Tineer Ahmed

G/T Intern/Mentor
01/09/17
Annotated Source List

APEC Water. (1999). Chlorobenzene- Drinking Water Contaminants, Facts/Removal Methods.

Retrieved from
http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water-contamination/chlorobenzene-contaminants-re
moval-water.html

This article explains addresses the regulations of chlorobenzene in drinking water.

Chlorobenzene is an organic liquid that is detected by its almond-like smell and colorless
appearance. It is primarily used for organic chemicals, coloring purposes, and insecticides, but it
can function as a solvent for adhesives, drugs, rubber, paints and dry-cleaning. In the
environment, the chlorobenzene slowly evaporates or degrades into the groundwater because it
does not bind to the soil. The Safe Drinking Water Act in 1974 set the Maximum Contaminant
Level Goal for chlorobenzene at .1 parts per million to prevent possible health risks and
exposure. Because this was a non-enforceable standard, the EPA issued a Maximum
Contaminant Level (MCL). Also implemented at .1 ppm, the MCL is the lowest required
quantity of contaminants that can be removed from water systems. Overall, these drinking water
measures are called National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Additionally, in the 1990s,
the EPA required water suppliers to gather and analyze water samples every 3 months of a single
year and inspect if chlorobenzene is present. If its levels are above the MCL, the water supplier
must remove chlorobenzene with EPA approved treatment method of combining the
contaminated water with powdered activated charcoal. Although there is little information on the
health effects of this pollutant, it is known that microbes are found in fish and food products. The
potential short-term effects of chlorobenzene are anesthetic-like effects and weakened liver and
kidney operations; the long-term effects, which is a lifelong contact of chlorobenzene above the
MCL, are damage to the kidney, central nervous system, and liver.
This factsheet answers the main questions a researcher would have of chlorobenzene.
This is a trustworthy source because it cites U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a primary
contributor to the information. The key terms are explained throughout the article, so this is an
excellent tool for referencing related words to chlorobenzene.

Balcke, G. U., Turunen, L. P., Geyer, R., Wenderoth, Dirk. F. and Schlosser, D. (2004),
Chlorobenzene biodegradation under consecutive aerobicanaerobic conditions. FEMS
Microbiology Ecology, 49: 109120. doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2003.08.014

This article focuses on experiments relating to the biodegradation of monochlorobenzene

at Bitterfield under anaerobic and anaerobic conditions. Oxygen is a terminal electron acceptor
that will provided through the gas phase, in situ aeration; liquid phase, in hydrogen peroxide
amendments; or solid phase, in oxygen release compounds. Amount of dissolved oxygen in
groundwater is determined by hydrostatic pressure, temperature, partial pressure of oxygen and
salinity. Other biogeochemical processes, such as oxidation of ferrous iron or mineral surfaces
may compete for oxygen. Oxygen amendment can result in additional acid forming processes,
affecting the composition and degradation of the indigenous microbial communities. For the
experiment, a biochemical oxygen demand measurement system contained 250 ml of solution.
The oxygen concentrations and pressure sensors calculated oxygen demand; then, the MCB
concentrations were analyzed by a gas chromatography. The results of the experiments were that
100% of MCB in the oxic batch was converted along with 60% of the pertinent oxygen was
consumed.
This is a useful source to a researcher interested in individualized cases of water
contamination. One would utilize this as a real-life example of when anaerobic biodegradation is
important.

Boopath, R. (2000). Factors limiting bioremediation technologies. Bioresource Technology, 74,

63-67. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00144-3

This review paper highlights aspects that restrict bioremediation technologies.

Bioremediation is a treatment plan that incorporates microorganisms to eliminate or reduce the
concentration of unsafe materials on polluted areas. Bioremediation technologies are classified
under ex situ and in situ. Ex situ physically removes contaminated material, while in situ
involves treating the material at its natural place. Some examples of these types of
bioremediation are biofilters, which are columns that use microorganisms to treat air emissions;
bioaugmentation, which adds bacteria for contamination treatment; and bioventing, which
removes oxygen from soil to activate microbial movement. There are potentially 32,000 sites in
the nation, so there is a stress on alternative approaches of disposal. Bioremediation depends on
the placement of microbes, specifically bacteria or fungi, and appropriate environmental factors
to degrade the pollutants. The advantages of this treatment are less expensive, disruption, and
risks. The limitations are that the chemicals are not compliant, like heavy metals, radionuclides,
and some chlorinated compounds. Also, the increased rate of contaminants can produce toxic
metabolites.

