APPENDIX

SI UNITS
5
The International System of Units (French: Systme International dUnits, 1. All reference intervals have been converted to SI units except in cases
SI) consists of seven dimensionally independent base units, which are listed in which the measurements are not quantitative.
in Table A5-1, along with the symbols to be used to denote these units. 2. Chemical names have not been changed; for example, urea is retained
Table A5-2 lists a number of derived units of the SI that are used in the instead of changing to carbamide.
clinical laboratory. There are two kinds of derived units: (1) coherent units, 3. Factors are those published by the American National Metric Council
which are derived directly from the base units without the use of conver- (Lundberg etal, 1986; Beeler, 1987; Young, 1987), based on the
sion factors, and (2) noncoherent units, which are constructed from the Metric Commission of Canada (1981) factors.
base units and contain a numerical factor to make the numbers more 4. Factors are calculated to the base unit for volume of 1L.
convenient to use. The prefixes to denote fractions or multiples of base 5. The order of magnitude of the factors is calculated to make the values
and derived SI units are given in Table A5-3. A complete description of in SI units convenient numbers, that is, with prefixes, a number not
the SI and its application in medicine may be found in the World Health greater than 1000 or smaller than 0.001.
Organization publication The SI for the Health Professions (World 6. The number in recommended SI units is equal to the number in
Health Organization, 1977). See Tietz (1995) for a comprehensive list of conventional units times the factor.
quantities and their internationally recommended SI units. 7. For compounds for which relative molecular masses are not definitely
The reference intervals used in this presentation should be considered known (e.g., proteins), reference intervals are converted to mass
typical values to illustrate principles of analysis; however, they are not amounts per liter.
intended to be used for interpretation of laboratory results for specific 8. For mixtures of indeterminate composition (e.g., phospholipids), ref-
patients which should be evaluated according to reference ranges estab- erence intervals are converted to mass amounts per liter or are based
lished by the laboratory performing those measurements. In making the on a given standard, for example, DHEA for 17-ketosteroids.
conversion to recommended SI units (Tables A5-4 through A5-13), the 9. Quantities of a relative nature that are usually expressed as per
following guidelines were followed: centages, for example, fractions of LD isoenzymes, are given as
fractions.
TABLE A5-1 10. Enzyme units are given as the international unit per liter (U/L).
SI Base Units Although the coherent SI unit for catalytic activity (including
enzymes), the katal, has been defined as the number of moles of sub-
Quantity Name Symbol strate converted per second under defined conditions, its adoption is
limited.
Length meter m 11. The pH scale is retained for measurement of hydrogen ion
Mass kilogram kg concentrations.
Time second s 12. It is recommended that the unit millimeters of mercury (mmHg) be
Electric current ampere A retained for pressure (Pco2, Po2) at the present time.
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
13. Percentages are expressed as fractions in the SI, where a fraction is a
dimensionless quantity given by the number of defined particles con-
Luminous intensity candela cd
stituting a specified component divided by the total number of defined
Amount of substance mole mol particles in the system.

TABLE A5-2
SI Derived Units TABLE A5-3

Quantity Unit Name Unit Symbol

Prefixes
Prefix Prefix Symbol Factor
Area square meter* m2
Volume cubic meter* m3 exa E 1018
liter L = dm3 peta P 1015
Concentration tera T 1012
Mass kilogram/liter kg/L giga G 109
Substance mole/liter mol/L mega M 106
Molality mole/kilogram mol/kg kilo k 103
Density kilogram/liter kg/L hecto h 102
Mass fraction kilogram/kilogram kg/kg deca da 101
Mole fraction mole/mole mol/mol deci d 101
Number concentration number/liter L1 centi c 102
Temperature degree celsius* C = K 273.15 milli m 103
Pressure pascal* Pa = kg/m2 micro 106
Frequency hertz* Hz = 1 cycle/s nano n 109
Clearance liter/second L/s pico p 1012
Electrical potential volt* V = kgm2/s3 femto f 1015
Energy joule* J = kgm2/s2 atto a 1018
*Derived coherent unit. zepto z 1021

Derived noncoherent unit. yocto y 1024

Both L and l are symbols for the liter.

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 TABLE A5-4
APPENDIX 5
Whole Blood, Serum, and Plasma Chemistry
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component System Conventional Units Factor* Recommended SI Units

Acetoacetic acid
Qualitative Serum Negative Negative
Quantitative Serum 0.21mg/dL 97.95 20100mol/L
Acetone
Qualitative Serum Negative Negative
Quantitative Serum 0.32mg/dL 172.95 20340mol/L
Albumin
Qualitative Serum 3.24.5g/dL (salt fractionation) 10 3245g/L
3.25.6g/dL (electrophoresis) 3256g/L
3.85g/dL (eye binding) 3850g/L
Alcohol, ethyl Serum or whole blood Negativebut presented as mg/dL 0.2171 Negativebut presented as mmol/L
Aldolase Serum
Adults 38 Sibley-Lehninger U/dL at 37C 7.4 2259mU/L at 37C
Children Approximately 2 adult levels Approximately 2 adult levels
Newborn Approximately 4 adult levels Approximately 4 adult levels
-Amino acid nitrogen Serum 3.67mg/dL 0.7139 2.65mmol/L
-Aminolevulinic acid Serum 0.010.03mg/dL 76.26 0.82.3mol/L
Ammonia Plasma 20120g/dL (diffusion) 0.5872 1270mol/L
4080g/dL (enzymatic method) 2347mol/L
1248g/dL (resin method) 728mol/L
Amylase Serum 16120 Somogyi units/dL 1.85 30220U/L
Argininosuccinate lyase Serum 04U/dL 10 040U/L
Arsenic Whole blood <7g/dL 0.05055 <0.4mol/L
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) Plasma 0.61.6mg/dL 56.78 3491mol/L
Whole blood 0.72mg/dL 40114mol/L
Barbiturates Serum, plasma, or whole Negative Negative
blood
Base excess Whole blood
Male 3.3 to +1.2mEq/L 1 3.3 to +1.2mmol/L
Female 2.4 to +2.3mEq/L 2.4 to +2.3mmol/L
Base, total Serum 145160mEq/L 1 145160mmol/L
Bicarbonate Plasma 2128mmol/L 1 2128mmol/L
Bile acids Serum 0.33mg/dL 10 330mg/L
Bilirubin
Direct (conjugated) Serum <0.3mg/dL 17.10 <5mol/L
Indirect (unconjugated) Serum 0.11mg/dL 217mol/L
Total Serum 0.11.2mg/dL 221mol/L
Newborns total Serum 112mg/dL 17205ol/L
Blood gases (see Chapter 14)
pH Whole blood 7.387.44 (arterial) 1 7.387.44
7.367.41 (venous) 7.367.41
PCO2 Whole blood 3540mmHg (arterial) 0.1333 4.75.3kPa
4045mmHg (venous) 5.36kPa
PO2 Whole blood 95100mmHg (arterial) 0.1333 12.713.3kPa
Bromide Serum <5mg/dL 0.125 <0.63mmol/L
Calcium
Ionized Serum 44.8mg/dL 0.2500 11.2mmol/L
22.4mEq/L 0.5000
3058% of total 0.01 0.301.58 of total
Total Serum 9.211.0mg/dL 0.2500 2.302.74mmol/L
4.65.5mEq/L 0.5000
Carbon dioxide (CO2 content) Whole blood (arterial) 1924mmol/L 1 1924mmol/L
Plasma or serum (arterial) 2128mmol/L 2128mmol/L
Carbon dioxide Whole blood (venous) 2226mmol/L 1 2226mmol/L
Plasma or serum (venous) 2430mmol/L 2430mmol/L
CO2 combining power Plasma or serum (venous) 2430mmol/L 1 2430mmol/L
CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) Whole blood (arterial) 3540mmHg 0.1333 4.75.3kPa
Whole blood (venous) 4045mmHg 5.36kPa
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) Whole blood (arterial) 1.051.45mmol/L 1 1.051.45mmol/L
Whole blood (venous) 1.151.50mmol/L 1.151.50mmol/L
Plasma (venous) 1.021.38mmol/L 1.021.38mmol/L

