Soil modelling: South East Asia: October-November 2010

2. Elastic modelling
David Muir Wood
d.muirwood@dundee.ac.uk
 Elasticity

Hooke's law
elastic behaviour in triaxial compression:
drained/undrained
measurement of elastic properties with different devices
elastic anisotropy
elastic nonlinearity hyperelasticity
worked example
If I have seen further it is only by standing on the shoulders of giants. (Newton)
Hooke was Newtons predecessor at the Royal Society of London.
Hooke was a very small man.
 Hookes law
A description of helioscopes and some other instruments. London 1676.

To fill the vacancy of the ensuing page, I have here added a decimate of the centesme of
the Inventions I intend to publish, though possibly not in the same order, but as I can get
opportunity and leasure; most of which, I hope, will be as useful to Mankind as they are
yet unknown and new.
2. The true Mathematical and Mechanichal form of all manner of Arches for Building,
with the true butment necessary to each of them. A Problem which no Architectonick
Writer hath ever yet attempted, much less performed.
abcccddeeeeefggiiiiiiiillmmmmnnnnnooprrsssttttttuuuuuuuux.

3. The true Theory of Elasticity or Springiness, and a particular Explication thereof in

several Subjects in which it is to be found: And the way of computing the velocity of
Bodies moved by them.
ceiiinosssttuu
 Hookes law
To fill the vacancy of the ensuing page, I have here added a decimate of the centesme of
the Inventions I intend to publish, though possibly not in the same order, but as I can get
opportunity and leasure; most of which, I hope, will be as useful to Mankind as they are
yet unknown and new.
2. The true Mathematical and Mechanichal form of all manner of Arches for Building,
with the true butment necessary to each of them. A Problem which no Architectonick
Writer hath ever yet attempted, much less performed.
abcccddeeeeefggiiiiiiiillmmmmnnnnnooprrsssttttttuuuuuuuux.
Ut pendet continuum flexile, sic stabit contiguum rigidum inversum.
(As hangs the flexible chain, so, inverted, stands the rigid arch.)
Ut pendet continuum flexile, sic
stabit contiguum rigidum inversum.

(As hangs the flexible chain, so,

inverted, stands the rigid arch.)

St Peters: Poleni: 1748

 Hookes law
To fill the vacancy of the ensuing page, I have here added a decimate of the centesme of
the Inventions I intend to publish, though possibly not in the same order, but as I can get
opportunity and leasure; most of which, I hope, will be as useful to Mankind as they are
yet unknown and new.
3. The true Theory of Elasticity or Springiness, and a particular Explication thereof in
several Subjects in which it is to be found: And the way of computing the velocity of
Bodies moved by them.
ceiiinosssttuu
Ut tensio sic vis. (As the extension so the force.)

stress
force

extension
strain
 Hookes law

principal stresses and strain increments:

x 1 'x symmetric
1
y 1 ' y
E 1 '
z z

'x 1 x
E
' y 1 y
' 1 1 2 1
z z
 Hookes law

uniaxial tension
Youngs modulus E = (P/A)/(/)
Poissons ratio = (d/d)/(/)
direct observation of elastic constants
 Hookes law

axial symmetry:

a 1 1 2 'a

r E 1 'r

'a E 1 2 a

'r 1 1 2 1 r

compliance/stiffness matrices not symmetric because stress

and strain variables not work conjugate
 Hookes law
separate change of size and change of shape
work conjugate stress and strain variables
p 1 / K 0 p' p' K 0 p

q 0 1 / 3G q
q 0 3G q

bulk modulus: shear modulus:

