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1 - Goal, Global Context, and Personal Interest

My goal is to Investigate how aerodynamics helps boost the fuel economy, then design
and create a booklet to share my findings. My goal is challenging, as I have to challenge myself
and learn new concepts that Ive never learned before, but also creating my product through
an unfamiliar software. My global context is Scientific and Technological Innovation 1. It relates
to my personal interests, which are engineering, physics as well as automobiles. Aerodynamics
plays an important role in automobiles, its an indispensable element that every single
automobile should have.

Ive chosen Scientific and Technological Innovation, as my global context. I will be

exploring how the technological developments in aerodynamics have improved fuel economy,
thats used to be an important concern for drivers. I will specifically explore the modernisation,
industrialisation and engineering; and also products, processes and solutions. Therefore it is
suitable for me to choose Scientific and Technological Innovation. 2

For my product, I will make a detailed overview on Aerodynamics, explaining the factors
and how it helps solves the problem of people being increasingly aware of the fuel economy
issues. The target audience will primarily be people that drive their cars very often and people
that are interested or works in the automotive industry.

2 - Prior Learning and Subject-Specific Knowledge

Concerning prior learning related to my project, I had previously looked at books and
articles about Aerodynamics, which I found very interesting What Are Wheel Spats, And
Why Don't We Use Them Anymore? (Fernie, 2016). I had also been constantly following up
with automotive news, and Aerodynamics are often mentioned in every single article or
review, as its a fundamental aspect of the automotive industry. This prior learning was highly

1 Refer to Extract 1
2 Refer to Extract 1

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 1

relevant to my projects focus on Aerodynamics and how it affect a vehicles fuel economy, as it
allowed me to receive basic information around this area of knowledge.

In school, I had developed subject-specific knowledge3 about related topics in Physics,

Technology and Mathematics, like Newton's Law, Momentum, Kinetic Energy, and that helped
me understand some required basic knowledge of this topic in order to understand further
research information. This was directly related to my goal since it is some pre-topics that I
should have an essential knowledge on and its some concepts/factors that can be changed to
benefit Aerodynamics.

Outside of school, I already had subject specific knowledge about the physics behind
Aerodynamics, which includes: Air flow, Drag and Upthrust from my Physics tutor, which is
beneficial to my project. Even so, I still need to gather more knowledge and understanding
about more complicated concepts of factors that can affect Aerodynamics, the changes that
could be made and how it relates the fuel economy.

I will have to start from the beginning for research, meaning that the process will take a
long period of time.

3 - Research Skills

I used an extensive range of primary and secondary sources to inform my research,

including books, YouTube videos, articles, interview 4, survey5 and websites relating to
Aerodynamics. I evaluated the relevance and reliability of all the key resources by appearing
using an OPVL (Origin, Purpose, Values, Limitations) analytical process 6. I also noted on how
my findings have impacted the project overall, thinking about how the sources that have been
beneficial to my project. 7

I also used a broad range of research skills to investigate, plan, and take action on my
project. Concerning information literacy skills, I found information in different media to learn
about the fundamentals of Aerodynamics. For example, I used Car Aerodynamics Basics and

3 Refer to Extract 1
4 Refer to Extract 6
5 Refer to Extract 7
6 Refer to Extract 2
7 Refer to Extract 2

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 2

How-To Design Tips By BYORC to investigate and learn basic Aerodynamic terminologies
and techniques; I undertook several lessons on the fundamentals of Aerodynamics with my
tutor to develop sufficient knowledge to complete my product; and I read a book on
Aerodynamics on Road Vehicles By Gino Sovran to give me a detailed outline of the whole
topic specifically on road vehicles which Im focused on.

Concerning media literacy skills, I evaluated and selected key research sources based on
their appropriateness to my project. For example, Ive identified my tutors specific point of
view towards how Aerodynamics affects and has an impact on a vehicles fuel economy when
I interviewed8 him. When he talked about the reasons behind this concept, Ive noted now
various notes and highlighted specific major areas to refer to later on.9 After the interview I
thought that it wasnt really beneficial to my project, worrying about whether I've wasted my
time or not. However, I started to question the preciousness of this piece of information, I
realised that not only its a treasure for collecting information from different real perspectives
rather than internets, and he provided detailed information through accessible languages.

