Modulation

Student: Ochoa Lpez Carlos Fernando

March 12, 2017

Faculty of Engineering Engineering in Industrial Process Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa

Abstract
It was carried out in the Matlab program the modulation simulation of an AM signal.
Frequency of sampling, duration, number of samples, modulation, carrier frequency.

1 Introduction
The information signals must be transported between a transmitter and a receiver on some form
of transmission medium. However, information signals rarely find a suitable form for transmission.
Modulation is defined as the process of transforming information from its original form into a more
suitable form for transmission. Demodulation is the reverse process. The modulation is performed
on the transmitter in a circuit called modulator. Amplitude modulation (AM) is the process of
changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier according to the amplitude of the
modulating signal (information). Frequencies that are high enough to efficiently radiate through
an antenna and propagate through free space are commonly called radio frequencies or simply RF.
With amplitude modulation, the information is printed on the carrier in the form of amplitude
changes.
Amplitude modulation is a relatively inexpensive form of modulation modulation that is used
in the broadcasting of audio and video signals. The AM commercial broadcasting band ranges
from 535 to 1605 kHz. Commercial TV broadcasting is divided into three bands (two of VHF and
one of UHF).
Channels of band 1 between 2 and 6 (54 to 88 MHz), VHF high band channels are between 7
MHz) and UHF channels are between 14 to 83 (470 to 890 MHz). Amplitude modulation is also
used for two-way mobile radio communications such as a civil band radio (CB) (26,965 to 27,405
MHz).
An AM modulator is a non-linear apparatus with two information input signals: a carrier signal
of constant amplitude and single frequency, and the information signal. The information acts on
or modulates the carrier and can be a simple or complex frequency waveform composed of many
frequencies that originated from one or more sources. Because the information acts on the carrier,
it is called a modulating signal. The resultant is called modulated wave or modulated signal.

2 Objectives
Understand the AM and FM modulation as well as its meaning, as it was analyzed the
modulation in the first years of its use and as today are used in their everyday applications.

Develop a simulation of an AM wave, interacting with its amplitude and developing conclu-
sions.

3 Why is a signal modulated?

To control this signal and facilitate its propagation of information, whether by cable or air, order
the radio space, distribute channels to each type of different information. To reduce the size of the
antennas, optimize the bandwidth of each channel avoiding interference between channels, protect
the information by noise factors and define the quality of the information obtained.

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 Figure 1: This frog was uploaded via the project menu.

4 How is a signal modulated?

Electronic semiconductor devices with nonlinear characteristics (diodes, bulbs, transistors), resis-
tors, inductors, capacitors and combinations are used.

5 Definitions
- Definition of modulation AM : Modulation of amplitude or amplitude modulation (AM) is a
technique used in electronic communication, more commonly for the transmission of information
through a transverse television wave. Amplitude modulation (AM) operates by varying the am-
plitude of the transmitted signal in relation to the information being sent. Contrasting this with
frequency modulation, in which frequency is varied, and phase modulation, in which the phase
is varied. In the mid-1870s, a form of amplitude modulation, initially called "wave currents,"
was the first method to successfully send audio through telephone lines with acceptable quality.
Advantages of Frequency Modulation over Amplitude
Higher quality reproduction as a result of almost immunity to electrical interference. Conse-
quently, it is a suitable system for the broadcast of programs (music) of high fidelity.
They require much less modulation power than amplitude.
Frequency-modulated signals are much less affected by external noises and signals.
Increased bandwidth of frequency modulated signals.
Applications
In broadcasting: for the high fidelity of the broadcasting of music and speech (88 and 108
MHz).
In the television, in the sound subcarrier where the sound information modulates in frequency
the sound subcarrier.
In the SECAM color television system where it modulates the color information in FM.
In analog video systems, including VHS, to record the luminance (black and white) of the
video signal.
In audio frequencies to synthesize sound.
Wireless Microphones: Because of the greater insensitivity to interference, wireless micro-
phones have been using frequency modulation.
Air navigation. Systems like DVOR (VOR Doppler), simulate a rotating antenna that, by
Doppler effect, modulates in frequency the transmitted signal.
-Definition of modulation FM :Frequency modulation, or frequency modulation (FM), is
a modulation technique that allows transmitting information through a carrier wave by varying
its frequency. In analog applications, the instantaneous frequency of the modulated signal is
proportional to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. Digital data can be sent by
the displacement of the frequency wave between a set of discrete values, a modulation known as
frequency shift modulation. Advantages of FM modulation

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Resilient to noise: One of the main advantages of frequency modulation that has been used
by the broadcasting industry is noise reduction. Since most of the noise is amplitude-based,
this can be eliminated by running the signal through a limiter so that only the frequency
variations appear. This is anticipated that the signal level is high enough to allow the signal
to be limited.
Elastic to signal resistance variations: In the same way that amplitude noise can be removed,
so can any variation of signal. This means that one of the advantages of frequency modulation
is that it does not suffer from variations in audio amplitude as the level of the signal varies,
and makes FM ideal for use in mobile applications where signal levels vary constantly. This
is anticipated that the signal level is high enough to allow the signal to be limited.
It does not require linear amplifiers in the transmitter: Since only frequency changes are
required, any amplifiers in the transmitter need not be linear.
It allows for greater efficiency than many other modes: The use of non-linear amplifiers, eg
class C, etc. means that transmitter efficiency levels will be higher - linear amplifiers are
inherently inefficient.
Disadvantages of FM modulation
It requires more complicated modulator: One of the minor disadvantages of frequency mod-
ulation is that the demodulator is a little more complicated, and therefore a little more
expensive than the very simple diode detectors that are used for AM. Also requires a tuned
circuit increases the cost. However, this is only a problem for the very low-cost broadcast
market.
Some other modes have a higher spectral efficiency of data: Some modulation and quadrature
amplitude modulation formats have a higher spectral efficiency for data transmission than
frequency shift modulation, a form of frequency modulation. As a result, most of the data
transmission system uses PSK and QAM.
Side bands extend to infinity each side: The sidebands for an FM transmission in theory ex-
tend to infinity. To limit the bandwidth of the transmission, filters are used, which introduce
some distortion of the signal.

5.1 Development of code in Matlab

Knowing a little overmodulation, we carry out the following code and in the same way we analyzed
by three times the change of amplitude to analyze and observe how the bandwidth changed in the
signal.

5.2 Code
The following code is displayed in which the modulation was conditioned in 44100.
Conclusion At this point in which the signal was operated the modulation was selected in
44100 and it was possible to appreciate that the amplitude of the signal was amplified, if it lowered
it tended to decrease but the frequency remained the same, with this I reached the conclusion that
The amplitude does not depend on the frequency itself.

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Figure 3: Part number one.

Figure 4: Part number two.

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 Figure 5: Part number ONE.

Figure 6: Part number two.

5.3 Code Modulation-Frequency

Conclusion In this section we observed how the signal changed when interacting with its frequency
without presenting changes in its amplitude. It was simply to analyze this phenomenon in a signal.

5.4 References
http://www.monografias.com/trabajos105/principios-modulacion/principios-modulacion.shtml

http://definicion.de/modulacion/

https://www.ecured.cu/Modulaci
http://www.analfatecnicos.net/pregunta.php?id=15
http://physics.tutorvista.com/waves/modulation.html
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/modulation