Ele Pali PDF

An Elementary
Pali Course
Ven. Narada, Thera
e
DHANET
UD '
B
BO Y
O K LIB R A R
E-mail: bdea@buddhanet.net
Web site: www.buddhanet.net
Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.

Nrada Thera
TO MY VENERABLE TEACHER PELENE SIRI

VAJIRA
IRANA MAH NYAKA THERA
2
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
The word Pi means "the Text", though it has now come to be the name of a language.
Mgadhi was the original name for Pi. It was the language current in the land of Magadha during
the time of the Buddha (6th century B.C.).
Suddha Mgadh, the pure form of the provincial dialect, was what the Buddha used as His medium of
instruction.
The elements of Pi can be mastered in a few months, Pi opens ones ears to the Dhamma and the
music of the Buddhas speech. It is also a lingua franca in Buddhist countries, and therefore worth
acquiring.
This slender volume is intended to serve as an elementary guide for beginners. With its aid one may
be able to get an introduction to the Pi language within a short period.
I have to express my deep indebtedness to my Venerable Teacher, Pelene Siri Vajirana Mah
Nyaka Therapda, who introduced me to this sacred language. Words cannot indicate how much I owe to
his unfailing care and sympathy.
My thanks are due to the Venerable Nynatiloka Thera, for his valued assistance.
Table of Contents
NRADA
October, 1952.
If you have problems in your Pli lessons then join our E-mail Pli classes at
[ ibric@ssri.lanka.net]
Computerised by Bhikkhu Saghasobhana.
This work is provided as Public domain under terms of GNU
3
Abbr
Abbrevi
eviations
tions
Adj. - Adjective
Ind., Indec. - Indeclinables
Ind. p.p. - indeclinable Past Participles
f. - Feminine
m. - Masculine
n. - Neuter
p.p. - Past Participles
Pre. - Prefix
Pres. p. - Present Participles
Pres. - Present
Pro. - Pronoun
Table of Contents
4
CONTENTS
PREFACE 3
ABBREVIATIONS 4
INTRODUCTION 9
ALPHABET 10
PRONUNCIA
CIATION OF LETTERS 11
Lesson
sson I A. Decl. of Nouns ending in " a " - Nom. & Acc. Cases 12
B. Conj. of Verbs - Pres. Tense. Act. Voice, 3rd person
Lesson
sson II A. Decl. of Nouns ending in " a " - Instr. & Dat. Cases 18
B. Conj. of Verbs- Pres. Tense. Act. Voice, 2nd person
Lesson
sson III A. Decl. of Nouns ending in " a " - Abl. &. Gen. Cases 23
B. Conj. of Verbs- Pres. Tense. Act. Voice, 1st person
Lesson
sson IV A. Decl. of Nouns ending in " a " - Loc. & Voc. Cases 28
B. Full Conj. of Verbs- Pres. Tense Act. Voice
Lesson
sson V Full Decl. of Nouns ending in " a " 33
Lesson
sson VI A. Nouns ending in " " 38
B. Infinitive
5
Lesson
sson VII Aorist (Ajjatan) Act. Voice 43
Possessive Pronouns
Lesson
sson VIII A. Nouns ending in " i " 48
B. Indeclinable Past Participles
Lesson
sson IX A. Feminine Nouns ending in " i " 52
B. Future Tense (Bhavissanti)
Lesson
sson X A. Nouns ending in " " 56
B. The Formation of Feminines
Lesson
sson XI A. Decl. of Nouns ending in " u " & " " 61
B. Verbs- Imperative & Benedictive Mood ( Pacam)
Lesson
sson XII A. Personal Pronouns 68
B. Conditional Mood (Sattam)
Lesson
sson XIII Relative Pronouns 72
The Interrogative Pronoun
Lesson
sson XIV Participles 79
Lesson
sson XV A. Demonstrative Pronouns 86
B. Adjectives
Lesson
sson XVI Numerals 92
Ordinals
Lesson
sson XVII A. Some Irregular Nouns ending in " a " 98
B. Conjugations
6
Lesson
sson XVIII A. Declension of " Satthu " 103
B. Causal Forms (Krita)
Lesson
sson XIX A. Decl. of " go " 108
B. Perfect Tense (Hyattan)v
Lesson
sson XX Compounds (Samsa) 112
Lesson
sson XXI Indeclinables (Avyaya) 119
Lesson
sson XXII Taddhita- Nominal Derivatives 126
Lesson
sson XXIII Kitaka- Verbal Derivatives 132
Lesson
sson XXIV Rules of Sandhi (Combinations) 138
Lesson
sson XXV Uses of the Cases 143
Lesson
sson XXVI Passive Voice 155
Sel
Selection
tions
ons fo
for Tran
ranslation 160
Not
Notes on Sel
Selection
tions
ons fo
for Tran
ranslation 170
7
Voca
Vocabu
cabul
bulary
ary Pal
Pali-Eng
-English
nglish 177
Voca
Vocabu
cabul
bulary
ary Eng
Engli
nglis
lish-Pali 202
Guid
Guide
ide to Exe
Exercises 227
Lega
egal Info
Infor
formation 234
8
AN ELEMENTARY PI COURSE
INTRODUCTION
Namo Tassa Bha
Bhaga
hagav
gavato
ato Arah
rahato
ato Sam
Samm-Sam
Sam-Buddhas
-Buddhass
assa !
Pi was the language spoken by the Buddha and employed by Him to expound His Doctrine of
Deliverance.
Mgadh is its real name, it being the dialect of the people of Magadha a district in Central India.
Pi, lit. "line" or "text", is, strictly speaking, the name for the Buddhist Canon. Nowadays the term
Pi is often applied to the language in which the Buddhist texts or scriptures were written.
The Pi language must have had characters of its own, but at present they are extinct.
Table of Contents
9
ALPHABET
The Pi Alphabet consists of forty-one letters, eight vowels and thirty-three consonants.
8 Vowels (Sara)
a, , i, , u, , e, o.
33 Consonants (Vyajana)
Gutturals k, kh, g, gh, . ka group

Palatals c, ch, j, jh, . ca group
Cerebrals , h, , h, . a group
Dentals t, th, d, dh, n. ta group
Labials p, ph, b, bh, m. pa group
*Palatal y.
*Cerebral r.
*Dental l.
*Dental and Labial v.
Dental (sibilant) s.
Aspirate h.
Cerebral .
Niggahita .
*Semi-vowels
Table of Contents
10
PRONUNCIA
CIATION OF LETTERS
Pi is a phonetic language. As such each letter has its own characteristic sound.
a is pronounced like u in but
is pronounced like a in art
i is pronounced like i in pin
is pronounced like i in machine
u is pronounced like u in put
is pronounced like u in rule
e is pronounced like e in ten
is pronounced like a in fate
o is pronounced like o in hot
is pronounced like o in note
k is pronounced like k in key
g is pronounced like g in get
is pronounced like ng in ring
c is pronounced like ch in rich
j is pronounced like j in jug
is pronounced like gn in signor
is pronounced like t in not
is pronounced like d in hid
is pronounced like n in hint
p is pronounced like p in lip
b is pronounced like b in rib
m is pronounced like m in him
y is pronounced like y in yard
r is pronounced like r in rat
l is pronounced like l in sell
v is pronounced like v in vile
s is pronounced like s in sit
h is pronounced like h in hut
is pronounced like l in felt
is pronounced like ng in sing
The vowels " e " and " o " are always long, except when followed by a double consonant; e.g., ettha,
oha.
The fifth consonant of each group is called a "nasal".
11
There is no difference between the pronunciation of " " and " ". The former never stands at the
end, but is always followed by a consonant of its group.
The dentals " t " and " d " are pronounced with the tip of the tongue Placed against the front upper
teeth.
The aspirates " kh ", " gh ", " h ", " h ", " th ", " dh ", " ph ", " bh ", are pronounced with " h " sound
immediately following; e.g., in blockhead, pighead, cat-head, log-head, etc., where the " h " in each is
combined with the preceding consonant in pronunciation.
Table of Contents
12
Lesson
sson I
A. Decle
clension
nsion of Nouns
ouns endi
ending in " a "
Nara*, m**. man
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nominative naro*** nar
a man, or the man men, or the men
Accusative nara nare
a man, or the man men, or the men
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nominative o
Accusative e
* In Pi nouns are declined according to the terminated endings a, , i, , u, , and o. There are no nouns
ending in " e ". All nouns ending in " a " are either in the masculine or in the neuter gender.
** There are three, genders in Pi. As a rule males and those things possessing male characteristics are in
the masculine gender, e.g., nara, man; suriya, sun; gma, village. Females and those things possessing
female characteristics are in the feminine gender, e.g., itthi, woman; gang, river. Neutral nouns and most
inanimate things are in the neuter gender, e.g., phala, fruit; citta, mind. It is not so easy to distinguish the
gender in Pi as in English.
13
*** Nara + o = naro. Nara + = nar. When two vowels come together either the preceding or the
following vowel is dropped. In this case the preceding vowel is dropped.
Masculi
culin
line Sub
Subs
ubstant
tanti
ntives :
Buddha The Enlightened One
Draka child
Dhamma Doctrine, Truth, Law
Gma village
Ghaa pot, jar
Janaka father
Odana rice, cooked rice
Putta son
Sda cook
Ycaka beggar
B. Conj
Conjug
onjugat
ugation
ation of Verbs
Verbs
PRESENT TENSE - ACTIVE VOICE
rd
3 person terminations
SING ti PLU anti
paca = to cook
SING. So pacati* he cooks, he is cooking
S pacati she cooks, she is cooking
PLU. Te pacanti, they cook, they are cooking
* The verbs are often used alone without the corresponding pronouns since the pronoun is implied by the
termination.
14
Verbs
rbs :
Dhvati* (dhva) runs
Dhovati (dhova) washes
Vadati (vada) speaks, declares
Vandati (vanda) salutes
Rakkhati (rakkha) protects
* As there are seven conjugations in Pi which differ according to the conjugational signs, the present
tense third person singulars of verbs are given. The roots are given in brackets.
Illu
llustrations
ations*:
ions :
1. Sdo pacati
The cook is cooking
2. Sd pacanti
The cooks are cooking
3. Sdo odana pacati
The cook rice is cooking
4. Sd ghae dhovati
The cooks pots are washing
* In Pi sentences, in plain language, the subject is placed first, the verb last, and the object before the
verb.
Exe
Exercise i
A
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH
1. Buddho vadati.
2. Dhammo rakkhati.
3. S dhovati.
15
4. Ycako dhvati.
5. Sd pacanti.
6. Janak vadanti.
7. Te vandanti.
8. Nar rakkhanti.
9. Putt dhvanti.
10. Drako vandati.
11. Buddho dhamma rakkhati.
12. Drak Buddha vandanti.
13. Sdo ghae dhovati.
14. Nar gma. rakkhanti.
15. S odana pacati.
16. Buddh dhamma vadanti.
17. Putt janake vandanti.
18. Ycak. ghae dhovanti.
19. Te gme rakkhanti.
20. Janako Buddha vandati.
Vocabulary: Pali-English
B
TRANSLATE INTO PALI
1. He protects.
2. The man salutes.
3. The child is washing.
4. The son speaks.
5. The beggar is cooking.
6. They are running.
7. The children are speaking.
8. The fathers are protecting.
9. The sons are saluting.
10. The cooks are washing.
11. The men are saluting the Buddha.
12. Fathers protect men.
16
13. The cook is washing rice.
14. The truth protects men.
15. She is saluting the father.
16. The Enlightened One is declaring the Doctrine.
17. The boys are washing the pots.
18. The men are protecting the villages.
19. The beggars are cooking rice.
20. The cook is washing the pot.
Vocabulary: English-Pali
Table of Contents
17
Lesson
sson II
A. Decle
clension
nsion of Nouns
ouns endi
ending in " a "
(contd.)
Nara
SINGULAR PLURAL
Instrumental narena narebhi, narehi
by or with a man by or with men
Dative narya,* narassa narna
to or for a man to or for men
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
Instrumental ena** ebhi,** ehi**
Dative ya, ssa na***
* This form is not frequently used.
** The Instrumental case is also used to express the Auxiliary case (Tatiy).
*** The vowel preceding " na " is always long.
18
Masculi
culin
line Sub
Subs
ubstant
tanti
ntives :
dara esteem, care, affection
hra food
Daa stick
Dsa slave, servant
Gilna sick person
Hattha hand
Osadha medicine
Ratha cart, chariot
Samaa holy man, ascetic
Sunakha dog
Vejja Doctor, physician
B. Conj
Conjug
onjugat
ugation
ation of Verbs
Verbs
PRESENT TENSE - ACTIVE VOICE (contd.)
nd
2 person terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
si tha
2nd person SING. Tva pacasi, you cook, you are cooking*
2nd person PLU. Tumhe pacatha, you cook, you are cooking
* "Thou cookest, or thou art cooking." In translation, unless specially used for archaic or poetic reasons, it
is more usual to use the plural forms of modern English.
19
Verbs
rbs :
Deseti (disa) preaches
Deti (d) gives
Harati (hara) carries
harati (hara with *) brings
Nharati (hara with n*) removes
Paharati (hara with pa*) strikes
Gacchati (gamu) goes
gacchati (gamu with ) comes
Labhati (labha) guest, receives
Peseti (pesa) sends
* , n, pa, etc. are Prefixes (upasagga) which when attached to nouns and verbs, modify their original
sense.
Illu
llustrati
ations:
1. Dsena (instr. s.) gacchati
with the slave he goes
2. Vejjebhi (instr pl.) labhasi
by means of doctors you obtain
3. Sunakhassa (dat. s.) desi
to the dog you give
4. Samana (dat. pl.) pesetha
to the ascetics you send
20
Exe
Exercise ii
A
1. Tva rathena gacchasi.
2. Tva darena Dhamma desesi.
3. Tva gilnassa osadha desi.
4. Tva. daena sunakha paharasi.
5. Tva vejjna rathe pesesi.
6. Tumhe darena gilnna hra detha.
7. Tumhe dsehi gma* gacchatha.
8. Tumhe samanna dhamma desetha.
9. Tumhe hattehi osadha labhatha.
10. Tumhe sunakhassa hra hratha.
11. Drak sunakhehi gma gacchanti.
12. Sd hatthehi ghae dhovanti.
13. Tumhe gilne vejjassa pesetha.
14. Dso janakassa hra harati.
15. Sama darena dhamma desenti.
16. Tumhe daehi sunakhe paharatha.
17. Vejjo rathena gma gacchati.
18. Drak darena ycakna hra denti.
19. Tva samaehi Buddha vandasi.
20. Tumhe hatthehi osadha nharatha.
* Verbs implying motion take the Accusative.
21
B
1. You are coming with the dog.
2. You are giving medicine to the ascetic.
3. You are sending a chariot to the sick person.
4. You are striking the dogs with sticks.
5. You are preaching the Doctrine to the ascetics.
6. You give food to the servants with care.
7. You are going to the village with the ascetics.
8. You are bringing a chariot for the doctor.
9. The sick are going with the servants.
10. The dogs are running with the children.
11. The Enlightened One is preaching the Doctrine to the sick.
12. The servants are giving food to the beggars.
13. The father is going with the children to the village.
14. You are going in a chariot with the servants.
15. You are carrying medicine for the father.
16. You get medicine through* the doctor.
* Use the Instrumental case.
Table of Contents
22
Lesson
sson III
A. Decl
eclensi
ension
sion of Nouns end
ending
nding in " a "
(contd)
nara
SINGULAR PLURAL
Ablative nar, naramh, narasm narebhi, narehi
from a man from men
Genitive narassa narna
of a man of men
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
Ablative , mh, sm ebhi, ehi
Genitive ssa na
Masculine Substantives :
23
cariya teacher
Amba mango
paa shop, market
rma temple, garden, park
Assa horse
Mtula uncle
Ovda advice, exhortation
Pabbata rock, mountain
Pakra reward, gift
Rukkha tree
Sissa pupil
Taka pond, pool, lake
B. Conj
Conjug
onjugat
ugation
ation of Verbs
Verbs
(contd.)
1st person terminations

SINGULAR PLURAL
mi* ma*
SING. Aha pacmi I cook, I am cooking.

PLU. Maya pacma We cook, we are cooking.
* The vowel preceding " mi " and " ma " is always lengthened.
24
Verbs
rbs :
Gahti* (gaha) takes, receives, seizes
Sagahti (gaha with sa) Treats, compiles
Uggahti (gaha with u) learns
Kiti (ki) buys
Vikkiti (ki with vi) sells
Nikkhamati (kamu with ni) departs, goes away
Patati (pata) falls
Ruhati (ruha) grows
ruhati (ruha with ) ascends, climbs
Oruhati (ruha with ava**) descends
Sunti (su) hears
* Plural - gahanti. So are sagahanti, uggahanti, kianti and suanti.