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TABLE A5-4

APPENDIX 5
Whole Blood, Serum, and Plasma Chemistrycontd
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component System Conventional Units Factor* Recommended SI Units

Carboxyhemoglobin (carbon Whole blood suburban <1.5% saturation of hemoglobin 0.01 Fraction hemoglobin saturated:
monoxide hemoglobin) Nonsmokers <0.015
Smokers 1.5%5% saturation 0.0150.050
Heavy smokers 5%9% saturation 0.0500.090
Carotene, Serum 40200g/dL 0.01863 0.73.7mol/L
Ceruloplasmin Serum 2350mg/dL 10 230500mg/L
Chloride Serum 95103mEq/L 1 95103mmol/L
Cholesterol
Total (see Chapter 17) Serum 150250mg/dL (varies with diet, sex, 0.02586 3.886.47mmol/L
and age)
Esters Serum 65%75% of total cholesterol 0.01 Fraction of total cholesterol:
0.650.75
Cholinesterase Erythrocytes 0.651.3 pH units 1 0.651.3 units
(pseudocholinesterase) Plasma 0.51.3 pH units 1 0.51.3 units
818U/L at 37C
Citrate Serum or plasma 1.73mg/dL 52.05 88156mol/L
Copper Serum, plasma
Male 70140g/dL 0.1574 1122mol/L
Female 80155g/dL 1324mol/L
Cortisol Plasma
8 AM10 AM 523g/dL 27.59 138635nmol/L
4 PM6 PM 313g/dL 83359nmol/L
Creatine Serum or plasma
Male 0.10.4mg/dL 76.25 831mol/L
Female 0.20.7mg/dL 1553mol/L
Creatine kinase (CK) Serum
Male 55170U/L at 37C 1 55170U/L at 37C
Female 30135U/L at 37C 1 30135U/L at 37C
Creatinine (see Chapter 14) Serum or plasma 0.61.2mg/dL (adult) 88.40 53106mol/L
0.30.6mg/dL (children <2yr) 2753mol/L
Creatinine clearance (endogenous) Serum or plasma and urine
(see Chapter 14) Male 107139mL/min 0.01667 1.782.32mL/sec
Female 87107mL/min 1.451.78mL/sec
Cryoglobulins Serum Negative Negative
Electrophoresis, protein Serum
Albumin 52%65% of total protein 0.01 Fraction of total protein: 0.520.65
-1 2.5%5% of total protein 0.01 0.0250.05
-2 7%13% of total protein 0.01 0.070.13
8%14% of total protein 0.1 0.080.14
12%22% of total protein 0.01 0.120.22
Serum Concentration
Albumin 3.25.6g/dL 10 3256g/L
-1 0.10.4g/dL 14g/L
-2 0.41.2g/dL 412g/L
0.51.1g/dL 511g/L
0.51.6g/dL 516g/L
Fats, neutral (see Triglycerides)
Fatty acids
Total (free and esterified) Serum 915mmol/L 1 915mmol/L
Free (nonesterified) Plasma 300480Eq/L 1 300480mol/L
Ferritin Serum
Male 15200ng/mL 1 15200g/L
Female 12150ng/mL 1 15150g/L
Fibrinogen Plasma 200400mg/dL 0.01 24g/L
Fluoride Whole blood <0.05mg/dL 0.5263 <0.027mmol/L
Folate Serum 1157nmol/L
3.5ng/mL (radioassay) 2.266 >5nmol/L
Erythrocytes 166640ng/mL (bioassay) 3761450nmol/L
>140ng/mL (radioassay) >317nmol/L
Galactose Whole blood
Adults None None
Children <20mg/dL 0.05551 <1.11mmol/L
Gamma globulin Serum 0.51.6g/dL 10 516g/L

Continued

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APPENDIX 5
TABLE A5-4
Whole Blood, Serum, and Plasma Chemistrycontd
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component System Conventional Units Factor* Recommended SI Units