E E
K G
31 2 21

change of size and change of shape uncoupled

(off-diagonal zeros)
 Hookes law

only 2 independent elastic properties for isotropic material

9KG 3K 2G
E
G 3K 2G 3K
Stiffness in conventional drained triaxial compression

total stress path in conventional compression

(constant cell pressure):

p a 2 r / 3 q a r
q
if r 0 then 3
p

p 1 / K 0 p' p' K 0 p

q
0 1 / 3G q q 0 3G q
 Stiffness in drained triaxial compression

q
3G
q
q
E
a
p G

q K
p
1 2
a
 Stiffness in undrained triaxial compression

no coupling between change of size and change of shape

compression and distortion for isotropic elastic soil
hence, in undrained test pure distortion p'=0 and pore
pressure parameter a = 0 for isotropic elastic soil
conventional triaxial compression q/p = 3 and u = p = q/3
pore pressure from total mean stress alone
effective stress path independent of total stress path
 Stiffness in undrained triaxial compression
q q
in undrained test q a hence 3G
q a

external view of undrained stiffness in terms of total stress increments:

p 1 / K u 0 p

q
0 1 / 3G u q

distortional stress q = a r = 'a 'r and hence Gu = G

Stiffness in undrained triaxial compression

p 1 / K u 0 p




q 0 1 / 3G q
u

p = 0 (undrained)
p arbitrary (external change of total stress)
hence Ku =
Eu 1
Ku u
31 2 u 2
Stiffness in undrained triaxial compression

p 1 / K u 0 p




q 0 1 / 3G q
u

Eu E
Gu G E u 3G
21 u 21

u = 1/2

drained and undrained elastic properties

cannot be chosen independently
 Elastic stiffness from different devices

oedometer
one dimensional compression

E oed
'z
E
1
K 43 G
z 1 1 2
and Ko = /(1-)
 Elastic stiffness from different devices

pressuremeter
direct measurement of shear modulus G
 Elastic stiffness from different devices

4G
plate loading test
R 1

composite stiffnesses do not reveal individual elastic properties

elasticity

simple models assume isotropic linear elasticity

two parameters: E, or G, K
convenient but not necessary
explore possibility of anisotropy
and nonlinearity
anisotropic elasticity
many soils deposited over areas of large lateral extent
implied symmetry: all horizontal directions equivalent:
B, C, D, E
cross anisotropy transverse isotropy
(anisotropy of real soils, after real stress/strain histories
will be more complex)
 different modes of shearing
cross anisotropy

xx 1 / E h hh / E h vh / E v 0 0 0 xx

yy hh / E h 1/ Eh vh / E v 0 0 0 yy
/ E vh / E v 1/ Ev 0 0 0
zz vh v zz
yz 0 0 0 1 / G vh 0 0 yz

zx 0 0 0 0 1 / G vh 0 zx
0 0 0 0 0 21 hh / E h xy
xy

5 elastic properties
triaxial can only find 3: Ev, vh, Eh/(1-hh)
hh? Gvh? could use bender elements
 xx 1/ 2 * / 2 */ 0 0 0 xx

yy * / 2 1/ 2 */ 0 0 0 yy

zz
1 */ */ 1 0 0 0 zz
yz E * 0 0 0 21 * / 0 0 yz

zx 0 0 0 0 21 * / 0 zx
0 0 0 0 0 21 * / 2 xy
xy

Graham & Houlsby 3 parameter cross anisotropy

axisymmetric triaxial conditions p 1 3G * J p'
3K * G * J 2 J K * q
q
1 * 4 * 2 2
K* E *
91 *1 2 *
2
coupling of compression
2 2 * 4 * and distortion
G* E *
61 *1 2 *
1 * * 2
J E*
31 *1 2 *
 xx 1/ 2 * / 2 */ 0 0 0 xx

yy * / 2 1/ 2 */ 0 0 0 yy

zz
1 */ */ 1 0 0 0 zz
yz E * 0 0 0 21 * / 0 0 yz

zx 0 0 0 0 21 * / 0 zx
0 0 0 0 0 21 * / 2 xy
xy

Graham & Houlsby 3 parameter cross p' K * J p

anisotropy
q J 3G * q
axisymmetric triaxial conditions
forcing particular link between cross coupling of compression
anisotropic elastic parameters and distortion
effective stress path in undrained
triaxial compression
2 = 1.52 = Eh/Ev
Winnipeg clay (Graham & Houlsby)
experimental techniques
laboratory geophysics
bender elements
shear wave velocities: time, distance
Vvh = Vhv ? (elastic, symmetry)
alternatively:
small undrained
unload-reload cycles
during drained test
slope of effective
stress path indicates
elastic anisotropy
vertical Eh = Ev, = 1
anisotropy evolves
with stress ratio
Eh 0 at critical state