** " Ava " is often changed into " o "
Illu
llustrati
ations
ons :
1. amb rukkhasm (abl. s.) patanti
mangoes from the tree fall
2. rukkhehi (abl. pl.) patma
from trees we fall
3. paehi (abl. pl.) kimi
from the markets I buy
4. pa (abl. s.) paa (acc. s.)
from market to market
5. mtulassa (gen. s.) rmo
Uncles garden
25
6. cariyna (gen. pl.) siss
of the teachers pupils
Exe
Exercise iii
A
1. Aha cariyasm Dhamma sumi.
2. Aha mtulasm pakra gahmi.
3. Aha assasm patmi.
4. Aha mtulassa rmasm nikkhammi.
5. Aha paasm ambe kimi.
6. Maya pabbatasm oruhma.
7. Maya cariyehi uggahma.
8. Mayam cariyassa ovda labhma.
9. Maya cariyna putte saganhma.
10. Mayam assna hra paehi kima.
11. Siss samana rmehi nikkhamanti.
12. cariyo mtulassa assa ruhati.
13. Maya rathehi gm gma gacchma.
14. Tumhe cariyehi pakre gahtha.
15. Nar sissna dsna ambe vikkianti.
16. Maya samana ovda suma.
17. Rukkh pabbatasm patanti.
18. Aha suakhehi taka oruhmi.
19. Maya rmasm rma gacchma.
20. Putt darena janakna ovda gahanti.
26
B
1. I receive a gift from the teacher.
2. I depart from the shop.
3. I treat the uncles teacher.
4. I take the advice of the teachers.
5. I am descending from the mountain.
6. We buy mangoes from the markets.
7. We hear the doctrine of the Buddha from the teacher.
8. We are coming out of the pond.
9. We are mounting the uncles horse.
10. We fall from the mountain.
11. We treat the fathers pupil with affection.
12. Pupils get gifts from the teachers.
13. You are selling a horse to the fathers physician.
14. We go from mountain to mountain with the horses.
15. Teachers give advice to the fathers of the pupils.
16. We are learning from the ascetics.
Table of Contents
27
Lesson
sson IV
A. Decl
eclensi
ension
sion of Nouns end
ending
nding in " a "
(contd.)
nara
SINGULAR PLURAL
Locative nare, naramhi, narasmi naresu
in or upon a man in or upon men
Vocative nara, nar nar
O man ! O men !
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
Locative e, mhi, smi esu
Vocative a,
28
Masculi
culin
line Sub
Subs
ubstant
tanti
ntives :
ksa sky
Maca bed
Canda moon
Sakua bird
Kassaka farmer
Samudda sea, ocean
Maccha fish
Suriya sun
Magga way, road
Vija merchant
Maggika traveller
Loka world, mankind
B. Conj
Conjug
onjugat
ugation
ation of Verbs
Verbs
paca, to cook
SING. PLU.
pacati pacanti
pacasi pacatha
pacmi pacma
su, to hear
SING. PLU.
suti suanti
susi sutha
sumi suma
disa, to preach
29
SING. PLU.
deseti desenti
desesi desetha
desemi desema
Verbs
rbs :
Kati (ka) plays
Uppajjati (pada with u) is born
Passati* (disa) sees
Vasati (vasa) dwells
Supati (supa) sleeps
Vicarati (cara with vi) wanders, goes about
* " Passa " is a substitute for " disa "
Som
Some Inde
Indeclin
clina
inables :
Ajja to-day
ma yes
Api also, too
Ca also, and
Idni now
Idha here
Kad when
Kasm why
Kuhi where
Kuto whence
Na no, not
Puna again
Sabbad every day
Sad always
Saddhi* with
30
* " Saddhi " is used with the "Instrumental" and is placed after the noun; as Narena saddhi - with a
man.
Illu
llustrati
ations
ons :
1. Mace (loc. s.) supati
on the bed he sleeps
2. Nar gmesu (loc. pl) vasanti
Men in the villages live
3. Draka (voc. s.) kuhi tva gacchasi?
child, where are you going?
4. Janaka, aha na gacchmi.
father, I am not going.
Exe
Exercise iv
A
1. Saku rukkesu vasanti.
2. Kassako mace supati.
3. Maya magge na kma.
4. Nar loke uppajjanti.
5. Maggika, kuhi tva gacchasi?
6. ma sad te na uggahanti.
7. Macch take kanti.
8. Kuto tva gacchasi? Janaka aha idni rmasm gacchmi.
9. Kassak sabbad gmesu na vasanti.
10. Kasm tumhe macesu na supatha?
11. Maya samaehi saddhi rme vasma.
12. Macch takesu ca samuddesu ca uppajjanti.
13. Aha kse suriya passmi, na ca canda.
14. Ajja vijo pae vasati.
15. Kasm tumhe drakehi saddhi magge katha?
16. ma, idni so* pi gacchati, aham** pi gacchmi.
17. Maggik maggesu vicaranti.
31
18. Kassk, kad tumhe puna idha gacchatha?
19. cariya, sabbad maya Buddha vandma.
20. Vij maggikehi saddhi rathehi gmesu vicaranti.
* So + api = so pi.
** The vowel following a Niggahita is often dropped, and the Niggahita is changed into the nasal of the
group consonant that immediately follows; e.g.,
Aha + api = aham pi.
B
1. He is playing on the road.
2. The farmers live in the villages.
3. I do not see birds in the sky.
4. The Buddhas are not born in the world everyday.
5. Travellers, from where are you coming now?
6. We see fishes in the ponds.
7. O farmers, when do you come here again?
8. The travellers are wondering in the world,
9. We do not see the sun and the moon in the sky now.
10. Why do not ascetics live always in the mountains?
11. Yes, father, we are not playing in the garden today.
12. Why do not the sick sleep on beds?
13. O merchants, where are you always wandering?
14. Children, you are always playing with the dogs in the tank.
15. Teachers and pupils are living in the monastery now.
16. Yes, they are also going.
Table of Contents
32
Lesson
sson V
Ful
Full Decle
clension
nsion of Nouns
ouns endi
ending in " a "
Nara, m. man
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. naro nar
a man men
Voc. nara, nar nar
O man ! O men !
Acc. nara nare
a man men
Instr. narena narebhi, narehi
by or with a man by or with men
Abl. nar, naramh, narasm narebhi, narehi
from a man from men
Dat. narya, narassa narna
to or for a man to or for men
Gen. narassa narna
of a man of men
Loc. nare, naramhi, narasmi naresu
in or upon a man in or upon men
Neut
euter Gende
ender
Phala, fruit
SINGULAR PLURAL
33
Nom. phala phal, phalni
Voc. phala, phal phal, phalni
Acc. phala phale, phalni
(The rest like the masculine)
THE CASES IN PI
Paham (1st) Nominative
lapana Vocative
Dutiy (2nd) Accusative
Tatiy (3rd) Auxiliary*
Karaa Instrumental*
Catutthi (4th) Dative
Pacam (5th) Ablative
Chahi (6th) Genitive
Sattam (7th) Locative
* As Tatiy (Auxiliary) and Karaa (Instrumental) have the same terminations, only the Instrumental case
is given in the declensions.
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
m. n. m. n.
Nom. o , ni
Voc. --, , ni
Acc. e e, ni
Aux. ena ebhi, ehi
Instr. ena ebhi, ehi
Dat. ya, ssa na
Abl. , mh, sm ebhi, ehi
Gen. ssa na
Loc. e, mhi, smi esu
34
The vowels preceding- ni, bhi, hi, na and su are always long.
Neut
euter Subs
Substanti
antiv
tives :
Bja seed, germ
Bhada goods, article
Ghara home, house
Khetta field
Lekhana letter
Mitta (m. n.) friend
Mukha face, mouth
Nagara city
Pda (m.n.) foot
Pha chair, bench
Potthaka book
Puppha flower
Udaka water
Vattha cloth, raiment
Verbs
rbs :
Bhujati (bhuja) eats, partakes
Khdati (khda) eats, chews
Likhati (likha) writes
Nisdati (sada with ni) sits
Pjeti (pja) offers
Vapati (vapa) sows
35
Exe
Exercise v
A
1. Saku phalni khdanti.
2. Maya phesu nisdma, macesu supma.
3. Nar paehi bhadni kianti
4. Phalni rukkhehi patanti.
5. Kassak khettesu bjni vapanti.
6. Sabbad maya udakena pde ca mukha* ca dhovma.
7. Siss cariyna lekhanni likhanti.
8. Idni aha mittehi saddhi ghare vasmi.
9. Dso takasmi vatthni dhovati.
10. So pupphehi Buddha pjeti.
11. Kasm tva hra na bhujasi?
12. Ajja siss cariyehi potthakni uggahanti.
13. Maggik mittehi saddhi nagar nagara vicaranti.
14. Aha sabbad rmasm pupphni harmi.
15. Maya nagare gharni passma.
16. Kassak nagare takasm udaka haranti.
17. Drak janakassa phasmi na nisdanti.
18. Mitta cariyassa potthaka pjeti.
19. Tumhe narna vatthni ca bhadni ca vikkitha.
20. cariyassa rme sama darena narna Buddhassa Dhamma desenti.
* Mukha + ca = mukha ca
36
B
1. I am writing a letter to (my) friend.
2. We eat fruits.
3. We offer flowers to the Buddha everyday.
4. He is not going home now.
5. You are sowing seeds in the field to-day.
6. The sons are washing the fathers feet with water.
7. They are partaking food with the friends in the house.
8. Childrens friends are sitting on the benches.
9. Are you writing letters to the teachers to-day?
10. I am sending books home through the servant.
11. I see fruits on the trees in the garden.
12. The birds eat the seeds in the field.
13. Friends are not going away from the city to-day.
14. We are coming from home on foot*.
15. From where do you buy goods now?
16. Men in the city are giving clothes and medicine to the sick.
* Use the Instrumental.
Table of Contents
37
Lesson
sson VI
A. Noun
Nouns
ouns endi
ending
nding in
in " "
Ka, f. maiden, virgin
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. Ka, Ka, Kayo
Voc. Kae Ka, Kayo
Acc. Kaa Ka, Kayo
Instr., Abl. Kaya Kabhi, Khi
Dat., Gen. Kaya Kana
Loc. Kaya, Kaya Kasu
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. -- --, yo
Voc. e --, yo
Acc. a --, yo
Instr., Abl ya bhi, hi
Dat., Gen. ya na
Loc. ya, ya su
All nouns ending in " " are in the feminine with the exception of " s ", m. dog.
38
Fem
Feminin
inine
ine Subs
Substanti
antiv
tives :
Bhariy wife
Bhs language
Drik girl
Dhammasl preaching-hall
Gang Ganges, river
Nv ship, boat
Osadhasl dispensary
Pibhs Pi language
Pa wisdom
Phasl school
Saddh faith, devotion, confidence
Sal hall
Gilnasl hospital
Visikh street
B. In
Infini
finitive
nitive
The Infinitives are formed by adding the suffix " tu " to the root. If the ending of the root is " a ", it
is often changed into " i ".
Examples : -
paca + tu = pacitu to cook
rakkha + tu = rakkhitu to protect
d + tu = dtu to give
Generally the above suffix is added to the forms the roots assume before the third person plural
termination of the present tense*
Examples : -
39
desenti desetu
kianti kiitu
bhujanti bhujitu
suanti suitu, sotu
pesenti pesetu
* This same principle applies to the Indeclinable Past Participles and Present Participles which will be
treated later.
TABLE
Root Meaning 3rd per. pres. pl. Infinitive Ind. Past Part.*
disa to preach desenti desetu desetv

disa to see passanti passitu disv, passitv
gaha to take gahanti gahitu gahitv, gahetv
gamu to go gacchanti gantu gantv
gamu with to come gacchanti gantu gantv, gamma
h to be honti hotu hutv
isu to wish icchanti icchitu icchitv
kara to do karonti ktu katv
lapa with sa to converse sallapanti sallapitu sallapitv
(jna) to know jnanti tu, jnitu atv, jnitv
nah to bathe nahyanti nahyitu nahyitv,nahtv
p to drink pibanti, pivanti ptu, pibitu ptv, pibitv
ruha with to ascend ruhanti ruhitu ruhitv, ruyha
h to stand tihanti htu hatv
* These Indeclinable Past Participles will be treated in lesson VIII.
Illu
llustrati
ations
ons :
1. Bhariy drikna dtu odana pacati.
The wife to the girls to give rice cooks.
40
2. Drikyo uggahitu phasla gacchanti.
The girls to learn to school go.
3. Te gagya kitu icchanti.
They in the river to play wish.
4. Kayo hra bhujitu slya nisdanti.
The maidens food to eat in the hall sit.
Exe
Exercise vi
vi
A
1. Kayo gagya nahyitu gacchanti.
2. Aha phasla gantu icchmi.
3. Maya Dhamma sotu slya nisdma.
4. Kuhi tva bhariyya saddhi gacchasi?
5. Drikyo saddhya Buddha vandanti.
6. Siss idni Pibhsya lekhanni likhitu jnanti.
7. Nar paa labhitu bhsyo uggahanti.
8. Kae, kuhi tva pupphni haritu icchasi?
9. Kayo drikhi saddhi gilne phalehi sagahitu vejjasla gacchanti.
10. Ass udaka pibitu gaga oruhanti.
11. S cariyassa bhariy hoti.
12. Gilne saganhitu visikhya osadhasl na hoti.
13. Nar bhariyna dtu paehi vatthni kianti.
14. Drik ghara gantu magga na jnti.
15. Drak ca drikyo ca phaslya phesu nisditu na icchanti.
16. Giln gharni gantu osadhaslya nikkhamanti.
17. Maya cariyehi saddhi pibhsya sallapma.
18. Bhariye, kuhi tva gantu icchasi?
19. Maya gagya nvyo passitu gacchma.
20. Paa ca saddha ca labhitu maya Dhamma suma.
41
B
1. O maidens, do you wish to go to the temple to-day?
2. I am coming to take medicine from the dispensary.
3. There are no dispensaries in the street here
4. Father, I know to speak in Pi now.
5. We see no ships on the river.
6. She wishes to go with the maidens to see the school.
7. With faith the girl goes to offer flowers to the Buddha.
8. You are sitting in the preaching hall to hear the Doctrine.
9. Boys and girls wish to bathe in rivers.
10. There are no patients in the hospital.
11. We study languages to obtain wisdom.
12. I do not wish to go in ships.
13. With faith they sit in the hall to learn the Doctrine.
14. I do not know the language of the letter.
15. O girls, do you know the way to go home?
16. He is bringing a book to give to the wife.
Table of Contents
42
Lesson
sson VII
Aor
Aorist (Ajj
Ajjatan
an) Activ
tive voice
voice
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
3rd u
2nd o ttha
1st i mha
paca, to cook
SINGULAR
3rd apac, pac
apaci, paci he cooked
2nd apaco, paco you cooked
1st apaci, paci I cooked
PLURAL
3rd apacu, pacu
apacisu, pacisu they cooked
2nd apacittha pacittha you cooked
1st apacimh, pacimh we cooked
gamu, to go
SING. PLU.
3rd agam, gam agamu, gamu
agami, gami agamisu, gamisu
2nd agamo, gamo agamittha, gamittha
1st agami, gami agamimh, gamimh
43
su, to hear
SING. PLU.
3rd asu, su asuisu
asui, sui suisu
2nd asuo, suo asuittha, suittha
1st asui, sui asuimh, suimh
In the past tense the augment " a " is optionally used before the root *. The third person " " is
sometimes shortened, and the third person plural " u " is often changed into " isu ". The vowel
preceding " ttha " and " mh " is changed into " i ". The second person " o " is mostly changed into "i ".
Whenever the root or stem ends in a vowel e or the s Aorist is used i.e., s is added before the suffix.
Examples : -
SINGULAR PLURAL
si su, su
si sittha
si simh
d, to give disa, to preach

SING. d + s + i = adsi disa + s + i = desesi
PLU. d + su = adasu desisu
h, to stand
SING. h + s + i = ahsi
PLU. + su = ahasu
* This " a " should not be mistaken for the negative prefix " a ".
44
Pos
Possessi
ssive Pronouns
Pronouns
3rd m. n. tassa, his m. n. tesa, their
f. tass, her f. tsa, their
nd
2 m. f. n. tava, tuyha your or thine m. f. n. tumhka, your
1st m. f. n. mama, mayha, my m. f. n. amhka, our
These are the Genitive cases of the Personal Pronouns.
Word
Words
rds : -
Aparaha m. afternoon
Cira indec. long, for a long time
Eva indec. just, quite, even, only (used as an emphatic affirmative)
Hyo indec. yesterday
Pto indec. early in the morning
Ptarsa m. morning meal
Pubbaha m. forenoon
Purato indec. in the presence of
Syamsa m. evening meal, dinner
Viya indec. like
Exe
Exercise vii
vii
A
1. Buddho loke uppajji.
2. Hyo samao dhamma desesi.
3. Drako ptova* tassa phasla agam.
4. Acariy tesa sissna pubbahe ovda adasu.
5. Cira te amhka ghara na agamisu.
6. Drik tsa janakassa purato ahasu.
7. Tva tass hatthe mayha pottaka passo.
8. Tva gagya nahyitu ptova agamo.
9. Tva ajja ptarsa na bhujo.
45
10. Kuhi tumhe tumhka mittehi saddhi aparahe agamittha?
11. Kasm tumheyeva** mama cariyassa lekhanni na likhittha?
12. Tumhe cira mayha putte na passittha.
13. Aha tuyha pakre hyo na alabhi.
14. Ahameva*** gilnna ajja osadha adsi.
15. Aha asse passitu visikhya asi.
16. Maya tuyha cariyassa siss ahosimh.
17. Maya ajja pubbahe na uggahimh.
18. Sama viya mayampi **** saddhya dhamma suimh.
* Pto + eva = ptova. Here the following vowel is dropped.