This source is trustworthy because it provides different perspectives of bioremediation

and provides in-depth examples. This is valuable to a researcher when he or she must investigate
the solutions regarding contaminants at sites.

El Fantroussi, S. & Agathos, S.N. (2005). Is bioaugmentation a feasible strategy for pollutant
removal and site remediation? Current Opinion in Microbial Biology, 8, 268-275. doi:
10.1016/j.mib.2005.04.011

This article investigates the effectiveness of bioaugmentation. Microorganisms can

degrade man-made organic contaminants to make it less harmful during the in site remediation.
For this process, the addition of genetically created bacteria discontinues the potential of toxic
pollutants. Hindering factors can include chemical makeup and concentration of pollutants,
accessibility of microorganisms, and the physicochemical characteristics of the environment.
Although bioaugmentation is commonly used in agriculture, it is still an experimental technique.
The environments state affects the performance of bioremediation due to the complex
relationship between biotic and abiotic factors, such as survival and migration. Sterile soil is
more suitable for external microorganisms than natural soil; other biotic elements are
competition for nutrients or electron receivers and the sprouting of organic compounds from
roots. In order to establish a long-term establishment in the soil, environmentalists must consider
the ecological destiny by the metabolic niche and protection from unfavorable circumstances by
the construction in a biofilm.
This article is a repetitive in its discussion about bioaugmentation. The authors reword
some phrases in between paragraphs with elevated language, which is confusing to a reader
when deciphering it. The article does provide examples of bioaugmentation, but there needs to be
more details about the effects of the remediation plan.

Hohn, Donovan. (2016, August). Flints Water Crisis and the Troublemaker Scientist. The New
York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/21/magazine/flints-water-crisis-and-the-troublemaker-s
cientist.html?_r=0

This feature article is about Marc Edwards, an unconventional scientist and Virginia Tech
professor of civil and environmental engineering, and his stance on the recent lead case in
Michigan. Edwards is peculiar in his outlook of advocating; he addresses his audience with
gruesome names to emphasize that people need to be aware of the multiple accounts of water
contamination in the last few years. He has a reputation of taking a stand in studying dated,
problematic waterworks across the nation, but his most prominent case is Flints water crisis.
Flint, Michigan erupted as a case in 2014 when the city discontinued buying filtered water from
Detroit and began pumping from its polluted river. As a result, Flint violated the Safe Water
Drinking Act four times and killed 12 citizens. Eventually, the failure of adding corrosion
inhibitors, chemicals that provide an antibacterial barrier, introduced lead into the water and
exceeded safety standards in 5,000 Flint homes. Edwards took advantage of demonstrating to the
public the detrimental effects of lead as other scientists avoided the political controversy. To
oppose him, the Michigan officials initially dismissed Edwards study as a reckless accusation.
Edwards continued to post on his website advice to Flint residents, along with his view on the
corrupt state of Michigans government. In response to Edwards advocacy, Michigan Governor
Rick Snyder appointed the Virginia Tech scientist to retest and restore the citys water. Edwards
research team volunteered to resample the same 271 taps as done the previous summer, but they
noticed that many of the same residents moved out of their Flint homes. With fewer people
opening their taps, the corrosion inhibitors will take a longer process to work through the water
pipes. As a result, the research was flawed- although Flint residents continued to report the
symptoms like rashes and hair loss after they stopped drinking the city water. The complaints
compelled the state and federal public-health officials to begin a new investigation. When
Edwards tested the blue-tinted water causing red splotches to appear on Lulu Brezeells skin, he
found that it was dissolved copper, which is harmless. Professor Marc Edwards plans to continue
to advocate for the end of the oppression of Flint residents, but he is now more focused on the
scientific evidence rather than vocal motives of his research studies.
This article is useful to a research student wanting to learn more background on Professor
Edwards and his impact on the Flint water system. The article is a chronologically structured
timeline that showcases in detail Edwards work in Flint, Michigan. The author is trustworthy
because of his use of direct quotes and statistics.