Globulins, total Serum 2.33.5g/dL 10 2335g/L
Glucose, fasting Serum or plasma 70110mg/dL 0.05551 3.96.1mmol/L
Whole blood 60100mg/dL 3.35.6mmol/L
Glucose tolerance Serum or plasma
Oral Fasting 70110mg/dL 0.05551 3.96.1mmol/L
30min 3060mg/dL above fasting 1.73.3mmol/L above fasting
60min 2050mg/dL above fasting 1.12.8mmol/L above fasting
120min 515mg/dL above fasting 0.30.8mmol/L above fasting
180min Fasting level or below Fasting level or below
Intravenous Serum or plasma
Fasting 70110mg/dL 0.05551 3.96.1mmol/L
5min Maximum of 250mg/dL Maximum of 13.9mmol/L
60min Significant decrease Significant decrease
120min Below 120mg/dL 0.05551 Below 6.7mmol/L
180min Fasting level Fasting level
Glucose-6-phosphate Erythrocytes 2505000 units/106 cells 1 2505000 units/cell
dehydrogenase (G6PD) 12002000mU/mL packed erythrocytes 1 12002000U/L packed erythrocytes
-Glutamyltransferase Serum 540U/L 1 540U/L at 37C
Glutathione Whole blood 2437mg/dL 0.03254 0.781.20mmol/L
Growth hormone Serum <10ng/mL 1 <10g/L
Guanase Serum <3nmol/mL/min 1 <3U/L at 37C
Haptoglobin Serum 60270mg/dL 0.01 0.62.7g/L
Hemoglobin Serum or plasma
Qualitative Negative Negative
Quantitative 0.55mg/dL 10 550mg/L
Whole blood
Female 1216g/dL 10 120160g/L
Male 13.518g/dL 135180g/L
-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase Serum 140350U/mL 1 140350kU/L
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Plasma
Male 719g/dL 25.59 193524mmol/L
Female 921g/dL 248579mmol/L
After 24 USP units of ACTH 3555g/dL 9661517nmol/L
intramuscularly
Immunoglobulins Serum
IgG 8001801mg/dL 0.01 818g/L
IgA 113563mg/dL 1.15.6g/L
IgM 54222mg/dL 0.52.2g/L
IgD 0.53mg/dL 10 530mg/L
IgE 0.010.04mg/dL 0.10.4mg/L
Insulin Plasma bioassay 11240U/mL 7.175 791722pmol/L
Radioimmunoassay 424U/mL 29172pmol/L
Insulin tolerance (0.1 unit/kg) Serum
Fasting Glucose of 70110mg/dL 0.05551 Glucose of 3.96.1mmol/L
30min Fall to 50% of fasting level 0.01 Fall to 0.5 of fasting level
90min Fasting level Fasting level
Iron, total Serum 60150g/dL 0.1791 10.726.9mol/L
Iron-binding capacity Serum 250400g/dL 0.1791 44.871.6mol/L
Iron saturation Serum 2055% 0.01 Fraction of total iron-binding
capacity:
0.200.55
Isocitric dehydrogenase Serum 50240U/mL at 25C (Wolfson- 0.0166 0.834.18U/L at 25C
Williams Ashman units)
Ketone bodies Serum Negative Negative
17-Ketosteroids Plasma 25125g/dL 34.67** 8664334nmol/L
Lactic acid (as lactate) Whole blood
Venous 520mg/dL 0.1110 0.62.2mmol/L
Arterial 37mg/dL 0.30.8mmol/L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) Serum (lactate pyruvate) 80120 units at 0.48 3862U/L at 30C
30C
(pyruvate lactate) 185640 units at 0.48 90310U/L at 30C
30C
(lactate pyruvate) 100190U/L at 1 100190U/L at 37C
37C
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes Serum Fraction of total LD

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TABLE A5-4

APPENDIX 5
Whole Blood, Serum, and Plasma Chemistrycontd
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component System Conventional Units Factor* Recommended SI Units

LD1 (anode) 17%27% 0.01 0.170.27
LD2 27%37% 0.270.37
LD3 18%25% 0.180.25
LD4 3%8% 0.030.08
LD5 (cathode) 0%5% 0.000.05
Lactate dehydrogenase Serum 30%60% of total 0.01 Fraction of total LD: 0.300.6
(heat stable)
Lactose tolerance Serum Serum glucose changes similar to Serum glucose changes similar to
glucose tolerance test glucose tolerance test
Lead Whole blood <50g/dL 0.04826 <2.41mol/L
Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) Serum
Male 80200U/mL (GoldbargRutenberg) 0.24 19.248U/L
Female 75185U/mL (GoldbargRutenberg) 1844.4U/L
Lipase Serum 01.5U/mL (CherryCrandall) 278 0417U/L
14280mU/mL 1 14280U/L
Lipids, total Serum 400800mg/dL 0.01 48g/L
Cholesterol (see Chapter 17) 150250mg/dL 0.02586 3.886.47mmol/L
Triglycerides (see Chapter 17) 1090mg/dL 0.01129 0.112.15mmol/L
Phospholipids 150380mg/dL 0.01 1.503.80g/L
Fatty acids (free) 915mmol/L 1 915mmol/L
Phospholipid phosphorus 811mg/dL 0.3229 2.583.55mmol/L
Lithium Serum Negative Negative
Therapeutic interval 0.51.4mEq/L 1 0.51.4mmol/L
Long-acting thyroid-stimulating Serum None detected None detected
hormone (LATS)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Serum
Male 630mU/mL 1 630U/L
Female Midcycle peak: 3 baseline value Midcycle peak: 3 baseline value
Premenopausal <30mU/mL 1 Premenopausal <30U/L
Postmenopausal >35mU/mL Postmenopausal >35U/L
Macroglobulins, total Serum 70430mg/dL 0.01 0.74.3g/L
Magnesium Serum 1.32.1mEq/L 0.5000 0.651.05mmol/L
1.83mg/dL 0.4114 0.741.23mmol/L
Methemoglobin Whole blood <0.24g/dL 10 <2.4g/L
<1% of total hemoglobin 0.01 Fraction of total hemoglobin <0.01
Mucoprotein Serum 80200mg/dL 0.01 0.82g/L
Muramidase Serum 413mg/L 1 413mg/L
Myoglobin Serum <90g/L 1 <90g/L
Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) Serum or plasma 2035mg/dL 0.7139 14.325mmol/L
Whole blood 2550mg/dL 17.835.7mmol/L
5-Nucleotidase Serum 01.6 units at 37C 1 01.6 units at 37C
Ornithine carbamyl transferase Serum 820mU/mL at 37C 1 820U/L at 37C
Osmolality Serum 280295mOsm/kg 1 280295mmol/kg
Oxygen (see Chapter 14)
Pressure (PO2) Whole blood (arterial) 95100mmHg 0.1333 2.713.3kPa
Content Whole blood (arterial) 1523 volume 0.01 Volume fraction: 0.150.23
Saturation Whole blood (arterial) 94100% 0.01 Fraction saturated: 0.941
pH Whole blood (arterial) 7.387.44 1 7.387.44
Whole blood (venous) 7.367.41 7.367.41
Serum or plasma (venous) 7.357.45 7.357.45
Phenylalanine Serum
Adults <3mg/dL 60.54 <182mol/L
Newborns (term) 1.23.5mg/dL 73212mol/L
Phosphatase
Acid phosphatase Serum 0.130.63U/L at 37C 16.67 2.210.5U/L at 37C
(p-nitrophenylphosphate)
Alkaline phosphatase Serum 20130U/L at 37C 1 20130U/L at 37C
(p-nitrophenylphosphate in AMP
buffer)
Phospholipid phosphorus
(see Lipids, total)

Continued

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APPENDIX 5
TABLE A5-4
Whole Blood, Serum, and Plasma Chemistrycontd
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component System Conventional Units Factor* Recommended SI Units