Overall, these experiences have allowed me to improve my research skills, both on

analysing and evaluating various types of sources. It also allows my to engage with my
resources by thinking how the intentions of the sources and how it has conveyed their
perspective through the presentation of facts and ideas.

8 Refer to Extract 6
9 Refer to Extract 5

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1 - Product Criteria

After doing sufficient research to assemble a basic foundation of Automotive

Aerodynamics and how it affects fuel economy in the first one and a half month of my project,
and to ensure that my product can address my goal, I created a criteria10 which provide
guidelines when I create the final product/outcome.11

I organised the criteria into categories:

Aesthetics (to ensure that the product is attractive and visually appealing to the
audience, therefore they are willing to learn about Aerodynamics)
Size/Content (to ensure that the out coming product are made specifically at the
correct size and amount of content required)
Function/Purpose (to ensure that the audience understands the concepts of
Aerodynamics and the problem in society fully)
User/Audience (to ensure that my product are suitable for my audiences and are
focused on their needs and requirements)
Creation Process/Materials (to ensure my final product will be made according to
my criteria through the correct software and procedures)

To establish these expectations, I had to consider the purpose and effectiveness of each
category, allowing me to understand the importance of not only setting up clear objectives but
also modify the criteria to best effectively presenting information to my target audiences.

I will analyse and reflect on my product in Criteria D using the criteria to evaluate
whether my goal has been addressed clearly or not.

2 - Action Plan and Record of Development

The action plan is a must in completing a long-term task, especially when there are
various works that have to be completed in different due dates. Creating an action plan 12
allows me to monitor my working progress and I used it as a reminder of my time frame.

10 Refer to Extract 3
11 Refer to Extract 3
12 Refer to Extract 4

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 4

 Throughout the process of researching and making my final product, my action plan has
helped me to identify my short-term and long-term goals that have guided me towards
achieving my goal. The action plan allowed me to be able to keep my objectives over the long
term in check, I was able to cross out specific tasks on my action plan after completing and
final checked.

Recording down the development of achieving my goal are necessary, Ive created a note
recording document that I will insert and record information or actions that Ive done on a 2-3
day basis, similar to a process journal but not only does it record the development of my
progress, but also contains research information as well as investigations.

Keeping a record of development allows me to look through my schedule and make

specific improvements throughout the creation process before the actual deadline, but also
evaluate my progress of achieving my goal. Its a great way to interconnect my actual progress
with my action plan.

There was once that I wasnt able to complete my final product on time because Ive
spent more time on revision for upcoming assessments, therefore I had to adjust my action
plan and postpone the deadline a few days later to make sure that I have sufficient amount of
time to both revise and complete my task.

3 - Self-Management Skills

I practised effective time and task management to plan and complete my project.
Concerning organisation skills, I organised an action plan for long-term goals13, allowing me to
manage and complete the task of creating a booklet to share my findings on how
aerodynamics helps boost the fuel economy. This tactic of breaking down long-term goals
into a set of smaller targets has made my process far more smooth and the job extremely
manageable, as I have made some room for adjustments. I also prioritised task according to
their urgency and importance. Overall I think that I could have made more mindful choices
like this throughout the duration of the project in order to achieve better balance in academics
and relaxation.

Concerning effective skills, I made informed choices on behaviours and course of actions
when I realised that my booklets design doesnt really quite fit my intentions and my product
criteria. I was eager to remake my whole design to ensure that my final product looks more

13 Refer to Extract 4

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 5

attractive and suits my criteria, but I knew it wasnt a realistic course of action given that my
summative assessment week is coming up and the little spare time I had. Instead of re-making
the whole design, I will be evaluating this when I finish my final product and analyse the
strengths and weaknesses of this decision and suggest improvements. By coming to terms with
the problems with my booklet, I practised how to deal with disappointment and unmet
expectations, and trained myself to make reasonable decisions in different situations.

