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Research Article
Building effective linkage among key actors in Agricultural Knowledge and Information System
(AKIS) has been an issue in agriculture and rural development. In Ethiopia in general and in the
study area in particular, emphasising on providing linkage forums, different linkage councils were
organised since 1986 for better innovation and extension service. These councils work to link
actors in AKIS and to collaboratively solve agricultural problems in their respective areas.
However, weak linkage still persists. Recognising this fact, this study was set out to identify the
factors hindering effective linkage between the actors involved in one of these councils found in
East Shoa zone, Ethiopia. According to the findings policy, organisational and technical factors
operationalized for this study contributed for the weak linkage. The study also revealed limited
number of linkage mechanisms and poor level of involvement of important actors as the major
factors hindering the linkage. Furthermore, important actors such as NGOs are not yet fully
considered as important actors and their roles in rural innovation are not yet fully acknowledged.
Albeit, the linkage council was mentioned to be effective in facilitating though limited in its
influence, linkage mechanisms for the actors to share information.
INTRODUCTION
Ethiopia, situated in the horn of Africa, is the second the country to experience food deficit and depend on food
populous country in Africa. It has a population of 86 million aid for decades.
people with a surface area of 1.2 million km 2 (CSA, July
2013). It is also a country with a diverse geographical The Agricultural research and agricultural extension
setup, different agro-ecologies and farming systems. services are mainly public funded. Both have started half
Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy a century ago and experienced widespread structural and
contributing up to 46% of GDP and employing 80% of the institutional challenges and their effectiveness remains
total population (Birhanu, 2012). The agricultural low. Agricultural extension service in Ethiopia begun in the
production system is characterised as subsistence and 1950s with the establishment of the then imperial
traditional dominated by small holder farming under rain Ethiopian college of agriculture and mechanical art, now
fed conditions with low agricultural productivity (Birhanu, known as Haramaya University (Kassa, 2008). Since then,
2012). This Low agricultural productivity coupled with different extension methods and approaches have been
recurrent draught and variable rainfall pattern has made implemented. However, extension service is still inefficient
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East
Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Gemechu T 059
Actors Role in the ADPLAC Total Number of Actors Number of Samples actors
involved in the ADPLAC selected for key informant
interviews
Figure 1: Conceptual Model for identifying factors hindering effective linkage between actors in AKIS;
developed by the author based on Hawkins (2009) and Kumar (2001).
was asked to get an understanding of how actors farmers organisations, seed multipliers and private
participation in the ADPLAC takes place. The key companies. The farmer falls in between these actors as it
informants were asked to rate the level of involvement of is the end user of the activities of these organisations
other actors based on their perception. While rating they (Munyua et. al. 2002). According to Munyua et al (2002)
were asked by the researcher to take into consideration these actors can be an examples of different systems
the other actors level of representation and level of linked together in information flow and feedback. These
participation in the linkage mechanisms. These subjective actors and the linkage facilitated by ADPLAC are also in
criterias were used by the researcher with an assumption line with who the actors are in AKIS [Agricultural
that they can influence involvement of actors in the Knowledge and Information System] concepts defined by
ADPLAC. The rating was done in such a way that high World Bank (2006) and Hall (2007) which is a system that
level of involvement was given for actors perceived to have links people and institutions to promote mutual learning
high representation level and showing active participation and to generate, share and utilize agriculture-related
in the ADPLAC. Weak and moderate levels of technology, knowledge and information (FAO and World
involvements in the ADPLAC were given for actors Bank, 2000).
perceived to be showing weak and moderate level of According to Hawkins (2009) two linkage mechanisms can
representation and participation in the linkage be used in actors linkage. These two linkage mechanisms
mechanisms respectively. Just right level of involvement are structural linkage mechanisms and operational linkage
was rated by other actors for organisations perceived to mechanisms. Structural linkage mechanisms are linkage
have sufficient level of representation and participation in mechanisms which are formally and institutionally
the linkage mechanisms. recognised such as supervision or authority, committee
and liaison positions. Operational mechanisms are linkage
Conceptual framework mechanisms which can be informal or temporary.
