D.V.Bhavanna Rao. M.Tech., F.I.E.

,
Chief Engineer ,
Roads & Buildings
Andhra Pradesh (Retired)

for more presentations on Roads

and Bridges, please visit
http://aproadbuildqa.blogspot.com
bhavanna.r@egis-india.com

Important Aspects in Road Construction

as per MORT&H and IRC Guidelines
 305. Soils unsuitable for embankment,
sub grade and shoulders

(i) Material from swamps, marshes and bogs.

(ii) Peat, log, stump and perishable material; soil
classified as OL, OI, OH or Pt as per IS:1498.
(iii)Materials susceptible to spontaneous combustion.
(iv)Clay having liquid limit exceeding 70% and
plasticity index exceeding 45%. (tests conducted
on material passing 0.425 mm IS Sieve as per
IS:2720 part 5)
(v) Material with salts resulting in leaching action e.g.
Soils of pH > 8.5).
(vi) Expansive clay with free swelling index (test
conducted on material passing 0.425 mm IS Sieve
as per IS:2720 part 40) exceeding 50%
 305. Soils unsuitable for embankment,
sub grade and shoulders continued

(vii) Materials in a frozen condition.

(viii) Fill materials with a soluble sulphate content
exceeding 1.9 gm of sulphate, (expressed as SO3) per litre
when tested in accordance with BS:1377 test 10, but using
a 2:1 water-soil ratio shall not be deposited within 500 mm
or other distance described in the Contract, of concrete,
cement bound materials or other cementitious materials
forming part of permanent works.
(ix) Material with a total sulphate content (expressed
as SO3) exceeding 0.5 per cent by mass when tested in
accordance BS: 1377 test 9, shall not be deposited within
500 mm or other distance described in the Contract, of
metallic items forming part of permanent works
 305.4.4: Embankment and Sub Grade
Requirements around structures

The filling around culverts, bridges and other

structures upto a distance of twice the height of
the road from the back of the abutment shall be
carried out independent of the work on the main
embankment.
Material with LL more than 40% and PI more than
20% shall not be allowed as backfill for all earth
retaining structures. Backfill material shall
conform to the general requirements given in
appendix 6 of IRC: 78 (Standard Specifications
and Code of practice for road bridges-section VII)
 Filling behind abutments, retaining walls and retun walls
General guide to the selection of soils on basis of anticipated
embankment performance appendix - 6, IRC: 78-2000
Soil group to Anticipat
IS: 1498-1970 Visual MDD OMC % ed
Most description Kg/ m3 range performa
possible nce
probable
GW,GP,G Good to
Granular 1850 to
M, SW, - 7 - 15
materials 2280 Excellent
HP
SB, SM, Granular
materials 1760 to Fair to
GM, GC, - 9 - 18
2160 excellent
SM, SC With soils
1760 to Fair to
SP - sand 19 - 25
1850 good
CL,
MI, MH, Sandy soils & 1760 to Fair to
SM,SB, 10 - 20
DL silts 2080 good
SC
Some Test Results on Soils done at Soil Testing Cell (R&B) Vijayawada
classifi LL PI OMC MDD FSI CBR
District cation % % % g/cc % %

Guntur CH 66 33 21.3 1.6 65 3

Krishna CI 48 24 19.2 1.63 46 3

Prakasam SM - NP 13.7 1.90 - 10

EG CH 61 32 24.5 1.4 86 3

WG CI 39 21 26 1.45 65 4

Kurnool SC 24 12 8.29 1.75 - 9

WG CL 31 13 15.7 1.84 33 6

EG CI 48 24 14.3 1.82 33 7

Prakasam CH 61 32 24.5 1.4 95 3

WG CI 49 29 16.7 1.68 200 5

 401.Granular Sub Base as Drainage Layer:

Permeability requirement for drainage layer is 20 m/day

as per Pavement Design Guide (1986) by American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) and 4/6 laning manual

Table: 300-4 of Orange Book: Grading Requirements for

Aggregate Drains
IS Sieve size Percent passing by weight
37.5mm 100
9.5mm 45 - 100
3.35mm 25 - 80
600 micron 8 - 45
150 micron 5 - 10
75 micron <5
 401 Granular Sub Base
1) Material passing 75 micron sieve shall be less than10%
2) Material in mix shall have 10% fines value (for sample in
soaked condition as per with BS: 812 (part III) > 50 KN
3) Water Absorption(IS: 2386-part 3) of coarse aggregate 2%.If
it is more, soundness test requirements be satisfied.
4) Material in mix passing 425 micron sieve shall have
Liquid limit < 25% and Plasticity index < 6%.
5) Material in the mix shall satisfy specified grading
6) CBR test (IS: 2720 part 16). In-situ CBR tests are not reliable.
30% CBR (4 day soaked) for design traffic more than 2 msa
as per IRC:37-2001
20% CBR (4 day soaked) for design traffic less than 2 msa
as per IRC:37-2001

7) Layer thickness:
100 mm compacted with smooth wheeled roller
225 mm compacted with vibratory roller
 TABLE 400-1, Grading for Close Graded Granular Sub-Base
(for gravel roads as per Rural Roads Manual IRC:SP 20-2002)

IS Sieve
Grading I Grading II Grading III
Designation
75.0 mm 100 -- --
53.0 mm 80-100 100
26.5 mm 55-90 70-100 100
9.50 mm 35-65 50-80 65-95
4.75 mm 25-55 40-65 50-80
2.36 mm 20-40 30-50 40-65
0.425 mm 10-25 15-25 20-35
0.075 mm 3-10 3-10 3-10
TABLE 400-2. GRADING FOR COARSE GRADED
GRANGULAR SUB-BASE MATERIALS

Percent by weight passing through

IS Sieve the IS sieve
Designation
Grading I Grading II Grading III
75.0 mm 100 -- --
53.0 mm 100
26.5 mm 55-75 50-80 100
9.50 mm
4.75 mm 10-30 15-35 25-45
0.075 mm < 10 < 10 < 10
CBR Value
30 25 20
(Minimum)
Coarse Aggregates: Gr-I to Gr-III , 40mm & 65 mm
Screenings: Type-A :6mm and 10mm,
Type-B: Stone Dust
Binder: Stone Dust