Phospholipids (see Lipids, total) Serum
Phosphorus, inorganic Adults 2.34.7mg/dL 0.3229 0.741.52mmol/L
Children 47mg/dL 1.292.26mmol/L
Potassium Plasma 3.85mEq/L 1 3.85mmol/L
Prolactin Serum
Female 125ng/mL 1 125g/L
Male 120ng/mL 120g/L
Proteins (see Chapter 19) Serum
Total 67.8g/dL 10 6078g/L
Albumin 3.24.5g/dL 3245g/L
Globulin 2.33.5g/dL 2335g/L
Protein fractionation, see
Electrophoresis
Protoporphyrin Erythrocytes 1550mg/dL 0.01777 0.270.89mol/L
Pyruvate Whole blood 0.30.9mg/dL 113.6 34102mol/L
Salicylates Serum Negative Negative
Therapeutic interval 1530mg/dL 0.07240 1.082.17mmol/L
Sodium Plasma 136142mEq/L 1 136142mmol/L
Sulfate, inorganic Serum 0.21.3mEq/L 0.5 0.100.65mmol/L
0.96 in mg/dL as SO42 0.1042 0.090.63mmol/L as SO42
Sulfhemoglobin Whole blood Negative Negative
Sulfonamides Serum or whole blood Negative Negative
Testosterone Serum or plasma
Male 3001200ng/dL 0.03467 10.441.6nmol/L
Female 3095ng/dL 13.3mmol/L
Thiocyanate Serum Negative Negative
Thyroid hormone tests Serum
(see Chapter 24)
Thyroxine, total (T4) 5.512.5g/dL 12.87 71161nmol/L
Thyroxine, free (FT4) 0.92.3ng/dL 12.87 1230pmol/L
T3 resin uptake 2538 relative % uptake 0.01 Relative uptake fraction: 0.250.38
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) Serum 1026g/dL 10 100260g/L
Thyrotropin (TSH) Serum 0.55U/mL 1 0.55U/L
Triiodothyronine (T3) 80200mg/dL 0.0154 1.233 of nmol/L
Transferases
Aspartate amino transferase Serum 833U/L at 37C 1 833U/L at 37C
(AST or SGOT)
Alanine amino transferase Serum 436U/L at 37C 1 436U/L at 37C
(ALT or SGPT)
Glutamyl transferase (GGT) 540U/L at 37C 1 540U/L at 37C
Triglycerides (see Chapter 17) Serum 10190mg/dL 0.01129 0.112.15mmol/L
Troponin I Serum <2mg/mL 00.6g/L
00.1g/L
Urea nitrogen Serum 823mg/dL 0.357 2.98.2mmol/L
Urea clearance Serum and urine
Maximum clearance 6499mL/min 0.01667 1.071.65L/s
Standard clearance 4165mL/min, or more than 75% of 0.681.08L/s or more than 0.75 of
normal clearance normal clearance
Uric acid Serum
Male 48.5mg/dL 0.05948 0.240.51mmol/L
Female 2.77.3mg/dL 0.160.43mmol/L
Vitamin A Serum 1560g/dL 0.03491 0.522.09mol/L
Vitamin A tolerance Serum 1560g/dL 0.03491 0.522.09mol/L
Fasting 3hr or 6hr after 200600g/dL 0.03491 6.9820.95mol/L
5000 units vitamin A/kg
24hr Fasting values or slightly above Fasting values or slightly above
Vitamin B12 Serum 160950pg/mL 0.7378 118701pmol/L
Unsaturated vitamin Serum 10002000pg/mL 0.7378 7381475pmol/L
B12-binding capacity
Vitamin C Plasma 0.61.6mg/dL 56.78 3491mol/L

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TABLE A5-4

APPENDIX 5
Whole Blood, Serum, and Plasma Chemistrycontd
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component System Conventional Units Factor* Recommended SI Units

Xylose absorption Serum normal in 2540mg/dL 12hr 0.06661 1.672.66mmol/L 12h
malabsorption Maximum 10mg/dL Maximum 0.67mmol/L
Dose: adult 25g D-xylose; children
0.5g D-xylose/kg
Zinc Serum 50150g/dL 0.1530 7.723mol/L

*Factor = number factor (note that units are not presented).

Value in SI units = value in conventional units factor.

Usually not measured in blood (preferred specimen is urine, hair, or nails except in acute cases, when gastric contents are used).

Unit based on hydrogen ion concentration.

As cortisol.

1 International unit of insulin corresponds to 0.04167mg of the 4th International Standard (a mixture of 52% beef insulin and 48% pig insulin).
**As DHEA.

As triolein.

TABLE A5-5
Urine
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Type of Urine System Conventional Units Factor* Recommended SI Units

Acetoacetic acid Random Negative Negative

Acetone Random Negative Negative
Addis count 12hr collection WBC and epithelial cells: 1 1.8 106 /12hr
1,800,000/12hr
RBC 500,000/12hr 1 0.5 106 /12hr
Hyaline casts: <5000/12hr 1 <5 103 /12hr
Albumin
Qualitative Random Negative Negative
Quantitative 24hr 15150mg/day 0.001 0.0150.150g/day
Aldosterone 24hr 226g/day 2.774 672nmol/day
Alkapton bodies Random Negative Negative
-Amino acid nitrogen 24hr 100290mg/day 0.07139 7.120.7mmol/day
-Aminolevulinic acid Random
Adults 0.10.6mg/dL 76.26 846mol/L
Children <0.5mg/dL <38mol/L
24hr 1.57.5mg/day 7.626 1157mol/day
Ammonia nitrogen 24hr 2070mEq/day 1 2070mmol/day
5001200mg/day 0.07139 35.685.7mmol/day
Amylase 2hr 35260 Somogyi units/hr 0.1850 6.548.1U/hr
Arsenic 24hr <50g/L 0.01335 <0.67mol/L
Ascorbic acid Random 17mg/dL 56.78 57397mol/L
24hr >50mg/day 5.678 >284mol/day
Bence Jones protein Negative Negative
Beryllium 24hr <0.05g/day 111 <5.55nmol/day
Bilirubin, qualitative Negative Negative
Blood, occult Negative Negative
Borate 24hr <2mg/L 16.44 <32mol/L
Calcium
Qualitative (Sulkowitch) Random 1 + turbidity 1 1 + turbidity
Quantitative 24hr
Average diet 100240mg/day 0.02495 2.56mmol/day
Low-calcium diet <150mg/day <3.7mmol/day
High-calcium diet 240300mg/day 67.5mmol/day
Catecholamines Random <14g/dL 59.11* <828nmol/L
24hr <100g/day (varies with activity) 5.911* <591nmol/day
Epinephrine <10ng/day 5.458 <55nmol/day
Norepinephrine <100ng/day 5.911 <591nmol/day
Total free catecholamines 4126g/day 5.911* 24745nmol/day
Total metanephrines 0.11.6mg/day 5.458 0.58.7mol/day
Chloride 24hr 140250mEq/day 1 140250nmol/day
Concentration test (Fishberg) Randomafter fluid
restriction

Continued

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APPENDIX 5
TABLE A5-5
Urinecontd
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Type of Urine System Conventional Units Factor* Recommended SI Units