** Tumhe + eva = Tumhe yeva. Sometimes " y " is augmented between vowels.
*** Aha + eva = ahameva. When a niggahita is followed by a vowel it is sometimes changed into "m".
**** Maya + api = mayampi. Here the following vowel is dropped and niggahita is changed into "m"
B
1. I slept on my bed.
2. I stood in their garden in the evening.
3. I sat on a bench in the hall to write a letter to his friend.
4. We bathed in the river in the early morning. *
5. We ourselves** treated the sick yesterday.
6. For a long time we lived in our uncles house in the city.
7. Child, why did you stand in front of your teacher?
8. Wife, you cooked rice in the morning.
9. Son, where did you go yesterday?
10. You obtained wisdom through your teachers.
11. Why did you not hear the Doctrine like your father?
12. Where did you take your dinner yesterday?
46
13. She was standing in her garden for a long time.
14. He himself*** washed the feet of his father.
15. For a long time my friend did not buy goods from his shop.
16. The doctors did not come to the hospital in the afternoon.
17. The boys and girls did not bring their books to school yesterday.
18. I myself gave medicine to the sick last**** morning.
* Use Ptova.
** Use mayameva
*** Use so eva
**** Use hyo.
Table of Contents
47
Lesson
sson VIII
A. Noun
Nouns
ouns endi
ending
nding in
in " "
Muni, m. sage
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc. muni mun, munayo
Acc. muni mun, munayo
Instr. munin munbhi, munhi
Abl. munin, munimh, munbhi, munhi
munism
Dat., Gen. munino, munissa munna
Loc. munimhi, munismi munsu
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc. -- , ayo
Acc. , ayo
Instr. n bhi, hi
Abl. n, mh, sm bhi, hi
Dat., Gen. no, ssa na
Loc. mhi, smi su
Ahi, n. bone
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc. ahi ah, ani
Acc. ahi ah, ani
48
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc. -- , ni
Acc. , ni
The rest like masculine, with the exception of the Loc. plural which has two forms - ahisu, ahsu.
Word
Words
rds :
Adhipati m. chief, master
Aggi m. fire
Asi m. sword
Atithi m. guest
Gahapati m. house-holder
Kapi m. monkey
Kavi m. poet
Mai m. jewel
Narapati m. King
ti m. relative
Pati m. husband, lord
Vhi m. paddy
Inde
Indeclin
clina
inable Pas
Past Par
Particip
ciples*
These are generally formed by adding the suffix " tva " to the root. If the ending of the root is " a ", it
is often changed into " i ". Sometimes " tvna " and " tna " are also added to the roots.
Examples :-
49
paca + tv = pacitv, having cooked
khipa + tv = khipitv, having thrown
su + tv = sutv, having heard; also sutvna, sotna
kara** + tv = katv, having done; also katvna, ktna
* See note and the table in lesson VII - B
** In this case the final " ra " is dropped.
Illu
llustrati
ations
ons :
1. nisditv bhuji
having sat he ate, or he sat and ate
2. Buddha vanditv dhamma sotu agam
the Buddha having saluted the Doctrine to hear he went
or- He saluted the Buddha and went to hear the Doctrine.
3. He stood and spoke

So hatv vadi
4. After playing he went to bathe
So kitv nahyitu agami
Exe
Exercise viii
viii
A
1. Muni narapati Dhammena sagahitv agami.
2. Kapayo rukkha ruhitv phalni khdisu.
3. Kad tumhe kavimh potthakni alabhittha?
4. Aha tesa rme adhipati ahosi.
5. Maya gahapathi saddhi gagya udaka haritv aggimhi khipimh.
6. Narapati hatthena asi gahetv assa ruhi.
7. Tva tuyha pati darena sagaho.
8. Gahapatayo narapatino purato hatv vadisu.
50
9. Atith amhka ghara gantv hra bhujisu.
10. Saku khettesu vhi disv khdisu.
11. Narapati gahapatimh mai labhitv kavino adsi.
12. Adhipati atithhi saddhi hra bhujitv muni passitu agmi.
13. Aha mayha tino ghare cira vasi.
14. Sunakh ahhi gahetv magge dhvisu.
15. Dhamma sutv gahapatna Buddhe saddha uppajji.
B
1. The father of the sage was a king.
2. O house-holders, why did you not advise your children to go to school?
3. We saw the king and came.
4. I went and spoke to the poet.
5. The chief of the temple sat on a chair and preached the Doctrine to the householders.
6. Only yesterday I wrote a letter and sent to my master.
7. The poet compiled a book and gave to the king.
8. Our relatives lived in the guests house for a long time and left only (this) morning.
9. The householders bought paddy from the farmers and sowed in their fields.
10. We sat on the benches and listened to the advice of the sage.
11. The king built a temple and offered to the sage.
12. After partaking* my morning meal with the guests I went to see my relatives.
13. I bought fruits from the market and gave to the monkey.
14. Why did you stand in front of the fire and play with the monkey?
15. Faith arose in the king after hearing the Doctrine from the sage.
*Use "bhujitv"
Vocabulary: English-Pali Table of Contents
51
Lesson
sson IX
A. Femi
Femini
minin
nine Noun
Nouns
ouns endi
ending
nding in
in " i "
Bhmi f. ground
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc. bhmi bhm, bhmiyo
Acc. bhmi bhm, bhmiyo
Instr. Abl. bhmiy bhmbhi, bhmhi
Dat., Gen. bhmiy bhmna
Loc. bhmiy, bhmiya bhmsu
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc. -- , iyo
Acc. , iyo
Instr. Abl. y bhi, hi
Dat., Gen. y na
Loc. y, ya su
52
Word
Words
rds :
Agui f. finger
Aavi f. forest
Bhaya n. fear
Mutti f. deliverance
Pti f. joy
Rati f. attachment
Khanti f. patience
Ratti f. night
Kuddla m.,n. spade
Soka m. grief
Kpa m. well
Suve, Sve adv. tomorrow
B. FUTURE TENSE (Bhav

(Bhavi
avissan
santi) - ACTIVE VOICE
Terminations*
SINGULAR PLURAL
3rd ssati ssanti
2nd ssasi ssatha
1st ssmi ssma
paca, to cook
SINGULAR PLURAL
3rd pacissati pacissanti
he will cook they will cook
53
2nd pacissasi pacissatha
you will cook you will cook
1st pacissmi pacissma
I will cook we will cook
In the future tense the vowel preceding the terminations is changed into " i ".
* Note that, the future tense terminations are formed by adding "ssa" to the present tense terminations.
Verbs
rbs :
Bhavati (bh) becomes (be)
Khaati (khaa) digs
Jyati (jana) arises, is born
Pputi (apa with pa) arrives
Pavisati (visa with pa) enters
Tarati (tara) crosses
Exe
Exercise ix
A
1. Gahapati kuddlena bhmiya kpa khaissati.
2. Khantiy pti uppajjissati.
3. Narapati sve aavi pavisitv muni passissati.
4. Gahapatayo bhmiya nisditv dhamma suissanti.
5. Rattiya te aavsu na vasissanti.
6. Narapatino putt aaviya nagara karissanti.
7. Narapati, tva mutti labhitv Buddho bhavissasi.
8. Kad tva aaviy nikkhamitv nagara ppuissasi?
9. Kuhi tva sve gamissasi?
10. Tumhe rattiya visikhsu na vicarissatha.
11. Rattiya tumhe canda passissatha.
54
12. Aha assamh bhmiya na patissmi.
13. Aha mayha agulhi mani gahissmi.
14. Maya gaga taritv sve aavi ppuissma.
15. Sve maya dhammasla gantv bhmiya nisditv mutti labhitu ptiy dhamma sunissma.
16. " Ratiy jyati soko - ratiy jyati bhaya. "
B
1. The monkey will eat fruits with his fingers.
2. He will cross the forest tomorrow.
3. Sorrow will arise through attachment.
4. Child, you will fall on the ground.
5. You will see the moon in the sky at night.
6. O sages, when you obtain deliverance and preach the Doctrine to the world?
7. O farmers, where will you dig a well to obtain water for your fields?
8. Why will you not bring a spade to dig the ground?
9. I will go to live in a forest after receiving * instructions from the sage.
10. I will be a poet.
11. I will not stand in the presence of the king.
12. Through patience we will obtain deliverance.
13. Why shall we wander in the forests with fear?
14. We ourselves shall treat the sick with joy.
* Use gahetv
Table of Contents
55
Lesson
sson X
A. Decle
clension
nsion of Nouns
ouns endi
ending in " "
Sm m. lord, husband
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. sm sm, smino
Voc. sm sm, smino
Acc. smi sm, smino
Instr. smin smbhi, smhi
Abl. smin smbhi, smhi
smimh, smism
Dat., Gen. smino, smissa smna
Loc. smini, smimhi smsu
smismi
The Loc. sing. has an additional " ni "
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. -- --, no
Voc. i --, no
Acc. --, no
The rest like " i " terminations
56
Da, n. one who has a stick
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL SING. PLU.
Nom., Voc. dai da, daini i, ,ni
Acc. dai ,, ,, , ni
The rest like the masculine
Nr, f. woman
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. nr nr, nriyo
Voc. nri nr, nriyo
Acc. nri nr, nriyo
Instr., Abl. nriy nrbhi, nrhi
Dat., Gen. nriy nrna
Loc. nriy, nriya nrsu
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. -- --, iyo
Voc. i --, iyo
Acc. --, iyo
The rest like " i " terminations.
57
Word
Words
rds :
Appamda m. earnestness, heedfulness
Bhagin f. sister
Brahmacr m. celibate
Dhammacr m. he who acts righteously
Dhana n. wealth
Duggati f. evil state
Have indec. indeed, certainly
Iva indec. like
Janan f. mother
Mahes f. queen
Medhv m. wise man
ppa n. evil
Ppakr m. evil-doer
Pua n. merit, good
Puakr m. well-doer
Seha adj. excellent, chief
Sugati f. good or happy state
B. Th
The Fo
Formation
ation of Femin
Femini
inines
Some feminines are formed by adding " " and " " to the masculines ending in " a ".
Examples :-
Aja goat Aj she-goat
Assa horse Ass mare
Upsaka male devotee Upsik female devotee
Draka boy Darik girl
(If the noun ends in " ka ", the preceding vowel is often changed into " i ".)
58
Deva god Dev goddess
Dsa servant Ds maid-servant
Nara man Nr woman
Some are formed by adding " ni " or " ini " to the masculines ending in " a ", " i " " ", and " u ".
Examples :-
Rja king Rjin queen
Hatthi elephant Hatthin she-elephant
Medhv wise man Medhvin wise woman
Bhikkhu monk Bhikkhun nun
But :
Mtula, uncle becomes mtuln, aunt and
Gahapati, male house-holder - gahapatn, female house-holder.
Exe
Exercise x
A
1. " Dhammo have rakkhati Dhammacr. "
2. " Na duggati gacchati dhammacr. "
3. Nar ca nriyo ca pua katv sugatsu uppajjissanti.
4. Bhagin tassa smin saddi janani passitu sve gamissati.
5. Ppakr, tumhe ppa katv duggatsu uppajjissatha.
6. Idni maya brahmacrino homa.
7. Mahesiyo nrna pua ktu dhana denti.
8. Hatthino ca hatthiniyo ca aavsu ca pabbatesu ca vasanti.
9. Mayha smino janan bhikkhunna* ca upsikna ca sagahi.
10. Mahesi narapatin saddhi sve nagara ppuissati.
11. Medhvino ca medhviniyo ca appamdena Dhamma uggahitv mutti labhissanti.
12. Puakrino brahmacrhi saddhi vasitu icchanti.
13. Nriyo mahesi passitu nagara agamisu.
14. Bhikkhuniyo gahapatnna ovda adasu.
15. "Appamda ca medhvi - dhana sehava** rakkhati."
59
* Niggahita () when followed by a group consonant is changed into the nasal of that particular group,
e.g.,
sa + gaho = sagaho
sa + hna = sahna
aha + pi = ahampi
aha + ca = aha ca
ta + dhana = tandhana
** Seha + iva.
B
1. Those who act righteously will not do evil and be born in evil states.
2. The well-doers will obtain their deliverance.
3. My husband mounted the elephant and fell on the ground.
4. She went to school with her sister.
5. The queens mother is certainly a wise lady.
6. Boys and girls are studying with diligence to get presents from their mothers and fathers.
7. Men and women go with flowers in their hands to the temple everyday.
8. My sister is protecting her mother as an excellent treasure.
9. Mother, I shall go to see my uncle and aunt tomorrow.
10. Amongst celebates* there are wise men.
11. Having seen the elephant, the she-goats ran away through fear.
12. The king, accompanied by** the queen, arrived in the city yesterday.
* Use the Locative.

** Use "Saddhi"
Table of Contents
60
Lesson
sson XI
A. Decle
clension
nsion of Nouns
ouns endi
ending in " u " and " "
Bhikkhu, m. mendicant
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. bhikkhu bhikkh, bhikkhavo
Voc. bhikkhu bhikkh, bhikkhavo, bhikkhave
Acc. bhikkhu bhikkh, bhikkhavo
Instr. bhikkhun bhikkhbhi, bhikkhhi
Abl. bhikkhun bhikkhbhi, bhikkhhi
bhikkhumh,
bhikkhusm
Dat., Gen. bhikkhuno, bhikkhussa bhikkhna
Loc. bhikkhumhi, bhikkhsu
bhikkhusmi
yu, n. age.
SING. PLU.
Nom., Voc. yu y, yuni
Acc. yu y, yuni
The rest like the masculine
61
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
m. n. m. n.
Nom. -- -- , avo , ni
Voc. -- -- , avo, ave , ni
Acc. , avo , ni
The rest like the " i " terminations
Dhenu, f. cow
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc dhenu, dhen, dhenuyo
Acc. dhenu dhen, dhenuyo
Instr., Abl. dhenuy dhenbhi, dhenhi
Dat., Gen. dhenuy dhenna
Loc. dhenuy, dhenuya dhensu
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc -- , yo
Acc. , yo
The rest like " i " terminations
62
Abhibh, m. conqueror
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc abhibh abhibh, abhibhuvo
Acc. abhibhu abhibh, abhibhuvo
The rest like bhikkhu
Sabba, m. All-knowing One

SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc sabba sabba, sabbauno
Acc. sabbau sabba, sabbauno
Gotrabh, n. The Sanctified One

SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc gotrabh gotrabh, gotrabhni
Vadh, f. young wife

SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc vadh vadh, vadhuyo
The rest like dhenu
63
Word
Words
rds :
vuso indec. friend, brother
Bhante indec. Lord, Rev. Sir
Cakkhu n. eye
Dru n. wood, fire-wood
Dpa n. light, lamp
Kata m. grateful person
Khra n. milk
Kujara m. elephant
Maccu m. death
Madhu m. honey
Paha m. question
Sdhuka indec. well
Sen f. army
Tia n. grass
Ygu m. rice-gruel
Yva indec. till*
Tva indec. until*
*Correlatives as long as so long
B Verbs
rbs : Impe
mperativ
tive and
and Bene
Bened
nedicti
ctive Mood (Pac
(Pacam)
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
3rd tu antu
2nd hi tha
1st mi ma
64
paca, to cook
SINGULAR PLURAL
3rd pacatu may he cook pacantu may they cook
2nd paca, pachi may you cook pacatha may you cook
1st pacmi may I cook pacma may we cook
This mood is used to express a command or wish, and it corresponds to the Imperative and
Benedictive moods.
The vowel preceding " hi ", " mi ", and " ma " is always lengthened. In the second person there is an
additional termination " a ".
Illu
llustrati
ations
ons :
COMMAND
Idha gaccha, come here.
Tva gharasm nikkhamhi, you go away from the house.
Tumhe idha tihatha, you stand here.
WISH
Aha Buddho bhavmi, may I become a Buddha.
Buddho dhamma desetu, let the Buddha preach the Doctrine.
The prohibitive particle " m " is sometimes used with this mood, * e.g.,
m gaccha do not go.
* This particle is mostly used with the Aorist 3rd person; e.g.,
65
m agamsi, do not go.
m ahsi, do not stand.
m bhuji, do not eat.
Verbs
rbs :
Bujjhati (budha) understands
Dhunti (dhu) destroys
Kujjhati (kudha) gets angry
Jvati (jva) lives
Pucchati (puccha) asks
Exe
Exercise xi
xi
A
1. Sabba bhikkhna dhamma desetu!
2. Dhenu tia khdatu!
3. vuso, aaviy dru haritv aggi karohi.
4. Gahapatayo, bhikkhsu m kujjhatha.
5. Bhikkhave, aha dhamma desessmi, sdhuka sutha.
6. " Dhuntha maccuno sena nagrava kujaro. "
7. Yvha gacchmi tva idha tihatha.
8. Bhikkh paha sdhuka bujjhantu!
9. Siss, sad kata hotha.
10. Katauno, tumhe yu labhitv cira jvatha!
11. "Dhamma pibatha, bhikkhavo. "
12. Mayha cakkhhi ppa na passmi, Bhante.
13. Dhenuy khra gahetv madhun saddhi pibma.
14. vuso, bhikkna purato m tihatha.
15. Bhante, bhikkhumh maya paha pucchma.
16. Nar ca nriyo ca bhikkhhi dhamma sdhuka sutv pua katv sugatsu uppajjantu!
66
B
1. Let him salute the mendicants!
2. May you live long, O All-knowing One!
3. Do not give grass to the cows in the afternoon.
4. Friend, do not go till I come.
5. Rev. Sirs, may you see no evil with your eyes!
6. Let us sit on the ground and listen to the advice of the Bhikkhus.
7. May you be grateful persons!
8. Let them stay here till we bring firewood from the forest.
9. O young wives, do not get angry with your husbands.
10. May I destroy the army of death!
11. May I drink rice-gruel with honey!
12. May we know your age, O bhikkhu!
13. Do not stand in front of the elephant.
14. O house-holders, treat your mothers and fathers well.
15. Friends, do not offer rice-gruel to the Bhikkhus till we come.
16. Do not drink honey, child.
Table of Contents
67
Lesson
sson XII
A. Per
Persona
sonal Pronouns
ronouns
Amha, I
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. aha maya, amhe, (no)
Acc. ma, mama amhka, amhe, (no)
Instr. may (me) amhebhi, amhehi, (no)
Abl. may amhebhi, amhehi
Dat., Gen mama, mayha, amhka, amhe, (no)
amha, mama, (me)
Loc. mayi amhesu
Tumha, you
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. tva, tuva tumhe , (vo)
Acc. ta, tava, tva, tuva tumhka, tumhe, (vo)
Instr. tvay, tay, (te) tumhebhi, tumhehi, (vo)
Abl. tvay, tay tumhebhi, tumhehi
Dat., Gen tava, tuyha, tumha, tumhka, (vo)
tumha, (te)
Loc. tvayi, tayi tumhesu
" te ", "me ", " vo ", and " no ", are not used in the beginning of a sentence.
68
B. Condi
Condit
onditional
onal Mood (sattam)
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
3rd eyya eyyu
2nd eyysi eyytha
1st eyymi eyyma
paca, to cook
SINGULAR PLURAL
3rd pace, paceyya he should cook paceyyu they should cook
2nd paceyysi you should cook paceyytha you should cook
1st paceyymi I should cook paceyyma we should cook
The third person singular " eyya " is sometimes changed into " e ".
This mood is also used to express wish, command, prayer, etc. When it is used in a conditional sense,
the sentence often begins with " sace ", " ce " or " yadi " if.
69
Word
Words
rds: -
Alikavd m. he who speaks lies
roceti (ruca with ) informs, tells, announces
Asdhu m. bad man; adj. bad, wicked
Bhajati (bhaja) associates
Bhaati (bhaa) speaks, recites
Dna n. alms, giving, gift
Eva indec. thus
Jinti (ji) conquers
Kadariya m. miser, avaricious person
Kodha m. anger
Khippa indec. quickly, immediately
Paita m. wise man
Ppaka adj. evil
Sdhu m. good man; adj. good
Vyamati (yamu with vi and a) strives, tries
Vaa m. appearance, colour, praise, quality
Sacca n. truth
Yad indec. when*
Tad indec. then*
* Correlatives
Exe
Exercise xii
xii
A
1. " Gma no gaccheyyma."
2. " Buddhopi Buddhassa bhaeyya vaa. "
3. " Na bhaje ppake mitte. "
4. " Sacca bhae, na kujjheyya. "
5. " Dhamma vo desessmi. "
6. Sace aha saccni bujjheyymi te roceyymi.
70
7. Yadi tva vymeyysi khippa paito bhaveyysi.
8. Yva tumhe ma passeyytha tva idha tiheyytha.
9. Sace bhikkh dhamma deseyyu maya sdhuka sueyyma.
10. Sdhu bhante, eva no kareyyma.
11. Yadi tva may saddhi gantu iccheyysi tava janani rocetv gaccheyysi.
12. Amhesu ca tumhesu ca gahapatayo na khujjheyyu.
13. Sace dhamma sutv mayi saddh tava uppajjeyya aha tva adhipati kareyymi.
14. Yva tumhe mutti labheyytha tva appamdena vyameyytha.
15. " Akkodhena jine kodha - asdhu sdhun jine
Jine kadariya dnena - saccena alikavdina ".
16. " Khippa vyama; paito bhava. "
B
1. You should not go with him.
2. Children, you should always speak the truth.
3. Rev. Sir. I should like to ask a question from you.
4. Well, you should not be angry with me thus.
5. I shall not go to see your friend until I receive a letter from you.
6. You should endeavour to overcome your anger by patience.
7. If you would listen to my advice, I would certainly go with you.
8. You should tell me if he were to send a book to you.
9. We should like to hear the doctrine from you, Rev. Sir.
10. By giving we should conquer the misers.
11. We should not be born in evil state until we should understand the truths.
12. Would you go immediately and bring the letter to me?
13. If a good person were to associate with a wicked person, he may also become a wicked person.
14. Should wicked persons associate with the wise, they would soon become good men.
15. If you should hear me well, faith should arise in you.
Vocabulary: English-Pali Table of Contents
71
Lesson
Relati
tiv Pronouns
ve Pr onouns
Ya, who, which, that
SINGULAR
m. n. f.
Nom. yo ya y
Acc. ya ya
Instr. yena yya
Abl. yamh, yasm yya
Dat., Gen yassa yassa, yya
Loc. yamhi, yasmi yassa, yya
PLURAL
m. n. f.
Nom. ye ye, yni y, yyo
Acc ye ye, yni y, yyo
Instr., Abl yebhi, yehi ybhi, yhi
Dat., Gen yesa, yesna ysa, ysna
Loc. yesu ysu
72
Ta, who, he
SINGULAR
m. n. f.
Nom. so na, ta s
Acc. na, ta na, ta
Instr. nena, tena nya, tya
Abl. namh, tamh nya, tya
nasm, tasm
Dat., Gen nassa, tassa tissya, tiss
tass, tya
Loc. namhi, tamhi tissa, tassa, tya
nasmi, tasmi
PLURAL
m. n. f.
Nom. ne, te ne,te, nni, tni n, nyo, t, tyo
Acc. ne, te ne,te, nni, tni n, nyo, t, tyo
Instr., Abl nebhi, nehi, tebhi, tehi nbhi, nhi, tbhi, thi
Dat., Gen nesa, nesna, tesa, tesna tsa, tsna
Loc. nesu, tesu tsu
The forms beginning with " t " are more commonly used.
The pronouns " ya " and " ta " are frequently used together. They are treated as Correlatives.
Examples :-
" Yo Dhamma passati so Buddha passati "
He who sees the Dhamma sees the Buddha
" Ya hoti ta hotu " be it as it may
ya icchasi ta vadehi Say what you wish
73
" Yo gilna upahti so ma upahti "
He who serves the sick serves me
Eta, that (yonder)
SINGULAR PLURAL
m. n. f. m. n. f.
Nom. eso eta es ete ete, etni et, etyo
Acc. eta eta eta ete ete, etni et, etyo
The rest like " ta ", with the exception of forms beginning with " n ".
The
The Int
Interrog
rrogat
ogati
ative Pr
Pronoun :
Ka, who, which?
SINGULAR
m. n. f.
Nom. ko ka, ki k
Acc. ka, ka, ki k
Instr. kena, kya,
Abl. kamh, kasm kya
Dat., Gen kassa, kissa kya, kass
Loc. kamhi, kasmi kya, kya
kimhi, kismi
The rest like " ya "
" ci " is suffixed to all the cases of " ka " in all the genders to form Indefinite Pronouns ; e.g., koci,
kci, any, etc.
The following adjectives are declined like "ya " :-
74
Aa another
Aatara certain
Apara other, subsequent, Western
Dhakkhia South
Eka one, certain, some
Itara different, the remaining
Katara what? which? (generally of the two)
Katama what? which? (generally of many)
Pacchima West
Para other, different
Pubba first, foremost, Eastern, earlier
Puratthima East
Sabba all
Uttara higher, superior, Northern
Aa, aatara, itara, eka are sometimes declined in the Dative and Genitive feminine singular as:
aiss, aatariss, itariss and ekiss respectively; in the Locative feminine singular as: aissa,
aatarissa, itarissa and ekissa respectively.
Pubba, para, apara are sometimes declined in the Ablative masculine singular, as: pubb, par, and
apar respectively; in the locative masculine singular, as: pubbe, pare, and apare respectively.
75
Word
Words
rds :
dya indec. p. p. (d with ) having taken.
Dis f. quarter, direction.
Ki indec. Why? what? pray
Nma n. name; mind
indec. by name, indeed,
(Sometimes used without a meaning.)
Nu lndec. pray, I wonder!
(Sometimes used in asking a question.)
Payojana indec. use, need
V indec. either, or
Exe
Exercise xiii
xiii
A
1. Ko nma tva?
2. Ko nma eso?
3. Ko nma te cariyo?
4. Idni eso ki karissati?
5. Ki tva eta pucchasi?
6. Es nr te ki hoti?
7. Sve kimete karissanti?
8. Kassa bhikkhussa ta potthaka pesessma?
9. Tesa dhanena me ki payojana?
10. Ko jnti kieso karissatti?
11. Kissa phala nma eta?
12. Kya disya tass janan idni vasati?
13. Kassa dhamma sotu ete icchanti?
14. " Yo Dhamma passati so Buddham passati, yo Buddha passati so Dhamma pasati ".
15. Ya tva icchasi ta etassa arocehi.
76
16. Ya te karonti tam* eva gahetv para loka gacchanti.
17. Yassa disya so vasati tassa disya etepi vasitu icchanti.
18. Eso naro eka vadati, es nr aa vadati.
19. Paresa bhani maya na gahma.
20. Etni phalni m tassa sakuassa detha.
21. Idni sbbepi te Bhikkh uttarya disya aatarasmi rme vasanti.
22. Etasmi nagare sabbe nar apara nagara agamisu.
23. Kicipi ktu so na jnti.
24. Katama disa tumhe gantu iccheyytha -puratthima v dakkhia v pacchima v uttara
v?
25. Katarya disya tva suriya passasi -pubya v aparya v?
* When a niggahita () is followed by a vowel, it is sometimes changed into " m ".

See note in Exercise 10 - A
B
1. Who is she?
2. What is his name?
3. In which direction did he go?
4. Is he a relative of yours?
5. What is the name of that fruit?
6. From whom did you buy those books?
7. With whom shall we go to-day?
8. In whose garden are those boys and girls playing?
9. In which direction do you see the sun in the morning?
10. Of what use is that to him or to her?
11. To whom did he give those presents?
77
12. What is the use of your wealth, millionaire? You are not going to take all that with you to the other
world. Therefore* eat well. Have no attachment to your wealth. Grief results thereby. ** Do merit
with that wealth of yours. Erect hospitals for the sick schools for children, temples for monks and
nuns. It is those good actions you take with you when you go to the other world.
13. Those who do good deeds are sure to be born in good states.
14. Let him say what he likes.
15. We did not write all those letters.
16. You should not tell others all that you see with your eyes.
17. We like to live in cities in which wise men live.
* Use " tasm ".

** Use " tena ".
Table of Contents
78
Lesson
sson XIV
Par
Participl
iples
In Pi there are six kinds of Participles viz :
(i) Present
ent Active
tive pa
partici
iciples,
(ii) Present
ent Pas
Passive
ive Par
Participl
iples,
(iii) Pas
Past Inde
Indec
ndeclina
linab
nable Par
Particip
ciples,*
es,
(iv) Pas
Past Ac
Active
ive Par
Participl
iples,
(v) Pas
Past Pas
Passive Par
Participle
ples, and
(vi) Potential Participles
* These have been already dealt with in lesson VIII - B. See Table in lesson VI - B
i. The Present Active Participles are formed by adding " anta " and " mna " to the root; e.g:,
paca + anta = pacanta;
paca + mna = pacamna, cooking.
ii. The Present Passive Participles are formed by adding the Passive suffix "ya " between the root and the
suffix " mna ". If the ending of the root is " a " or " ", it is changed into " i " , e.g.,
paca + ya + mna = pacyamna, being cooked;
s + ya + mna = syamna, being heard.
Generally these suffixes are added to the forms the roots assume before the third person plural
terminations of the present tense.
These participles are inflectional and agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify, in gender, number
and case. They are also used when contemporaneity of action is to be indicated. The sense of the English
words as, since, while, whilst may be expressed by them.
79
Declen
lension
sion of pac
pacanta in the masc
masculine
sculine
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. paca, pacanto pacanto, pacant
Voc. paca, paca, pac pacanto, pacant
Acc. pacanta pacante
Instr. pacat, pacantena pacantebhi, pacantehi
Abl. pacat, pacantamh pacantebhi, pacantehi
pacantasm
Dat., Gen pacato, pacantassa pacata, pacantna
Loc. pacati, pacante, pacantesu
pacantamhi,
pacantasmi
Fem
Feminin
inine
ine
The feminine is formed by adding the suffix " ", as
pacanta + = pacant, and is declined like feminine nouns ending in " " (See lesson X.)
Neut
euter
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc paca, pacant, pacantni
Acc. pacanta pacante, pacantni
The rest like the masculine.
The Present Participles ending in " mna " are declined like " nara ", " ka " and " phala "; as
pacamno (m.) pacamn (f.) and pacamna (n.)
80
Illu
llustrati
ations
ons :
gacchanto puriso, going man, or the man who is going.
gacchantassa purisassa, to the man who is going.
paccant (or) pacamn itth, the woman who is cooking.
so vadamno gacchati, he goes speaking.
patamna phala, the falling fruit.
rakkhyamna nagara, the city that is being protected.
Aha magge gacchanto ta purisa passi, I saw that man while I was going on the
way.
(iv), (v) The Past Active and Passive participles are formed by adding the suffix " ta ", or " na " after " d "
etc. to the root or stem. If the ending of the root is " a ", it is often changed into " i ".
Examples :-
+ ta = ta, known
su + ta = suta, heard
paca + ta = pacita, cooked
rakkha + ta = rakkhita, protected
chidi +na = chinna, cut
bhidi + na = bhinna, broken
These are also inflectional and agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify in gender, number and
case. They are frequently used to supply the place of verbs, sometimes in conjunction with the auxiliaries "
asa " and " hu " to be.
81
Illu
llustrati
ations
ons :
So gato, he went or he is gone. (Here hoti is under-
stood.)
hito naro, the man who stood.
hitassa narassa, to the man who stood or to the man standing.
hitya nriy, to the woman who stood.
Buddhena desito dhammo, the Doctrine preached by the Buddha.
Sissehi pucchitassa pahassa, to the question asked by the pupils.
(vi) The Potential Participles are formed by adding the suffix " tabba " to the root or stem with or without.
If the ending of the root is " a ", it is often changed into " i ".
Examples :-
D + tabba = dtabba, should or must be given.
+ tabba = tabba, should be known.
paca + tabba = pacitabba, should be cooked.
These participles too agree with the noun or pronoun they qualify in gender, number and case. The
agent is put in the Instrumental.
Illu
llustrati
ations
ons :
Janako vanditabbo, the father should be saluted.
Janan rakkhitabb, the mother should be protected.
Citta rakkhitabba, the mind should be guarded.
Tay gantabba, you should go.
Svakehi dhammo sotabbo, the Doctrine should be heard by the disciples.
Examples :-
82
Root present Act. Participle Present Pass. Part. Past Part. Potential Part.
d denta dyamana dinna dtabba
disa* desenta, desamna desyamna desita desetabba
passanta, passamna passiyamna diha passitabba
bhuja bhujanta, bhujamna bhujyamna bhutta bhujitabba
gamu gacchanta, gacchamna gacchyamna gata gantabba
gaha gahanta, gahamna gayhamna gahita gahetabba
kara karonta, kurumna kayiramna, kata kattabba, ktabba
karyamna
p pibanta, pivanta pyamna pta ptabba
pibamna, pivamna
su suanta, suamna syamna suta sotabba, suitabba
* disa, (i) to preach; (ii) to see. Desenta, preaching; Passanta, seeing
Word
Words
rds :
Atthi v. is, there is
Avihehayanta p. part. a + vi + heha, not hurting
Bhta n. being
Carati v. (cara) wanders
Khaggavisakappa m. like a rhinoceros
Nidhya ind. p. p. ni + dh, having left aside
Pema m. attachment, love
Sahya m. friend
Tah f. craving
Upasakamati v. (kamu with upa + sa) approaches
83
Exercise xiv
A
1. " Eva me suta. "
2. Mayi gate* so gato.
3. Ki tena kata?
4. So tassa vaa bhaamno ma upasakami.
5. Aha magge gacchanto tasmi rukkhe nisinna sakua passi.
6. Bhikkhhi lokassa dhammo desetabbo.
7. Pua kattabba, ppa na ktabba.
8. Ajja etena maggena may gantabba.
9. Sabb itthiyo dhamma sunantiyo etya slya nisdisu.
10. Pait ya ya desa bhajanti tattha tattheva pjit honti.
11. Buddhena bujjhitni saccni maypi bujjhitabbni.
12. Para loka gacchante tay kata pua v ppa v tay saddhi gacchati.
13. hito v nisinno v gacchanto v sayanto (or sayno) v aha sabbesu sattesu metta karomi.
14. Vejjaslya vasantna gilnna pure osadha dtabba, pacch aparesa dtabba.
15. Ki nu kattabbanti ajnant te mama purato ahasu.
16. " Pemato** jyati soko - pemato jyati bhaya;
Pemato vippamuttassa - natthi soko kuto bhaya. "
17. " Tahya jyati soko - tahya jyati bhaya;
Tahya vippamuttassa - natthi soko kuto bhaya. "
18. Ekasmi samaye aataro devo rattiya Buddha upasakamitv saddhya vanditv bhmiya
ahsi. hito so devo Buddha eka paha pucchi. Pucchantassa devassa Buddho eva dhamma
desesi.
19. Te gagya nahyante maya passimh.
20. " Sabbesu bhtesu nidhya daa
Avihehaya aatarampi tesa
Na puttamiccheyya kuto sahya
Eko care Khaggavisakappo. "
* This is the Locative absolute.