Examples of operational linkage mechanisms include
The main concept of this research is linkage as defined by meetings, training events, contracts, partnerships,
Havelok (1998) Agbamu (2000): a communication and publications, broadcasts and joint activities.
working relationship established between two or more Linkage being intangible in its nature measuring it is often
organisations pursuing commonly shared objectives in difficult (Kumar et al., 2001). However, according to Kumar
order to have regular contact and improved productivity. et al., (2001) different attempts were made since 1980s to
Agbamu (2000) and Kassa (2008) referring to Havelock develop parameters on which linkage strength could be
(1986) also emphasise that linkage is a term used to assessed. These parameters focused on communication
indicate that two or more systems are connected by aspect which was operationalized as media or channel
messages so as to form a greater system. used by different actors to transfer or disseminate
The actors involved in East Shoa zonal ADPLAC include information. By understanding the media, it was tried to
research organisations, extension organisations, NGOs, find out where problem of linkage is.
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East
Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Gemechu T 061
However, the parameters were single parameters and did linkage is not constant. It varies from to year to year, as
not show other aspects beside communication (Kumar et their representation/invitation in the linkage platforms is
al., 2001). dependent on availability of funds. Nevertheless, the total
In the process of understanding linkage and its number of organisations involved in the linkage during the
effectiveness gaining insight into the technical or the survey was 24.
methodological aspects of a linkage is important. The use
of different linkage mechanisms to create interactions and The actors involved in the ADPLAC represent agricultural
frequent communications between actors contributes for research organisations, extension organisations, farmers
effectiveness of actors linkage (Hawkins, 2009). organisations, nongovernmental organisations, seed
Moreover, the involvement or participation of important multiplication agencies and private companies. There are
actors is also essential. However, the effectiveness of no agricultural education institutes who are involved in the
linkages is more than the mechanisms itself and can be ADPLAC. The key informant representing the ADPLAC
influenced by many other factors (Kumar 2002). mentioned as educational institutes are not involved in the
According to Kumar (2001), in relation to effective linkage ADPLAC because there are no colleges or universities
among research, extension and farmers, effective linkage providing education in agriculture in East Shoa zone.
depends on three main factors. This factors are personal Specifically, the actors involved in the ADPLAC are 5
factors; referring to psychological factors of the concerned research centres, 1 Zonal office of agriculture and rural
personals, organisational factors; meaning organisational development, 10 district offices of agriculture and rural
goals/objective, procedures and thirdly external factors; development, 4 farmers unions, 2 NGOs, 1 private
referring to policies and strategies. company and one seed enterprise. The operational areas
In his book, Hawkins (2009) also states that different of this actors range from district to national level. Extension
factors can influence the effectiveness of linkages. These and research organisations involved in the ADPLAC are all
factors include inappropriate organisational structure, public organisations. Table 1 shows who the actors are
constraints on resources, and little or no monitoring and and their operational areas.
evaluation. These factors have additional aspects beside
communication and portray organisational factors which Linkage mechanisms and communication means
are mentioned in Kumar (2001).
By merging Hawkins (2009) and Kumar (2001) arguments The study found out that East Shoa ADPLAC is organised
and supporting with theories of actors linkage in with a main purpose of creating functional linkage between
Agricultural Knowledge and Information System a governmental, non-governmental organisations, private
conceptual model is developed by the author to show the organisations and individuals working in agriculture and
factors hindering effectiveness of actors linkage in East rural development in East Shoa zone. Related with AKIS
Shoa Zonal ADPLAC. concepts mentioned on Rivera et.al (2005), the actors
The core concept, linkage, is specified into four involved in the ARDLAC are involved in agricultural
dimensions which can hinder its effectiveness. The research, extension, input provisions, trainings, marketing
dimensions are also further specified into aspects. The and development activities. Moreover, as AKIS is about
researcher believes that these dimensions and aspects harnessing knowledge and information from various
can help in achieving the research objective. Moreover, sources for better farming and improved livelihoods
with an assumption that the ADPLAC can play an (Rivera et.al 2005), the purpose of organising such linkage
important role in facilitating the linkage between the actors between these actors in the ADPLAC is to create a
these aspects can point out the effectiveness of ADPLAC functional linkage between these actors to contribute to the
as well. Furthermore, these aspects are illustrated and overall agricultural and rural development in the study
defined below the next figure on the definition of key area. To this end, the ADPLAC facilitates different linkage
concepts part. mechanisms and communication means between these
actors for better innovation and extension service. The
following figures shows the linkage mechanisms applied
RESULT AND DISCUSSION by the ADPLAC.