Specific gravity >1.025 1 >1.025
Osmolality >850mOsm/kg 1 >850mmol/kg
Copper 24hr <50g/day 0.01574 <0.8mol/day
Coproporphyrin Random
Adult 320g/dL 15.27 46305nmol/L
24hr
Adult 50160g/day 1.527 76244nmol/day
Children <80g/day <122nmol/day
Creatine 24hr
Male <40mg/day 7.625 <305mol/day
Female <100mg/day <763mol/day
Higher in children and during Higher in children and during
pregnancy pregnancy
Creatinine 24hr
Male 2026mg/kg/day 8.840 177230mol/kg/day
12g/day 8.840 8.817.7mmol/day
Female 1422mg/kg/day 8.840 124195mol/kg/day
0.81.8g/day 8.840 7.115.9mmol/day
Cystine, qualitative Random Negative Negative
Cystine and cysteine 24hr 10100mg/day 4.161 42416mol/day
Dehydroepiandrosterone 24hr
Male 0.22mg/day 3.467 0.76.9mol/day
Female 0.21.8mg/day 0.76.2mol/day
Diacetic acid Random Negative Negative
Epinephrine 24hr <20g/day 5.458 <109nmol/day
Estrogens, total 24hr
Male 518g/day 3.468 1762nmol/day
Female
Ovulation 28100g/day 3.468 97347nmol/day
Luteal peak 2280g/day 76364nmol/day
At menses 425g/day 1487nmol/day
Pregnancy Up to 45,000g/day 0.003468 Up to 156mol/day
Postmenopausal Up to 10g/day 3.468 Up to 35nmol/day
Estrogens, fractionated 24hr, nonpregnant,
midcycle
Estrone (E1) 225g/day 3.699 793nmol/day
Estradiol (E2) <10g/day 3.671 <37nmol/day
Estriol (E3) 230g/day 3.468 7104nmol/day
Etiocholanolone 24hr
Male 1.45mg/day 3.443 4.817.2mol/day
Female 0.84mg/day 2.813.8mol/day
Fat, qualitative Random Negative Negative
FIGLU (N-formiminoglutamic acid) 24hr <3mg/day 5.740 <7.2mol/day
After 15g of l-histidine 4mg/8hr 23mol/8hr
Fluoride 24hr <1mg/day 52.63 <53mol/day
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 24hr
Adult 425U/L 1 425U/L
Prepubertal 430U/L 1 430U/L
Postmenopausal 4050U/L 1 4050U/L
Midcycle 2 baseline 1 2 baseline
Fructose 24hr 3065mg/day 0.005551 0.170.36mmol/day
Glucose, qualitative Random Negative Negative
Glucose, quantitative 24hr
Copper-reducing substances 0.51.5g/day 1 0.51.5g/day
Total sugars Average 250mg/day 1 Average 250mg/day
Glucose Average 130mg/day 0.005551 Average 0.72mmol/day
Gonadotropins, pituitary (FSH and 24hr 1050U/L 1 1050U/day
LH)
11-Hydroxyandrosterone 24hr
Male 0.10.8mg/day 3.263 0.32.6mol/day
Female <0.5mg/day <1.6mol/day
11-Hydroxyetiocholanolone 24hr
Male 0.20.6mg/day 3.26 0.72mol/day
Female 0.11.1mg/day 0.33.63mol/day

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TABLE A5-5

APPENDIX 5
Urinecontd
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Type of Urine System Conventional Units Factor* Recommended SI Units

11-Ketoandrosterone 24hr
Male 0.21mg/day 3.274 0.73.3mol/day
Female 0.20.8mg/day 0.72.6mol/day

11-Ketoetiocholanolone 24hr
Male 0.21mg/day 3.274 0.73.3mol/day
Female 0.20.8mg/day 0.72.6mol/day
Lactose 24hr 1440mg/day 2.291 41117mol/day
Lead 24hr <100g/day 0.004826 <0.48mol/day
Magnesium 24hr 68.5mEq/day 0.5000 34.3mmol/day
Melanin, qualitative Random Negative Negative
Mucin 24hr 100150mg/day 1 100150mg/day
Muramidase (lysozyme) 24hr 1.336mg/day 1 1.336mg/day
Myoglobin 24hr 1440mg/day 2.291 41117mol/day
Qualitative Random Negative Negative
Quantitative 24hr <4mg/L 1 <4mg/L
Osmolality Random 500800mOsm/kg water 1 500800mmol/kg
Pentoses 24hr 25mg/kg/day 1 25mg/kg/day
pH Random 4.68 1 4.68
Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) Urine timed after 6mg Fraction dye excreted:
PSP IV
15min 20%50% dye excreted 0.01 0.200.50
30min 16%24% dye excreted 0.160.24
60min 9%17% dye excreted 0.090.17
120min 3%10% dye excreted 0.030.10
Phenylpyruvic acid, qualitative Random Negative Negative
Phosphorus Random 0.91.3g/day 32.29 2942mmol/day
Porphobilinogen
Qualitative Random Negative Negative
Quantitative 24hr <1mg/day 4.420 <4.4mol/day
Potassium 24hr 4080mEq/day 1 4080mmol/day
Pregnancy tests Concentrated morning Positive in normal pregnancies or with Positive in normal pregnancies or
specimen tumors producing chorionic with tumors producing chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin
Pregnanediol 24hr
Male <1.5mg/day 3.120 <4.7mol/day
Female 18mg/day 3.120 325mol/day
Peak 1 week after ovulation 1 week after ovulation
Pregnancy <50mg/day 3.120 <156mol/day
Children Negative Negative
Pregnanetriol 24hr
Male 0.42.4mg/day 2.972 1.27mol/day
Female 0.52mg/day 1.55.9mol/day
Children Up to 1mg/day Up to 3mol/day
Protein, qualitative Random Negative Negative
24hr 40150mg/day 1 40150mg/day
Reducing substances, total 24hr 0.51.5mg/day 1 0.51.5mg/day
Sodium 24hr 75200mEq/day 1 75200mmol/day
Solids, total 24hr 5570g/day 1 5570g/day
Decreases with age to 30g/day Decreases with age to 30g/day
Specific gravity Random Relative density (U 20C/water
20C):
1.0161.022 (normal fluid intake) 1 1.0161.022 (normal fluid intake)
1.0011.035 (range) 1.0011.035 (range)
Sugars (excluding glucose) Random Negative Negative
Titratable acidity 24hr 2050mEq/day 1 2050mmol/day
Urea nitrogen 24hr 617g/day 35.70 214607mmol/day
Uric acid 24hr 250750mg/day 0.005948 1.54.5mmol/day
Urobilinogen 2hr 0.31 Ehrlich units 1 0.31U
24hr 0.052.5mg/day or 1.693 0.14.2mol/day
0.54 Ehrlich units/day 1 0.54U/day
Uropepsin Random 1545 units/hr (Anson) 7.37 111332U/hr
24hr 15005000 units/day (Anson) 1137kU/hr

Continued

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APPENDIX 5
TABLE A5-5
Urinecontd
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Type of Urine System Conventional Units Factor* Recommended SI Units

Uroporphyrins
Qualitative Random Negative Negative
Quantitative 24hr 1030g/day 1.204 1236nmol/day
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) 24hr 1.57.5mg/day 5.046 7.637.9mol/day
Volume, total 24hr 6001600mL/day 0.001 0.61.6L/day
Zinc 24hr 0.151.2mg/day 15.30 2.318.4mol/day

*As norepinephrine.