John J. McKetta Jr. (1993). Chemical Processing Handbook. Austin, Texas: CRC Press.
 This book highlights the physical and chemical properties of chlorobenzene. Although
insoluble in water, this colorless liquid can be dissolved only in chloroform, alcohol, benzene,
and carbon disulfide. Chlorobenzene includes six chlorine atoms, yet the atom is unreactive in
room temperature and pressure. O- and p-dichlorobenzene form when the chlorination of
chlorobenzene is in the presence of a catalyst. In the process of chlorination,
monochlorobenzene becomes dichlorobenzene and trichlorobenzene. O-Dichlorobenzene has
similar properties as that of chlorobenzene. In a batch chlorination experiment, benzene and
monochlorobenzene are mixed with iron trichloride and carbon disulfide, resulting in a negative
relative rate of chlorination by temperature. However, the difference of o- and p-dichlorobenzene
equals the sum of those mole fractions of benzene and monochlorobenzene To calculate the
concentrations of monochlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, and unreacted benzene, the reaction
kinetics for several degrees of chlorination and rate variable must be known. With more
chlorinated products, the formation is in insignificant amounts under the commercial conditions.
This book section is advanced in its language regarding chlorobenzene. Most of the text
were in reference to graphs, charts, and equations, so if a researcher were to incorporate this
source in his or her study, he or she would primarily need to attain an advanced mathematical
and chemical background.

Johns Hopkins University. (2016). New Johns Hopkins academic program to focus on solutions
to health risks linked to the environment. Retrieved from
ttp://hub.jhu.edu/2016/08/31/environmental-health-engineering-department/

This article focuses on the merge between the Department of Geography and
Environmental Engineering and the Department of Environmental Health at Johns Hopkins
University. Previously, Environmental Health was assigned under Bloomberg School of Public
Health, while Environmental Engineering was under Whiting School of Engineering. This newly
developed research department is the only Hopkins program that incorporates engineering and
public health. These majors are related in the sense that environmental factors- like climate
change- contribute to more than 100 diseases and conditions- like asthma-, according to the
World Health Organization. The unique department will include 82 faculty members along with
264 students, ranging from undergraduate to PhD. With a greater access to innovative systems
and technology, the collaboration will address environmental and human threats. In addition,
Whiting School alumni, Yu Wu and Chaomei Chen, awarded the new department with a $1
million gift. With this added budget, the dean of Whiting School of Engineering is expecting
more evolutionary discoveries in research activities, while maintaining its offer in master's and
doctoral degrees in public health and undergraduate to graduate degrees in environmental
engineering. The implementation of the new department will introduce new degrees programs,
courses and specialized faculty positions.
This article is useful for a prospective student interested in the Department of
Environmental Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. The source is informative, so it
contains no bias towards the university and the department. This article includes details about the
new department, so a student reading this article would learn about the differences between the
past departments and this current one.
Kueper, B.H., Leharne, S.A., Lerner, D.N., Smith, J.W.N., & Wealthall, G.P. (2003). An
illustrated handbook of DNAPL transport and fate in the subsurface. Environmental
Agency, 133, 1-10. Retrieved from
https://clu-in.org/conf/itrc/dnaplpa/dnapl_handbook_final.pdf

This article is an overview of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). Before the
twenty-first century, chemical manufacturers suggested to industries to dispose excess
chlorinated solvents and additional products of distillation onto dry ground to allow the materials
to evaporate. This practice contributed to the contamination of DNAPLs in groundwater and soil.
Scientists did not notice the contamination of DNAPLs until 1980s because of the lack of
technology directed toward detecting low concentration organic compounds. In contrast to light
non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs), this slightly soluble liquid has a higher density than water,
so it resides on the surface of the ground. At their source zones, DNAPLs can travel vertically
and horizontally. Common DNAPLs are creosote, coal tar, PCB oils and chlorinated solvents;
the uncommon classes are mercury and crude oils. DNAPLS are classified by their solubility in
water, vapor pressure, mass density, consistency, surface tension in water, constituents, and the
degree of wetting. In addition to the DNAPL body, residual DNAPL is formed at the tail of the
main body. The complication of residual DNAPLs is that scientists cannot draw them because of
their immobile state. This organic substance ranges between 1 and 10 grain diameters and occurs
when there are pore-scale instabilities in the water. Overall, DNAPLs and their residues are
among groundwaters and soil, but the extraction of these components are complex due to the
properties of DNAPLs.
This article outlines the main attributes of DNAPL in a manner that is understandable to
an inexperienced researcher in the environmental field. There is minimal jargon in the article,
and its text further explains the diagrams pertaining to the topic. A concern the researcher should
address is the publication date of the article: DNAPLs could be less of a concern in 2016 than in
2003.

