CHE151-1L Chemical Engineering Laboratory

4th Quarter SY 2016-2017

DRYING: GENERATION OF RATE CURVE USING COMPUTER-CONTROLLED TRAY

DRIER

Jacobe, Lanz 1, Mendoza, Theresa C 1, Papa, Danielle 1

1
Student, CHM170L/B41, School of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biotechnology, Mapa Institute of Technology

ABSTRACT

Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow. In this experiment, viscosities of some liquids were measured by means of
capillary flow method also known as the Ostwald Fenske method. An Ostwald viscometer, a U-shaped glass tube, was the
main apparatus used, wherein it was held vertically containing the liquid and allowing to pass two calibration marks. The flow
time was measured and by applying the Poiseuilles law, the viscosity was calculated. This law is directly proportional to the
density of the sample, flow time and the viscosity coefficient. This viscosity coefficient, a constant for a certain viscometer,
was determined by calibrating the viscometers used by pure water. There were three factors affecting viscosity that were
examined namely intermolecular forces, concentration of a solution, and temperature. It was observed that stronger
intermolecular forces and more concentrated solution make the sample more viscous while higher temperature make it less
viscous. It was noticed that some obtained results were quite different from the actual viscosities. One possible reason for
this would be the accuracy of measuring the time of flow in the viscometer.

Keywords: viscosity, Ostwald Fenske method, Poiseuilles Law, intermolecular forces

1. Introduction It is an enclosed insulated housing wherein solids are

Drying is a process that removes relatively small
amount of water from material. It can be classified as batch,
where the material is placed in the equipment and drying
occurs for a given period, or as continuous, where the
material is continuously added to the equipment and
continuously removed the dry material [1].
Drying process uses different types of equipment and
tray drier is one.
positioned on tiers of trays of particulate solids or stacked in
piles, where air enters the drier is mixed with recirculating
air by a fan over, is heated and passed across the trays [3].
The process is illustrated in Figure 1.1.
Recording the changes in the moisture content of a
material denotes the drying process [4]. Drying curves are
usually represented as drying rate curves showing different
stages or periods of drying as shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.1 Illustration of the Drying Process in a Tray Drier [2] Figure 2.2 Drying Rate Curve for Constant Drying Conditions
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Experiment 01 Group No. 4May 11, 2017 1 of 5

 CHE151-1L Chemical Engineering Laboratory
4th Quarter SY 2016-2017
At a constant rate period, the rate of drying can be
expressed by:
Ls dX
R= (1)
A dt
Where X is the moisture content (kg water/kg solids), t is
the drying time (s), A is the exposed surface area (m2), and
Ls is the mass of dry solids (kg).
2. Experimental
2.1 Preparation and Set-up
The mass of single tray and of tray with dry sand
is determined using the analytical balance. The dry
sand was sprayed with water, even distributed, in
which its amount is 10% mass of the dry sand.
2.2 Drying process using UOP8-MKII drier
Initially, the drier had been preheated up to 50 C.
The sampling consideration was adjusted wherein the
sampling operating was set to automatic and sample
interval to 1-minute. The tray with wet sand was
placed onto the tray holder and locked the side door.
The total mass was noted and the load cells were
all set to zero. Then, the change in total appeared in
negative values and this indicated the drying of the
sand.
Experiment 01 Group No. 4May 11, 2017
The operation was set to automatic in the Heater
PID menu. The graph was set-up plotting the total
weight versus time. The drying ended when there had
been no more change in the total weight for a long
period of time. Recording of data was stopped as the
end of drying had been confirmed from the graph.
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusion
5. References
[1] Geankoplis, C. (1993). Transport Processes and Unit
Operations 3rd Ed. (pp. 520-521). New Jersey: PTR
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
[2] Greensmith, M. 1998. Practical dehydration 2nd ed.
Woodhead.Cambridge.
[3] Rahman, S., & Ahmed, J. (n.d.). Handbook of Food
Process Design. (p. 511). Wiley-BlackWell.
[4] Vieira, M., & Ho, P. (2008). Experiments in Unit
Operations and Processing of Foods (pp. 65-67). Springer
Science-Business Media, LLC.
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Appendix
Mass of empty tray: 321.3 g
Mass of tray with dry sand: 790.6 g
Mass of dry sand (Mass of tray with dry sand Mass of empty tray): 469.2 g
Percentage Moisture: 10%
Mass of water added (Mass of dry sand x Percentage Moisture): 46.9 g
Mass of tray with wet sand (Mass of dry sand + Mass of water added): 837.5 g