As normetanephrine.

Based on cystine.

Based on estriol.

TABLE A5-6
Synovial Fluid
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Conventional Units Factor Recommended SI Units

Blood-serum-synovial fluid <10mg/dL 0.05551 <0.56mmol/L

glucose difference
Differential cell count Granulocytes <25% of 0.01 Granulocyte number fraction:
nucleated cells <0.25 of nucleated cells
Fibrin clot Absent Absent
Mucin clot Abundant Abundant
Nucleated cell count <200 cells/L 106 <200 106 cells/L
Viscosity High High
Volume <3.5mL 0.001 <0.0035L

TABLE A5-7
Seminal Fluid
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Conventional Units Factor Recommended SI Units

Liquefaction Within 20min Within 20min

Sperm morphology >70% normal, mature spermatozoa 0.01 Number fraction: >0.70 normal, mature spermatozoa
Sperm motility >60% 0.01 Number fraction: >0.60
pH >7 (average 7.7) 1 >7 (average 7.7)
Sperm count 60150 106/mL 103 60150 109/L
Volume 1.55mL 0.001 0.00150.005L

TABLE A5-8
Gastric Fluid
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Conventional Units Factor Recommended SI Units

Fasting residual volume 20100mL 0.001 0.020.10L

pH <2 1 <2
Basal acid output (BAO)* 06mEq/hr 1 06mmol/hr
Maximum acid output (MAO) 540mEq/hr 1 540mmol/hr
(after histamine stimulation)
BAO/MAO ratio <0.4 1 <0.4

*Varies between male and female and ages.

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TABLE A5-9

APPENDIX 5
Hematology
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Conventional Units Factor Recommended SI Units

Red cell volume

Male 2036mL/kg body weight 0.001 0.0200.036L/kg body weight
Female 1932mL/kg body weight 0.0190.032L/kg body weight
Plasma volume
Male 2543mL/kg body weight 0.001 0.0250.043L/kg body weight
Female 2845mL/kg body weight 0.0280.045L/kg body weight
Coagulation and hemostatic tests
Bleeding time Depends on location and orientation of
cut and on particular device, typically
28min
Activated partial thromboplastin Depends on activator and phospholipid
time (APTT) reagents used, typically 2535s
Antithrombin IIII
Immunologic 2030mg/dL 10 200300mg/L
Functional 80120U/dL 10 8001200U/L
Clot lysis time
Euglobulin factor 1.54hr at 37C
Whole blood None by 24hr at 37C
Clot retraction Complete by 4hr at 37C
Coagulation factors 0.501.50/mL 1000 5001500U/L
Factor XIII (screening test) Clot insoluble in 5mol/L urea at 24hr
Fibrinogen 200400mg/dL 0.01 24g/L
Fibrin(ogen) degradation products
Serum FDP <10g/mL 1 <10mg/L
Plasma D-dimers <200ng/mL 1 <200g/L
Plasminogen
Immunologic 1020mg/dL 10 100200mg/L
Functional 80120U/dL 10 8001200U/L
Protein C 0.71.4/mL 10 7001400U/L
Protein S (total) 0.71.4/mL 10 7001400U/L
Prothrombin time Depends on thromboplastin reagent used,
typically 1013s
Thrombin time Depends on concentration of thrombin
reagent used, typically 1725s
von Willebrand factor
Immunologic 50150U/dL 10 5001500U/L
Ristocetin cofactor activity 50150U/dL 5001500U/L
Complete blood count (CBC)
Hematocrit Volume fraction:
Male 41.5%50.4% 0.01 0.4150.504
Female 35.9%44.6% 0.3590.446
Hemoglobin
Male 1417.5g/dL 10 140175g/L
Female 12.315.3g/dL 123153g/L
Red cell count
Male 4.55.9 106/L 106 4.55.91012/L
Female 4.55.1 106/L 4.15.11012/L
White cell count 4.411 103/L 106 4.411.3109/L
Erythrocyte indices
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 8096m3 1 8096fL
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 27.533.2pg 1 27.533.2pg
(MCH)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 33.4%35.5% 0.01 Concentration fraction: 0.3340.355
concentration (MCHC)
White blood cell differential (adult) Mean % Range of absolute Mean number fraction* Range of absolute counts
counts
Segmented neutrophils 56 18007800/L 106 0.56 1.87.8 109/L
Bands 3 0700/L 0.03 00.70 109/L
Eosinophils 2.7 0450/L 0.027 00.45 109/L
Basophils 0.3 0200/L 0.003 00.20 109/L
Lymphocytes 34 10004800/L 0.34 1.04.8 109/L
Monocytes 4 0800/L 0.04 00.80 109/L

Continued

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APPENDIX 5
TABLE A5-9
Hematologycontd
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Conventional Units Factor Recommended SI Units

Hemoglobin A2 1.5%3.5% of total hemoglobin 0.01 Mass fraction: 0.0150.035 of total hemoglobin
Hemoglobin F <2% 0.01 Mass fraction: <0.02
Osmotic fragility % Lysis Lysed Fraction

% (w/v) NaCl Fresh 24hr at 37C % NaCl 171 NaCl mmol/L Fresh 24hr at 37C
% Lysis 0.01
0.2 95100 34.2 0.951
0.3 97100 85100 51.3 0.971.00 0.851
0.35 9099 75100 59.8 0.900.99 0.751
0.4 5095 65100 68.4 0.500.95 0.651
0.45 545 5595 77.0 0.050.45 0.550.95
0.5 0.6 4085 85.5 00.06 0.400.85
0.55 1570 94.1 0 0.150.70
0.6 040 102.6 00.40
0.65 010 111.2 00.10
0.7 05 119.7 00.05
0.75 95100 128.3 0
Platelet count 150,000450,000/L 106 150450109/L
Reticulocyte count 0.5%1.5% 0.01 Number fraction: 0.0050.015
25,00075,000 cells/L 106 2575109/L
Sedimentation rate (ESR)
(Westergren)
Men younger than 50yr <15mm/hr
Men 5085yr <20mm/hr
Men older than 85yr <30mm/hr
Women younger than 50yr <20mm/hr
Women 5085yr <30mm/hr
Women older than 85yr <42mm/hr
Viscosity 1.41.8 times water 1 1.41.8 times water
Zeta sedimentation ratio 41%54% 0.01 Fraction: 0.410.54

*All percentages are multiplied by 0.01 to give fraction.

