INNATE IMMUNITY

Our Non-Specific Defenses

References:
1. Immunology by Kuby
2. Microbiology by Tortora
3. Essentials of Immunology by Roitt
Marilen M. Parungao-Balolong
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

Differentiate innate from adaptive immunity

Define important terms related to innate

immunity

Be familiar with the 4 types of defense/

barriers in innate immunity

Be familiar with cells of the innate

immunity and their important roles
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
Susceptibility: Lack of Resistance to a Disease

Immunity: Ability to ward off disease

Innate immunity: Defenses against any pathogen

Adaptive immunity: Immunity, resistance to a specific

pathogen
Recall: the Lymphatic System

Q: Why do you
think your lymph
nodes swell when
there is infection?
4 Types of Defensive Barriers in Innate Immunity
Anatomic/Physical Phagocytic

Physiologic Inflammatory
Anatomic: Skin
Serves as a Physical Barrier

Epidermis consists of tightly

packed cells with KERATIN, a
protective protein

Normal Microbiota:

Microbial antagonism/
competitive exclusion:

Normal microbiota
compete with pathogens
Anatomic:
Mucous
Membranes

Ciliary escalator: Microbes

trapped in mucus are transported
away from the lungs

Lacrimal apparatus: Washes eye

Saliva: Washes microbes off

Urine: Flows out

Vaginal secretions: Flow out

SUMMARY: Skin & Mucous
Membranes
physiologic: low pH & Chemicals
Fungistatic fatty acid Low pH (1.2-3.0) of
in sebum gastric juice

Low pH (3-5) of skin Transferrins in blood

find iron (Bind Serum
Lysozyme in iron)
perspiration, tears,
saliva, and tissue NO inhibits ATP
fluids production
Physiologic:
Temperature (FEVER)
Increased in Body Temperature Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins
that reset the hypothalamus to a high
temperature
Hypothalamus normally set at 37C

Body increases rate of metabolism and

Gram-negative endotoxin cause
shivering which raise temperature
phagocytes to release interleukin1
(IL1)
When IL1 is eliminated, body
temperature falls (crisis)
Physiologic:
Temperature (FEVER)
Advantages Disadvantages

Increase transferrins Tachycardia

Increase IL1 activity Acidosis

Dehydration
 Nice to
KNow:
Sickle Cell
Gene &
Malaria
Resistance
 Differential White
Cell Count

1. Neutrophils: Phagocytic
2. Basophils: Produce histamine
3. Eosinophils: Toxic to parasites and some
phagocytosis
4. Dendritic cells: Initiate adaptive immune
response
5. Monocytes: Phagocytic as mature
macrophages
a. Fixed macrophages in lungs, liver,
and bronchi
b. Wandering macrophages roam
tissues
6. Lymphocytes: Involved in specific
immunity
 To Be
Discussed
Fully in the
next Lecture :
Adaptive
Immunity
phagocytosis

Phago: from Greek, meaning

eat

Cyte: from Greek, meaning cell

Ingestion of microbes or
particles by a cell,
performed by phagocytes
Phagocytic
Barrier

*** PLay
Detailed Video
Who Can Evade This
Process...
Inflammatory
Barriers
Signs & Symptoms: Redness, Pain, Heat,
Swelling (edema)

Processes Involved

Acute-phase proteins activated (complement,

cytokine, and kinins)

Vasodilation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins,

and leukotrienes)

Margination and emigration of WBCs

Tissue repair
What are Released?
Important Steps:
1. Tissue Damage
2. Vasodilation &
Increased Blood
Vessel
Permeability
 3. Migration
4. Tissue Repair

*** PLAY Detailed

Video
the complement system

Serum proteins activated in a cascade *** PLay

Detailed Video
alternative versus
classical

be Familiar with the

Similarities &
Differences...
the lectin pathway
Effects of Complement
Activation

Opsonization or
immune
adherence:
Enhanced
phagocytosis

Membrane attack
complex: Cytolysis

Attract phagocytes
Some Bacteria Can Evade
This Process...

How?

Capsules Prevent C Activation

Surface lipid-carbohydrates prevent

MAC formation

Enzymatic digestion of C5a

Interferons

Host-Cell Specific but not Virus Specific

SO HOW DOES IT STOP VIRUSES???

Alpha IFN and Beta IFN: Cause cells to produce antiviral

proteins that inhibit viral replication

Gamma IFN: Causes neutrophils and macrophages

to phagocytize bacteria
Interferons
To Summarize....
NEXT MEETING:
ADAPTIVE OR
ACQUIRED
IMMUNITY