** " To " is another suffix for forming the ablative.
84
B
1. This wad done by you.
2. The branch was cut by him.
3. I saw a man going in the street.
4. She stood saluting the sage.
5. I came home when he had gone to school.
6. The monkeys ate the fallen fruits.
7. They saw her sitting in the hall.
8. You should not bathe in the river.
9. Let him do what should be done.
10. Thus should it be understood by you.
11. The books written by me should not be given to them.
12. My friends saw the jewel that was thrown into the fire.
13. I sat on the ground listening to the doctrine preached by the monks.
14. The virtuous should do much merit.
15. The people saw the sick persons drinking medicine given by the physician.
Table of Contents
85
Lesson
sson XV
A. Demon
emons
onstrati
ative Pronouns
Pronouns
Ima, this
SINGULAR
m. n. f.
Nom. aya ida, ima aya
Acc. ima ida, ima ima
Instr. imin, anena imya
Abl. imamh, imasm imya
asm
Dat., Gen. imassa, assa imiss, imya,
ass, assya
Loc. imamhi, imasmi imissa, imya,
asmi assa
PLURAL
m. n. f.
Nom., Acc ime ime, imni im, imyo
Instr., Abl imebhi, imehi, ebhi, ehi imbhi, imhi
Dat., Gen. imesa, imesna, imsa, imsna
esa, esna
Loc. imesu, esu imsu
86
Amu, this, that, such
SINGULAR
m. n. f.
Nom. asu, amuko adu asu, amu
Acc. amu adu amu
Instr. amun amuy
Abl. amumh, amusm amuy
Dat., Gen. amuno, amussa, amuss, amuy
Loc. amumhi, amusmi amussa, amuya,
PLURAL
m. n. f.
Nom., Acc am amuyo am, amni
Instr., Abl ambhi, amhi
Dat., Gen. amsa, amsna
Loc. amsu
87
B. Ad
Adject
ectives
In Pi Adj
Adjecti
ctives are inflectional and they agree with the substantives they qualify in gender number
and case. Generally they are placed before the noun.
Adjectives ending in " a " are declined in the masculine feminine, and neuter like nara, phala, and
ka respectively. Sometimes in the feminine they are declined like nr.
Some adjectives may be formed by adding " vantu " to nouns ending in " a ", " " and " mantu " to
nouns ending in " i " and " u ".
Examples : -
bala + vantu = balavantu, powerful
bandhu + mantu = bandhumantu, having relatives
dhiti + mantu = dhitimantu, courageous
gua + vantu = guavantu, virtuous
These adjectives are declined like " pacanta " with the exception of the Nominative singular;
e.g., :-
SING. PLU.
bandhum bandhumanto, bandhumant
dhitim dhitimanto, dhitimant
guav guavanto, guavant
88
word
words
rds:
Antima, adj,last
sana, n. seat
Arahanta, p.p.araha (used as noun & adjective) exalted, worthy,
sanctified
Bhagavantu, adj. blessed (used as an epithet of the Buddha, the Blessed
One.)
Dgha, adj. long
Kaha, adj. black
Khuddaka, adj. small
Majjhima, adj. middle
Mahanta, adj. big
Namo, indec. honour, homage, praise, salutation
Nca, adj. mean, low
Nla, adj. blue
Paipad, f. course, path, practice, conduct
Pta, adj. yellow
Ratta, adj. red
Samm-sambuddha, m. Fully Enlightened One
Seta, adj. white
Sta, adj. cold, cool
Sukhita, adj. happy, healthy
Tarua, adj. young
Ucca, adj. high
Uha, adj. hot
89
Exe
Exercise xv
A
1. Kimida?
2. Kassa imni?
3. Imin te ki payojana?
4. Ida mayha hotu.
5. Ko nma aya puriso?
6. Aya me mtuln hoti.
7. Ida may kattabba.
8. Sabba ida asukena kata.
9. Aya smi cao na hoti.
10. Aya me antim jti.
11. Aya seto asso khippa na dhvati.
12. Guavantehi ime giln sagahitabb.
13. " Yath ida tath eta yath eta tath ida. "
14. " Ida vo tna hotu sukhit hontu tayo! "
15. " Tva etasmi pabbate vasa, aha imasmi pabbate vasissmi. "
16. " Namo tassa Bhagavato, arahato smm-sambuddhassa. "
17. Asmi loke ca paramhi ca guavant sukhena vasanti.
18. Asukya nma visikhya asukasmi ghare aya taruo vejjo vasati.
19. Imehi pupphehi Buddha pjetha.
20. Maya imasmi rme mahantni rukkhni passma.
21. Imassa gilnassa uha udaka dtabba.
22. Janako ucce sane nisdi, putto nce sane nisdi.
23. Imesu pupphesu setni ca rattni ca ptni ca pupphni gahetv gacchhi.
24. Imni khuddakni phalni maya na kima.
25. Imin dghena maggena ete gamissanti.
90
B
1. Who is this boy?
2. This is my book.
3. Who are these men?
4. He is living in this house.
5. This was done by me.
6. There is such a young doctor in this street.
7. Cold water should not be drunk by the sick.
8. He is the last boy in the school.
9. Did you see him sitting on this high seat?
10. Take these long sticks and throw into the fire.
11. May all these beings be happy!
12. I like to mount this white horse.
13. Bring those small books and give to these boys.
14. You should wash your face with this hot water.
15. These Exalted Ones understood the middle Path of the Buddha.
16. This Doctrine was preached by the Blessed One.
17. We shall go by this long way.
18. There are tall, big trees in this forest.
19. I shall take these white flowers; you may take those red flowers.
20. These are small ships.
21. Young men and women should always associate with the virtuous.
22. This city is protected by a powerful king.
23. The courageous do not run away through fear.
24. Little children are playing with these little dogs.
25. May the Blessed One preach the Doctrine to these monks and nuns!
Table of Contents
91
Lesson
sson XVI
Num
Numerals
1. eka
2. dvi
3. ti
4. catu
5. paca
6. cha
7. satta
8. aha
9. nava
10. dasa
11. ekdasa
12. dvdasa, brasa
13. terasa, teasa
14. cuddasa, catuddasa
15. pacadasa, paarasa
16. soasa, sorasa
17. sattadasa, sattrasa
18. ahadasa, ahrasa
19. ekna-vsati (lit. one less twenty)
20. vsati, vsa
21. eka-vsati
22. dve-vsati, dv-vsati
23. te-vsati
24. catu-vsati
25. paca-vsati
26. chabbsati
27. satta-vsati
92
28. aha-vsati
29. ekna-tisati
30. tisati, tis
31. ekatisati, ekatis
32. dvattisati, dvattis
33. tettisati, tettis
34. catuttisati, catuttis
35. paca-tisati, paca-tis
36. chattisati, chattis
37. satta-tisati, satta-tis
38. aha-tisati, aha-tis
39. ekna cattsati
40. cattsati, cattsa, catts
49. ekna pasa
50. pasa, pas
60. sahi
70. sattati
79. eknsti
80. asti
90. navuti
99. ekna-sata
100. sata
200. dvi sata
1,000. sahassa
10,000. dasa-sahassa, nahuta
100,000. sata-sahassa, lakkha
10,000,000. koi
100,000,000. dasa-koi
1,000,000,000. sata-koi
93
" Eka ", " ti " and " catu " are declinable in the three genders. When " eka " is used in the sense of
some, certain, incomparable, it is declinable in the three genders and in both numbers. Otherwise it is
declined only in the singular.
Numerals from " dvi " to "ahrasa " are declined only in the plural. With the exception of " ti " and "
catu " all the other numerals are common to all genders.
These numerals agree with the noun they qualify in number and case. Eka, ti, and catu agree in
gender also. Generally they are placed before the noun.
Declen
lension
sion of " dvi
dvi "
Nom., Acc dve, duve
Instr., Abl dvbhi, dvhi
Dat., Gen. dvinna
Loc. dvsu
" ti "
m. n. f.
Nom., Acc tayo tni tisso
Instr., Abl tbhi, thi
Dat., Gen. tia tianna tissanna
Loc. tsu
" catu "
m. n. f.
Nom., Acc cattro, caturo cattri catasso
Instr., Abl catbhi, cathi
Dat., Gen. catunna catussanna
Loc. catusu, catsu
94
" paca "
Nom., Acc paca
Instr., Abl pacabhi, pacahi
Dat., Gen. pacanna
Loc. pacasu
Numerals from " eknavsati " to " aha-navuti " and " koi "are treated as feminines and are
declined only in the singular like feminine " i " (see bhmi). Tis , catts, and pas are declined
like feminine " " (see ka).
Numerals from " eknasata " to " lakkha " are declined only in the singular like the neuter " a " (see
phala). When, however, numerals from " vsati " and upwards are used collectively they take the plural;
e.g.,
dve vsatiyo, two twenties
ti satni, three hundreds
Ordin
rdina
inals
1. pahama (first)
2. Dutiya (second)
3. Tatiya (third)
4. Catuttha (fourth)
5. Pacama (fifth)
6. Chaha (sixth)
The rest are formed by suffixing " ma ", as sattama (seventh), ahama (eighth), etc.
The ordinals also agree with the noun they qualify in gender, number and case. In the masculine and
neuter they are declined like " nara " and " phala " respectively. In the feminine " pahama ", " dutiya ",
and " tatiya " are declined like " ka ". The ordinals from " catuttha " to " dasama " assume the feminine
suffix " " and are declined like " nr "; e.g., catuttha + = catutth, sattama + i = sattam, etc.
The feminines of other ordinals are formed by adding " " directly to the numerals, as ekdasa + " "
= ekdas.
95
Word
Words
rds:
Divasa m., n. day
Ito indec. hence, ago, from now, from here
Msa m., n. month
Pana indec. but, however, further (sometimes used without a
meaning)
Pariccheda m. limit, extent, chapter
Saraa n. refuge
Sla n. morality, precept, virtue
Vassa m., n. year, rain
Exe
Exercise xvi
xvi
A
1. Cattrimni, bhikkhave, saccni.
2. " Eka nma ki? "
3. Tsu lokesu satt uppajjanti.
4. Ekasmi hatthe paca aguliyo honti.
5. Ito sattame divase aha gamissmi.
6. Maya ti vassni imasmi gme vasimh.
7. Aya pana imasmi potthake soasamo paricchedo hoti.
8. " Buddha saraa gacchmi. Dutiyampi Buddha saraa gacchmi. Tatiyampi Buddha
saraa gacchmi "
9. So tassa tia puttna cattri cattri katv dvdasa phalni adsi.
10. Etasmi ghare catasso itthiyo vasanti.
11. Yo pahama gaccheyya so pakra labheyya.
12. Imasmi ghare aya tatiy bhmi.
13. Antimena paricchedena gahapathi paca slni rakkhitabbni.
14. Guavanto sad paca slni ca ahamiya ctuddasiya pacadasiya ca aha slni rakkhanti.
15. Bhikkh paneva dvisata sttavsati sikkhpadni rakkhanti.
96
16. Tassa sehino catupasakoi dhana atthi.
17. Ekasmi mse tisa divas honti. Ekasm vasse pana tisata pacasahi divas honti.
18. Imya phaslya pacasatni siss uggahanti.
B
1. I gave him four books.
2. He lived three days in our house.
3. We have two eyes, but only one mouth.
4. There are thirty days in one month, and twelve months in one year.
5. They are now studying the twelfth chapter of the book.
6. Which of these two presents would you take?
7. The child bought three mangoes, ate one and took two home.
8. He will come on the 28th day of this month.
9. They took the Three Refuges and the five precepts to-day.
10. There were two hundred patients in the hospital yesterday.
11. Seven days hence my father will come to see me.
12. Some householders observe the ten precepts on the fifteenth day.
13. If you do evil, you will be born in the four evil states.
14. If you do good, you will be born in the seven states of happiness.
15. He gave five hundred and received thousand.
16. She brought three presents for her three little sisters.
17. My age is eighteen years.
18. In his 29th year he left home, and endeavouring for six years he understood the Four Truths and
became a fully Enlightened One in his thirty-fifth year. After becoming a Buddha He preached the
Doctrine for forty-five years.
Table of Contents
97
Lesson
sson XVII
A. So
Some Irr
Irregul
gular Nouns end
ending
nding in " a "
Atta*, m. soul, self
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. att attno
Voc. atta, att attno
Acc. attna, atta attno
Instr. attena, attan attanebhi, attanehi
Abl. attan, attamh, attasm attanebhi, attanehi
Dat., Gen. attano attna
Loc. attani attanesu
* This noun is sometimes used in the sense of a reflexive pronoun.
Rja, m. king
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. rj rjno
Voc. rja, rj rjno
Acc. rjna, rja rjno
Instr. ra, rjena rjbhi, rjhi
rjebhi, rjehi
Abl. ra, rjamh, rjbhi, rjhi
rjasm rjebhi, rjehi
Dat., Gen. rao, rjino raa, rjna, rjna
Loc. rae, rjini rjusu, rjsu, rjesu
rjamhi, rjasmi
98
B. Conj
Conjug
onjugat
ugations
ations
In Pi there are seven conjugations. They differ according to their respective conjugational signs
(Vikaraa) which are added on to the roots before the terminations.
There is no definite rule to indicate to which class of conjugation the roots belong.
The conjugations are as follows :-
Class Conj. sign Pres. 3rd
1st paca -to cook a pac + a + ti = pacati
bh + a + ti = bhav + a + ti = bhavati
2nd rudhi -to hinder ......a

(In this conjugation too the conjugational sign is " a ", but " " is argumented before the final
consonant of the root and is afterwards changed into the nasal of the group-consonant that follows.
This rule applies only to the active voice.)
ru--dh + a + ti = rundhati
bhuja to eat bhu--ja + a + ti = bhujati
3rd divu to shine ya div + ya + ti = divyati

= dibyati = dibbati
h to abandon h + ya + ti = hyati
4th su to hear u, , u su + + ti = suti

also su + u + ti = suoti
pa + apa -to arrive pa + apa + u + ti = pputi
5th ji to conquer n* ji + n + ti =jinti
99
6th tanu to spread o, yira tanu + o + ti = tanoti
kara + o + ti = karoti
+ yira + ti = kayirati
7th cura to steal e, aya cura + e + ti = coreti

cura + aya + ti = corayati
* In the conjugation of the root ki, to buy, which belongs to this class n is changed into ; e.g. ki + +
ti = kiti.
The initial vowel in this class, not followed by a double consonant, undergoes vuddhi substitute, i.e.,
a, i and u become , e, o respectively.
Word
Words
rds:
Amacca m. minister
Attha m. matter, good, welfare, meaning
Hi indec. indeed
Ntha m. lord, refuge
Psda m. palace
Raha n. country, kingdom, realm
Sakiissati (kilisa with sa) is defiled
Siy 3rd pers. singular subjunctive of asa, to be
Ti indec. thus. This particle is used in quoting the words of others, at the end
of sentences, etc.
Vihaati (hana with vi) perishes
Visujjhati (sudha with vi) is purified
100
Exe
Exercise xvii
xvii
A
1. " Aya me attano attho. "
2. " Na me so att. "
3. " Bhagavato eta* attha roceyyma. "
4. " Dhamma cara rja!. "
5. " Att hi attano ntho - Ko hi ntho paro siy. "
6. " Attna rakkhanto para rakkhati. Para rakkhanto attna rakkhati. "
7. Atte pana amhka rahe guav rj ahosi.
8. Ra likhita* ida lekhana amacc passantu!
9. Ppakehi amaccehi rao ko attho?
10. Amhka rjna passitu puratthimya disya dve rjno gat.
11. Rj attano mahesiy saddhi psde vasati.
12. Cathi dishi cattro rjno gantv Bhagavanta vanditv etamattha pucchisu.
13. " Putt matthi dhana matthi Iti blo vihaati
Att hi attano natthi Kuto putt kuto dhana. "
14. " Attanva kata ppa attan sakilissati
Attan akata ppa attanva visujjhati. "
* is changed into m.
101
B
1. l am my own master.
2. He advised himself.
3. These presents were sent by the king.
4. Good or evil is done by oneself.
5. The ministers taking their own sons went to the palace to see the king.
6. It is not good for kings to get angry with the people.
7. Virtuous kings are always respected by all.
8. He does not know his own good.
9. Righteous kings do not wish to associate with wicked kings.
10. By wisdom is one purified.
11. Ministers obtain wealth by means of kings.
12. He for his own good associates with kings and ministers.
13. Some kings perish on account of their greediness towards the countries of others.
14. The ministers told that matter to the king.
15. He does not shine like a king.
Table of Contents
102
Lesson
sson XVIII
A. Decle
clension
nsion of Satt
Satthu,
hu, m.
m. Teacher
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. satth satthro
Voc. sattha, satth satthro
Acc. satthra satthro, satthre
Instr., Abl. satthr satthrebhi, satthrehi
Dat., Gen. satthu, satthuno satthrna, satthna
satthussa
Loc. satthari satthresu, satthusu
bhattu, husband
dtu, giver
jetu, conqueror
kattu, doer
nattu, nephew
tu, knower
netu, leader
sotu, hearer
vattu, talker
etc. are declined like " satthu ".
103
Pitu, m. father
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. pit pitaro
Voc. pita, pit pitaro
Acc. pitara pitaro, pitare
Instr., Abl pitar, pitun pitbhi, pithi
pitarebhi, pitarehi
Dat., Gen pitu, pituno pitarna, pitna
pitussa pitunna, pitna
Loc. pitari pitaresu, pitusu
bhtu, brother is declined like " pitu ".

mtu, mother is also declined like " pitu " with the exception of the following:
SINGULAR Inst., Abl. mtar, mtuy