Process of WBM
Spreading Metal > Sectioning and Dry Rolling >
Light Sprinkling of Water > rolling > Application of
Screenings > Brooming > Rolling > Watering &
Sweeping > Rolling > Application of Binder >
Sprinkling of Water & Sweeping > Rolling > Setting
and Drying
 Table 400-7, WBM gradation Requirements
IS Sieve Cumulative percent passing
size Grade I Grade II Grade III
125mm 100 - -
90mm 90-100 100 -
63mm 25-60 90-100 100
53mm - 25-75 95-100
45mm 0-15 0-15 65-90
22.4mm 0-5 0-5 0-10
11.2mm - - 0-5
Aggregate Impact Value (IS:2386: part-4) :30% (max)
Combined flakiness and elongation index (IS:2386: part-1) : 30% (max),
 404.2.6. Screenings: Screenings to fill voids in the
coarse aggregate shall generally consist of the same material
as the coarse aggregate. However, where permitted,
predominantly non-plastic material such as moorum or gravel
(other than rounded river borne material) may be used for this
purpose provided liquid limit and plasticity index of such
material are below 20 and 6 respectively and fraction passing
75 micron sieve does not exceed 10 per cent.
Table 400 - 8
Type of screenings IS Sieve % passing
13.2mm 100
Type A 13.2mm 11.2mm 95-100
(6mm & 10mm chips) 5.6mm 15-35
180 micron 0-5
11.2mm 100
Type B 11.2mm
5.6mm 90-100
(stone dust)
180 micron 15-35
 DOs
1. Check aggregates for
Soundness test when water
absorption is more than 2%
2. Soft aggregate should be
tested for wet aggregate impact
value.
3. Construct shoulders
simultaneously along with
WBM layers.
4. Use inverted choke over fine
grained soil sub-grade.
5. Remove BT surface before
WBM is laid on an existing
black top road.
6. Remove defective macadam to
full depth and replace by fresh
material and re-compact.
Donts
1. Do not use any material derived from
rocks e.g. phyllites, shales or slates.
2. Do not use local soil and clayey
material as screenings or binding
material unless it meats the
requirements of PI mentioned
3. Do not use binding material if
screenings are of crushable type.
4. Do not spread coarse aggregate more
than 3 days in advance of any
subsequent operations.
5. Do not roll if sub-grade is soft or
yielding or causes a wave like motion
while rolling.
6. Do not lay WBM layer on lime treated
sub-base until it has attained its strength.
7. Do not use screenings to make up
depressions.
8. Do not allow traffic till WBM is fully
set.
 DOs
1. Check aggregates for
Soundness test when water
absorption is more than 2%
2. Soft aggregate should be
tested for wet aggregate impact
value.
3. Construct shoulders
simultaneously along with
WBM layers.
4. Use inverted choke over fine
grained soil sub-grade.
5. Remove BT surface before
WBM is laid on an existing
black top road.
6. Remove defective macadam to
full depth and replace by fresh
material and re-compact.
Donts
1. Do not use any material derived
from rocks e.g. phyllites, shales or
slates.
2. Do not use local soil and clayey
material as screenings or binding
material unless it meats the
requirements of PI mentioned
3. Do not use binding material if
screenings are of crushable type.
4. Do not spread coarse aggregate
more than 3 days in advance of any
subsequent operations.
5. Do not roll if sub-grade is soft or
yielding or causes a wave like
motion while rolling.
6. Do not lay WBM layer on lime
treated sub-base until it has attained
its strength.
7. Do not use screenings to make up
depressions.
8. Do not allow traffic till WBM is
fully set.
 WET MIX MACADAM
Table 400-11. Grading Requirements of Aggregates for WMM

Per cent by weight

IS Sieve Designation
passing the IS Sieve
53.00 mm 100
45.00 mm 95-100
22.4 mm 60-80
11.20 mm 40-60
4.75 mm 25-40
2.36 mm 15-30

600.00 micron 8-22

75.00 micron 0-8

Materials : 40mm, 20mm , 12mm, 6mm &Stone Dust Mixing at Pug Mill with Water,
Conveyed to Site, Spreading by Paver and Rolling. Relative Compaction = 98 %
Aggregate Impact Value (IS:2386: part-4) :30% (max)
Combined flakiness and elongation index (IS:2386: part-1) : 30% (max),
Plasticity Index (IS:2720: part5) shall not exceed 6%.
 DOs Donts
1. Ensure compliance of all 1. Do not use material
material and plant other than crushed
requirements. stone.
2. Check aggregate for
soundness test when 2. Do not allow
water absorption is more segregation or pockets of
than 2 %. coarse/fine material on
3. Build shoulders the layer.
simultaneously along with
WMM layers. 3. Do not allow any traffic
4. Remove BT surface on the WMM surface
before WMM is laid on an without covering it with a
existing road. wearing course.
 Important Requirements Viscosity
Grades of Bitumen as per IS: 73 - 2006
Kinematic
Bitumen Penetration at Viscosity at 60C in
viscosity at 135C,
grade 25C Poises
cSt, Min

VG - 40 40 to 60 4000200 400

VG - 30 50 to 70 3000600 350

VG - 20 60 to 80 2000400 300

VG - 10 80 to 100 1000200 250

Stipulations of IS: 73 2006 in selection of VG grade bitumens
in place of Penetration Grade (prevailing) bitumens
Viscosity Grade General Applications
Use in highly stressed areas such
VG-40 as those in intersections, near toll
(40 to 60 penetration) booths and truck parking lots in
lieu of old 30/40 penetration grade

VG-30 Use for paving for most parts of

India in lieu of old 60/70
(50 to 70 penetration) penetration grade.
VG-20 Use in cold climatic, high altitude
(60 to 80 penetration) regions of North India
Use in spraying applications such
VG-10 (80 to 100 as surface dressing and paving in
penetration) very cold climatic region in lieu of
old 80/100 penetration grade
Mixing, laying and rolling temperatures for VG grade
paving bitumen and modified binder
Bitumen Aggregate Mix Laying Rolling
Temp. C
Bitumen
Temp.C Temp.C Temp.C Temp.C

VG - 40 160 - 170 160 - 170 160 170 150 min. 100 min.

VG - 30 150 - 165 150 165 150 165 140 min. 90 min.

VG - 20 145 165 145 165 145 165 135 min. 85 min.

VG - 10 140 160 140 160 140 160 130 min. 80 min.