Lim, Celine. (2016, April 28). Unearthing the mysteries of groundwater. Eco-Business.
Retrieved
from http://www.eco-business.com/news/unearthing-the-mysteries-of-groundwater/

This article reveals the Professor Cherrys discoveries concerning groundwater.

Groundwater is commonly located in the underneath layer of soil and fractured rocks. This type
of water makes up 95% usable source, so more than half of the world is dependent on
groundwater. Hydrogeologist and professor John Anthony Cherry chose his area of research in
chemistry of groundwater. To rework the typical geologic methods used for contaminated
groundwater research, Professor Cherry applied drilling, chemical-based experiments, and
equations relating to groundwater flow for his assessment of nuclear waste burial sites. His
collaboration with both sectors of the field allowed him to unearth new field measurement
techniques. Cherry continued onto founding the Borden Groundwater Field Research Facility in
1978 in order to create a space for long-term research. The teams investigations were brought to
peoples attention out of the laboratory, further creating an educational relationship with those
not in the science or policy-making field. Cherry unearthed that contaminants travel in
low-permeability, clay-infatuated sites that disrupts the flow of groundwater; thus, the chemical
components are in control of diffusion than circulation. These sites are named aquitards, and
their groundwater can age up to millions years old. In the 1980s, to bring more opportunities to
learn from research, Cherry created a university for graduate students and focused on
contaminated groundwater at industrial sites. Later on, Professor and his team came across dense
non-aqueous liquids (DNAPLs), which are commonly incorporated in dry cleaning and auto
repairs. However, he was more concerned with the negative effects of hydraulic fracturing or
fracking; this disruptive process drills and pressurizes liquids into the ground to crack rocks and
release natural gas. In his current time as an anti-fracking involver, Professor Cherry urges the
government to increase the budget on this problem. Although Cherry is retired, he still believes
environmental sustainability needs to embed the consciousness of groundwater.
This article does an appropriate representation of Professor Cherrys career. The
chronologically ordered timeline provides in detail the efforts Cherry conducted in relation to
groundwater. The language of the article is simplistic, and it is trustworthy because of the lack of
bias.

McGuire, T. M., McDade, J. M. and Newell, C. J. (2006). Performance of DNAPL Source

Depletion Technologies at 59 Chlorinated Solvent-Impacted Sites. Ground Water
Monitoring & Remediation, 26: 7384. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6592.2006.00054.x

This article evaluates remediation techniques to eliminate dense nonaqueous phase

liquids (DNAPL) from source zones. The four technologies are chemical oxidation, enhanced
bioremediation, thermal treatment, and surfactant/cosolvent flushing. In situ is a type of
DNAPL destruction that occurs for chemical oxidation and enhanced bioremediation. There
needs to be an additional oxidant, like hydrogen peroxide, present to chemically react with the
DNAPL during chemical oxidation. For enhanced bioremediation, an electron donor is supplied
during the microbial process to accelerate the biodegradation. On the contrary, thermal treatment
and surfactant/cosolvent flushing technologies resolve contamination at source zones with ex situ
treatment, so the non-destructive phase approach increases DNAPL mobility until the
groundwater is recovered. Thermal technologies frequently implemented are steam heating and
electrical resistive heating, both of which increase the volatilization rates of the DNAPL zone
with heat. Although in situ is more aggressive, there are advantages, such as reduced human
exposure risk by reduction of DNAPL concentration and minimized remediation time. The
EPAs documentation of all the technologies performance and cost is incompetent in evaluating
its effectiveness, so applications will rely on comparisons of groundwater concentration prior
and after treatment until there is a better approach on this study.
This article is useful to a researcher the various chlorinated compound remediation plans.
This section provides an overview of the differences and similarities of the techniques, as well as
provides an explanation for its operation.