TABLE A5-10
Amniotic Fluid
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Conventional Units Factor Recommended SI Units

Appearance
Early gestation Clear Clear
Term Clear or slightly opalescent Clear or slightly opalescent
Albumin
Early gestation 0.39g/dL 10 3.9g/L
Term 0.19g/dL 1.9g/L
Bilirubin
Early gestation <0.075mg/dL 17.10 <1.3mol/L
Term <0.025mg/dL <0.41mol/L
Chloride
Early gestation Approximately equal to serum chloride Approximately equal to serum chloride
Term Generally 13mEq/L lower than serum chloride 1 Generally 13mmol/L lower than serum chloride
Creatinine
Early gestation 0.81.1mg/dL 88.40 7197mol/L
Term 1.84mg/dL (generally >2mg/dL) 159354mol/L (generally >177mol/L)
Estriol
Early gestation <10g/dL 3.468 <347nmol/L
Term <60g/dL >2081nmol/L
Lecithin: sphingomyelin
Early (immature) <1:1 1 <1:1

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TABLE A5-10

APPENDIX 5
Amniotic Fluidcontd
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Conventional Units Factor Recommended SI Units

Term (mature) >2:1 >2:1
Osmolality
Early gestation Approximately equal to serum osmolality Approximately equal to serum osmolality
Term 230270mOsm/kg 1 230270mmol/kg
PCO2
Early gestation 3355mmHg 0.1333 4.47.3kPa
Term 4255mmHg (increases toward term) 5.67.3kPa (increases toward term)
pH
Early gestation 7.127.38 1 7.127.38
Term 6.917.43 (decreases toward term) 6.917.43
Protein, total
Early gestation 0.60 0.24g/dL 10 60 2.4g/L
Term 0.26 0.19g/dL 2.6 1.9g/L
Sodium
Early gestation Approximately equal to serum sodium Approximately equal to serum sodium
Term 710mEq/L lower than serum sodium 1 710mmol/L lower than serum sodium
Staining, cytologic
Oil Red O
Early gestation Stained fraction: <10% 0.01 Stained fraction: <0.1
Term Stained fraction: >50% >0.5
Nile blue sulfate
Early gestation Stained fraction: 0 0.01 Stained fraction: <0.0
Term Stained fraction: >20% >0.2
Urea
Early gestation 18 5.9mg/dL 0.1665 3.00 0.98mmol/L
Term 30.3 11.4mg/dL 5.04 1.90mmol/L
Uric acid
Early gestation 3.72 0.96mg/dL 59.48 221 57mol/L
Term 9.90 2.23mg/dL 589 133mol/L
Volume
Early gestation 4501200mL 0.001 0.451.2L
Term 5001400mL (increases toward term) 0.51.4L (increases toward term)

TABLE A5-11
Cerebrospinal Fluid
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Conventional Units Factor Recommended SI Units

Albumin <1030mg/dL 10 100300mg/L

Cell count <5 cells/L 106 <5 106/L
Glucose 4080mg/dL 0.05551 2.84.4mmol/L
Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) Approximately 10% of serum level Activity fraction: approximately 0.1 of serum level
Proteins 1260mg/dL 10 120600mg/L
Protein electrophoresis Fraction:
Prealbumin 2%7% 0.01 0.20.07
Albumin 56%76% 0.560.76
-1 Globulin 2%7% 0.020.07
-2 Globulin 4%12% 0.040.12
Globulin 8%18% 0.080.18
Globulin 3%12% 0.030.12
Xanthochromia Negative Negative

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APPENDIX 5
TABLE A5-12
Miscellaneous
TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS

Component Specimen Conventional Units Factor Recommended SI Units

Bile, qualitative Random stool Negative in adults Negative in adults

Positive in children Positive in children
Chloride Sweat 460mEq/L 1 460mmol/L
Clearances Serum and urine (timed)
Creatinine, endogenous 115 20mL/min 0.01667 1.92 0.33mL/s
Diodrast 600720mL/min 1012mL/s
Inulin 100150mL/min 1.672.50mL/s
PAH 600750mL/min 1012.50mL/s
Diagnex blue (tubeless Urine Free acid present Free acid present
gastric analysis)
Fat Stool, 72hr
Total fat <5g/24hr 1 <5g/day
10%25% of dry matter 0.01 Mass fraction: 0.10.25 of dry matter
Neutral fat 1%5% of dry matter 0.010.05 of dry matter
Free fatty acids 5%13% of dry matter 0.050.13 of dry matter
Combined fatty acids 5%15% of dry matter 0.050.15 of dry matter
Nitrogen, total Stool, 24hr 10% of intake Mass fraction: 0.1 of intake
12g/24hr 71.39 71143mmol/day
Sodium Sweat 1080mEq/L 1 1080mmol/L
Trypsin activity Random, fresh stool Positive (2+ to 4+) Positive (2+ to 4+)
Thyroid iodine-131 uptake 7.5%25% in 6hr 0.01 Fraction uptake: 0.0750.25 in 6hr
Urobilinogen
Qualitative Random stool Positive Positive
Quantitative Stool, 24hr 40200mg/24hr 1.693 68339mol/day
80280 Ehrlich units/24hr

TABLE A5-13
Selected Pediatric Reference Values
Parameter Value

S-Acid phosphatase
Newborn 7.419.4U/L
213yr 6.415.2U/L
S-Aldolase
Newborn to 4 adult value
Child to 2 adult value
S-Alkaline phosphatase
Newborn 40300U/L
Child 60270U/L
S--fetoprotein
Newborn Up to 150mg/L or higher
12yr Up to 87mg/L
S-Amylase
Newborn Little, if any, amylase activity
1yr Adult values
S-Aspartate aminotransferase
Newborn 1674U/L
13yr 630U/L
S-Bilirubin, newborn Preterm Full-term
24hr 17103mol/L (1060mg/L) 34103mol/L (2060mg/L)
48hr 17103mol/L (1060mg/L) 103120mol/L (6070mg/L)
35 day 171257mol/L (100150mg/L) 68205mol/L (40120mg/L)
S-Calcium
Preterm, first week 1.502.50mmol/L (60100mg/L)
Full-term, first week 1.753mmol/L (70120mg/L)
12yr 2.503mmol/L (100120mg/L)
216yr 2.252.87mmol/L (90115mg/L)
U-Catecholamines Norepinephrine: Epinephrine:
1yr 3090nmol/day (5.415.9g/day) 123nmol/day (0.14.3g/day)
15yr 50180nmol/day (8.130.8g/day) 450nmol/day (0.89.1g/day)
615yr 110420nmol/day (1971.1g/day) 7339nmol/day (1.310.5g/day)
>15yr 200510nmol/day (34.487g/day) 1972nmol/day (3.513.2g/day)

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TABLE A5-13

APPENDIX 5
Selected Pediatric Reference Valuescontd
Parameter Value

U-Chloride (varies with chloride intake)