160 130 115

Modified 165 - 185 155 175
maximum Minimum minimum
 Manufacturing and Rolling Temperatures
for penetration grade bitumen
Minimum
Mixed Rolling
Bitumen Bitumen Aggregate
Material - Laying-C
Penetration Mixing -C Mixing-C temp.
C
C

35
160 - 170 160-175 170 Max 100 Min 130 Min
(30-40)

65
150 - 165 150-170 165 Max 90 Min 125 Min
(60-70)

90
140 - 160 140-165 155 Max 80 Min 115 Min
(80-100)
Factors Influencing Compaction of Asphalt mixes

1) Type of Aggregates
2) Shape of Aggregates
3) Grading of mix
4) Residual moisture content in aggregates
5) Binder conent
6) Viscosity of binder
7) Temperature of mix during compaction

Note: The first six requirements are taken care in

the mix design, leaving temperature of
compaction as the single most important affecting
the final result.
 Recommended use of Cationic Emulsions
as per IS 8887: 2004
Type Recommended uses
Rapid Setting RS 1 Tack Coat
Rapid Setting RS 2 Surface Dressing
Medium Setting MS Pre mixes and plant mixes
Fog seal, Crack Seal, Prime
Slow Setting SS 1
Coat
Slurry Seal and mixes with
Slow Setting SS 2
higher fine aggregate %
Slow Setting SS 1 is being used as tack coat in USA
and other countries
 Table 500-46, Specifications for modified bitumen

Grade and Requirements

Method of
Designation
CRMB CRMB CRMB test
60 55 50
IS: 1203-
Penetration at 25C 50 - 70 50 - 60 40- 60 1978

Softening point C- IS: 1205-

50 55 60 1978
min
Elastic recovery at ASTM D5976
40 35 30
15C-minimum 1996
 Selection Criteria for type of modified bitumen based
on Atmospheric temperature
Minimum Maximum Atmospheric Temperatures in C
pavement
temperature
in C < 35 oc 35 oc to 45 oc > 45 oc

oc
PMB/NRMB - 120 PMB/NRMB - 70 PMB/NRMB - 70
< - 10
CRMB - 50 CRMB - 55 CRMB - 55
+10 oc to PMB/NRMB - 70 PMB/NRMB - 70 PMB/NRMB - 40
-10 oc CRMB - 50 CRMB - 55 CRMB - 60

oc
PMB/NRMB - 70 PMB/NRMB - 70 PMB/NRMB - 40
> 10
CRMB - 55 CRMB - 55 CRMB - 60

PMB - Polymer Modified Bitumen

NRMB- Natural Rubber Modified Bitumen
CRMB- Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen
 Prime Coat over granular base
Application of single coat of low viscosity liquid bituminous
material to an absorbent granular surface for any
superimposed bituminous treatment

Table 500-1,Viscosity requirements and quantity of bituminous primer

Kinematic
Viscosity of Quantity / 10
Type of surface
Primer at 60o C Sq.m (Kgs)
(Centistokes)
low porosity 30 60 6 to 9
Medium
70 140 9 to 12
porosity
High porosity 250-500 12 to 15
 Methodology for Prime Coat

1. Bituminous primer should be slow setting bitumen

emulsion, use of cutback being restricted to areas having sub
zero temperature or for emergency operations.
2. The prime coat should be applied only on the top
most granular base layer, over which bituminous treatment is
to be applied. The granular base surface should be swept
clean of dust and loose particles and where required, lightly
and uniformly sprinkled with water to moist the surface.
3. The primer should be sprayed uniformly over the dry
surface of absorbent granular base, using suitable bitumen
pressure distributor or sprayer capable of spraying primer at
specified rates and temperature so as to provide a uniformly
unbroken spread of primer. Normal temperature range of
spraying emulsion should be 20C to 60C. The rate of
application depends upon the porosity characteristics of the
surface to be primed and is given in above table.
 DOs Donts
1. Use slow setting emulsion 1. Do not apply primer
and restrict the use of when the atmospheric
cutback to subzero temperature in shade is
temperature conditions or less than 10C or when
emergency operations. the weather is foggy, rainy
2. Use only pressure or windy.
sprayers. 2. Do not allow pouring of
3. Preferably lay a trial primer using perforated
section. cans.
4. The Contractor to 3. Do not allow traffic on
demonstrate at a spraying primed surface.
trial to ensure that the 4. Do not apply
equipment is capable of bituminous material to a
producing a uniform spray. wet surface.
 503 Tack Coat ( MORT & H )
503.4.3: The application of tack coat shall be at the rate
specified in the contract and shall be applied uniformly. If
rate of application of tack coat is not specified in the
contract then it shall be at the rate specified in table 500-2

Table 500-2, rate of application of tack coat

Bituminous material
Type of Surface Emulsion or cutback in
Kg/10 Sq.M
Normal bituminous surfaces 2.0 to 2.5
Dry and hungry bituminous surfaces 2.5 to 3.0
Granular surfaces treated with primer 2.5 to 3.0
Non- bituminous surfaces:
Granular base (not primed) 3.5 to 4.0
Cement concrete pavement 3.0 to 3.5
 Rate of application of tack coat
as per table 4 of IRC:SP: 78-2008

Rate of Rate of spray

Type of spray (Bitumen -
S.No
surface (emulsion) VG-10)
Kg/M2 Kg/M2
Bituminous 0.20
i 0.30 to 0.40
surface to 0.30
Granular
surface 0.25
ii 0.35 to 0.40
treated with to 0.30
primer
 Methodology for Tack Coat
1. Use a rapid setting bitumen emulsion for applying a tack coat,
the use of cutback being restricted to areas having sub-zero
temperature or for emergency applications.
2. The surface on which tack coat is to be applied should be
clean, free from dust, dirt and any extraneous materials and dry.
3. The surface should be prepared as per sub-section 501.
4. The binder should be sprayed uniformly over the surface
using suitable bitumen pressure sprayer capable of spraying
bitumen and emulsion at specified rates and temperature so as
to provide a uniformly unbroken spread of bitumen emulsion.
For smaller jobs, a pressure hand sprayer may be used. Normal
range of spraying temperature should be 20C-60C in case of
emulsion and 50C-80C in case of cutback. The rate of
application depends upon the type of surface and is given in
above Table.
5. The surface should be allowed to cure until all the volatiles
have evaporated.
 DOs Donts
1. Plan the work so that no 1. Do not apply tack
more than the necessary coat when
tack coat for the days atmospheric
operation is placed on temperature is less
surface. than 10C or when
weather is foggy, rainy
2. Handle bituminous or windy.
cutback carefully to avoid
fire mishap. 2. Do not apply tack
coat on a wet surface.

