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of ECE, KL University
Objectives:
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University
1.0. Introduction: In the previous chapters, we studied the different AM techniques in which
the amplitude of some carrier signal is modified according to the message signal. The frequency
and phase of the carrier of the carrier signal in all AM modulation techniques were constant. In
this chapter, we will study a different method for transmitting information by changing the
angle (changing the phase or frequency) of the carrier signal and keeping its amplitude constant
usually referred to as Angle Modulation. The phase of carrier is varied in accordance with
amplitude of the message signal referred to as phase modulation (PM). In other case the
frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with amplitude of modulating signal is called
frequency modulation (FM). The PM and FM are non-linear function of modulating signal
which makes them are non-linear modulation process.
1.1 Instantaneous Frequency:
Let a generalized sinusoidal carrier c(t ) Ac cos (t ) ,
where (t ) is a generalized angle and is a function of time.
That is (t ) ct 0 .
Then the carrier signal is represented by
c(t ) Ac cos( (t )) Ac cos(ct 0 ) Fig 1 Concept of instantaneous frequency
where c(t ) is the instantaneous value (voltage or current), Ac is maximum amplitude, c is the
angular velocity in rad / sec and 0 is phase angle in radians. It should be noted that ct
represents an angle in radians.
A hypothetical case general angle of (t ) happens to be tangential to the angle ct 0 at
some instant time t as shown in Fig 1. The crucial part is that around t over a small interval
t 0 , the signal c(t ) Ac cos (t ) and Ac cos(ct 0 ) are identical.
Over this small interval t , the angular frequency of c(t ) is c . Because (ct 0 ) is
tangential to (t ) , the angular frequency of c(t ) is the slope of its angle (t ) over this small
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University
With this background we will discuss the phase modulation and frequency modulations are
as follows.
1.2 Phase Modulation (PM): In PM, the phase of a constant amplitude carrier wave varies
according to the amplitude of modulating signal m(t ) at a rate equal to the frequency of the
sensitivity constant.
Then the resulting Phase Modulated wave is expressed as
sPM (t ) Ac cos ct k p m(t )
can be generated b y first integrating m(t ) and then using the result as the input to a phase
modulator, as in Fig 2(a). Conversely, a PM signal can be generated by first differentiating
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University
m(t) and then using the result as the input to a frequency modulator, as in Fig 2(b).
We may thus deduce all the properties of PM signals from those of FM signals and vice
versa.
A consequence of allowing the angle (t ) to
become dependent on the message signal m(t) as
in sPM (t ) or on its integral as in sFM (t ) is that
the zero crossings of a PM signal or FM signal
no longer have a perfect regularity in their
spacing; (zero crossings refer to the instants of
time at which a wave-form changes from a
negative to a value or vice versa) positive Fig 2 Phase and frequency modulation
(Refer Fig 3). This is one important feature that distinguishes both FM and PM signals from
an AM signal. Another important difference is that the envelope of a PM or FM signal is
constant (equal to the carrier amplitude), whereas the envelope of an AM signal is dependent
on the message signal.
1.5 Single-Tone Angle Modulation: Let the message signal be m(t ) Am cos 2 f mt , where
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University
k p Am . In Phase modulation, both modulation index and phase deviation are same.
k f Am f
where f is called frequency modulation index, and
fm fm
where again f k f Am is known as frequency deviation.
In frequency modulation, f is the modulation index and represents the maximum phase
shift of the carrier, and f is the maximum frequency deviation of the carrier. The maxim-
um frequency deviation in FM broadcasting is 75 KHz, and frequency spacing is 200 KHz.
Brief Summary:
k f Am f
Frequency Modulation index f ; Frequency deviation f k f Am Hz
fm fm
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University
FM: Suppose this equation represents the Frequency Modulation, then is the modulation
d
f max{ f m sin mt}
dt
In this case of the angle modulated signal the generalized angle is
(t ) ct sin mt
d
The instantaneous frequency i (t ) (t ) c m cos mt or fi fc fm cos mt
dt
Then the maximum frequency deviation f f m .
Modulations respectively. The deviation sensitivities are the output versus input transfer
function for the modulation, which gives the relationship between the parameter changes in
respect to specified changes in the input signal.
For a phase modulation, changes would occur in the phase of the output frequency in
respect to changes in the amplitude of the input modulating signal voltage. Therefore
the deviation sensitivity for a phase modulator is
Radians
kp
V V
For a frequency modulation, changes would occur in the output frequency in respect
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University
signal m(t ) Am cos 2 f mt . Then the units for modulation index p is defined as
Radians
V Radians .