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 6

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1 - Creation of Product in Response to Goal, Global Context, and Criteria

To respond to my goal and research question, Ive produced a booklet to introduce and
explain concepts of Aerodynamics and also informing the audiences how Aerodynamics can
help improve fuel economy. I have to use appropriate design/illustration software to create
this booklet. I explored various software such as Adobe Illustrator, Pages, Microsoft Word etc.
Ive chosen to use Adobe Illustrator as it was one of the best software that provides
professional tools but a simple and comfortable interface. Also, this software allows me to
combine and edit several templates into one, with many unique tools for formatting and
designing. It was challenging but exciting at the same time when creating the product, as it
was my first time using this software. To show that my product has successfully addressed my
goal, Ive shared this booklet with others that are not familiar with this topic and asked them
some questions on this topic later on. Many of them were able to answer the questions
confidently, and this has shown that my product has addressed the goal.

To address the global context (Scientific and Technological Innovation), I explained the
technological developments in aerodynamics and how theyve helped improve fuel economy.
Specifically, Ive explored the products (existing cars), processes (background investigations)
and solutions (improvements). For example, I researched that how different Aerodynamic
principles have an effect on fuel economy and how can they be improved. (e.g. Downforce, are
a force that pushes the tires onto the ground surface to provide more grip; can be improved by
adding a Spoilers and Diffusers.) From this information, I was able to explain how the
developments in the automotive industry have enriched our knowledge of these principles
and as a result being able to improve the fuel economy of a vehicle.

Using the Adobe Illustrator, I managed to create a booklet that shares and introduces
essential information of Aerodynamics but also informs the audiences on how Aerodynamics
can help solve the problem of fuel economy in vehicles nowadays.

2 - Thinking Skills

In order to take action on my project, I had to use thinking skills to brainstorm ideas,
organise information, construct plans, and solve problems. When completing my research14,
Ive developed my critical thinking and problem-solving skills while identifying the reliability

14 Refer to Extract 2

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 7

and credibility of the source, and end up choosing suitable sources. For example, when I
searched about The Principles of Aerodynamics, numerous results came up and I wasnt
sure which source I should use. I clicked into several sources and corroborated each of them
to see if theyre reliable or not, I do this by analysing each source using an OPVL analytical
tool, which helps me identify its Origin, Purpose, Values and Limitations. These obstacles led
me to apply my research skills and develop my critical thinking throughout the process and
draw conclusions from the analysis.

When making my product, I transferred skills learned into unfamiliar situations. For
example, when creating the booklet, I wasnt familiar how the interface of the application
works and also a lot of the tools were so complicated to use 15. To overcome this challenge, Ive
gone online and searched for some tutorial videos on how to use Adobe Illustrator, and have
certainly made my process much more efficient and smooth.

Concerning creative thinking skills, I had to think of ways to present my ideas and
information in a logical but creative sense in my product, since the concept of Aerodynamics is
pretty complicated and there werent any existing products that I could make reference to. I
persisted in finding a way until I was able to narrow down my ideas and created what I had in
mind, by consistently thinking of possibilities and asking myself what if questions.

3 - Communication and Social Skills

In the creation of the product, I demonstrated social skills by discussing with my art
teacher about the limitations of my design and the overall structure of the product. We
discussed how my original design was not so attractive and well designed, as I didnt know
how to use Adobe Illustrator at first and I havent made my design specifications detailed
enough. Also, we talked about how I could modify my booklets design in order to give the
audience a fresh impression and attracts them to read. Furthermore, I also demonstrated social
skills by interviewing and talking about the topic with my tutor. I discussed with him about
the fundamentals of Aerodynamics, and he introduced me to some new concepts that enables
me to be capable of completing the final product much more confidently. Additionally, I also
asked him a few question on how Aerodynamics help boost a cars fuel economy, specifically I
asked him What exactly helps a car to minimise its friction in order to improve its fuel
economy?16. By using his understanding towards the topic, I was able to input essence
information into my product.

15 Refer to Extract 8
16 Refer to Extract 6

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 8

 I managed to demonstrate communication skills by taking the initiative of sharing my
final product to my peers17. I explained to them the general concepts of Aerodynamics, an
overview of the problem, showcasing the factors that affect fuel economy and how this
problem can be solved. As a result, I received comments and feedback from peers to improve
my product even further. Furthermore, Ive arranged regular meetings 18 with my supervisor to
talk about possible improvements that could be made but also enhancing the information both
in my report and final product.