Dat., Gen. mtu, mtuy
Dhtu, duhitu daughter, are declined like " mtu ".
B. Cau
Causal Fo
Forms (Krita)
Causals are formed by adding " e ", " aya " to roots ending in " u " and " ", " pe ", " paya " to
roots ending in " " and all the four or two to the other roots. The terminations are added afterwards. All
tenses, moods and participles have their own causal forms. The initial vowel, not followed by a double
consonant, often undergoes vuddhi substitute. Sometimes the vuddhi substitutes " e " and " o " are changed
into " aya " and " ava " respectively.
Examples:-
104
paca +e + ti = pceti causes to cook
paca + aya + ti = pcayati
paca + pe + ti = pcpeti
paca + paya + ti = pcpayati
pcesi, pcay, pcpesi, pcpay, he caused to cook
pcessati, pcayissati, pcpessati, pcpayissati, he will cause to cook
d + pe = dpeti causes to give

d + paya = dpayati causes to give
chidi +e + ti = chindeti causes to cut
chidi + pe + ti = chindpeti causes to cut
ni + pe + ti = naypeti causes to lead
gamu +e + ti = gameti causes to go
su +e + ti = sveti causes to hear
bh +e + ti = bhveti develops lit. causes to become
Intransitive verbs become transitive, and ordinary transitive verbs take two objects when they assume
causal forms.
Examples :-
Rukkho patati. The tree falls.
So rukkha pteti. He makes the tree fall.
Dso odana pacati. The servant is cooking rice.
So dsa odana pceti. He makes the servant cook rice.
Sometimes the agent of the causal verb or, in other words the indirect object is put in the Instrumental
case e.g.,
So dsena odana pceti.
In some cases the causal forms modify the original meaning of the verb; e.g.,
vaca to speak, vceti reads
bh to be, bhveti develops, cultivates
105
Exe
Exercise xviii
xviii
A
1. " Namatthu* satthuno ".
2. " Tay suta dhamma amhepi svehi ".
3. Satth svake dhamma despeti (or svakehi).
4. Pit putta gma gameti.
5. Mt attano dhtara nahpetv phasla pesesi.
6. Bhatt attano bhariyya atithayo sagahpesi.
7. Dhtaro, dsehi drni harpetv aggi dpetha.
8. Dhthi mtaro ca pitaro ca rakkhitabb, mthi ca pithi ca dhtaro rakkhitabb.
9. Mt dhtare satthra vandpeti.
10. Aha mtuy ca pitar ca saddhi rma gantv te dhamma svessmi.
11. Mtula, maya pana tava nattro homa. Tasm no sdhuka uggahpehi.
12. Satth sotre saccni bodhento gm gma nagar nagara vicarati.
13. Tesa rahe dhitimante netre na passma.
14. Mtari ca pitari ca darena mayha bhatt attano dhanena mahanta ghara krpetv te tattha
vaspesi.
* Namo + atthu = namatthu

atthu Benedictive mood 3rd person singular of asa to be.
106
B
1. Talkers are not always doers.
2. The leaders are not always conquerors.
3. My father taught my brother well and made him a leader of the country.
4. I made my mother give alms to the disciples of the Teacher.
5. My nephew is reading the letter sent by his father.
6. Virtuous daughters cause their husbands to treat their mothers and fathers well.
7. Daily my father and mother cultivate good-will towards all beings and advise us also to do likewise.
8. Of my two brothers one is a talker and the other is a doer.
9. I do not cause my servants to give food to my husband.
10. Let the Teacher cause the monks to preach the Doctrine. There will be knowers. They will understand
the Truth and make others realise their Deliverance.
11. Our father made our brothers cut the trees in the garden.
12. The conquerors caused the people to erect a large hall in the kingdom.
13. Daughters, you should not do evil, nor cause others to do evil.
14. The monks should neither dig the ground nor cause others to dig the ground.
Table of Contents
107
Lesson
sson XIX
A. Decle
clension
nsion of " go "
go, m. bull
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. Voc. go gvo, gavo
Acc. gvu, gava, gva gvo, gavo
Instr. gvena, gavena gobhi, gohi
Abl. gv, gav, gvamh, gobhi, gohi
gavamh, gvasm,
gavasm
Dat., Gen. gvassa, gavassa gava, gunna, gona
Loc. gve, gave, gvamhi, gosu
gavamhi, gvasmi,
gavasmi
mana, n. mind
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. mana man, manni
Voc. mana, man manni
Acc. mana mane, manni
Instr. mans, manena manebhi, manehi
Abl. manas, man, manebhi, manehi
manamh, manasm
Dat., Gen. manaso, manassa manna
Loc. manasi, mane, manesu
manamhi, manasmi
108
The following nouns are declined like " mana ":
aha, day
aya, iron
ceta, mind
chanda, wish, consent, metre
oja, essence
pya, water, milk
raja, dust
sara, lake
sira, head
tama, darkness
tapa, asceticism, control
teja, majesty
ura, shoulder
vaca, word
vaya, age
yasa, glory
B. Per
Perfect Te
Tense (H
(Hyatt
attan)
Terminations
SINGULAR PLURAL
3rd
2nd o ttha
1st a mh
109
paca
SINGULAR PLURAL
3rd apac apac
2nd apaco apacattha
1st apaca, apaca apacamh
In this tense, as in the first past tense (ajjatan), " a " is prefixed to the root. Sometimes an additional "
" is found in the 1st person.
As a rule the Ajjatan is more commonly used than the Hyattan to express the past. It will be safer
for the students to adopt the former.*
* See lesson VII
Exe
Exercise xix
xix
A
1. " Etad* avoca satth. "
2. " Bhagav etamha. "
3. " Idamavoca Bhagav ".
4. " cariy evamha."
5. " Attha hi ntho saraa avoca. "
6. " Satth ta itthi ha -etiss tava putta dehti. "
7. Eko go tamasi khetta agam.
8. Vayas aha paca vsati vassni.
9. " Manas savaro sdhu. "
10. " Ta sdhuka suhi, manasi karohi. "
11. Amhka sattuno pde maya siras avandamh.
12. Tava vacas v manas v m ki ci ppaka kamma karohi.
13. Aya nv ayas kat.
14. Satta ahni maya kicipi hra na abhujamh.
15. Mayha bht gona tia ad
* Eta + avoca = Etad avoca.
110
B
1. There is no dust in this street.
2. The consent of the sick monks should be taken.
3. Fathers carry their sons on their shoulders.
4. My father is 45 years of age.
5. The World was in darkness for four, days.
6. We should purify our own mind.
7. A fruit from the tree fell on my head.
8. The farmers caused their sons to give grass to the cattle and went to the city.
9. People reverence him on account of his asceticism.
10. In glory may you shine like the moon.
11. The king by his majesty conquered all the people.
12. They have no anger in their minds.
13. The cattle do not, drink the water of this lake.
14. There is no essence in this milk.
Table of Contents
111
Lesson
sson XX
Compound
Compounds
mpounds (samsa)
A Samsa is a compound which is composed of two or more simple words.
As a rule only the final member of the compound takes the case terminations. The preceding
members, with a few exceptions, drop their case endings and assume their bases.
The component parts of the compound are combined, wherever necessary, according to the rules of
Sandhi.
In Pali there are five classes of compounds, viz:-
1. Adj
Adjecti
ctival Compound
Compounds
mpounds (Kammadhraya),
2. Case Compound
Compounds
mpounds (Tappurissa),
3. Copul
Copulative
tive Compound
Compounds
mpounds (Dvanda),
4. Att
Attributi
ibutive
tive Compound
Compounds
mpounds (Bahubbhi) and
5. Adve
Adverbi
rbial Compound
Compounds
mpounds (Avyaybhva).
1. An Adj
Adjecti
ctival Compound
Compound (Kammadhraya) is that which is formed by combining a substantive with an
adjective, or a noun in apposition, or an indeclinable used in an adjectival sense, as its prior member.
In some instances the qualifying adjective follows the noun.
Examples : -
112
Taruo-puriso taruapuriso (m) young man
Taru-ka taruaka (f) young maiden
Tarua-phala taruaphala (n) young fruit
Sumedho-paito sumedhapaito Sumedha the wise or wise Sumedha
Mukhameva cando mukhacando moon-face
Slameva dhana sladhana wealth of virtue
Su-jano sujano good man
Na-kusala akusala immoral or non-moral
Na-asso anasso non-horse (mule)
Na-manusso amanuusso non-man (a spirit)
"Na" followed by a consonant is changed into "a", and into "an" when followed by a vowel.
Those Adjectival Compounds that have a numeral as their first member are in Pi known as
Digu Samsa ( Num
Numerical Com
Compounds
ompounds).
pounds
They generally take the neuter singular when they imply an aggregate.
Examples : -
Dve-aguliyo dvagula two-finger
Tayo-lok tiloka three-fold world
Catasso-dis catuddisa four-fold direction
Cattri-saccni catusacca four-fold truth
Satta-ahni sattha week
They do not take the neuter singular when they do not imply an aggregate.
Examples :-
Eko-putto ekaputto one son
Tayo-bhav tibhav three existences
Cattasso-dis catuddis four directions
2. A Case Compound
Compound*
mpound (Tappurisa) is that which is formed by combining a substantive with another
substantive belonging to anyone of the oblique cases, by dropping its case endings.
113
In some exceptional cases the preceding members retain their case endings.
These compounds take the gender of the final member and are declined accordingly.
With the exception of the Nominative and Vocative cases all the other oblique cases go to form
these compounds.
* According to Saskrit grammarians this class of compounds is known as Determinative Compound.
Examples :-
1. Dutiy-Acc. gma-gato = gmagato, he who has gone to the village.
siva-karo = sivakaro,* blessings-bestower.
2. Tatiy-Abl. of Agent. Buddhena-desito = Buddhadesito, preached by the Buddha.
3. Karaa-Instr. Asin-kalaho = asikalaho, sword-fight.
4. Catutth-Dat. Lokassa-hito = lokahito, beneficial to the world.
5. Pacam-Abl. Corasm-bhaya = corabhaya fear from thief.
6. Chah- Gen. Buddhassa-dhammo = Buddhadhammo, Buddhas Doctrine.
7. Sattam-Loc. Vane-vso = vanavso, residence in the forest.
Ante-vsiko = antevsiko,* pupil (lit. he who lives near).
* The case endings are retained in these instances.
3. A Copul
Copulative
tive Compound
Compound (Dvanda) is that which is formed by combining two or more substantives
which, if not compounded, would be connected by the particle "ca".
(a) These compounds generally take the plural and the gender of the final member when the
component members are viewed separately.
(b) If they collectively imply an aggregate, they take the neuter singular.
Examples :-
a. Cando ca suriyo ca = candasuriy,* moon and sun.
nar ca nriyo ca = naranriyo, men and women.
b. Nma ca rpaca = nmarpa, mind and matter.
Sukha ca dukkha ca = sukhadukkha, happiness and pain.
Hatthi ca gavo ca ass ca = hatthigavssa, elephants, cattle, and horses.
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*. Words with fewer syllables are often placed first.
4. An Att
Attributi
ibutive
tive Compound
Compound*
mpound (Bahubbhi) is that in which the component members collectively denote
something else than what is originally expressed by them.
These compounds assume the gender of the implied object and are declined accordingly.
* Words with fewer syllables are often placed first.
Examples :-
Pta means yellow. ambara, garment; but ptambaro means he who has a yellow garment,
gata, come; samaa, ascetics; gatasamao, the place to which ascetics have come, i.e.,
a monastery.
Diho, seen; dhammo, Truth; dihadhammo, by whom the Truth has been seen, i.e., a
Saint.
Ni, free from; tah craving; nittaho, he who is free from craving, i.e., an Arahant.
5. An Adve
Adverbi
rbial Compound
Compound (Avyaybhva) is that which has as its first member a prefix (upasagga) or an
indeclinable (nipta), not used in an adjectival sense, * but used in determining the sense of the final
member.
The Adverbial Compounds generally take the neuter gender and are indeclinable. They are
treated like the nominative singular of neuter substantives.
If the final member of these compounds ends in " a " of " ", the neuter termination " " is
affixed; otherwise the final vowel is retained except in cases of long vowels which are shortened.
* See Adjectival Compounds.
Examples :-
115
Prefixe
ixes :-
Anu-pubba = anupubba, in due course, in regular succession.
Adhi-itth = adhitthi, in a woman or relating to a woman.
Upa-gag = upagaga, near a river (riverside place).
Upa-naggra = upanagara, near a city, i.e., a suburb.
Inde
Indeclin
clina
inables :-
Yath-bala = ythbala, according to strength.
Yath-kama = yathkkama, according to order.
Yath-vuddha = yathvuddha, according to seniority.
Yath-satti = yathsatti, according to ones ability.
Yva-attha = yvadattha, as one wishes, as much as
required.
Yva-jva = yvajva, till life lasts.
Pacch-bhatta = pacchbhatta, after meal, i.e., after-noon.
Mixed
ixed Compound
Compounds
mpounds
When a compound is further compounded with another single word or compound it is treated as a
mixed compound.
Examples :-
Seta-vattha = setavattha, white cloth-adj. comp.
Pituno-setavattha = pitusetavattha, fathers white cloth-case comp.
Putt ca dhtaro ca = puttadhtaro, sons and daughters-
copulative comp.
Mahantani gharni = mahgharni, big houses-adj. comp.
Puttadhtarna mahgharni = puttadhtumahgharni, the big houses of
sons and daughters-case comp.
116
Exe
Exercise xx
A
1. " Sabbadna dhammadna jinti. "
2. " Aha te saddhi puttadhthi ds bhavissmi. "
3. " Tisaraena saddhi pacasla detha me bhante. "
4. " Itipi so Bhagav araha, samm-sambuddho,.....satth devamanussna....."
5. " Mtpit dis pubb, cariy dakkhi dis. "
6. Paraloka gacchanta puttadhtaro v bhtaro v hatthigavssa v na anugacchanti (follow).
7. Eho taruavejjo vejjakamma karonto gmanagaresu vicarati.
8. Drakadrikyo tesa mtpitunna ovde hatv kicipi ppakamma na karonti.
9. Stodaka v uhodaka v hara.
10. Amhka Buddho pana pubbe Sumedhapaito nma ahosi.
11. Sattasu dhanesu saddhdhana pana pahama; sladhana dutiya, padhana sattama.
12. Dvipadesu v catuppadesu v sad mettacittena vasitabba.
13. Aha khsave v na dihapubbo, satthudhamma v na sutapubbo.
14. Itthipuris sukhadukkha bhujamn tibhave vicaranti.
15. Amaccaputt rjabhayena mahpsdato nikkhamisu.
16. Mayha antevsikesu dve brahmacrino saddhcetas Buddhadesita dhamma sutv
samaadhamma katv dihadhamm ahesu.
117
B
1. The boys and girls are studying diligently.
2. The monks and nuns heard the Teachers Doctrine and gained their Deliverance.
3. Sons and daughters should respect their parents.
4. Little children wash their hands and feet with hot water.
5. O young men! You should not associate with evil friends.
6. Sun and Moon shine in the sky
7. My brothers son is a pupil teacher in a village-school.
8. Great beings are born amongst men for the good of the world.
9. In this vessel is well-water and in that is sea-water.
10. The lion is the king of quadrupeds.
11. His pupils gave the three Refuges and the eight precepts to the male and female devotees.
12. These chairs and beds were washed by the servants and maid-servants to-day.
13. May I understand the four-fold Truth Preached by the Buddha and be a Desireless One!
14. There is no fear of death to the Saints.
15. Never before have I seen white elephants or blue horses.
16. By this gift of Truth may I be an all-knowing Buddha!
Table of Contents
118
Lesson
sson XXI
Inde
Indeclin
clina
inables (Avy
(Avya
Avyaya)
An Avyaya is that whose form remains the same in all genders, numbers, and cases, without
undergoing any change.
There are two kinds of Avyayas, viz :-Upasagga and Nipta.
An Upasagga (prefix) is an indeclinable word which possesses an independent meaning and which,
when prefixed to substantives and verbs, usually modifies their original sense.
These Upasaggas correspond to prefixes in Latin and sometimes to prepositions in English.
A Nipta is an indeclinable word which may stand either before or after another word.
These Niptas comprise particles, adverbs, conjunctions and interjections in English.
Prefixe
ixes
There are twenty Upasaggas or prefixes in Pi.
1. " " up to, until, as far as, around, reversing to;
pabbata, as far as the rock;
gacchati, comes, gacchati, goes;
harati, brings, harati, carries.
2. " Abhi " to, unto, forward, towards, high, great, special, over;
Abhigacchati, goes near to, goes forward;
Abhikkhamati, goes forward;
Abhidhamma, higher Doctrine;
Abhi, higher knowledge, special knowledge;
Abhijnti, perceives, jnati, knows;
Abhibhavati, overcomes, bhavati, is;
Abhimukha, facing towards;
Abhimagala, special or high festival.
3. " Adhi " in, upon, above, over, great, excessive;
119
Adhivasati, dwells in;
Adhisessati, will lie upon;
Adhitihati, stands on, stands above;
Adhibh, lord, master, bh, to be;
Adhibhta, overcome, mastered;
Adhisla, higher morality;
Adhista, very cold;
Adhigacchati, enters upon, attains, acquires.
4. " Anu " after, like, behind, along, under, sub, according to;
Anugacchati, goes after, follows;
Anunyaka, sub-chief;
Anurj, following king, successor;
Anulomato, in accordance with.
5. " Apa " away, from, away from;

Apa slya, from the hall;
Apagacchati, goes away;
Apavda, blame, abuse, vda, speech.
6. " Api " sometimes contracted to " pi ", over, near to;
Apidhna, pidhna, pidahana, lid, cover.
7. " Ati " very, over, beyond, excessive;

Atisundara, very beautiful;
Atikkamati, goes beyond, transgresses;
Atigacchati, overcomes.
8. " Ava " often contracted to " o ", down, away, off, around;
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Avakkamati, okkamati, steps down, descends;
Avaharati, takes away, removes;
Avajnti, despises, jnti, knows;
Avamaati, looks down upon;
Avabodha, full knowledge;
Avacarati, goes through, traverses.
9. " Du " bad, difficult;