3. Do not allow any

equipment or vehicles
on Tack Coat.
 Physical Requirements of Coarse Aggregates for
BM/DBM/SDBC/BC
Table 500-3 for BM, table 500-8 for DBM, table 500-14 for
SDBC & 500-17 for BC of 4th Revision
Code
Property Test Specification
Reference
Grain size Max. 5% passing IS: 2386 part
Cleanliness
analysis 0.075mm sieve 1
Flakiness and
Particle IS: 2386 part
Elongation Max. 30%
shape 1
Index
Los Angeles Max. 40% for BM ,
Strength Abrasion Value 35% for DBM & SDBC IS: 2386 part
4
or &30% for BC
Max 30%for BM,
Aggregate IS: 2386 part
27%for DBM & SDBC,
Impact Value 4
24%for BC
 Physical requirements continued
Soundness:
Durability Sodium Sulphate 12% IS: 2386 part 5
Magnesium Sulphate 18%

Absorption Water Absorption 2% IS: 2386 part 3

Coating and Stripping
Stripping of Aggregate bitumen 95% IS: 6241

Water Retained Tensile to be done if

Strength Min. 80%
Sensitivity stripping fails
Polishing Polished Stone Value Min. 55 Bs: 812 part
for SDBC and BC 114
 513 Seal Coat
Requirement of materials fo seal coat

Aggregate Bitumen Emulsion

Type Specification Quantity Quantity
Quantity
specification specification Kg/10
Size mm cum Kg/10 sqm
sqm

11.2- 2.36
A 0.09 S-65 9.8 RS 15.0
6mm

2.36- 0.18
B Sand or 0.06 S-90 6.8 SS 10.0
dust

Type A seal coat is for high rainfall areas ( over 1500mm )

Table 500-4, COMPOSITION OF BITUMINOUS MACADAM (4th Revision)
Mix Designation Grading I Grading II
Nominal Aggregate 40 mm 19 mm
Size
Layer Thickness 80 100 mm 50 75 mm
IS Sieve (mm) Cumulative % by weight of total aggregate passing
45 100 -----
37.5 90 100 ------
26.5 75 100 100
19 --- 90 100
13.2 35 61 56 88
4.75 13 22 16 36
2.36 4 19 4 19
0.30 2 -10 2 -10
0.075 0 -8 0 -8
Bitumen content, % 3.10 3.40 3.30 3.50
Bitumen Grade 35 to 90 35 to 90
 Cl. 4.2.3.1 of IRC: 37-2001
BM has low binder content and high
voids and is thus not impervious to water.
Effect of high voids is reduced stiffness and
increased stress concentrations. From fatigue
considerations, the detrimental effects of
voids is more apparent at low temperatures.
During prolonged hot spells, BM mix will
operate over a very low stiffness range.
Hence, use of BM may desirably be
restricted only to roads designed to carry
traffic less than 5 msa. DBM is recommended
for roads designed to carry higher traffic than
5 msa
 Methodology for Bituminous Macadam
1. Prepare the base on which bituminous macadam
course is to be laid and shape to the specified lines, grade and
cross-section.
2. Apply tack coat over the base preparatory to laying of
the bituminous macadam.
3. Bituminous Macadam should be prepared in a Hot Mix
Plant of adequate capacity Ensure manufacturing and rolling
temperatures for Bituminous Macadam as specified.
4. Transfer the mixed material quickly to site of work and
lay by means of an approved self-propelled mechanical paver.
5. Commence initial rolling with 80-100 kN rollers (three-
wheel or tandem type), beginning from the edge and
progressing towards the centre longitudinally. On super
elevated portions, rolling should progress from lower to upper
edge parallel to centre line of pavement. Thereafter, do
intermediate rolling with vibratory or pneumatic tyred road
rollers. This should be followed by final rolling while the
material is still workable.
 Methodology for Bituminous Macadam continued
6. Any high spots or depressions noticed after the roller has
passed over the whole area once should be corrected by
removing or adding premixed material. Rolling should
recommence thereafter. Each pass should have an overlap of at
least one-third of the track made in the preceding pass.
Rolling should be continued till all roller marks have been
eliminated.
7. For single lane roads no longitudinal joint is required, while
for double-lane roads longitudinal joints may be required
depending on the paver width.
8. For making longitudinal or transverse joint, cut the edges of
the bituminous layer laid earlier to their full depth so as to
expose fresh surface and apply a thin coat of binder. Lay
adjacent new layer and compact flush with the existing layer. 9.
Cover the bituminous macadam with the wearing course within
a period of 48 hours. If there is any delay in providing wearing
course the bituminous macadam surface should be covered
with a seal coat before opening to traffic.
 DOs
1.Ensure that stone aggregate
conforms to the physical
requirements and grading
requirements and are dry and clean.
2. In case the aggregate has poor
affinity to bitumen use anti stripping
agent with the approval of Engineer.
3. While transporting the mixture it
should be suitably covered by
tarpaulin.
4. Rolling operations should be
completed before the mix becomes
unworkable
5. Maintain strict control on
temperature while mixing and
rolling.
6. Regulate the rate of delivery of
material to paver to enable it to
operate continuously.
Donts
1. Do not undertake the work in
foggy, rainy or windy weather or
when the atmospheric temperature
in the shade is less than 10C.
2. Do not allow the difference in
temperature of binder and
aggregate to increase beyond 14OC
at any time.
3. Do not allow the premix material
to adhere to the roller wheels. (Do
not use excess water for the
purpose. Light sprinkling should
do.)
4. Do not use lubricating oil on the
wheels of the roller to prevent mix
from adhering.
5. Do not allow traffic until the mix
has been covered with a wearing
course.
6. Do not move roller at a speed
more than 5 km/h.
 Mix Design of DBM, SDBC or BC

1 Proportioning of Coarse aggregate and Fine

aggregate to satisfy the specified gradation.

2 Optimum Bitumen Content to satisfy the

specified values of:
a) Marshal Stability Value
b) Flow Value
c) Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA)
d) Voids Filled by Bitumen (VFB)
e) Air Voids in Mix
 Table 500-10 Composition of Dense Graded Bituminous Macadam Pavement Layers.