Hostun sand (Gajo)

Gault clay
evidence of stiffness
anisotropy from bender
elements

Gault clay and Hostun sand

evolution of elastic
anisotropy with stress ratio
cross anisotropy axis of symmetry of anisotropy coincides
with vertical axis of sample
more general anisotropy misalignment of axes sample
distressed boundary measurements may be unrepresentative
it is tempting to assume that things that you choose not to
observe do not exist
 empirical description of elastic nonlinearity or
evolution of anisotropy
hypoelasticity
not necessarily conservative energy
production/dissipation in closed cycles
for example, both G and K functions only of p'

hyperelasticity
thermodynamically consistent
define strain energy density function U
or complementary energy V
U V
i ; i hence stiffnesses
i i
complementary energy function (Boyce, 1980)

n 1
1 1 q

2

V p'
n 1K1 6G1 p'
n 1 n 2 n 2 1

p K 6G 3G1 p'
p'n 1 1 1

1 1 q
q
3G1 3G1

n
constant volume paths p 'o K1 2
1 1 n
p' 6G1
n 1
constant distortional strain paths q p 'o

q o p'

road sub-base material: n = 0.2, = 0.3 (K1/G1 = 2.17)

 Boyce complementary energy function

contours of constant volumetric strain and

constant distortional strain
Cam clay has K dependent on p'
constant is thermodynamically unacceptable
Houlsby strain energy function

U p'r e
p /
3
2 q2
1

p' p
p'
q q

q

constant distortional strain paths: = constant
constant volume paths q 2 6p'i p'p'i
asymptotic to 3 / 2
Houlsby strain energy function

contours of constant volumetric strain and

constant distortional strain
art in choosing energy functions to give desirable properties
when differentiated twice (stiffness or compliance)
varying slope of undrained path may come from nonlinearity
or evolving anisotropy (or both)
subtle tests to distinguish

even more difficult to discover hyperelastic energy functions

to describe evolving elastic anisotropy
nonlinear elasticity or plasticity? (irrecoverable strains)
 Summary

generalised Hookes law one-to-one link between

stress and strain
elastic matrices symmetric with work-conjugate
variables
two independent elastic properties for isotropic
material
deduction of elastic properties from standard tests
evolving anisotropy - nonlinearity
Example: Plane strain isotropic elastic element
under general stress path

Take y direction as plane strain direction:

y = 0 = (y - x - z)/E
hence y = (x + z) z z y=0
y
x x
x x

y=0
y
z z
Example: Plane strain isotropic elastic element
under general stress path

y = (x + z)
General plane strain stress path: x = z
then y = (1 + ) z
z y=0
y
x = z x = z

y=0
y
z
Example: Plane strain isotropic elastic element
under general stress path

General plane strain stress path: x = z

strain in z direction z = (z - x - y)/E
z = (1 + )(1 - [1 + ]) z/E z z y=0
x = (1 + )([1 - ] - ) z/E

x = z
x = z x
x

y=0
z z
Example: Plane strain isotropic elastic element
under general stress path

z = (1 + )(1 - [1 + ]) z/E
x = (1 + )([1 - ] - ) z/E
One-dimensional compression (oedometer): x = 0
= / [1 - ]
stiffness: Eoed = z/ z = E(1 - )/ (1 + ) (1 - 2)
For example: = 0.25, Ko = / [1 - ] = 1/3;
Eoed /E = 1.2
Exercise: Plane strain isotropic elastic element
under general stress path

Assume = 0.25;
1. Plot relationship between z stiffness z/ z E and
2. Plot relationship between x stiffness z/ x E and