Duggati, evil state;
Duddama, difficult to tame;
Duranubodha, difficult of comprehension.
10. " Ni " away, in, into, down, free from, down wards, without, great;
Niggacchati, goes away;
Nikkhamati, goes away, departs;
Nidahati, lays aside;
Nirhra, without food;
Nicaya, great collection, accumulation;
Nigama, market town;
Nikhaati, digs into, bury;
Nivattati, ceases, turns back.
11. " N " away, without, outwards, out of;

Nharati, takes away, draws out;
Nroga, healthy, without disease;
Nrasa, sapless, tasteless.
12. " Pa " forward, forth, in, chief;

Pabala very strong;
Payti, goes forth;
Pakkhipati, throws in, puts in;
Pakkamati, sets out, goes away.
121
13. " Par " away, aside, back, opposed to;
Parbhava, decline, ruin (lit. away from being);
Parjaya defeat (lit. away from, or opposed to, victory);
Parakkamati, puts forth ones strength, strives.
14. " Pari " around, about, complete;

Paridahati, puts on;
Paridhvati, runs about;
Parikkhipati, throws around, surround;
Parisuddha, complete purity.
15. " Pati " (frequently changed into " pai ") again, against, towards, back;
Paikkamati, steps backwards retreats;
Paideti, gives in return;
Paivadati, answers (lit. speaks in return);
Pailoma, backwards;
Paisota, against the stream;
Patirpa, counterfeit, suitable;
Patirja, hostile king;
Patilekhana, letter in reply.
16. " Sa " with, together, self;

Sambuddha, self enlightened;
Samgacchati, comes together, assembles;
Sameti, meets together;
Saharati, collects, folds up;
Sakhipati, condenses, (lit. throws together);
Sagaha, collection;
Sammukha, face to face with.
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17. " Su " good, well, thoroughly, excellent;
Sugati, happy state;
Sujana, good man;
Sudesita, well-preached;
Subhvita, thoroughly practised;
Sudubbala, very weak;
Sukara, easy to do.
18. " U " up, above, away;

Uggacchati, rises;
Ukkhipati, throws upwards;
Ucchindati, cuts off;
Uttarati, comes up, ascends;
Udaya, rise, beginning.
19. " Upa " near, towards, next, by the side of, sub, below, less, strong;
Upagacchati, goes near;
Upaskh, minor branch;
Upadhvati, runs up to;
Uparj, viceroy;
Upakaa, into the ear;
Upakahati, drags down;
Updna, attachment, clinging (lit. strong or firm hold).
20. " Vi " apart, separate, not, free from, special, around, clear, different, opposed to;
123
Vimala, stainless;
Vibhava, power or free from existence;
Vigata, separated, disappeared;
Vicarati, wanders about;
Visoka, free from sorrow;
Vikkhipati, scatters;
Vipassati, sees clearly;
Visama, not equal, uneven;
Vicchindati, cuts, off;
Vimutti, perfect release;
Viloma, reverse;
Vimukha, averted (lit. face away);
Vykaroti, expounds.
Of the above prefixes abhi, anu, pati, and pari are sometimes used after the words.
Frequently the consonant following du, ni, and u, and sometimes vi, is duplicated. If the consonant is
aspirated, the first duplicated one is changed into the same unaspirated consonant.
Before a vowel " r " is augmented in the case of " du " and " ni ", " d " in the case of " u ", and " y " in
the case of " vi ".
Exe
Exercise xxi
xxi
A
1. " M nivatta abhikkama. "
2. Puttadhthi mtpitaro yathsatti sagahetabb.
3. Idhgacchatha, bhikkhavo, yathbuha vandatha.
4. Sacepi dujjan yvajva sujane bhajeyyu tesa kocipi attho na bhaveyya.
5. Sudesita Buddhadhamma uggahmi yathbala.
6. Sabbe devamanuss manussaloke v devaloke v yathkamma uppajjanti.
7. *Tvha Pibhsa uggahmi. Api ca kho pana** tassa bhsya pailekhana likhitu
vyammi.
8. Tassantevsik gmanigamesu vicaritv suriyodaye nagara samppuisu.
9. Senpatiputto anupubbena tassa rahe senpati ahosi.
124
10. " Iti heta vijnhi pahamo so parbhavo. "
11. Duranubodha abhidhamma ythbala padit-sotna desetu vaati ***.
12. Uparj pairjna abhibhavitu upanagara gato.
13. Sattasattha so nirhrova vane vasi.
14. Mahsehino corabhayena yathsukha na supisu.
15. " Att hi kira duddamo. "
* Tva, Still
** Api ca kho pana, nevertheless.
*** vaati, it is fit.
B
1. The viceroy became the king in due course.
2. You should sit according to seniority.
3. Just when the sun had set they in due course arrived in the suburb.
4. Husbands should treat their wives and children according to their might.
5. Good men and bad men do not always come together.
6. I shall try to be a celibate as long as I live.
7. It is not right to sleep after meals as one wishes.
8. He is yet studying the Higher Doctrine. Nevertheless he will try to teach it according to his strength.
9. Boys, I shall question you now. You must give answers according to order.
10. Pupils follow their teachers according to their ability.
11. Take as much as you require and go away from this home.
12. It is not right for good men to look down upon bad men and women.
13. The mind is indeed difficult to tame. The wise nevertheless overcome it by degrees.
14. When the moon arises darkness disappears.
15. Healthy people do not eat and sleep as much as they like.
Table of Contents
125
Lesson
sson XXII
Taddhi
addhita Nom
Nomi
ominal Deri
erivat
vatives
Words formed by adding suffixes to the bases of substantives, primary or derived from roots,
adjectives, etc. are called Taddhita.
Some of these derivatives are treated as nouns and adjectives and are declined accordingly. A few
others are treated as indeclinables.
There are many such suffixes which are used in various senses. The following are the principal ones
of these :-
1. " A " is used to signify possession, pedigree, etc.
In this case the initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, undergoes Vuddhi substitute.
Examples :-
Pa +a = paa (m. Nom. Sing. pao), he who has wisdom, or wise.
Saddh +a = saddha (m. Nom. Sing. saddho), he who has faith, or faithful;
devotional.
Vasih +a = Vsiha -vsiho, son of Vasiha; vsih, daughter of Vasiha;
vsiha, Vasiha clan.
2. " Ika "* is used to signify pertaining to, mixed with, crossing, versed in, engaged in, etc.
In this case too the initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, undergoes Vuddhi
substitute.
Examples :-
Dhamma + ika = dhammika, righteous.
Ky + ika = kyika, bodily
Nagara + ika = ngarika, pertaining to the city, i.e., urban.
Loka + ika = lokika, worldly
126
Loa + ika = loika, mixed with salt
Nv + ika = nvika, navigator, he who crosses in a ship
Magga + ika = maggika, traveller
Vinaya + ika = venayika, he who studies vinaya
Bhagra + ika = bhagrika, treasurer
* English-ish and ic, as in hellish or heroic.
3. " Ima " and " iya " are also used to signify pertaining to .
Examples :-
Anta + ima = antima, last
Majjha + ima = majjhima, middle, central
Loka + iya = lokiya, worldly
4. " I ", " ika ", " ima ", " mantu ", " vantu ", and " v " are used to signify possession.
Examples :-
Daa + = da, he who has a stick
Chatta + = chatt, he who has an umbrella
Putta + ika = puttika, he who has sons
Daa + ika = daika, he who has a stick
Putta + ima = puttima, he who has sons
Dhiti + mantu = dhitimantu, courageous
Bandhu + mantu = bandhumantu, he who has relatives
Gua + vantu = guavantu, virtuous
Medh + v = medhv, he who has wisdom
5. "Maya " is used in the sense of made of.

Examples :-
Aya + maya = ayomaya, made of iron
Dru + maya = drumaya, wooden
Mana + maya = manomaya,* mental
127
Rajata + maya = rajatamaya, made of silver
Suvaa + maya = suvaamaya, or sovaamaya, golden
* Mana and other words similarly declined, when combined with another word or with the suffix maya,
change their final vowel " a " into " o ". See lesson XIX.
6. " T " is used ta signify collection, state, or quality. The derivatives thus formed are always in the
feminine.
Examples :-
Gma + t = gmat, collection of villages
Jana + t = janat, multitude
Bla + t = blat, ignorance, childhood
Dhamma + t = dhammat, state of things, nature
Manussa + t = manussat, manhood
7. " Tta* " and " ya " are also used to signify state or quality. ** The derivatives thus formed are in the
neuter.
In the case of " ya " the initial vowel, not followed by a double consonant, undergoes Vuddhi
substitute.
Examples :-
Aroga + ya = rogya, health, freedom from disease
Bla + ya = blya, ignorance, childhood
+ tta = blatta, ignorance
Manussa + tta = manussatta; manhood
Nla + tta = nlatta, blueness
Paita + ya = Pitya, and Paicca, wisdom
* Saskrt, tvam; English "dom", Kingdom.
** Sometimes the word " bhva ", which means nature or state, is combined with other words to express
state or quality, e.g., purisabhva, manhood; itthibhva, womanhood, etc.
8. " Tara " and " iya " are used to express the comparative degree, and " tama " and " iha ", the
superlative degree.
128
Examples :-
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Bla, young, ignorant blatara balatama
Dhamma, religious, righteous dhammiya dhammiha
Gua, virtuous guiya guiha
Medha, wise medhiya medhiha
Pata, noble patatara patatama
Ppa, evil ppatara, ppiya ppatama, ppiha
Appa, little, few appatara appatama
Appa kaniya, younger kaniha, youngest
Pasattha, good seyya, better seha, best
Vuddha, old jeyya jeha
9. " Ka " is, affixed to numerals to denote a group.

Examples :-
Eka + ka = ekaka, one-group; unit; groups of singles
Dvi + ka = dvika, two-group; dyad ; twofold group
Catu + ka = catukka, four-group; tetrad ; threefold group
These derivatives take either the masculine or the neuter.

10. " Kkhattu " is affixed to numerals to denote the number of times.
Examples :-
Eka + kkhattu = ekakkhattu, once
Dvi + kkhattu = dvikkhattu, twice
11. " Dh " is affixed to numerals, " so " and " th " to others, to form distributive adverbs.
Examples :-
Eka + dh = ekadh, in one way
Paca + dh = pacadh, in five ways, fivefold
Bahu + dh = bahudh, in many ways, manifold
Attha + so = atthaso, according to the meaning
129
Sabba + so = sabbaso, in every way
Aa + th = aath, in another way, differently
Sabba + th = sabbath, in every way
These last two classes of derivatives are treated as declinables.

It should be understood that some comparatives and superlatives are formed by prefixing ati, and
atva or ativiya to the positive respectively.
Exe
Exercise xxii
xxii
A
1. " Rj bhavatu dhammiko. "
2. " Socati puttehi puttim. "
3. Tava paiccena mama ki payojana?
4. Aha mama mtpitare sad dvikkhattu vandmi.
5. Manussattampi labhitv kasm tumhe pua na karotha?
6. Eso saddho dyako sabbad sla samm rakkhati.
7. Sabbesu devamanussesu samm-sambuddho pana seho hoti.
8. lmesa dvinna svkna aya pana jeyyo seyyo ca hoti.
9. Tasmi pae vnijo, drumayabhani na vikkiti.
10. Yo saddho v pao v ya ya desa gacchati so tattheva pjito hoti.
11. Mahrao kanihaputto imasmi rahe seharjabhagriko hoti.
12. Amhka antevsikna kaiyo pana venayiko, kaniho pana bhidhammiko.
13. Lokiyajan puappa katv sugatiduggatsu uppajjitv bahudh kyikasukhadukkha bhujanti.
14. " Tesa saccena slena - khantimettabalenaca
Te pi tva anurakkhantu - rogyena sukhena ca. "
130
B
1. What is the good of your manhood if you do no good to others?
2. Every bodily deed is mind-made.
3. His eldest brother is the most virtuous boy in the school.
4. The great multitude sat in the hall in different ways.
5. Health is the best wealth.
6. It is a Buddha who understands the nature of a Buddha in every way.
7. I went to see the treasurer several times.
8. All ships are not made of iron.
9. What is the use of worldly goods to monks and nuns?
10. He advised me in every way to strive to attain Buddhahood.
11. Twice I wrote to him, but he did not send a reply even once.
12. My youngest brother is the wisest of all.
13. The righteous and wise men are very few.
14. Wooden beds are better than iron* beds.
* Use the Ablative case.
Table of Contents
131
Lesson
sson XXIII
Kit
Kitaka
aka Verba
rbal Deriva
ivativ
tives
Words formed by adding suffixes to verbal roots are called kitaka.
There are several such suffixes which are used in various senses.
A few of the important ones are given below:
1. " A " is affixed to roots to form masculine abstract nouns, to denote agent, instrument, etc. The initial
vowel undergoes vuddhi substitute.
Examples :-
Bh +a = bhava, becoming, existence
= bhava, nature, condition
Budha +a = bodha, understanding
Dusa +a = dosa, anger, hatred
Ji +a = jaya, victory
Kh +a = khaya, destruction
Lubha +a = lobha, covetousness, greed, lust
Muha +a = moha, ignorance, delusion
Pata +a = pta, fall
Pada +a = pda, foot (by which one walks)
Ruja +a = roga, disease
2. " A " is also affixed to roots when the words forming their objects are prefixed to them.
The verbal derivative thus formed is afterwards compounded with the preceding word. The initial
vowel of the root sometimes undergoes vuddhi substitute.
Examples :-
132
Anna + d +a = annada, giver of food
Bala + d +a = balada, strength-giver
Dhamma + dhara +a = dhammadhara, one versed in the Doctrine
Dina + kara +a = dinakara, maker of the day, (sun)
Kumbha + kara +a = kumbhakra, potter
Ratha + kara +a = rathakra, coach-builder
Ml + kara +a = mlkra, garland-maker
3. " A " is also added to roots when words other than their objects are prefixed to them. Sometimes the
final syllable is dropped.
Examples :-
Pdena + p +a = pdapa, tree (lit. drinking with the foot).
Bhujena + gamu +a = bhujaga, snake (lit. going zigzag).
Kammato + jana +a = kammaja, action-born
Vane + cara +a = vanacara, forest-wanderer
Vrimhi + jana +a = vrija, water-born, aquatic
4. In the case of " aka " the initial vowel of the root frequently undergoes vuddhi substitute, and
monosyllabic roots ending in " a " take an augment " y ", and those ending in " i ", and " u " change
into aya and ava respectively before the suffix.
" Aka " and " tu " are affixed to roots to denote the agent of the action.
In the case of " tu " the initial vowel of monosyllabic roots undergoes viuddhi substitute and the
final syllable of others are sometimes changed into " t ".
Examples :-
D + aka = dyaka, giver, supporter
Ni + aka = nyaka, leader
Sa + aka = svaka, hearer, disciple
Bhuji + aka = bhojaka, eater
Gamu + aka = gamaka, goer
Jana + aka = Janaka, father (producer)
Kara + aka = kraka, doer
D + tu = dtu, giver
Ni + tu = netu, leader
Su + tu = sotu, hearer
133
+ tu = tu, knower
Bhara + tu = bhattu, husband (supporter)
Gamu + tu = gantu,* goer
Kara + tu = kattu, doer
Vc + tu = vattu, speaker
* Here " m " is changed into " n ".
5. " Ana " and " ti " are affixed to roots to form neuter and feminine abstract nouns respectively.
Examples :-
D + ana = dna, giving, alms
N + ana = nayana, leading
Su + ana = savana, hearing
Gamu + ana = gamana, going
Kara + aa = karaa, doing
Mara (to die) + ana = maraana, death, dying
Before " ti " sometimes the final syllable of the root is dropped, and at times it is changed into " t
".
Gamu + ti = gati, gait, condition of birth
G (to soing) + ti = gti, song
Muca + ti = mutti, release
P + ti = pti, drinking
Ramu (to sport) + ti = rati, sport, attachment
Sara (to remember) + ti = sati, recollection, memory
Su + ti = suti, hearing
h + ti = hiti, state
Thu (to praise) + ti = thuti, praise
6. " Anya " and " ya " are affixed to roots in the sense of ought to be, fit to be, fit for, worthy of. If the
root ends in " a " and " ", the suffix " ya " is changed into " eyya ".
Examples :-
Kara + anya = karaya,* ought to be done
P + anya = pnya, fit to be drunk, (water)
134
Pja + anya = pjanya, worthy of offering
Su + anya = savanya, fit to be heard
D + ya + eyya = deyya, fit to be given
Gha + ya = (gahya, becomes) gayha, fit to be taken
+ya + eyya = eyya, ought to be known, should be
understood
P + ya + eyya = peyya, ought to be drunk, drinkable
* After " r " the dental " n " is changed into cerebral " ".
Som
Some irregu
regul
gular fo
forms:-
Bhuji + ya = bhojja, fit to be eaten, edible
Mada + ya = majja, fit for intoxication, intoxicating
Khda + ya = khajja, edible
Garaha + ya = grayha, blamable
Vada + ya = vajja, fit to be said, (fault)
Yuja + ya = yogga, suitable
7. " I " and " ana " are affixed to roots in the sense of disposed to, in the habit of. The initial vowel
undergoes vuddhi substitute.
Examples :-
Brahma cara + = brahmacr, one who is in the habit of leading a noble life
(celibate).
Dhamma vada + = dhammavd, one who is in the habit of expounding the
Doctrine.
Sacca vada + = saccavd, one who is disposed o speak the truth, truthful.
Sdhu sla + = sdhusl, good-natured one
Ppa kara + = ppakr, evil-doer, one who is disposed to evil
Kudha + ana = kodhana, disposed to anger, angry
Bhsa + ana = bhsana, garrulous
Ghusa + ana = ghosana, sounding, noisy
Kampa + ana = kampana, shaky
135
8. The infinitives, which are also treated as verbal derivatives formed by adding " tu " to the roots, are
compounded with " kama " in the sense of desirous of , wishing by dropping their niggahita.
The Desideratives thus formed are declined like compound words.
Examples :-
Bhujitu kma = bhujitukma, wishing to eat
bhujitukmena, by one who wishes to eat
bhujitukmassa, to one who wishes to eat
Gantu kma = gantukma, desirous of going, wishing to go
Pacitu kma = pacitukma. wishing to cook
Ktu kma = kattukma, wishing to do
It should be understood that infinitives and all kinds of participles which have already been dealt
with, are also treated as kitakas.
Exe
Exercise xxiii
xxiii
A
1. " Ki dado balado hoti - ki dado hoti vaado.
Ki dado sukhado hoti - ki dado hoti cakkhudo? "
2. " Annado balado hoti - vatthado hoti vaado
Ynado sukhado hoti - dpado hoti cakkhudo. "
3. Maggo atthi maggiko natthi, gamana atthi
gamako natthi, kamma atthi krako natthi.
4. " Dhammapti sukha seti. "
5. " Dhammacr sukha seti - asmi loke paramhi ca. "
6. " Sabbappassa akaraa "
7. " Ppna akaraa sukha ".
8. Sabbadna dhammadna jinti
Sabba rasa dhammarasa jinti,
Sabba rati dhammarati jinti,
Tahakkhayo sabbadukkha janti. "
9. Yo svako kyena v vcya v cetas v kicipi ppa kamma na karoti so hoti Dhammadharo,
Dhammavd.
10. Tava thutiy me payojana natthi.
136
11. Saccavdino sad pjany honti.
12. Sampattivipattsu akampanacitto hohi.
13. Sdhusl svak dhammasavanatthya gantukm nagarato nikkhamisu.
14. Bhsanadrak paitehi grayh honti.
B
1. By the destruction of lust, hatred and ignorance one obtains deliverance.
2. This potter is making iron vessels.
3. Evil-doers and well-doers should be known by their actions.
4. The expounders of the Doctrine should be reverenced by all.
5. Of what use is his praise to the disciples?
6. I do not know his going or coming.
7. There is medicine for bodily diseases but not for mental diseases.
8. The coach-builder wishing to make a chariot felled* the tallest tree in his garden.
9. Who knows that our death will come tomorrow.
10. By his gait I know that he is a good-natured person.
11. The speech of truthful persons should be heard.
12. This garland-maker is not an evil-doer.
13. No evil action should be done in thought, word, or deed by expounders of Truth.
14. The supporters wishing to go to hear the Doctrine approached the disciples who were reverenced by
them.
* Use the causal of pata, to fall (ptesi).
Table of Contents
137
Lesson
sson XXIV
RULES OF SANDHI (Comb
(Combi
mbinat
nations)
By Sandhi* is meant the combination of two letters that come in immediate contact with each other.
This combination may take place by elision, substitution, augment, etc.
* Formed of " sa ", together, with " dh " to join.
In Pi there are three classes of Sandhi, viz :-