Grading 1 2
Nominal aggregate size 40 mm 25 mm
Layer Thickness 80-100mm 50-75 mm
IS Sieve (mm) Cumulative % by weight of total aggregate passing
45 100
37.5 95-100 100
26.5 63-93 90-100
19 - 71-95
13.2 55-75 56-80
4.75 38-54 38-54
2.36 28-42 28-42
0.3 7-21 7-21
0.075 2-8 2-8
Bitumen content % by
Min 4.0 in 4.5
mass of total mix
Bitumen grade (pen) 65 or 90 65 or 90
 Table 500-11, Requirements of DBM layer
Description Requirements
Minimum stability (KN at 9.0
600C)
Minimum flow (mm) 2
Maximum flow (mm) 4
Compaction level (Number of 75 blows on each face of
blows) the specimen
Percent air voids 3-6
Percent voids in mineral
See table 500-12
aggregate (VMA)
Percent voids filled with
65-75
bitumen (VFB)
Table 500-9, Grading Requirements of mineral filler

IS Sieve Cumulative per cent passing

(mm) by weight of total aggregate
0.6 100
0.3 95 - 100
0.075 85 - 100

The filler shall be free from organic impurities and have a Plasticity
Index not greater than 4. The Plasticity Index requirement shall not apply if
filler is cement or lime. When the coarse aggregate is gravel, 2 per cent by
weight of total aggregate, shall be Portland cement or hydrated lime and the
percentage of fine aggregate reduced accordingly. Cement or hydrated lime
is not required when the limestone aggregate is used. Where the aggregates
fail to meet the requirements of the water sensitivity test in Table 500-8, then
2 per cent by total weight of aggregate, of hydrated lime shall be added
without additional cost.
 Table 500-12, Minimum per cent voids in mineral aggregate (VMA)

Minimum VMA, per cent related to design air

Nominal
voids, per cent
Maximum
particle size 3.0 4.0 5.0

9.5 14.0 15.0 16.0

12.5 13.0 14.0 15.0

19.0 12.0 13.0 14.0

25.0 11.0 12.0 13.0

37.5 10.0 11.0 12.0

Notes: 1. The nominal maximum particle size isone size larger than
the first sieve to retain more than 10%.
2. Interpolate minimum voids in the mineral (VMA) for design air voids
values between those listed
Table 500-15 Composition Of Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete Pavement Layers.

Grading 1 2
Nominal aggregate size 13 mm 10 mm
Layer Thickness 35-40mm 25-30 mm
IS Sieve (mm) Cumulative %by weight of total aggregate passing
19 100
13.2 90-100 100
9.5 70-90 90-100
4.75 35-51 35-51
2.36 24-39 24-39
1.18 15-30 15-30
0.3 9-19 9-19
0.075 3-8 3-8
Bitumen content % by
Min 4.5 Min 5.0
mass of total mix
Bitumen grade (pen) 65* 65*
* Only in exceptional circumstances, 80/100 penetration grade bitumen may be used
 Table 500-16, Requirements of SDBC layer
Description Requirements
Minimum stability (KN at 8.2
600C)
Minimum flow (mm) 2
Maximum flow (mm) 4
Compaction level (Number of 75 blows on each face of
blows) the specimen
Percent air voids 3-5
Percent voids in mineral
See table 500-12
aggregate (VMA)
Percent voids filled with
65-78
bitumen (VFB)
 Table 500-18 Composition of Bituminous Concrete Pavement Layers.

Grading 1 2

Nominal aggregate size 19 mm 13 mm

Layer Thickness 50-65mm 30-45 mm

IS Sieve (mm) Cumulative % by weight of total aggregate passing
26.5 100
19 79-100 100
13.2 59-79 79-100
9.5 52-72 70-88
4.75 35-55 53-71
2.36 28-44 42-58
1.18 20-34 34-48
0.6 15-27 26-38
0.3 10-20 18-28
0.15 5-13 12-20
0.075 2-8 4-10
Bitumen content % by
5.0 - 6.0 5.0 - 7.0
mass of total mix
Bitumen grade (pen) 65 65
 Table 500-19, Requirements of BC layers
Minimum stability (kN at
9.0
60 C)
Minimum flow (mm) 2
Maximum flow (mm) 4
Compaction level 75 blows on each of the two
(Number of blows) faces of the specimen
Percent air voids 3-6
Percent voids in mineral
See table 500-12
aggregate (VMA)
Percent voids filled with
65-75
bitumen (VFB)
Loss of stability on
Minimum 75 % retained
immersion in water at
strength
60C (ASTM D 1075
Table 5500-13, Permissible variations from job mix formula for DBM, SDBC, and BC

Permissible variation
Description
Base/binder course Wearing course

8% 7%
Aggregate passing 19mm sieve or
larger

Aggregate passing 13.2mm, 9.5mm 7% 6%

Aggregate passing 4.75mm 6% 5%

5% 4%
Aggregate passing 2.36mm, 1.18mm,
0.6mm

Aggregate passing 0.3mm, 0.15mm 4% 3%

Aggregate passing 0.075mm 2% 1.5mm

Binder content 0.3% 0.3%

Mixing temperature 10C 10C

Reasons for Poor performance of Asphalt mixes

1 Inadequate initial compaction making the

mix vulnerable to high secondary compaction
under traffic.
2 Relatively high asphalt contents that
permit the reduction of air voids to less than 3
per cent under secondary compaction, leading
to rutting under heavy axle loads when
pavement temperatures rise in summer.
3 Low asphalt contents and high air voids
in the mix leading to top- down cracking,
raveling and stripping making the mix les
durable.
 Table 500-
500-20, Surface Dressing
510 of MORT&H 4th revision
Size Binder per 10Sqm Chips per10Sqm
19mm 12 Kg 0.15 cum
13mm 10 Kg 0.10 cum
10mm 9 Kg 0.08 cum
6mm 7.5 Kg 0.04 cum

Physical Requirements for aggregates are the same as for

BM except that water absorption shall be less than 1%
Modified Penetration Macadam (MPM) 506 Rural Roads Manual
Rate of application for 10sqm area
75mm 50mm
Description Bituminous On WBM Bituminous On WBM
surface, surface, surface, surface,
cum cum cum cum
40mm size hand
0.9 0.6
broken metal
12mm size chips 0.18 0.18

Bitumen rate of application for 10sqm area (kg)