Montgomery, J. H. (2007). Groundwater Chemicals Desk Reference, Fourth Edition. Retrieved

from https://books.google.com/books?id=AbLpHq-V9j4C&pg=PA236&dq=Chloroben
zene&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUvsa73ZfQAhUj5YMKHRnOBjAQ6AEINTAF#v
=onepage&q=Chlorobenzene&f=false
 This book is a reference of chemicals in groundwater, and this section focuses on
chlorobenzene. This clear, colorless liquid can be nasally detected at 40 degree Celsius at 190
ug/L and orally detected at 25 degree Celsius at 190 ug/L. Its melting point is -45.6 degree
Celsius, and boiling is 187.3 degrees. Its vapor density is 4.60 g/L at 25 degree Celsius. Its
half-life is greater than 900 years. Chlorobenzene is soluble in ethanol, benzene, carbon
tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, and methylene chloride. In the biological setting, about 30
percent of added chlorobenzene is mineralized to carbon dioxide. Pseudomonas species, a
randomized amount of soil bacteria, changes chlorobenzene into chlorophenol. When anaerobic
chlorobenzene reacts with Fentons reagent, it forms chlorophenols, dichlorobiphenyls, and
phenolic polymers; when aerobic, chlobenzoquinone, chlotinated, and unchlorinated diols are
the products. In a controlled setting, when chlorobenzene at 5 mg/L concentration is incubated in
yeast extract and water water without a light source at 25 degree celsius, its biodegradation
yields was 89% after one week. Two weeks later, the chlorobenzene yields reached 100%.
This book section is useful to a researcher for understanding the incorporation of
chlorobenzene in an experiment to understand the environmental fate of the organic compound.
The text includes chemistry components, so this is not a dated source. A researcher would utilize
these data points when having to replicate his or her own chlorobenzene-based lab.

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. (2012). Light Non-aqueous Phase Liquid
(LNAPL) Initial Recovery and Interim Remedial Measures Technical Guidance.
Retrieved from http://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/guidance/srra/lnapl_guidance.pdf

This article provides an overview of the basic characteristics of light non-aqueous phase
liquids (LNAPLs), specifically petroleum-based. Four site conditions to consider that can affect
the migration and the recoverability of LNAPLs: texture and size of the rock and soil, the water
characters in rocks like pore content, liquid properties like density, and the interaction of solids
and fluids through permeability. LNAPLs are mobile toward the bottom of wells, so after it was
discharged into or onto the ground, petroleum LNAPL travels downward due to the force of the
gravity. Then, as the LNAPL resettles at the unsaturated or vadose zone, and the capillary action
traps and immobilizes the petroleum LNAPL residue. The body of the LNAPL can accumulate
in order to horizontally spread at the saturated zone. This zone is made up of two levels: water
table and capillary fringe. Water table is slightly below the capillary fringe, so lower pores are
permeated with water due to tension saturation while the top pores are filled with air. Thus,
groundwater from the water table travels up by capillary action to fill the pores of the subsurface
layer. In this situation, the LNAPL can seep through the capillary fringe and restrict the water
table. The LNAPL body will continuously travel laterally until the equilibrium is met, so pore
spaces and water from big pores are scattered in the saturated zone. Petroleum is insoluble in
water, so it will separate within the saturated zone. Scientists observe and measure the LNAPLs
in the well to note other features that differ from the basic chemistry of the liquids.
This article is beneficial to an investigator interested in conditions of petroleum LNAPL
in saturated and unsaturated zones. The vocabulary of this section is comprehensible, but some
terms like capillary action would be foreign to one not exposed to environmental protection
articles. Therefore, this source should not be primarily used as an introduction to LNAPLs.