17 Refer to Extract 10
18 Refer to Extract 6

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 9

 %TKVGTKQP&4GHNGEVKPI

Strand 1 - Evaluation of Product

To evaluate my product, I used the criteria to assess the effectiveness of my product in

achieving the goal19. I achieved nearly all of the criteria that I had set for each aspect of my
product. I tested the product by bringing it to my peers 20, tutor, art teacher and receive
feedback through a spreadsheet21. Out of six people who I brought the product to and
explained it to, most of them understood the concepts and details of each page, proving the
success of my product.

However, there were some criteria that I havent achieved22, most of which relates to the
Function/Purpose of my product, reflecting that I have not considered the perspective of my
target audience during the creation process. Furthermore, some of them could not understand
the terminologies that Ive used in my product to explain the relationship between
Aerodynamics and how it affects a vehicles fuel economy unless they had some prior
knowledge regarding Aerodynamics.

This area could be improved by creating another survey before the creation process to
evaluate my audiences (people with no understanding regarding Aerodynamics) level of
understanding on concepts of Aerodynamics and fuel economy. According to the results, I
would be able to prepare adequate background information and use suitable wordings to
present the information. Also using existing products that serve a similar purpose this as a
reference, I could create a simpler but engaging product so my audience would better
understand it, by taking notes on their choice of wordings.

Strand 2 - Extension of Knowledge and Understanding of Topic and Global Context

My personal project has extended my understanding of Scientific and Technological

Innovation, as I realised that how we need to explore and investigate new concepts and ideas
which surround our world nowadays and help us understand their applicable uses, in reality,
in which as a result find ways to enhance and improve them. For example, not only had I
researched the concepts of Aerodynamics and explored the principles, fundamentals and

19 Refer to Extract 9
20 Refer to Extract 10
21 Refer to Extract 9
22 Refer to Extract 9

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 10

devices, but how these areas could affect a vehicles fuel economy and how can be applied in
real life such as side skirts and rear spoiler.

My knowledge and understand of Aerodynamics, and how it affects a vehicles fuel

economy have deepened as a result of this project. I used to believe that Aerodynamics is just
an area to improve a cars performance (speed, acceleration) and styling, however, now I
understood that not only it improves a cars performance but also has a crucial role in boosting
a cars fuel economy. The process of creating the product has made a huge impact and
extended on my knowledge and understanding of this topic, which accomplished my aim for
the global context. For example: when I was editing a page on the solutions to my
knowledge question, I wasnt too sure about what to include. As such, I went online and
looked at several more reliable sources and realised that there are a lot more about the impact
of aerodynamics on fuel economy and allowed myself to enhance my final product.

Strand 3 - Development as an IB Learner

As an IB learner, I felt that Ive developed various learner profiles of the MYP program
doing this project. During this project, I have developed as an inquirer. I used to research
information straight from Google, and just use the first few sources from the results without
even analysing them. As a result of this project, now I learned to develop research questions
regarding my curiosity and learned to use a variety of sources from both primary and
secondary, but at the same time analysing each of the information collecting using OPVL23.
From the experience of this project, now I understand as an independent learner how to
investigate with enthusiasm and maintain a curious learning life.

While creating the product, I have developed as a balanced individual. Throughout the
journey of this project, I have experienced various stressful moments. For example, when I
found out that my product doesnt fit out of the criteria after spending around many hours of
hard work, instead of panicking I decided to evaluate this error later on and asked peers for
possible improvements. Furthermore, numerous hours have been spent in creating this
product, and most of the work must be done on a computer. Rather than focusing on the
computer screen for such a long period of time, I decided to plan time slots for going out for a
run to help relief stress and to basically relax. As a result, I am now able to understand the
emotional and physical aspect of my life through the creation of my product.

23 Refer to Extract 2

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 11

 Furthermore, I have developed as a thinker. Through the use of critical and creative
thinking skills, throughout the process of creating my final product I had to analyse and
transfer principles learnt online, carefully selecting relevant and useful information. Also, I
took the initiative of using a software (Adobe Illustrator) that was new and unfamiliar to me at
first to create my product, and I managed to gain knowledge and experience and used it to edit
simultaneously to create the product24.