Actors involved in East Shoa ADPLAC The analysis of the linkage mechanisms shows that the
linkage between the actors is dominated by meetings and
The study found out that the actors involved in East Shoa field days/visits. Furthermore, there is little/no
ADPLAC are in total of 24, excluding the number of model diversification of different linkage mechanisms. From the
farmers invited every year. The Representative of the choices given meeting, field visit and training/knowledge
ARDPLAC was interviewed to get the total number of sharing were ranked from one to three respectively. The
actors involved in the ARDPLAC for sample actors ADPLAC also uses technical committees, a type of
selection. According to the representatives of the structural linkage mechanisms, ranked in fourth position.
ARDPLAC the number of model farmers involved in the The technical committees organised by the ADPLAC are
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East
Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 062
Table 2: Actors involved in East Shoa ADPLAC and their operational level
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Gemechu T 063
10
responsibilities for innovation and solving the identified
8
problems is done on the basis of the actual roles and
6
function of each actor rather than innovating in
4
partnership. The example mentioned shows the clear task
2
division between the three actors. Nevertheless, as
0 Leeuwis and Van den Ban (2004) state innovation is
nowadays seen as a process of network building, social
learning and negotiation. The linear technology transfer
model with clear task division between various actors;
some actors supposed to specialise in the generation of
innovations and others concentrating on the transfer, while
the role farmers is merely to apply innovations has been
Communication means criticized. Moreover, the idea of research organisations as
the only sources of innovations has been contested.
Figure 3. Communication means used by East Shoa ADPLAC According to Klerkx et al. (2012) innovations depend on
coordinated action in a network of actors. Furthermore,
In terms of communication means, as shown in figure 3 Klerkx et al. (2012) states that, in multi stakeholder
above, the actors involved in the linkage identified reports linkages actors including research should be dynamic and
as their main means of sharing information. Letters and integral part of innovation rather than being considered as
document sharing were also among the communication mere source of innovation. However, in the actors linkage
means used. Informal ways of communication, such as, in East Shoa, the study found out that there is a tendency
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East
Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 064
Table 3: Expected role of actors and Level of involvement of actors in the ADPLAC; as perceived by other actors
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Gemechu T 065
Table 3: Cont.
Farmers Unions to constantly Extension service, To share their To be active To engage in To multiply
develop facilitation in the process of experiences participants in extension seeds in
quality seeds, distributing fertilizers and with other the linkage activities, to required
provide seeds, strengthening farmers, to platforms and collaborate with quality and
information on farmers cooperatives and share their take part in the other quantity (****)
agricultural supporting our experts at problems and distribution of stakeholders in
technologies field (***) concerns in the agricultural research and
and trainings linkage inputs(**) development,
(*****) platforms (****) capacity
development,
trainings (**)
Private agro Conducting Advisory service, To share their Distributing agricultural inputs (**) Capacity To multiply
business research on technology transfer, concerns on the development, seeds in
company agricultural training, facilitating linkage problems they extension required
issues, platforms (*****) are facing for service, and to quality and
continuous the stakeholders collaborate with quantity (*****)
development involved in to different
of new crop focus on (**) organisations
varieties, involved in the
animal breeds linkage (**)
and making
the outputs to
be used by
farmers (*****)
NGO's Agricultural Agricultural information, Raising distributing agricultural inputs to To involve in Multiply basic
technology organising farmers (****) research and farmers (**) research and seeds in
development, development development required
provision of problems (**) activities (**) quality(***)
information on
agricultural
technologies,
trainings (****)
Seed To conduct Extension service, to To be active Input provision with, to provide To participate Funding training
Multiplication agricultural provide information about participants in marketing services for farmers in seed programmes for
agency research on the seed demand, effective variety produce (**) multiplication farmers, funding
farmers transfer of technology evaluation, to (**) linkage platforms
problems, package to farmers (*****) raise (**)
continuous researchable
crop variety and other
development development
(***) problems(***)
Source: Author, 2013 Level of involvement: - (*****): high, (****): just right, (***): Moderate, (**): Weak, (*) No involvement
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 066
to consider research organisations as mere source of service, capacity development and funding of trainings and
innovation by all the actors. Furthermore, contrary to ADPLAC activities.