75mm 50mm
Description
Bituminous On WBM Bituminous On WBM
surface surface surface surface
Bitumen for grouting 20 20 17.5 17.5
Tack coat for existing 5 - 5 -
bituminous surface
1. Spread coarse aggregate of 40 mm size metal uniformly at the rate of 0.9
cum for 75 mm thickness (0.6 cum for 50 mm thickness) per 10 sqm area to
proper camber/ super-elevation. Remedy all high spots and depressions by
removing or adding aggregates.
2. Commence rolling with 80-100 kN rollers (three-wheel or tandem type),
beginning from the edge and progressing towards the centre longitudinally. On
super elevated portions, rolling should progress from lower to upper edge
parallel to centre line of pavement.
3. Correct any irregularities noticed after the roller has passed over the whole
area once by loosening the surface and removing or adding the coarse
aggregates followed by rolling. Continue rolling till the entire surface has been
rolled to desired compaction such that there is no crushing of aggregates and all
roller marks have been eliminated. Each pass of roller should overlap not less
than one-third of the track made in the preceding pass.
4. Heat bitumen (paving grade S-35 to S-90) to a temperature of 160C to
180C and spray uniformly on aggregate layer at the rate of 20 kg per 10 m2 for
75 mm thick layer and 17.5 kg per 10 m2 for 50 mm thick layer.
5. Immediately after application of bitumen, spread 12 mm size key aggregates
at a uniform rate of 0.18 cum for 75 mm thickness (0.12 cum for 50 mm
thickness) per 10 m2 so as to cover the surface completely and roll. Rolling
should continue until the key aggregates are firmly embedded in position and
stop moving under roller
 DOs Donts
1. Ensure that aggregates 1. Do not undertake the
conform to grading work in foggy. rainy or
specified and are dry windy weather or when
and clean at the time of the atmospheric
laying. temperature in the
shade is less than l0C.
2. Maintain the
temperature of bitumen 2. Do not allow any
appropriate to traffic over Built up
the grade of bitumen. spray grout
without laying wearing
3. Remove excessive course or seal coat.
deposits of binder
during spray operation.
 512 Open Graded Pre Mix Carpet (OGPC)
20 mm thick pre mix carpet
Aggregate
013.2mmchips = 0.18cum
11.2mm chips = 0.09cum

(13.2mm = passing 22.4 & retained on 11.2mm sieves

11.2mm chips passing 13.2mm
retained on 5.6mm sieves)

Binder
Bitumen @ 14.6 kg/ 10sqm
Emulsion @ 21.5 kg/ 10sqm

AIV < 40%, FIV < 25% and WA < 1% for coarse aggregates.
 Appropriate technology and machinery for
Premix Carpet

1.Applying Prime Coat : Hand-held lance provided

with sprayer, operated by compressor

2.Applying Tack Coat : Hand-held lance provided

with sprayer, operated by compressor

3.Mixing of aggregates and bitumen in : Mini Hot

Mix Plant, capacity of with specified quantities
around 6 tonnes/hour

4.Transporting from the mixer to site : Tarpaulin-

covered tractor-trailer or hand barrows
 Methodology for OGPC
1.Mixing should be thorough to ensure that a homogenous mixture is
obtained. The temperature of bitumen at the time of mixing should be in the
range of 150 C to 163 C and that of aggregates 155C to 163C, provided
that the difference between the temperature of aggregate and the binder should
not exceed 14C. If modified bitumen is used, temperature should be as
recommended in Subsection 512. The temperature at the time of discharge of
the mixture should be between l30C and 160C.
2. The premixed material shall be spread on the road surface with rakes.
3. Commence rolling with 80-100 kN rollers (three-wheel or tandem type),
beginning from the edge and progressing towards the centre longitudinally. (On
super elevated portions, rolling should progress from lower to upper edge
parallel to centre line of pavement). Continue rolling operations till a smooth
uniform surface is achieved and all roller marks are eliminated. Each pass
should have an overlap of at least one-third of the track made in the preceding
pass.
4. Correct any high spots or depressions noticed after the roller has
passed over the whole area once by removing or adding premixed material and
re-compacting.
5. Provide a seal coat to the surface immediately after laying the carpet
as per details in Sub-section
 DOs
1. Ensure that the
aggregates and binder
satisfy the specified
requirements.
2. Before opening the
bitumen emulsion drum,
roll the drum at slow
speed, to and fro at least
five times for a distance of
about 10 m to ensure
proper distribution of
storage sedimentation.
3. As far as possible use
suitable cold mixing plant
Donts
1. Do not allow manual
mixing.
2. Do not undertake work
in foggy, rainy or windy
weather or when the
minimum air temperature
is less than 10C.
3. Do not allow any traffic
unless the emulsion is
properly set and the
surface has acquired
adequate stability
 Recommended Roughness Values for roads
In India in mm/km as per IRC:SP:30-2009
Surface type good average poor Very poor

Bituminous
< 2000 2000 to 3000 3000 to 6000 Over 6000
Concrete

Surface Dressing <3500 3500 to 4500 4500 to 7000 Over 7000

Premix Bituminous
carpet/(Open <3000 3000 to 4000 4000 to 6000 Over 6000
Graded)
Water Bound Over
<8000 8000 to 9000 9000 to 10000
Macadam/Gravel 10000

Cement Concrete <2200 2200-3000 3000-4000 Over 4000

 512 Mix Seal surfacing
Table 500-26, aggregate gradation
IS sieve Cumulative per cent by weight of
designation total aggregate passing
(mm) Type A Type B
13.2 mm - 100
11.2 mm 100 88 - 100
5.6 mm 52 - 88 31 - 52
2.8 mm 14 - 38 5 - 25
0.090 mm 0-5 0-5
Bitumen 22 kg / 10 sqm 19 kg / 10 sqm
As per Manual for construction and supervision of
bituminous works Type A grading may be used for 25mm
thick MSS also, by proportionately increasing bitumen
content
 Stone Matrix Asphalt
As per IRC: SP: 79 -2008

SMA is a gap graded hot mix which contains:

a) Coarse aggregate: 70-80%
b) binder content: 6-7%
c) filler: 8-12%
d) fiber or modifier: 0.3-0.5%
e) layer thickness: 40 to 75mm

Bitumen for SMA shalll be VG-30 grade

bitumen or PMB-40 grade Bitumen
Filler shall be stone dust and /or hydrated lime
passing in 0.3mm sieve by 95 100% and in
0.075mm sieve by 85 100%
Causes of superior performance of SMA