Infant 1.78.5mmol/day
Child 1734mmol/day
S-Cholesterol
Cord blood 1.22.5mmol/L (460980mg/L)
12yr 1.84.9mmol/L (7001900mg/L)
216yr 3.56.5mmol/L (13502500mg/L)
U-Cortisol (free)
4mo10yr 674nmol/day (227g/day)
1120yr 2152nmol/day (0.755g/day)
S-Creatine kinase
Newborn 3 adult values
3wk3mo 1.5 adult values
>1yr Adult values
S-Creatinine Upper reference value:
Up to 5yr 44mol/L (5mg/L)
Up to 6yr 53mol/L (6mg/L)
Up to 7yr 62mol/L (7mg/L)
Up to 8yr 71mol/L (8mg/L)
Up to 9yr 80mol/L (9mg/L)
Up to 10yr 88mol/L (10mg/L)
>10yr 106mol/L (12mg/L)
S-Estradiol
02yr 026pmol/L (07pg/mL)
24yr 026pmol/L (07pg/mL)
46yr 051pmol/L (014pg/mL)
68yr 037pmol/L (010pg/mL)
810yr 0367pmol/L (0100pg/mL)
1012yr 0367pmol/L (0100pg/mL)
1214yr 0367pmol/L (0100pg/mL)
1416yr 26385pmol/L (7105pg/mL)
1626yr 261175pmol/L (7320pg/mL)
Fecal fat
Preterm newborn Up to 0.40 excreted
Full-term newborn Up to 0.20 excreted
3mo1yr Up to 0.15 excreted
1yr Up to 0.085 excreted
P-Nonesterified fatty acids
Newborn 01845mmol/L
4mo10yr 3001100mmol/L
S-Glucose
Preterm newborn 1.13.6mmol/L (200656mg/L)
Fullterm newborn 1.16.1mmol/L (2001100mg/L)
Child 3.35.8mmol/L (6001050mg/L)
S--Glutamyltransferase
Premature newborn 56233U/L
Newborn3wk 10103U/L
3wk3mo 4111U/L
15yr 223U/L
615yr 223U/L
16yradult 235U/L
S-Haptoglobin
Newborn Detectable haptoglobin in only 0.10.2
1yr Adult values
S-Immunoglobulin G
05wk 750015,000mg/L
6mo 15007000mg/L
1yr 140010,300mg/L
5yr 370015,000mg/L
10yr 440015,500mg/L
S-Immunoglobulin A
05wk None
6mo 2001300mg/L
1yr 2001300mg/L
5yr 3002000mg/L
10yr 5002300mg/L
05wk None

Continued

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APPENDIX 5
TABLE A5-13
Selected Pediatric Reference Valuescontd
Parameter Value

S-Immunoglobulin M
05wk <200mg/L
6mo 300600mg/L
1yr 3001600mg/L
5yr 2002200mg/L
10yr 3001700mg/L
Inulin clearance
<1mo 2988mL/min per 1.73m2 of body surface
16mo 40112mL/min per 1.73m2 of body surface
612mo 62121mL/min per 1.73m2 of body surface
>1yr 78164mL/min per 1.73m2 of body surface
U-17-Ketosteroids*
03 day 00.2mol/day (00.5mg/day)
13yr <7.0mol/day (<2.0mg/day)
36yr 210mol/day (0.53.0mg/day)
69yr 314mol/day (0.84.0mg/day)
Male Female
1012yr 221mol/day (0.76.0mg/day) 217mol/day (0.75.0mg/day)
Adolescent 1052mol/day (315mg/day) 1042mol/day (312mg/day)
S-Lactate dehydrogenase
13 day Up to 2 adult values
S-Phosphorus (inorganic)
Preterm newborn 1.812.58mmol/L (56.080.0mg/L)
610 day 1.973.78mmol/L (61117mg/L)
4mo 1.552.62mmol/L (4881mg/L)
1yr 1.261.94mmol/L (3960mg/L)
216yr 0.841.61mmol/L (2650mg/L)
S-Potassium
Preterm newborn 4.57.2mmol/L
Full-term newborn 5.07.7mmol/L
2 day2wk 4.06.4mmol/L
2wk3mo 4.06.2mmol/L
3mo1yr 3.75.6mmol/L
116yr 3.65.2mmol/L
S-Testosterone Male Female
02yr 0.141.28nmol/L (00.4ng/mL) 0.240.62nmol/L (0.10.2ng/mL)
24yr 0.175.55nmol/L (01.6ng/mL) 0.240.69nmol/L (0.10.2ng/mL)
46yr 0.281.39nmol/L (0.10.4ng/mL) 0.350.69nmol/L (0.10.2ng/mL)
68yr 0.219.72nmol/L (0.12.8ng/mL) 0.521.04nmol/L (0.10.3ng/mL)
810yr 0.311.74nmol/L (0.10.5ng/mL) 0.691.39nmol/L (0.20.4ng/mL)
1012yr 0.2910.06nmol/L (0.12.9ng/mL) 0.691.74nmol/L (0.20.5ng/mL)
1214yr 0.1726.37nmol/L (07.6ng/mL) 1.042.43nmol/L (0.30.7ng/mL)
1416yr 3.1219.43nmol/L (0.95.6ng/mL) 1.213.30nmol/L (0.31.0ng/mL)
1618yr 9.0225.33nmol/L (2.67.3ng/mL) 1.393.30nmol/L (0.41.0ng/mL)
1820yr 13.8824.98nmol/L (4.07.2ng/mL) 1.393.30nmol/L (0.41.0ng/mL)
2025yr 11.8038.86nmol/L (3.411.2ng/mL) 1.393.30nmol/L (0.41.0ng/mL)
S-Thyroxine
13 day 142296nmol/L (11.023.0g/dL)
1wk1mo 116232nmol/L (9.018.0g/dL)
14mo 97212nmol/L (7.516.5g/dL)
412mo 71187nmol/L (5.514.5g/dL)
16yr 71174nmol/L (5.513.5g/dL)
610yr 64161nmol/L (5.012.5g/dL)

Information based on Meites S, editor: Pediatric clinical chemistry, Washington, DC, 1977, American Association for Clinical Chemistry.
P, Plasma; S, serum; U, urine.
*As DHEA.

REFERENCES
Beeler MF: SI units and the AJCP, Am J Clin Pathol 87: Metric Commission of Canada: The SI manual in health- World Health Organization: The SI for the health profes-
140, 1987. care, Ottawa, 1981, Sector 9.10 Health and Welfare, sions, Geneva, 1977, WHO.
Lundberg GD, Iverson C, Radulescu G: Now read Metric Commission of Canada. Young DS: Implementation of SI units for clinical labo-
this: the SI units are here, JAMA 255:2329, Tietz NW, editor: Clinical guide to laboratory tests, ed 3, ratory data: style specifications and conversion tables,
1986. Philadelphia, 1995, WB Saunders. Ann Intern Med 106:114, 1987.

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