Leeuwis and Van den Ban (2004)s argument contesting According to the findings there are no major mismatches
the clear task division between actors, the analysis of between expected roles from the actors and the actual
actors role in the ADPLAC and the discussions with the function of the actors involved in the ADPLAC. However,
key informants also found out that the actors involved in as it can be seen on the table 3, there are differences in
East Shoa zonal ADPLAC have shown clear task division the expectations from private agribusiness companies by
and delineation of responsibilities for involving in the other actors. The actors involved in the ADPLAC expect
linkage and for sharing responsibilities (see table 3). private companies to be involved in a range of activities
Whereby, the task of conducting agricultural research is including research and development, in demonstration and
given for only research organisations and transferring the popularization of agricultural technologies, in funding of
outputs were given to organisations involved in extension agricultural research and ADPLAC platforms, in
and communication and the role farmers is adopting and agricultural input provision, in environmental conservation
possibly contributing for problem identification and giving activities and in seed multiplication. These activates are
feedback diverse by their own. Moreover, according to the key
informant representing the private company they are
Actors level of involvement in the ADPLAC; as diverging from what the private company does which is in
perceived by others horticultural production and marketing.
In this study a question was asked about actors level of Furthermore, the study also tried to understand how the
involvement in East Shoa zonal ADPLAC. As shown on executive committee perceives the level of involvement of
table 3, the findings of the level of involvement shows that, actors involved in the ADPLAC. For this purpose, key
compared to other actors, research organisation were informant representing the executive committee of the
rated by all most all other actors as showing high level ADPLAC was interviewed. The key informant was asked
involvement in the ADPLAC. They were rated as showing to rate the level of actors involvement in the ADPLAC
moderate and just right level of involvement by seed taking into consideration the representation and
multiplication agencies and NGOs respectively. Extension participation level of actors in the ADPLAC. These
organisations on the other side were rated as having weak criterias were based on the researchers assumption that
and high level of involvement by research organisations they can influence actors involvement. On the basis of
and by seed multiplication agencies respectively. Farmers these criterias, active level of involvement was rated for
and farmers unions rated extension organisations as actors having high representation level and showing active
showing moderate level of involvement while private participation in the ADPLAC. Weak and moderate levels of
agribusiness company rated extension organizations as representations were given for actors having weak and
having high level involvement. NGOs rated extension moderate levels of representation and participation in the
organisations as showing just right level of involvement. ADPLAC. Accordingly, the key informant rated the
Farmers, farmers unions, NGOs and private companies involvement of research and extension organisation as
were rated as mostly having weak level of involvement by active and Farmers unions, NGOs and private
most of the actors. Seed multiplication agencies were agribusiness companies as actors showing weak
rated as having moderate level of involvement by farmers involvement in the ADPLAC. Here representation levels
and NGOs, whereas the rest of the actors rated seed play a role. Farmers are also among the actors where
multiplication agencies as having high level of involvement weak level of involvement reflected. In line with the
in the ADPLAC. argument of the key informant, the document showing the
list of participants in 2012 in the linkage meeting also
Table 3 also shows the role expected from each actor shows that out of 110 individuals who participated in the
involved in the linkage. The expectations from research meeting there were only 3 farmers who participated.
organisation are mainly to conduct agricultural research. The problem of weak participation by NGOs and private
Most actors expect research organisations to constantly companies is also related with their representation. Even
develop locally suitable and practically useful agricultural if it is mentioned on the rule and regulation of the ADPLAC
technologies based on farmers problems and priorities. these organisations are considered to be members, their
Extension organisations are expected to provide extension membership is not considered yet as permanent. So far,
service, information, trainings and facilitate linkages invitations are also made to different NGOs and private
whereas, farmers are expected to be active participants in companies year by year for sharing information and their
the ADPLAC and to express their concerns and priorities experiences rather than for their permanent participation.
to steer research and development directions. Seed In addition to their poor representation especially private
multiplication agencies and farmers cooperative unions on companies are considered as their interest is only profit
the other side are expected to play a role in the distribution making rather than contributing for societal benefit. The
of agricultural inputs such as seeds. NGOs and private key informant representing the executive committee of the
companies are expected to play a role in extension ADPLAC quoting this issue as;
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East
Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Gemechu T 067
The activities of the linkage are not for profit making. addition, half of the actors have mentioned as they dont
Some of the responsibilities shared for stakeholders are have a copy of the current rule and regulation. This lack of
for societal benefit without gaining any profit. awareness or not having a copy shows as there is little
Nevertheless, there are companies which are socially concern given either by the management of the ADPLAC
responsible and work on projects for societal benefits. or the actors involved about the importance of having the
However they don't participate permanently in the activities rule and regulation. To this end, Peterson et al. (2001)
of the ADPLAC where you can give them assignments and states that any lack of awareness, consensus,
expect result from it. They participate merely in gaining commitment and lack of agreement on linkage, its
information on what is being done by the actors involved procedures, its planning or any lack of commitment to
sustained implementation of activities by actors involved in
Furthermore, in the study the key informants representing such initiatives may undermine efforts to coordinate
the actors were also asked if their organisation is satisfied linkage activities leading to weakness.