1) Higher amount of coarse aggregate

provides better stone-to-stone contact,
which provides highly rut resistant
bituminous course.
2) Higher binder content adds durability
3) Stabilising additive reduces drain
down of binder
 Physical Requirements of Coarse Aggregates for SMA
Code
Property Test Specification
Reference
% passing 0.075mm sieve
Cleanliness Grain size analysis IS: 2386 part 1
< 2%
Particle Combined Flakiness
< 30% IS: 2386 part 1
shape and Elongation Index
Los Angeles Abrasion
< 25%
Value
Strength IS: 2386 part 4
Aggregate Impact Value <18%

*Polishing Polished Stone Value IS: 2386 part 114 > 55%
Soundness (either Sodium or Magnesium) 5 cycles
durability Sodium Sulphate < 12%
IS: 2386 part 5
Magnesium Sulphate < 18%
Water
Water Absorption IS: 2386 part 3 < 2%
Absorption
*Polishing Value does not apply when the coarse aggregate is used in the 19mm
SMA, which is used as an intermediate (binder) course
 Composition of Stone Matrix Asphalt
SMA Designation 13mm SMA 19mm SMA
Nominal Aggregate size 13mm 19mm
Nominal layer thickness 40 50mm 45 75mm
Cumulative % passing Cumulative %
IS sieve by weight of total passing by weightof
aggregates total aggregates
26.5 - 100
19 mm 100 90 - 100
13.2 mm 90 - 100 45 - 70
9.5 mm 50 - 75 25 - 60
4.75 mm 20 - 28 20 - 28
2.36 mm 16 - 24 16 - 24
1.18 mm 13 21 13 - 21
0.6 mm 12 18 12 - 18
0.3 mm 10 - 20 10 - 20
0.075 mm 8 - 12 8 - 12
 515.Mastic Asphalt
Mastic Asphalt is used as a wearing course for bridge
decks and heavily stressed intersections in urban areas. This
is a homogeneous mixture of well graded aggregates,
limestone powder filler and a hard grade bitumen (10 to 20
pen) to yield a plastic and void less mass, which when
applied hot can be trowelled and floated to form a very dense
impermeable surfacing.

Binder content is 14 to 17%.

Normal thickness is 25 to 50mm.

Hardness number (IS: 1195-1978): Mastic Asphalt shall have a

hardness number of 60 to 80 at the time of manufacture at
25C prior to the addition of coarse aggregate and 10 to 20 at
25C at the time of laying after the addition of coarse
aggregate.
 Table 500 29, Requirements for physical
properties of binder

Test
Property Requirements
method
Penetration at 25C IS:1203 15 5
Softening Pont, C IS:1205 65 10
Loss of heating for 5 hours at 163
Max
C
IS:1212 2.0

Solubility in trichloroethylene,
IS:1216 95
% by mass Min
Ash, (mineral matter) by mass
IS:1217 1.0
Max
Table 500 30, Grade and thickness of Mastic Asphalt
Paving and Grading of Coarse aggregate
Coarse
Nominal size of
Thickness range aggregate, % by
Application coarse
(mm) mass of total
aggregate (mm)
mass

40 10
Roads and
25 - 50 13
Carriageway
Heavily stressed
areas i.e. 45 10
40 - 50 13
junctions and
toll plazas

Nominal size of coarse

13mm
aggregate
IS Sieve (mm) Cumulative % passing by weight
19 100
13.2 88 - 100
2.36 0-5
 Table 500 31, Grading of fine aggregate
(inclusive of Filler)
Percentage by
IS Sieve
weight of aggregate
Passing 2.36mm but retained
0 - 25
on 0.600mm
Passing 0.600mm but
10 30
retained on 0.212mm
Passing 0.212mm but
10 - 30
retained on 0.075mm
Passing 0.075mm 30 - 55

Filler shall be limestone powder passing 0.075mm sieve

and shall have a calcium carbonate content of not less than
80%by weight when determined in accordance with IS: 1514
Table 500 32, Composition of Mastic Asphalt
blocks without coarse aggregates
Percentage by weight of Mastic
Asphalt
IS Sieve
Minimum Maximum

Passing 2.36mm but

0 22
retained on 0.600mm

Passing 0.600mm but

4 30
retained on 0.212mm

Passing 0.212mm but

8 18
retained on 0.075mm
Passing 0.075mm 25 45
Bitumen Content 14 17
 501.6 COMPACTION

Commence From Edges And Progress

Towards Centre
Initial Breakdown Rolling 8 To 10 T Smooth
Wheel Roller
Intermediate Rolling 8-10 T Dead Wt. Or
Vibratory Roller, Pneumatic Tyred Roller :12-15 T
Wt. 5.6 Kg/Sq.Cm Pressure.
Finished Rolling 6-8 T Smooth Wheel
Tandem Roller
Recommended Frequency and Amplitude
For Vibratory Compaction

Lift frequency amplitude

Thin maximum low

thick minimum high

 The frequency of vibration is the number of complete cycles that
the eccentrics rotate per minute. The faster the rotation of the eccentrics,
the greater the frequency of vibration.
Some vibratory rollers can operate at only one frequency or have
a very limited selection of frequencies.
Other vibratory rollers can alter the frequency of the applied load
between 1600 and 4000 vibrations per minute.
Frequencies below 2000 vibrations per minute are not normally
acceptable to compact asphalt mixtures.
If the width of the roller drum is 2.1 m (7 ft), only two passes of
the roller are needed to cover the 3.7 meter (12 ft) wide lane, including a
150 mm (6 in) overhang at each edge of pavement.
A roller that is 1.8 m (5.9 ft) wide cannot cover the complete 3.7
meter (12 ft) wide lane in only two passes.
Three passes of the 1.8 m (6 ft) wide roller would be necessary to
properly compact the lane.
If the roller had drums that were 1.5 m (5 ft) wide, three passes of
the roller would be required, similar to the roller with the 1.8 m (6 ft) wide
drums.
A 1.4 m (4.5 ft) drum needs four passes for one coverage.
For thick lifts, first pass should be about 0.30 m (1 ft) in from edge to
prevent shoving.
 Amplitude

Normal values of nominal amplitude range from 0.25 to 1 mm (1/100 to

1/32 in).
Some rollers can operate at only one fixed amplitude, while others have
high and low amplitude positions.
Typically as the layer thickness increases, it is often advantageous to
increase the nominal amplitude applied to the asphalt mix.
Unless high amplitude is needed to achieve a particular density level,
the vibratory roller should be operated in low amplitude.
Ask: Does changing frequency change the compaction effort? (Yes. 10-12
vibrations/ft. Never less than 10.)
Low Frequency High Frequency

Impact Spacing

Frequency

DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
 ONE ROLLER PASS

1
CROWN
2 2-lanes @
3.7 meters
3 (12 ft)

5
Drum Width
4 = 1.8 meters
(6 ft)
 The capabilities of each type of roller vary,
however, with mat thickness, mix temperature, mix
design and environmental conditions.
In addition, the number of passes required
depends on the position of the rollers in the roller
train. A test strip aids us in this decision process.