Table A. Data from UOP8-MKII tray drier

Relative Ambient Air Fan Inlet Calculated Total Inverted
Humidity Temperature Output Air Velocity Tray Weight Temperature
(RA2) Velocity (Wt) for
[%] (T0) [%] [m/s] (vt) [g] Warning
[C] [m/s]
18.0 20.0 30 1.62 1.88 918.7 -49.70988582
16.0 20.0 30 1.51 1.76 921.2 -49.8976863
15.4 20.0 30 1.63 1.90 914.0 -49.80378606
15.1 20.0 30 1.61 1.87 917.7 -49.94463642
14.9 20.0 30 1.61 1.87 908.0 -49.8976863
15.3 20.0 30 1.73 2.01 905.5 -50.15441073
14.8 20.0 30 1.62 1.89 903.0 -50.26389084
15.0 20.0 30 1.71 1.99 903.3 -50.48285104
14.7 20.0 30 1.72 2.00 900.5 -50.04493063
14.9 20.0 30 1.65 1.92 889.2 -49.33428486
14.8 20.0 30 1.66 1.93 888.3 -49.52208534
14.8 20.0 30 1.64 1.91 882.7 -50.20915078
14.5 20.0 30 1.70 1.98 886.4 -50.37337094
14.5 20.0 30 1.72 2.00 886.7 -50.04493063
14.8 20.0 30 1.64 1.91 880.1 -49.85073618
15.0 20.0 30 1.72 2.00 881.1 -49.85073618
14.3 20.0 30 1.63 1.90 877.6 -49.75683594
14.3 20.0 30 1.67 1.94 873.6 -50.04493063
14.6 20.0 30 1.53 1.78 872.0 -50.09967068
14.8 20.0 30 1.60 1.86 876.1 -50.64707119
14.4 20.0 30 1.68 1.96 873.9 -49.33428486
14.8 20.0 30 1.52 1.77 877.0 -49.8976863
14.6 20.0 30 1.52 1.76 872.6 -49.85073618
14.6 20.0 30 1.58 1.84 872.9 -49.80378606
14.2 20.0 30 1.60 1.86 871.1 -50.15441073
14.1 20.0 30 1.55 1.80 870.7 -50.09967068
14.7 20.0 30 1.57 1.83 874.5 -50.20915078
14.6 20.0 30 1.56 1.81 867.3 -50.09967068
14.3 20.0 30 1.50 1.74 868.2 -49.99158654
14.3 20.0 30 1.52 1.77 874.8 -49.8976863
14.4 20.0 30 1.68 1.95 869.2 -49.80378606
14.2 20.0 30 1.66 1.93 861.7 -50.09967068
14.5 20.0 30 1.69 1.97 865.4 -49.70988582
14.2 20.0 30 1.62 1.88 870.1 -49.99158654
14.0 20.0 30 1.57 1.82 865.1 -50.09967068
14.4 20.0 30 1.64 1.91 864.5 -49.56903546
14.2 20.0 30 1.50 1.74 868.6 -50.15441073
14.2 20.0 30 1.59 1.85 862.0 -50.09967068
13.7 20.0 30 1.71 1.99 860.1 -49.94463642
13.9 20.0 30 1.65 1.92 862.3 -49.94463642
13.5 20.0 30 1.64 1.91 864.5 -49.85073618
13.6 20.0 30 1.56 1.81 862.0 -50.20915078
13.8 20.0 30 1.45 1.68 855.7 -50.48285104
13.5 20.0 30 1.58 1.84 853.5 -49.85073618
13.9 20.0 30 1.60 1.86 856.6 -49.99158654
13.8 20.0 30 1.68 1.96 860.4 -50.04493063
13.1 20.0 30 1.50 1.74 846.9 -49.94463642
13.6 20.0 30 1.70 1.98 846.9 -49.85073618
13.7 20.0 30 1.57 1.82 843.2 -50.31863089
13.8 20.0 30 1.45 1.68 847.6 -50.48285104
13.9 20.0 30 1.70 1.98 848.8 -49.8976863
13.4 20.0 30 1.38 1.60 839.1 -50.09967068
14.2 20.0 30 1.67 1.94 841.0 -49.80378606
14.4 20.0 30 1.65 1.92 848.5 -49.70988582
14.5 20.0 30 1.75 2.04 849.8 -49.80378606
14.6 20.0 30 1.56 1.81 852.9 -50.37337094
14.3 20.0 30 1.58 1.84 851.0 -50.26389084
14.8 20.0 30 1.71 1.99 846.6 -50.09967068
14.9 20.0 30 1.74 2.03 853.8 -49.8976863
14.9 20.0 30 1.72 2.00 850.4 -49.4281851
14.4 20.0 30 1.61 1.87 849.4 -50.20915078
14.3 20.0 30 1.61 1.87 852.9 -49.94463642
14.8 20.0 30 1.75 2.04 842.5 -50.09967068
14.4 20.0 30 1.68 1.96 852.3 -50.09967068
15.1 20.0 30 1.67 1.95 850.1 -49.8976863
14.0 20.0 30 1.65 1.92 847.9 -50.09967068
14.8 20.0 30 1.47 1.70 844.4 -50.31863089
14.5 20.0 30 1.57 1.82 847.9 -50.04493063
14.7 20.0 30 1.64 1.91 848.2 -49.94463642
14.7 20.0 30 1.39 1.61 854.8 -50.26389084
14.6 20.0 30 1.66 1.94 851.3 -49.56903546
14.7 20.0 30 1.55 1.80 854.1 -49.52208534
14.2 20.0 30 1.64 1.91 851.0 -50.04493063
14.4 20.0 30 1.58 1.83 845.4 -49.94463642
14.6 20.0 30 1.72 2.00 851.3 -49.94463642
13.9 20.0 30 1.66 1.93 845.4 -49.6629357
14.1 20.0 30 1.47 1.71 849.4 -50.09967068
14.5 20.0 30 1.72 2.00 845.4 -49.61598558
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