with its representation in the linkage. Accordingly,
research and extension organisations responded as they Technical factors
are satisfied. However, one of the key informants from
extension organisations mentioned as the linkage Peterson et al. (2001) further state that the linkages
platforms are dominated by higher officials and as the domain is a large arena and is exceedingly complex, with
participation of field level experts is limited. From the two many actors and stakeholders potentially involved in
farmers unions interviewed for this research, one of the planning and implementation at different levels. Hence, the
farmers union responded as it is satisfied while the other effective participation, involvement and communication
is not mentioned as their involvement is limited only to be links between the actors in all linkage activities is essential.
present in the annual meetings and present their activities. Yet, the findings of the study reveal that the participation
Likewise, the key informants from NGOs and Private of actors in East Shoa ADPLAC either in the executive
companies responded as their representation in the committee or on the linkage platforms is found to be
ADRPLAC is not satisfactory. The key informant from dominated by research and extension organisations.
private company quoted as; These could be associated with research and extension
organisation historically developed interest in the ADPLAC
NO, I don't say we are satisfied with representation in the for research problem identification. The history of the
linkage platforms. As far as the information I have the actors linkage in the country also shows that agricultural
organisations involved in the linkage are mostly research and extension organisations were the main
government organisations, a few NGO's and farmers actors who were dominating as they were the main
unions. We were involved just to share information. We initiators of the ADPLAC (Kassa, 2008). The involvement,
are not permanent members. So probably next year they representation and participation of Farmers organisations,
will invite another company NGOs and private companies were also mentioned to be
weak. Farmers are also among the actors where weak
Factors hindering East Shoa ADPLAC level of involvement is reflected. Weak participation of
these important actors in the ADPLAC was found to be
In the study, all the four (policy, organisational, technical related more with their representation level. For example,
and personal) dimensions based on Kumar (2001) and according, to the document showing the list of participants
Hawkins (2009) arguments and their respective aspects in 2012 in the linkage meeting, out of 110 individuals who
were operationalized for analysis. participated in the meeting there were only 3 farmers who
participated. Though, the small number of farmers invited
Policy factors could be associated with the budget challenge that the
ADPLAC have, there are also other reasons such as
In terms of policy factors, the findings of the study revealed limited linkage platforms and communications means that
that the direction from the government in general was fit with farmers literacy level, and little room to express
perceived as positive and not hindering the ADPLAC. their concerns. Moreover, as mentioned above in the
Besides, the ADRPLAC also have its own rule and linkage mechanisms sections (figure 2) meetings were
regulation where the overall activities of the linkage are rated as one of the main linkage mechanisms used by the
administered. However, having a rule and regulation by ADPLAC. However, the meetings and the presentations
itself is no input unless actors are aware of it and each are technical (E.g. with jargon research words.); with
actors role and responsibilities are stated on it. So far, the different language than local language of farmers and
key informant interviews and the review of the rule and farmers are passive recipients of the message.
regulation of the ADPLAC reveal that there is a lack of The same reason of representation is also the reason for
awareness and concern either about the existence of rule weak participation of NGOs and Private companies
and regulation or the specificity of roles and participation. The key informants from these actors have
responsibilities expected from each actor in the linkage. In also mentioned as they are not satisfied with their representation
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East
Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 068
in the ADPLAC. Even if it is mentioned on the rule and outsource different budget sources either from the actors
regulation of the ADPLAC that these organisations should involved in the linkage or others.
be considered as members of the linkage, there is a
tendency to overlook their participation. Hence, their Organisational factors
membership is not considered as permanent. So far,
invitations are also made to a few different NGOs and In terms of organisational factors, the study found out that
private agribusiness companies year by year for sharing lack of proper planning monitoring and evaluation are
information and their experiences rather than for their among the factors hindering actors linkage for rural
permanent participation. Moreover, according to the innovation in East Shoa zone. According to the findings,
statistics found from zonal office of agriculture there are there are no monitoring and evaluation
more than 18 NGOs working in agriculture and rural guidelines/indicators in place to monitor and evaluate the
development in the zone including INGOs. However it is activities of either the ADPLAC or the shared
only 2 NGOs who participate in the actors linkage in the responsibilities by each actor. The executions of the
ADPLAC. shared responsibilities depend on the actors individual
Furthermore, beside considering NGOs and private responsibility and accountability without any control over
companies membership as non-permanent and not the shared responsibilities by the executive committee.