Pearce, Fred (2013, May 25). Just add seawater. New Scientist, 218, 44-47. Doi:87738723.
 This article describes a Qatari desert greenhouse pilot project run by biologist Joakim
Hauge and his team, which does not use any external water nor electricity; instead, the plants
hydrate off of sunlight and seawater. The mission of the project is projected towards a higher
yield, which benefited after the higher costs of maintaining a greenhouse. Differing from the
conventional greenhouse, this prototype chills, rather than warms, by evaporative cooling.
Because the greenhouse controls the plants environment to be cool and humid, they have a
reduced need for fresh water and a greater for seawater. An affiliated member in this task,
Stephen Clarkson, explained that they are growing 1200 cucumbers per square metre per year.
To desalinate the water for irrigation, a solar power system powers the machinery and provides
the electricity necessary for the crop irrigation. Although this design is expected to yield 720,000
cucumbers in ten years, the greenhouse costs $6 million to build. The purpose of the prototype is
for research rather than commercial; if this type of cultivation were used in the market, it would
be profitable on a large scale. In the future, the team plans to incorporate its findings in
revegetating the desert and restoring the environment. On the other hand, the cheaper and
simpler alternative method is creating trenches that will catch rainwater and protecting
endangered trees. These methods would not be suitable in the desert regions and would not
benefit cash crops, but the scientists are also incorporating the seawater greenhouse to
rejuvenate the desert.
This article included several perspectives from scientists who suggest different
proposals for irrigation. A researcher would incorporate this study in his paper to propose using
technology and natural resources in an unconventional way. The researcher would suggest that
seawater is a key factor in ecosystem restoration.

Shelton, D. R., & Tiedje, J. M. (1984). General method for determining anaerobic
biodegradation
potential. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 47(4), 850857.

This article talks about the general screening method of anaerobic biodegradation under
the EPA guidelines for U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act. The first experiment used incubation
bottle methods and gas measurements. Excess gas volume was CH4 and CO2, which results
from a test chemical being in in a sealed bottle with incubated seed. Gledhill improved the
system by ending measurements of excess gas volume to introduce a pressure transducer to
measure pressure. The 160 ml bottles were dispersed with 50 micrograms of carbon.
Water-insoluble materials set in diethyl ether and dispensed, as water-soluble ones were in water
first. The bottles were incubated at atmospheric pressure after equilibrated at 35 degree Celsius,
Oxygen concentrations are determined by a gas chromatograph as well as a thermal conductivity
detector.
This article is a dense piece for a researcher wanting a basic experiment plan. The jargon
interferes with the comprehension of the measurement and analysis steps. The article lacks
explanation of the certain steps, which causes confusion of the expected results of the
degradation.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Chlorobenzene. Retrieved from
https://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/chlorobe.html

This article describes the uses, effects, and properties of organic compound
chlorobenzene. Also written in the chemical formula C6H5Cl, chlorobenzene molecular weight is
112.56 g/mol. In relation to its physical properties, C6H5Cl occurs as a colorless flammable
liquid, with low solubility and high density in water. The odor of it is aromatic or almond-like,
which is similar to the smell of cyanide. Previously, chlorobenzene mediated phenol and DDT
production. Now, the purpose of C6H5Cl is to act as a solvent, a degreasing agent, and a chemical
intermediate. The primary uses relate to the formulations of pesticide, the manufacture of
diisocyanate, the process of degreasing car parts, and the production of nitrochlorobenzene.
There is limited insight on its short-time effects, but it is known that slight inhalation of C6H5Cl
to animals produces drowsiness, uneasiness, tremors, and muscle spasms. Although there is no
evidence of carcinogenic effects of C6H5Cl, the chronic effects to humans do impact the central
nervous system. One may come in contact with the compound in an urban area from its exposure
in the air during its manufacture and use. The detection of chlorobenzene or its breakdown
products is assessed in a persons urine sample, exhaled breath, blood supply, and body fat
percentage. In an experiment with rats exposed to C6H5Cl through inhalation, the scientists
observed a slight increase in the degenerative testicular, but there was no indication of structural
malformations and developmental toxicant in the rats.
This article is most informative to a researcher in search of a summary of chlorobenzene.
The language in the article is simplified for a researcher to understand without familiarities in its
technical terms. This article does not go in great depth about the chemical aspect of
chlorobenzene, so this is more of an overview of a topic that guides a researcher into a deeper
discussion behind the chemical compound.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2015). Frontier Fertilizer Superfund Sites. Retrieved
from https://clu-in.org/greenremediation/profiles/frontierfertilizer.pdf