V
k f Am
Modulation index for FM is defined as f for a single-tone modulating
m
signal m(t ) Am cos 2 f mt . Then the units for modulation index f is defined as
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University
1.7 Narrowband F.M.: To simplify the analysis of F.M., we first assume that f
2
( f 0.2 ), and modulating signal m(t ) Am cos 2 f mt .
k f Am f
f is called frequency modulation index, where again f k f Am is known
fm fm
as frequency deviation. Then by expanding, we get
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University
From the spectrum of Single-tone Narrowband Frequency Modulation, it can be observed that
the bandwidth of the Narrowband Frequency Modulation is equal to AM bandwidth, which is
two times of message signal bandwidth. For a single-tone modulation frequency f m Hz then the
bandwidth of the Narrowband Frequency Modulation is 2 f m Hz. Similar statement holds for
Single-tone Narrowband Phase Modulation.
1.9 Phasor Diagram for Narrow Band FM signals:
The phasor diagram describes or understanding an assortment of the sidebands in FM signal of
constant amplitude. The diagram will also make clear the difference between AM and NBFM.
Let us consider a NBFM (i. e., f / 2 ) signal described by the equation
Ac f Ac f
s NBFM (t ) Ac cos ct cos(c m ) cos(c m )
2 2
The NBFM signal is represented with Phasor Diagram is shown in Fig 5(a), in which the
carrier phasor has been assumed to be the reference. It should be noted that resultant of the
phasors corresponding to the two side frequencies is always perpendicular to the carrier phasor.
As a result it produces a resultant phasor representing a NBFM which is approximately of the
same amplitude as the carrier phasor but out of phase with respect to it.
It is interesting to compare the phasor diagram of this NBFM with that of conventional AM
shown in Fig 5(b). It can be easily verified that in the case of AM, the resultant of the two side
frequency phasors is always in-phase with the carrier phasor. The effect is that the resultant
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University
phasor representing the AM wave has amplitude significantly different from the carrier
1.10 Spectrum of Narrow Band Angle Modulation for Base Band Signal:
Let a base-band signal represented by m(t ) is band limited to W Hz, which is a finite energy
signal.
AM: Then the conventional A.M. signal is represented by
sAM (t ) Ac [1 ka m(t )]cos ct Ac cos ct Ac ka m(t )cos ct (A1)
Corresponding the spectrum of AM wave is given by
A A
S AM ( f ) c ( f fc ) ( f fc ) c ka M ( f fc ) M ( f fc ) (A2)
2 2
where M ( f ) is F.T. of baseband signal m(t ) .
FM: The frequency modulation signal is represented by
t
sFM (t ) Ac cos[ct k f m(t ) dt ]
Further by expanding this equation,
t
t
sFM (t ) Ac cos ct cos k f m(t ) dt sin ct sin k f m(t ) dt
t
For | k f m(t ) dt | 1 , we can approximate the following
t
cos k f m(t ) dt
1 , and
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University
t
sin k f m(t ) dt
kf
t
m(t ) dt
With these approximations the Narrow Band FM is expressed as
sNBFM (t ) Ac cos ct k f
t
m(t ) dt sin ct
(F1)
t
Further simplified as sNBFM (t ) Ac cos ct k f Ac m '(t )sin ct , where m '(t ) m(t ) dt
(i) Both have the same modulated bandwidth 2W, where W is the highest modulating signal
frequency.
(ii) The sideband spectrum for FM has a phase shift of / 2 radians with respect to the
carrier, whereas that of AM is in-phase with the carrier.
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University
Differences:
In an AM signal, the oscillation frequency is constant and the amplitude varies with time,
whereas in an FM signal, the amplitude stays constant and frequency varies with time.
1.11 References:
1. B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Interna-
tional 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2010.
2. Wayne Tomasi, Electronic Communications Systems fundamentals through advanced,
Pearson Education, fifth edition, 2011.
3. H Taub & D. Schilling, Gautam Saha, Principles of Communication Systems, TMH, 2007,
3rd Edition.
4. Simon Haykin ,Principles of Communication Systems ,John Wiley, 2nd Ed.
5. John G. Proakis, Masond, Salehi ,Fundamentals of Communication Systems ,PEA, 2006.
6. George Kennedy, Electronic Communication Systems, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Edition.
7. Masoud Salehi and John G Proakis, Contemporary Communication Systems Using Matlab
and Simulink, 2004.
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