The entire process of the personal project was an opportunity for me to reflect on my IB
learning as I had to be a curious inquirer to extend my knowledge, engaging my creative
thinking in developing new ideas and adopting skills such as transferring research to respond
to my goal fully. Furthermore, this project allowed me to continue to build up my
understanding of the importance of the intellectual aspect of our lives.

24 Refer to Extract 8

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 12

5. Works Cited

Aerodynamic Drag - Explained. Perf. Jason Fenske. Engineering Explained.

Aerodynamic Drag - Explained, 5 Mar. 2014. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
"AERODYNAMICS." Science Clarified. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
"Automotive: Aerodynamic Efficiency." Automotive: Aerodynamic Efficiency | Exa
Corporation. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
"Bernoulli Equation." The Engineering ToolBox. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
Bonnick, Allan W. M. Automotive Science and Mathematics. New York: Routledge,
2011. Print.
"Can Fuel-economy Standards save the Climate?" The Economist. The Economist
Newspaper, 16 July 2015. Web. 01 Mar. 2017.
"Car Aerodynamic Drag." Car Aerodynamic Drag Effects on Fuel Economy |
MpgEnhance.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
"Car Aerodynamics Basics, How-To & Design Tips ~ FREE!" Build Your Own Race Car!
N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
"Car Aerodynamics Overview| Rapid-Racer.com." Car Aerodynamics Overview|
Rapid-Racer.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
"Car Physics: Some Problems." Car Physics: From Physclips. UNSW, n.d. Web. 28 Feb.
2017.
Diffusers - Efficient Aerodynamics - Explained. Perf. Jason Fenske. Diffusers - Efficient
Aerodynamics - Explained. Engineering Explained, 17 June 2015. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
Downforce - Explained. Perf. Jason Fenske. Downforce - Explained. Engineering
Explained, 19 Mar. 2014. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
Elert, Glenn. "Aerodynamic Drag." Aerodynamic Drag The Physics Hypertextbook.
N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
Explained, Engineering. "Engineering Explained: 10 Aerodynamic Features Of Race
Cars." Car Throttle. Car Throttle, 18 May 2015. Web. 01 Mar. 2017.
05/05/2009 , Updated:. "Improving Aerodynamics to Boost Fuel Economy." Edmunds.
N.p., 05 May 2009. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
Fernie, Michael. "What Are Wheel Spats, And Why Don't We Use Them Anymore?"
Car Throttle. Car Throttle, 08 Dec. 2016. Web. 03 Mar. 2017.
Ghose, Tia. "What Is Friction?" LiveScience. Purch, 04 June 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
"How Aerodynamics Work." HowStuffWorks. N.p., 17 Mar. 2009. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
"Illumin - Drag Reduction: The Pursuit of Better Fuel Economy." Illumin - Drag
Reduction: The Pursuit of Better Fuel Economy. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 13

 Jones, Benjamin. "5 Real DIY Aerodynamic Mods Detroit Can Add for MPGs in '09."
Popular Mechanics. N.p., 25 Mar. 2015. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
Lucas, Jim. "What Is Aerodynamics?" LiveScience. Purch, 20 Sept. 2014. Web. 28 Feb.
2017.
Malloy, Gerry. "Aerodynamics and the Science of Fuel Efficiency." Thestar.com. N.p., 17
Apr. 2015. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
Sandhu, Manjeet. "The Improvement of Automobile Fuel Economy." The Improvement
of Automobile Fuel Economy. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Mar. 2017.
Steven De Groote. "Rear Wing Aerodynamics." Rear Wing Aerodynamics -
F1technical.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
Studios, Andrew Rader. "Friction Basics." Physics4Kids.com: Motion: Friction. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
"Tips." Aerodynamics. Unlimited Performance Products, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
"Welcome to the Beginner's Guide to Aerodynamics." NASA. NASA, 5 May 2015. Web.
28 Feb. 2017.
"What Is Drag?" NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.
"What Is Friction?" Khan Academy. Khan Academy, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 14

6. Extracts

Extract 1:

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 15

 Extract 2:

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 Extract 3:

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 Extract 4:

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 18

 Extract 5:

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 Extract 6:

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 Extract 7:

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 21

 Extract 8:

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 22

 Extract 9:

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 Extract 10:

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 24

7. Evidence of Product

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 25

AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 26
AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 27
AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 28
AERODYNAMICS - HERMAN FUNG 29