This article addresses the Superfunds removal approaches of pesticides, carbon

tetrachloride, and additional contaminants of concern (COCs). To successfully achieve treating
groundwater, the Superfund site must involve the following: Replacement of pump that connects
filtered water through a sewer system after nine years of the pump-and-treat (P&T) startup;
Equipped groundwater remediation pumps at all the extraction wells, which adjusts to motor
speed than energy-expending interrupting pattern; certification in EPA's nationwide Renewable
Energy Certificate (REC) program; incorporation of in situ thermal treatment (ISTT) to
expedite the COC removal with less P&T usage; existence of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) system
since 2007; and formation of federal-state research group on water reuse strategies. As a result of
this green remediation focus, .7 pounds of COCs are removed monthly from 1.54 millions of
gallons of groundwater withdrawn through the system, which is a total of 1,500 pounds since
1995. Also, energy demands are reduced by 25% and 147, 500 pounds of carbon dioxide is not
emitted into the atmosphere. The treatment plans have been proven a success.
This profile of this energy conservation plan is concise yet informative. It outlines the
strategys components and its outcome. The article did not go in-depth about the types of
contaminants, but a researcher would utilize this source to inspire his or her own remediation
study of compounds in groundwater.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006). In Situ and Ex Situ Biodegradation Technologies
for Remediation of Contaminated Sites. Retrieved from
https://clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/dnapl/Treatment_Technologies/epa_2006_
engin_issue_bio.pdf

This article describes technologies applied in in situ bioremediation. Intrinsic type

depends on natural processes to break down pollutants in soil and groundwater without
amendments, while enhanced relies on them. Contaminant widespread, co-contaminant
concentrations, and chemical properties like pH, moisture, and temperature determine the
removal rates and time limit. This biologically mediated method requires monitoring and
considers sustainable site sampling. Natural attenuation (NA) will weaken the concentration,
greatness, toxicity, mobility of products in soil and groundwater. The processes in NA are
dilution, dispersion, sorption, volatilization, chemical reactions such as oxidation and
reduction. Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) needs a site evaluation and model proposal to
determine the stability of the pollutant. Although it is more costly than active remediation, the
advantage of MNA is that it demands examinations without adding any substance to the zone,
but this is only appropriate at controlled sites in applicable time constraints. Enhanced
bioremediation can also be implemented to groundwater and vadose areas. Substances than can
improve the natural degradation include oxygen, electron acceptors, and nutrients.
The article is an excellent resource to a researcher interested in an overview of in situ
bioremediation. The article is concise with the classifications of this type of method, and it is
understandable to a reader being primarily introduced to the topic.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006). In Situ and Ex Situ Biodegradation Technologies
for Remediation of Contaminated Sites. Retrieved from
https://clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/dnapl/Treatment_Technologies/epa_2006_
engin_issue_bio.pdf

This article section describes technologies applied in ex situ bioremediation. Specifically,

solid bioremediation plans include land farming, composting, and biopiles. Land treatment
degrades aerobic pollutants by cultivating a foot layer of the site-contaminated soil. The soils are
aerated and combined with nutrients to enhance the soils tilth and pH. This type of method is
applied in a low lying land unit with an impermeable border lining the bottom and side; the
border catches leachate- liquid that drains from a landfill- and reduce erosion. Land farming is
more effective and inexpensive for perishable contaminants, like fuels, but pesticides and
chlorinated organic materials need greater site-specific treatment testing. Composting,
commonly applied to soils infected with petroleum hydrocarbon and solvents, incorporates
microorganisms in 4050C settings; the thermophilic conditions differentiates composting
from biopiles, which are controlled in less than 40C ranges. For composting, the soils are
digged out and mixed with organic agents, like vegetable biproducts, to improve the solutions
porosity. Composting is not as successful for polychlorinated biphenyls and other highly
chlorinated substances. To enhance the degradation, bulking amendments heat the compost to
level the oxygen and moisture content. In contrast, biopiles contains the mixed soils with
fertilizers in a two meter high impermeable treatment area with an aeration system that lasts for
months.
This article clearly organizes the descriptions of each type of ex situ bioremediation plan
without using complicated details. The sections incorporate references to help the reader
understand the comparisons. This source is suitable for a researcher interested in the specific
types of treatment plans.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2004). Site Characterization Technologies for DNAPL
Investigations. Retrieved from https://clu-in.org/download/char/542r04017.pdf

