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CHAPTER 2 (MATERIAL PROPERTIES) 3 f h/ L 8

( ) ( ) h
p Qi f , Qi 0.3 0.7 1 h/ L 8
L
( ) 1.15 f 1 h/ L
( )
h0
v v0 . vxroll v roll .cos tan
h
Pr 1.15 L w Q fm L R h0 h1
( )
hmean
CHAPTER 3 (BULK DEFORMATION PROCESSES) 0.3 L 0.7 hmean / L 1
eq ln(h0 / h1 )
Ffriction .Fnormal
Q L
k 0.5Y hmean e hmean 1 t sheet
L / vmean
0 0.5(0.577) hmean / L 1
k 0.577Y friction . normal L

friction m.k 0 m 1 T Pr
L v
Power Pr L roll
2 R
pav

h
e 2 a / h 1
pav
1 0.5
a 2 2 fm eq A0
2 a F A0 fm eq tan fm A0 d0 h f 0
Y Y h 3 sin 2
p ( x) a x 1 1 2 2 fm eq A1
1 ln for 0 x x1 F A1 fm eq tan fm A1
Y h 2 2 3 sin 2
A0 A1 di 2
( ) ( ) A 2 , A 0.5 to 0.6
A0 de
h 1
x1 a ln d d r F pe . A0 Qe . fm . A0 with Qe 0.8 1.2 eq
2 2
p av 1 h h
2 R
2
2 R p av R F F Focont frict . F .d0 . friction .l

e 1 1
Y 2R h Y 3 h 1 d b 1
( ) ( ) ( )
zm rm f 1 f 1.(1 .1. i ) f 2 .(1 . ) p punch = ( 1 0.5)
3 b s 2
h h d
f 1 eq1 ln 0 f 2 eq,total eq1 eq 2 ln 0 .1 i
b b 8s
CHAPTER 4 (SHEET FORMING PROCESSES) CHAPTER 5 (MACHINING)
w ln( w w0 ) 1 Ft
r r (r0 r90 2r45 ) tan( - n ) =
t ln( t )
t
0
4 Fc
1
r (r0 r90 2r45 ) w t l 0 Fs Fc cos - Ft sin Fns Fc sin Ft cos
2
Ff Fc sin n + Ft cos n Fn Fc cos n - Ft sin n
0.85 for ductile materials
ac r cos n
shearing stress C1.UTS UTS . 0.65 for less ductile materials rc tan c =Ff / Fn
0.70 average value a0 1 rc sin n

Ps C1 UTS Shearing Area 2 n n
2 4
.d p .h circular punching h w vf d P=E.w=Fc.v As
Ac
a c f cos
Shearing Area= sin
.h straight cutting tan
( )
{
V .(d0 di ).l t
NA OF 1 tc Nt v.t n C
b tensile
w 2. f .v tc
h Rb h OF
2 Rb
Rb 1 cost of tool
2 h Ct cost of grinding/cut. edge
no. of cutting edges usable
Rb R Y R Y
3
2e n
Rb h t pr t l t c t ch n t
Rf
1 3 b 4 b
h E h E
2 en 1
C pr R 0 R m t l t c n t t ch R 0 R m C t
h
1 q 1 Rb n
n tr
2
Rb h Rb 1 h f 2 1 n
t mp t ch vmp C
2q q
b
2
2q R h
f n 1- n tch
2
n
n ( R0 Rm ).tr 1 n Ct
vmc C t mc t ch
R 0 R m
.
h UTS 1-n [tch ( R0 Rm ) Ct ] n
2
d0 (d0 )max
Pb DR LDR
Wb Dp Dp
d
Pd D p h UTS 0 0.7
D
p

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