regularly inviting them when conducting linkage platforms, The linkage being facilitated as an additional responsibility
there is the weak recognition or concern given to the without clearly defined roles and responsibilities was
importance of involving such actors in the ADPLAC. This mentioned as a possible reason for the lack of appropriate
finding is supported with study by (Munyua et al. 2002) on planning, monitoring and evaluation system. It can also be
linkages for better extension service in developing related with lack of accountability and commitment of the
countries stating that farmers, private organizations, and concerned individuals or actors. To this end, Peterson et
non-governmental organizations have not been fully al. (2001) and FAO/GTZ (2004) states that lack of
acknowledged as potential information sources. According commitment, lack of coordinated planning, poor
to Munyua et al, (2002) though, these institutions are rich communication between linkage partners and absence of
in knowledge and information any existing relationships follow-through planning or implementation are considered
with these institutions have been informal and indirect. causes for many linkage problems between major
Nonetheless, they provide dynamism in information institutional actors in AKIS. Moreover, according to
generation that can greatly enhance innovation and Nederlof et al., (2011) commitment is one of key elements
agricultural extension information needs and subsequently for success in innovation platforms.
improve services provided to farmers (Munyua et. al Unclear/poor organisational structure of the ADPLAC was
2002). also among the factors hindering the linkage between the
Beside the weak involvement of important actors in East actors involved in the ADPLAC. The key informants
Shoa ADPLAC, the linkage mechanisms facilitated by the responded as the ADPLAC is a committee work facilitated
ADPLAC were also found to be dominated by meeting and by the zonal office of agriculture by assigning two
field days. These linkage mechanisms are operational individuals as additional responsibility. These two
linkage mechanisms mentioned by Hawkins (2009). These individuals facilitate the linkage with the support from
linkages mechanisms are informal and temporary differing executive committee members from different
from structural linkage mechanisms which are formal and organisations involved in the linkage without clear job
institutionally recognised. The communication means used descriptions. There are no clearly defined mission
by the actors involved in the ADPLAC are also dominated statements and operational guidelines found except the
by annual reports. Yet, personal communication and rule and regulation of the ADPLAC. In addition, the tasks
phone calls also take part in sharing information which or duties for positions of the facilitators are not defined.
could be associated with strong social ties that exists in the The absence of clearly defined mission, strategies and
zone in particular and in the country in general (Demekech organisational guidelines coupled with limited facilitators
et.al 2010). These findings are in line with the findings of capacity, commitment and accountability were found to be
Atalay (2012) in study on researchers, extension and influencing the linkage. This shows the informal and non-
farmers participation in linkage mechanisms for finger institutionalized nature of the ADPLAC. According to
millet technology development conducted in Amahara Peterson (2001) and Leeuwis (2004) a formal mission
region, Ethiopia. Furthermore, in a related study in multi statement, clarifying the objectives of existence and the
stakeholder linkage platforms in Amhara region, Ethiopia, core strategies for pursuing them, having a description of
meetings were also found to be dominating (Demekech et the various tasks and sub-tasks to be performed and a
al, 2010). As the ADPLAC was found to be dependent on description of different areas of responsibility and authority
project funding this lack of diversified linkage mechanisms are helpful for effective linkage. Moreover, in a related
could be as a result lack of financial resources, lack of study some degree of formalisation by signing
proper planning and limited capacity of facilitators to memorandum of understanding was helpful in sustaining
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East
Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Gemechu T 069
innovation platforms in developing countries in Africa Furthermore, the lack of an appropriate organisational
(Nederlof et al., 2011). Yet, the actors linkage in East structure also resulted in the linkage to experience
Shoa was found to be lacking in this dimension except the absence of appropriate documentation.