This article focuses on the technologies and techniques for locating and identifying dense
non-aqueous liquids (DNAPLs). DNAPLs are released from industrial processes, like dry
cleaning and paint removal, and then, they migrate in tiny quantities to accumulate a long-term
groundwater contamination. Remediation plans for DNAPLs are tedious and difficult when
trapped in fractured bedrock; for example, the DNAPLs are found 100 meters subsurface. There
is a greater likelihood of DNAPL site contamination when the the concentration of groundwater
is greater than one percent of the pure-phase solubility; concentration of DNAPL is greater than
one percent of its soil mass or 10,000mg per kg; and evaporative DNAPL in soil is over 100 to
1,000 ppm. Geophysical methods often provide a cost-effective means to gather qualitative and
quantitative information, such as subsurface density, conductivity, and resistivity. Furthermore,
scientists incorporate cross-borehole procedures to improve 2- and 3-D imaging of the
subsurface, which refines the focus on the physical features of the rock unit. Also,
non-geophysical techniques are emerging in characterization of DNAPL sites and access of the
DNAPL found subsurface layer. Technologies associated with both non-geophysical and
geophysical techniques still needs improvement and has not yet been used at a wide scale
application.
This article is useful to a researcher investigating the DNAPL remediation plans. Also,
the article contains charts that are elaborated on in the text. The information is organized in
sections about geophysical and non-geophysical methods, which is feasible to the researcher
wanting a specific detail about a type of method.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2003). The DNAPL Remediation Challenge: Is

There a Case for Source Depletion? Retrieved from
https://clu-in.org/download/remed/600R03143.pdf

This article targets the regulations associated with the remediation process of dense
non-aqueous liquids (DNAPLs). Research of DNAPLs emerged in the mid-1980s, and since the
early 1990s, scientists the presence of DNAPL on the effectiveness of groundwater remediation
improved. DNAPL sites include the contamination of coal tar, creosotes, polychlorinated
biphenyl, and halogenated organic solvents like trichloroethane and tetrachloroethane. According
to the EPA, more than half of Superfund sites are detected with DNAPL. These liquids have a
density greater than the temperature and pressure of water, so their organic components may
pose a threat to the environment. The detection of DNAPL is in the soil or groundwater samples,
so scientists always presume that DNAPL is present when they evaluate and monitor the
maximum concentration tests that are one percent below the effective aqueous solubility. The
SuperFund sites set regulations to return groundwater to decrease its long-term risks and create a
more practical and valuable use for groundwater; the sites set standards that groundwater meets
the expectations of drinking water, which is more strict than the federal requirements. However,
there are no policies that address the accepted qualitative removal, so there is no required amount
that can be eliminated from the contamination sites.
This article is useful to a researcher interested in the SuperFund sites. The information
focuses on the broad outlook of the DNAPL remediation plan, so it does not include specific
details about the steps to remove the contaminated groundwater. The article is a leading tool in
learning more about the chemical breakdown of the DNAPL types.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2003). The DNAPL Remediation Challenge: Is There a
Case for Source Depletion? Retrieved from
https://clu-in.org/download/remed/600R03143.pdf

This article concerns the mass depletion of dense non-aqueous liquids (DNAPLS).
Government owners, like Department of Energy and of Defense, weigh the risks and benefits of
DNAPL management, assuming it meets the health and environment standards, and private
sectors may alter these processes according to the time value of capital. However, regardless of
the type of site proprietor, the explicit benefits of DNAPL source depletion are: attenuating the
future probability of human exposure to high amounts of toxic and mobile DNAPLs; dismissing
the potentially harmful environmental impacts; reducing the price of source depletion type
technologies; and minimizing the costs associated with site cleanup. These advantages can be
attained if there is DNAPL is present and mobile, a low environmental risk to receptors, and a
reduced life span of groundwater filtration. In addition, the implicit benefits are: minimizing
investors concerns; focusing on ecologically-friendly image; lowering risk of failed containment
plans; and reducing uncertainty of management transaction costs. The analysis of DNAPL is
limited to qualitative description as the results of this experiment have been tested in a short
duration of time.
This article answers specific questions associated with major advantages and
disadvantages of DNAPL source cleanup. A researcher would find this information useful when
he or she is creating a potential remediation plan. The article notes that this research is not
commonly tested, so a researcher should focus more into recent cases of DNAPL source
depletion.