 35-55%
2.36mm 6% 50% 65% 30-60%
600m 5% 32% 35% 16-40%
300m 0% 23% 9% 8-25%
75 m 5% 19% 0.5% 3-6%

2.3 With proper sketch, discuss the difference between Oven Dry, Dry,
Saturated Surface Dry and Wet conditions of a aggregate samples.
TOPIC 3 : MARSHALL MIX METHOD

3.0Table 1 gives results of a Marshall trial mix.

Asphalt Density Stability Air Voids VMA
3
Content (kg/m ) (N) (%) (%)
(%)
5 2365 6030 6.8 18.8
6 2388 7860 5.0 16.6
7 2398 6750 3.9 15.6
8 2386 4500 3.2 16.2
Table Q2

i. Plot the Marshall Trial Mix test results.

ii. Find the optimum asphalt content based on Asphalt Institute and US
Department of Transportation to meet the suggested requirement
for a surface course of a medium-traffic area.

3.1 The optimum asphalt binder content can be determined based on the
combined results of Marshall stability and flow test, density and voids
analysis. Explain the following relationship that will normally be observed
from the combined tests.

i. Density vs. Asphalt Content

ii. Stability vs. Asphalt Content
iii. VMA vs. Asphalt Content
iv. VFA vs. Asphalt Content

3.2 Plot the results from the table below and check whether this mix meet the
requirements for high volume traffic road.

% Density Stability (N) Flow (mm) Air Voids (%) VMA (%)
AC (kg/m3)
5 2400 6101 1.9 7.0 19.2
6 2424 7866 2.7 6.2 17.1
7 2456 6430 3.5 5.0 16.0
8 2512 4890 4.9 3.9 15.5

3.3 What is mineral filler? Why is it important?

3.4 What properties of aggregate are important to ensure high degree of skid
resistance in pavement surface? Why?

3.5 Specifications for asphalt concrete often minimum and maximum value for
allowable air voids. What will happen if the value for air voids is too high?
TOPIC 4 : PAVEMENT THICKNESS DESIGN (ATJ METHOD)

4.1 Based on the given data below, design the thickness of the pavement for
a new
proposed road connecting Gambang to Maran by using Arahan Teknik
(Jalan) 5/85.
Please refer to Arahan Teknik Jalan 5/85 for theguidelines.
Average daily traffic (ADT) = 4400
Carriageway width = 7.5 m
Shoulder width = 2.0 m
Terrain = Rolling
Percentage of commercial vehicles, Pc = 45%
Annual rate of traffic growth, r = 6.5%
CBR sub grade = 4%
Equivalence factor = trunk road
Road types = 2-way, 2 lane road

4.2 With an expansion of Gambang Town, the existing road connecting

Gambang to Kuantan are expected to be insufficient. Based on the given
data below, design the thickness of the pavement for a newly proposed 2-
way 3-lanes road connecting Gambang to Kuantan by using Arahan
Teknik (Jalan) 5/85. Please refer to APPENDIX 2(a)-2(d) for guidelines.
Average daily traffic (ADT) = 7700 veh/day/direction
Carriageway width = 7.5 m
Shoulder width = 2.0 m
Terrain = Rolling
Percentage of commercial vehicles, Pc = 55%
Annual rate of traffic growth, r = 7.5%
CBR sub grade = 4%
Equivalence factor = 2.0
Sub base is strengthened with crushed aggregate
Base is made of existing bituminous macadam (Type 1)
4.3 Name and sketch all types of joints existed in a rigid pavements having to
sustain the load from low volume traffic.

TOPIC 5 : HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN (VERTICAL ALIGNMENT)

5.1 A vertical curves connects tangent of G1 = +2% and G2 = -6% that

intersect at station 58 +25.80 having elevation of 128.64 m. The vertical have to
be 900 m long. What is the elevation at station 59 + 00?

5.2 A plus 3% grade intersects a minus 2.0% grade at station 4+350 and at an
elevation of 190.500m. Given that a 250m length of curve is utilized. Determine
station and elevation of PVC and PVT, station and elevations at highest point of
the curves and elevations at every 15m station. Sketch your calculated curves by
incorporating all the necessary info.

5.3 A vertical curves is to be designed to join a +4% grade with a -2.5% grade
at a section of a newly proposed road project near Universiti Malaysia Pahang,
Pekan Campus. The minimum length of curve is prohibited at 300m. Calculate
the minimum sight distance available for the driver to safely stop their vehicles
once obstructions are sighted.

5.4 State the difference between below types of sight distance.

i. Stopping sight distance

ii. Passing sight distance

iii. Decision sight distance

5.5 A plus 4% grade intersect with minus 3% grade at station 3+20 and at an
elevations of 310.25 m. Given that the length of curve is restricted at 180 m,
determine the station and elevations at the highest point of the curve.

5.6 Calculate a stopping sight distance over a crest curve having length of
curve of 450 m with plus grade of 5.6 and minus grade of 3.2.
TOPIC 6 : HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENTS

6.1 A simple circular curves of the dual carriageway is to be designed with a

design speed of 110km/h. Given also, the super-elevation on the circular
curve is 0.055, the balances 40% of the centrifugal ratio, the angle of
intersection is 50o, radial acceleration is 0.37, the road is in rolling terrain
and the station at point of intersection is 50+28. Determine following
design variables for this curve.

i. Radius of Curve.
ii. Hand Off Speed.
iii. Length of transition curve.
iv. Total length of road alignment.
v. Station at point of tangent
vi. Station at point of curvature

6.2 A highway is having a design speed of 90 km/h. With a super-elevation

rate of 0.065 and balances of 40%,, calculate the radius of curve for this
highway.

6.3 What super-elevations would you suggest for a roadway having design
speed of 110km/h and radius of curve of 400 m. Assume frictional force is
0.15.

6.4 Transition curves are normally provided in a highway to adjoin between

straight road and circular curve of highway. In certain cases, transition
may be omitted. List down FIVE (5) conditions where the transition curve
may be omitted.
6.5 Superelevation of 0.05 is applied to a single carriageway of a 2-lane road
on a horizontal curve by rotation about the center line. Based on the
design speed limit for Federal Road and the superelevation on the circular
curve is 0.06 and the balance 40% of the centrifugal ratio. Assume the
most suitable radial accelerations to be used and the angle of intersection
is 45 degree. Calculate :

a. The radius of the curve

b. The length of transition curve
c. The total length of the road alignment
d. The hand-off speed
6.6 New expressway has been proposed for connecting Kuantan and Muadzam
Shah. The data for a designing a simple circular curve between KM 15 and
KM 17 has been collected as follows:

Angle of intersection = 30o

The road is on a level terrain
The curve is not restricted by any external distance
The curve is not restricted by any tangent distance
The point of intersections is at station 20 + 30

Based on the above data, calculate the following items for a simple
circular curve. Draw complete circular curve to support your final answer.

i) Radius of curve
ii) Length of tangent
iii) Length of curve
iv) Stationing at point of curvature
v) Stationing at point of tangent