rule and regulation of the council which is not getting The study also found out that absence of financial
concern leading to its weakness. resources and regular planning, monitoring and evaluation
system as the bottlenecks for the effectiveness of the
linkage between the actors involved in East Shoa
CONCLUSION ADPLAC. The activities of the ADPLAC are highly
dependent on the availability of financial resources and the
The study was set out to identify the factors hindering absence of appropriate planning coupled with limited
effective linkage for rural innovation between the actors capacity of the facilitators to outsource different budget
involved in East Shoa Zonal ADPLAC. Conceptual sources resulted in the linkage to experience lack of
framework was developed by reviewing theories and diversified linkage mechanisms. Hence, the linkage is
effectiveness of actors linkage. Case study was applied dominated by routine annual meetings and field days.
as a research strategy with 12 in-depth key informant Moreover, the meetings were also found to be dominated
interviews as a method of data collection. Different by higher officials and office heads rather than field level
literature about the historical evolution of actors linkage in experts who are directly involved in the practical and
Ethiopia and different documents of the ADPLAC, such as technical works. Moreover, the level of involvement of
the rule and regulation of the ADPLAC, meeting minutes, actors such as farmers, NGOs and private companies in
annual reports, and financial settlement reports were also the linkage mechanisms was found to be weak. The study
reviewed to support the findings and for discussion. The also revealed that NGOs and private companies are not
collected data was analysed qualitatively and presented yet considered as important actors in the linkage and their
using tables, graphical representations and quotes. roles for rural innovation are not fully acknowledged.
According to the findings the actors involved in the linkage Furthermore, the linear technology transfer with clear task
are different government and non-governmental and division considering research organisations as mere
private organisations involved in agricultural research, source of innovation still persists in the study area. In the
extension service, training, marketing service, seed study personal factors of negative attitude or perception
multiplication, community development and agribusiness. towards the linkage or other actors was not found. Linkage
They are interested in the linkage for information sharing, and working relationships in general were perceived to be
research and development problem identification and to positive and important contributing for better innovation
create linkage and partnership with other actors. and extension service. However, as the linkage was
According to the findings the linkage serves them as facilitated as additional responsibility individuals initiation,
platform for sharing responsibilities on solving agriculture interest and accountability were contested. Finally, based
and rural development problems. on the findings it can be concluded that the ADPLAC is not
In terms of policy factors, the study found out that the rule yet institutionalised/formalised and policy, organisational,
and regulation of the ADPLAC was found to be the only technical and personal factors have contributed for the
guide of the ADPLAC. However, this rule and regulation weak linkage between the actors involved in East Shoa
lacks specificity in stating roles and responsibilities of ADPLAC.
either each actor involved in the ADPLAC or the The study has pointed out important challenges for
execution/facilitation of the linkage mechanisms with clear improvement. Despite the shortcomings that lead to the
job description of the facilitators. Moreover, there is limited weakness of actors linkage in East Shoa zone, the
awareness and concern given either by the management ADPLAC has been effective in facilitating, though limited
or the actors involved about the importance of rules and in influence, a platform for the actors to link and share
regulation and updating these regularly. As a result, it has information. It contributed in supporting the actors involved
led to lack of control on shared responsibility. In terms of in the ADPLAC to direct their focus according to the need
organisational factors, the ADPLAC is facilitated by an and priorities of the end users through problem
executive committee without any clearly stated job identification and information sharing. Activities related
description and clear organisational structure. The with crop seeds, poultry breeds development and
facilitation of ADPLAC is done as an additional multiplication and natural resource conservation activities
responsibility. This has impacted the linkage negatively as that were implemented or under implementation by the
it is highly dependent on the assigned individuals actors involved in the ARDPAC were as a result of the
accountability, commitment and capacity of facilitation. linkage. This is something to continue and possibly could
Additionally, the individuals playing a leading role in the be developed into research or development based
executive committee were found to be in constant transfer innovation platforms where innovations come out as a
due to the nature of their position in their own respective result of the partnership and cooperation between the
organisations which has hindered the linkage. actors in the existing AKIS.
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East
Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 070
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East
Shoa zone, Ethiopia
Gemechu T 071
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Copyright: 2017 Gemechu T. This is an open-access
An analytical and comparative review of country studies
article distributed under the terms of the Creative
on Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems for
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
Rural Development (AKIS/RD). FAO, Rome
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
World Bank, 2006. Enhancing Agricultural Innovation: How
provided the original author and source are cited.
to go beyond the Strengthening of Research Systems.
Economic Sector work report. The World Bank:
Washington DC.
Actors linkage for rural innovation: A case study on the factors hindering effective linkage between actors working in agriculture and rural development in East
Shoa zone, Ethiopia