Hence, there is a need for a mechanical test

which can tell us whether the designed mix is
resistant to rutting. It should be able to proof test the
mixes and tell us whether a mix satisfies a definite
criteria and passes or fails the torture test. This test
should be a laboratory test method so that it can be
used on designed mixes, and it should be a simple
test method so that it can be used routinely by the
folks who actually build our pavements.
 Rolling

Rolling is a highly technical and skillful operation

during which poor judgment is likely to result in failure to
achieve the required compaction. Although various
guidelines describing sound engineering practices for
compaction procedures are available each case will have its
unique features and there can be no substitute for
experience in achieving successful compaction.

Initial or breakdown Rolling

Intermediate Rolling
Finish Rolling

Rolling sequence: Transverse joint, Longitudinal joint,

Lower edge rolling, Break-down rolling, Intermediate
rolling(vibratory) Finished rollin
 Relationship of density with passes
2.4
Use 3 to 4 passes
2.35 PASSING
2.3 DENSITY
2.25
Density

2.2
2.15
2.1 Too
2.05 many
2 passes
0 2 4 6 8

No of Passes
 Table 900 1, Tolerances in Surface Levels
1.Sub-grade +20mm to -25mm
2.Sub-base
a) Flexible pavement +10mm to -20mm
b) Concrete pavement
+6mm to -10mm
(Dry Lean Concrete or Rolled Concrete)
3.Base course for flexible pavement
a) Bituminous course +6mm to -6mm
b) Other than bituminous
i) Machine laid +10mm to -10mm
ii) Manually laid +15mm to -15mm
4. Wearing Course for flexible pavement
a)Machine laid +6mm to -6mm
b) Machine laid +10mm to -10mm
5. Cement concrete pavement +5mm to -6mm*
Table 900 2,Maximum permitted number of irregularities

Surfaces of Surfaces of laybys,

carriageways and service roads and all
paved shoulders bituminous courses

Irregularity 4mm 7mm 4mm 7mm

30
Length(m) 300 75 300 75 300 75 75
0
National highways/
20 9 2 1 40 18 4 2
Expressways
Roads of lower
40 18 4 2 60 27 6 3
category
 The maximum allowable difference between the road
surface and underside of a 3m straight edge when
placed parallel with, or at right angles to the center line
of the road at points decided by the Engineer

For pavement surface (bituminous

3mm
and cement concrete)
For bituminous courses 6mm
For granular sub-base or base
8mm
couses
For sub-base under concrete
10mm
pavements
903.2 Tests on Earthwork for embankment, sub-grade
construction and cut formation
Frequency of
Test type As per code
testing
2 per 3000 cubic
Sand Content IS:2720 part 4
meters
2 per 3000 cubic
Plasticity IS:2720 part 5
meters
2 per 3000 cubic
Density IS:2720 part 8
meters
As and when
Deleterious
IS:2720 part 27 required by
Content
engineer
1 test per 50 cubic
Moisture Content IS:2720 part 2
meter
Soaked/ un-soaked 1 per 3000 cubic
IS:2720 part 16
CBR meters
 Important quality Control Tests for sub base and
base
Test Type of construction Frequency (min)
Gradation Granular Sub Base 1 per 200cum
(IS:2386 part1) WBM/ WMM 1 per 100cum
Granular Sub Base 1 per 200cum
Atterbergs limits
WMM on aggregates 1 per 100cum
(IS:2720 part 5)
WBM(for binding material) 1 per 25cum
Moisture content Granular Sub Base
1 per 250sqm
(IS:2720 part 2) (prior to compaction)
Density (IS: 2720 part
Granular Sub Base 1 per 500sqm
28) for compacted layer
CBR (IS:2720 part 16) Granular Sub Base As required
AIV (IS:2386 part 4) WBM/ WMM 1 per 100cum
FIV and EIV
WBM/ WMM 1 per 200cum
(IS:2386 part 1)
 Important quality Control Tests for Prime Coat
and tack coat

Test Reference Frequency (min)

IS:73, IS:217 and As applicable in the
Quality of binder
IS: 8887 codes
Binder
Temperature for - At regular intervals
application
One test per 500m2
Rate of spread of
- and not less than 2
binder
per day
 Tests for Bituminous Macadam
Test type As per code Frequency of testing

IS:73, IS:217 and

Quality of binder As applicable in the codes
IS: 8887
Aggregate Impact Value Los
IS:2386 part 4 1 test per 50 cubic meter
Angeles Abrasion Value
Flakiness and Elongation
IS:2389 part 1 1 test per 50 cubic meter
Index
Initially 1 set of 3 specimens for each
Stripping Value IS:9241 source and subsequently by change in
quality of aggregates

Water Absorption IS:2386 part 3 - DO -

Water Sensitivity of mix AASHTO T83 In case of failure in stripping test.

Soundness IS:2386 part 5 1 test by each method for each source

Binder content and grading - 2 tests per day per plant

Density - 1 test per 250 M2

 Tests for DBM, SDBC and BC
In addition to the tests on BM

Test type As per code Frequency of testing

Sand Equivalent Test Is:2720 part 37 As required

Plasticity Index IS:2720 part 5 As required

Polished Stone value BS:812 part114 As required for SDBC and BC

1 set of tests on individual constituents and

mixed aggregate from the dryer for each 400
Mix grading -
T of mix subject to a minimum of 2 per plant
per day
MS 2 of Asphaltic 3 Marshall specimens for 400M3 subject to a
Stability of Mix
Institute minimum of 2 per day per plant
Control of binder 1 test for 400M3 subject to a minimum of 2
-
content and grading per day per plant
Rate of spread of mixed Regular control through checks on the
-
material weight of mied material and layer thickness.