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Conference Paper in Electrical Insulation, 1988., Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE International Symposium on
July 2008
DOI: 10.1109/ELINSL.2008.4570294 Source: IEEE Xplore
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A Software Implementation of the Duval Triangle
Method
A. Akbari*, A. Setayeshmehr, H. Borsi, E. Gockenbach
Institute of Electric Power Systems, High Voltage Engineering Section (Schering-Institut)
Leibniz Universitt Hannover, Callinstr. 25 A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
*
E-mail: Alireza.Akbari@si.uni-hannover.de
I. INTRODUCTION These three gases in ppm, CH4 = g1, C2H4 = g2 and C2H2 = g3,
must be transformed into triangular coordinates before being
A. The Duval Triangle DGA method
plotted onto the triangle. First the sum of these three values,
The Duval Triangle diagnostic method for oil-insulated
g1+g2+g3, should be calculated and then the relative proportion
high-voltage equipment, mainly transformers, was developed
of the three gases: P1 = %CH4 = 100 g1/(g1+g2+g3), P2 =
by Michel Duval in 1974 [1]. It is based on the use of 3
%C2H4 = 100 g2/(g1+g2+g3), P3 = %C2H2 = 100
hydrocarbon gases (CH4, C2H4 and C2H2) corresponding to the
g3/(g1+g2+g3).
increasing energy levels of gas formation in transformers in
service. This method has proven to be accurate and
dependable over many years and is now gaining in popularity. TABLE I
One advantage of this method is that it always provides a Examples of faults detectable by DGA
diagnosis, with a low percentage of wrong result. Duval Symbol Fault Examples
method is special since fault diagnosis is performed based on
Discharges of the cold plasma (corona)
visualisation of the location of dissolved gases in the PD Partial discharges type in gas bubbles or voids, with the
triangular map. The Triangle method is indicated in Fig. 1. possible formation of X-wax in paper.
Generally, three types of faults are detectable, i.e. partial Partial discharges of the sparking type,
discharge, high and low energy arcing (electrical fault) and hot Discharges of low inducing pinholes, carbonized punctures in
D1 energy paper. Low energy arcing inducing
spots of various temperature ranges (thermal fault) [2]. These carbonized perforation or surface tracking
fault types will be determined in 6 zones of individual faults of paper, or the formation of carbon
mentioned in Table I (PD, D1, D2, T1, T2 or T3), an particles in oil.
intermediate zone DT has been attributed to mixtures of Discharges in paper or oil, with power
electrical and thermal faults in the transformer. Since no Discharges of follow-through, resulting in extensive
D2 high energy damage to paper or large formation of
region is designated for normal ageing condition, careless carbon particles in oil, metal fusion,
implementation of Duval triangle will result in the diagnosis tripping of the equipment and gas alarms.
of either one of the mentioned faults. To avoid this problem, T1 Thermal fault, T Evidenced by paper turning brownish (>
dissolved gases should be assessed for their normality before <300 C 200 C) or carbonized (> 300 C).
being interpreted using Duval triangle. The three sides of the T2 Thermal fault, Carbonization of paper, formation of
300 <T<700 C carbon particles in oil.
Triangle are expressed in triangular coordinates (P1, P2, P3) T3 Thermal fault, T Extensive formation of carbon particles in
representing the relative proportions of CH4, C2H4 and C2H2, >700 C oil, metal coloration (800 C) or metal
from 0 to 100 for each gas. fusion (> 1000 C).
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consequently and CartesianX() was used to calculate (1) and (2)
Rx = Bx + BG = Bx + L(P2 + P10.5) (2) respectively.
D11 D12
80 60 40 20 C. Recognizing DGA fault
P3 = %C2H2
To find out the DGA fault according to the seven defined
fault zones or polygons, the input DGA fractions P1, P2 and
Fig. 5. Different fault zone inside the triangle
P3 should be calculated as described before in section I. The
It is obvious that some points are common in neighbouring fractions will be converted to Cartesian coordinates that will
polygons, e.g. points D12 and D21 of polygons D1 and D2 are lead the point R and then the zone in which it falls, allowing
the same, which can also be seen in Table II. To define each the identification of the fault corresponding to the DGA data.
polygon, the points defined in Table II should be converted to To determine which one of the seven zones contains point R,
Cartesian coordinates using (1) and (2). a Java built in function called contains() that is applicable for
To implement the Duval triangle DGA method the java each defined polygon can be used. But if the point is located in
programming language was used because of its growing the boundary of a polygon it cannot be recognized using this
importance in modern application development and its function. To overcome this problem a small circle with centre
popularity. Java is platform independent and there are a lot of R and radius r can be considered. The radius r should be
free compilers and tools for that. selected carefully.
Using java Polygon() function, all the seven zones can be In developed program the assigned value to r was 5 and
defined. The function addpoint() can be used to add each there were about 105 points inside it. All points belonging to
single Cartesian point to a polygon. Fig. 6 shows the source this circle should be tested to see whether belong to each of
code needed for defining polygon D1. the seven polygons. Finally a percentage value can be
The four points D11, D12, D13, D14 should be added to this assigned to each polygon according to the number of points
polygon using addpoint() function. The methods CartesianY() that are inside each polygon divided by the total number of
points of this circle in our case 105.
126
converting is straight forward just by changing Y Cartesian
Polygon D1 = new Polygon(); coordinate as below:
Ynew = H - Y
P1=0; P2=0; P3=1; //Point D11 0,0 X width , 0
xPoint = CartesianX(P1,P2,Bx,L);
yPoint = CartesianY(P1,By,L);
D1.addPoint(xPoint,yPoint);
20
P1 = %CH4
R
IV. CONCLUSION
127