1. Sara sandhi Vow
Vowel Comb
Combin
mbina
inations
tions,
ons
2. Vyajana sandhi Conson
Consonan
sonant
ant Comb
Combin
mbina
inations
tions,
ons and
3. Niggahita () sandhi Niggah
Niggahit
ahita
ita Comb
Combin
mbina
inations
tions.
ons
1. Sar
Sara sandhi
andhi Vow
Vowel Comb
Combin
mbina
inations
tions
1. When two vowels come together, the preceding vowel is often dropped. e.g.,
Loka - agga = Lokagga, chief of the world
Pa - indriya = paindriya, faculty of wisdom
Tni - imni = tnimni, these three
Sabbo - eva = sabbeva, verily all
2. Sometimes the following vowel is dropped, if it is preceded by a dissimilar vowel. e.g.,

Chy - iva = chyva, like a shadow
Iti - api = itipi, such indeed
Pto - eva = ptova, early morning
3. When the preceding dissimilar vowel is dropped, the following " i " and" u " short or long, are
substituted by " e " and " o " respectively. e.g.,
Upa - eto = Upeto constituted
Suriya - udaya = suriyudayu, suriyodaya, sunrise
4. When the preceding vowel is dropped, the following vowel is sometimes lengthened. e.g.,
138
Buddha - anussati = Buddhnussati, reflection on the Buddha
Gacchmi - iti = gacchmti, that I go
Bahu - upakro = bahpakro, very helpful
Sace - aya = sacya, if this
Idni - aha = idnha, now I
5. Sometimes the preceding vowel is lengthened when the following vowel is dropped. e.g.,
Lokassa - iti = lokassti, thus to the world
Vi - atikkama = vtikkama, transgression
Sdhu - iti = sdhti, thus good
Jvitahetu - api = jvitahetpi, even for the sake of life
6. When te, me, ye are followed by a vowel, " y " is sometimes substituted for their final " e ". e.g.,
Me - aya = myaya, myya, this by me
Te - aha = tyaha, tyha, I to thee
Ye - assa = yyassa, yyssa, those to him
7. When " i ", " " and " u ", " o " are followed by a dissimilar vowel * " y " and " v "are sometimes
substituted for them respectively. e.g.,
Vi - kato = vykato, proclaimed
Su - gata = svgata, welcome
Anu - eti = anveti, follows
Ko - attho = kvattho, what good
So - aya = svaya, svya, he this
* For instance a and are similar vowels, a and i are dissimilar vowels.
8. " Ti " of ati, iti, and pati, when followed by a vowel, is sometimes changed into " cc ". e.g.,
Ati - anta = accanta, exceedingly
Ati - eti = acceti, surpasses
Ati - odto = accodto, very white
Iti - eta = icceta, thus that
Pati - harati = paccharati, brings back
9. Abhi, followed by a vowel is sometimes changed into " abbha ". e.g.,
139
Abhi - uggato = ubbhuggato, arose
10. " Adhi ", followed by a vowel, is sometimes changed into " ajjha ". e.g.,
Adhi - gama = ajjhgama, attained
11. Sometimes " t, d, n, m, y, r, , v " are inserted before a vowel. e.g.,

Ajja - agge = ajjatagge, from to-day
Atta - attha = attadattha, self-good
Ito - yati = itonyati, comes from here
Idha - hu = idhamhu, here they say
So - eva = soyeva, he himself
Ni - antara = nirantara, without an interval, intermittent
Cha - abhi = chaabhi, six kinds of higher knowledge
Ti - agika = tivagika, three factors
2. Vya
Vya
yajan
jana Sandhi - Consona
onsonant
onant Combi
ombina
binat
nations
ions
1. The vowel preceding a consonant is sometimes lengthened. e.g.,
Te - assa = tyssa, those to him
Municare = muncare, the sage would wander
Su - akkhto = svkkhto, well-expounded
Jyati soko = jyatsoko, grief arises
2. Sometimes the vowel preceding a consonant is shortened. e.g.,

Yadi v svake = yadivasvake, or if towards the disciples
Tah - khayo = tahakkhayo, destruction (of) craving
3. Before a consonant the final " o " of the pronominal stems " eta " and " ta " is changed into " a ". e.g.,
Eso dhammo = esa dhammo, that nature
So muni = sa muni, he (is) a sage
4. The consonant following a vowel is sometimes duplicated. e.g.,
140
A - pamdo = appamdo, diligence
Vi - a = via, conciousness
5. When an aspirated consonant is duplicated the preceding one is changed into the unaspirated form of the
same consonant. e.g.,
Ni - bhaya = nibbhaya, fearless
sa - dhammo = saddhammo, noble Doctrine
3. Niggahi
Niggahit
hita () Sandhi
Sandhi - Nigga
Niggahita
ita Combina
binati
nation
tions
ons
1. The Niggahita preceding a group consonant is changed into the nasal of that particular group; e.g.,
Ta khaa = takhaa, that instant
Sa jta = sajta, born
Ta a = taa, that knowledge
Ta hna = tahna, that place
Aha te = ahante, I to thee
Sa nipto = sannipto, union
Sa bodhi = sambodhi, enlightenment
Sa mna = sammna, honour
2. The Niggahita preceding " e " and " h " is changed into " ". Before " e " the substituted " " is
duplicated. e.g.,
Ta - eva = taeva, itself
Ta - hi = tahi, it indeed
3. The Niggahita preceding " y " is sometimes changed into " ", " y " is afterwards dropped, and the
substituted " " is duplicated. e.g.,
Sa - yamo = saamo, restraint
4. The Niggahita, followed by a vowel, is sometimes changed into " m ", and into " d " if it is affixed to "
ta " and " eta ". e.g.,
Ta - aha = tamaha, that I
Eta - avoca = etadavoca, this he said
141
5. Sometimes the Niggahita preceding a vowel is dropped. The initial vowel of the following word not
followed by a double consonant, is lengthened, and the final vowel of the preceding word is dropped.
e.g.,
Adsi aha, adsi - aha, ads - aha, adsha, I gave
Eva aha, eva - aha, evaha, evha, thus I
6. Sometimes the Niggahita preceding a consonant is also dropped. e.g.,

Buddhna - ssana = Buddhnassana, message of the Buddhas
7. Sometimes a Niggahita is inserted before a vowel or a consonant. e.g.,

Cakkhu udapdi = cakkhu udapdi, the eye arose
Ava - siro = avasiro, head downwards
8. Sometimes the vowel following a Niggahita is dropped, and the Niggahita is afterwards nasalised. e.g.,
Ida api = idampi, this too
Ki iti = kinti, what is
Cakka iva = cakkava, like a wheel
Table of Contents
142
Lesson
sson XXV
Uses of
of the
the Cases
The
The Nomi
Nomin
minati
ative Case (Pah
Paham)
1. The Nominative case, when used by itself, expresses the crude form of a word; e.g.,
naro, man,
nr, woman,
phala, fruit.
2. The subject of a verb, whether active or passive, is expressed by the Nominative; e.g., .
Purisio gacchati, man goes.
Buddhena Dhammo desiyate, the Doctrine is preached by the Buddha.
3. The complement of intransitive verbs is also expressed by the Nominative; e.g.,

So rj ahosi, he became a king;
Eso drako hoti, he is a boy.
The
The Voc
Vocati
ative case (la
(lap
lapana)
The Vocative Case is used to express the Nominative of Address; e.g.,
Putta, idhgaccha! son, come here.
Bho Gotama, O venerable Gotama!
The
The Accu
ccusati
ative Case (Du
(Dut
Dutiy)
1. The Accusative denotes the object; e.g.,
Aha lekhana likhmi, I am writing a letter.
2. Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the Accusative. e.g.,
Idha so temsa vasi, here he lived for three months.
Dvha atikkanta, two days are passed.
Yojana dgho pabbato, the mountain is one league long.
143
3. Verbs of motion take the Accusative; e.g.,
So gma gacchati, he goes to the village.
4. The prefixes " anu ", " pati ", " pari " also govern the Accusative; e.g.,
Rukkha anu, rukkha pati, rukkha parivijjotate cando the moon shines by every tree.
Yadettha ma anu siy, whatever there be here for me.
Sdhu Devdatto mtara anu, Devadatta is kind to his mother.
Anu Sriputta paav bhikkhu, monk inferior to Sariputta in wisdom.
Saccakiriya anu pavassi, it rained according to (his) act of truth.
Nadi Nerajara pati, near Neranjar river.
5. The Accusative is sometimes used adverbially; e.g.,
Rj sukha vasati, the king lives happily.
Sukha supati, sleeps happily.
Dukkha seti, lives painfully.
6. Sometimes the Accusative is used in the sense of the (a) Ablative of agent, (b) Dative, (c) Genitive, and
(d) Locative; e.g.,
a. Vin* Dhamma, without the Doctrine.
Sace ma nlapissati, if he will not speak with me.
b. Upam ma paibhti, a simile occurs to me.
c. Ta kho pana Bhagavanta, (of) that Blessed One.
d. Eka samaya Bhagav.........., on one occasion the Blessed One.
* Sometimes " Vin " governs the Nominative, Instrumental and the Ablative.
7. The root " vasa " preceded by , adhi, anu and upa governs the Accusative; e.g.,
Gma vasati, anuvasati, upavasati, lives in the village.
Vihra adhivasati, lives in the monastery.
The
The Auxi
Auxiliar
iary Case (Tat
Tatiy)
When the construction is passive the agent is expressed by this case; e.g.,
144
cariyena potthaka dyate, a book is being given by the teacher.
Tena kata kamma, the action done by him.
The
The Ins
Instrum
rument
ental Case (Karaa)
1. The means or the instrument by which an action is done is expressed by the Instrumental Case; e.g:,
Hatthena kamma karoti, he does the work with his hand.
Cakkhun passma, we see with our eye.
ena sukha labhati, one obtains happiness by means of wisdom.
2. The Instrumental is also used to express-
(a) Cause and reason; e.g.,
Vijjya vasati, through knowledge he lives.
Kamman vasalo hoti, by action one becomes an outcast.
(b) Bodily defects; e.g.,

Akkhin ko, blind in one eye.
(c) A characteristic attribute; e.g.,

Vaena abhirpo, beautiful in appearance.
Gottena Gotamo, Gotama by clan.
Sippena naakro, a basket-maker by profession.
(d) The length of time and space within which an action is accomplished; e.g.,
Ekamsena gacchmi, I shall go in a month.
Yojanena gacchati, goes by a league.
(e) The price at which a thing is bought or sold; e.g.,

Satena kta, bought for a hundred.
(f) The idea of resemblance, equality, rejoicing, deficiency, proficiency, need, use, etc.; e.g.,
145
Pitar sadiso, like the father.
Mtar samo, equal to the mother.
Kahpaena no, deficit of a farthing, less by a farthing.
Dhanena hno, destitute of wealth.
Vcya nipuo, proficient in speech.
Main attho. in need of a jewel.
(g) The conveyance or the part of the body on which a thing is carried; e.g.,
Ssena bhra vahati, carries the burden on his head.
3. The indeclinables saha, saddhi - with, accompanied by; ala - enough, what use; ki - what, also
governs the Instrumental ; e.g.,
" Nisdi Bhagav saddhi bhikkhusaghena ", the Blessed One sat with the multitude of Bhikkhus.
Bhtar saha, together with his brother.
Ala te idha vsena, what is the use of your staying here?
Ki me dhanena, of what use is wealth to me?
4. Sometimes the Instrumental is used adverbially; e.g.,

Sukhena vasati, lives happily.
5. The Instrumental is sometimes used in the sense of (a) Accusative, (b) Ablative, and (c) Locative, e.g.,
Tilehi khette vapati, he sows gingili in the field.
a. Attanva attna, sammannati, he chooses himself.
b. Sumutt maya tena mahsamaena, we are wholly released from that great ascetic.
c. Tena samayena, at that time.
The
The Dativ
tive Case (Ca
(Catutt
tutth
tth)
1. The Dative Case is used to express the person or thing to whom or to which something is given; e.g.,
Ycakna dna deti, he gives alms to the beggars.
Kyassa bala deti, he gives strength to the body.
146
2. The roots ruca, to please, and dhara, to bear or hold, govern the dative of the person pleased, or held;
e.g.,
Samaassa rucate sacca, the truth is pleasing to the ascetic.
Devadattassa suvaacchatta dhrayate, he holds a golden parasol for Devadatta.
3. Verbs implying anger, jealousy, praise, blame, curse, and others having the same sense govern the
dative of the person against whom such a feeling is directed; e.g.,
Tassa kujjha, mahvra, be angry with him, O great hero!
Devpi tesa pihayanti, even the Devas hold them dear.
Dujjan guavantna usyanti, the evil are jealous of the virtuous.
Buddhassa silghate, he praises the Buddha.
Nindanti bahubhnina, they blame the garrulous.
Mayh sapate, he curses me.
4. The indirect object of verbs such as telling, proclaiming, teaching, preaching, sending, writing, etc. is
put in the Dative Case; e.g.,
Te vejjassa kathayisu, they told it to the doctor.
Arocaymi vo Bhikkhave, I declare to you, O Bhikkhus
Satth Bhikkhna Dhamma deseti, the Teacher is preaching the Doctrine to the Bhikkhus.
So tassa lekhana pahii, he sent a letter to him.
5. The purpose for which anything is done, the result to which anything leads, and the reason for which
anything exists, are also expressed by the Dative; e.g.,
Yuddhya gacchti, he goes to war.
Nibbnya savattati, is conducive to Nibbana.
Caratha bhikkhave crika bahu-janahitya, bahu-janasukhya, go ye forth, O Bhikkhus, for the
good and happiness of the many.
Atthya me bhavissati, it will be for my good.
6. The words hita, good, attha, good, need, payojana, use, and indeclinables like ala, ki, namo,
svgata, govern the Dative; e.g.,
147
lokassa hita, good for the world.
Dhanena me attho, I am in need of wealth.
ena te ki payojana, of what use is wisdom to you?
Ala mallo mallassa, a warrior is fit for a warrior.
Namo sammsambuddhassa, praise be to the Fully Enlightened One.
Svgata te mahrja, welcome to you, O king!
Svatthi hotu sabbasattna, blessing to all beings.
Sotthi te hotu sabbad, may happiness ever be to you!
7. Sometimes the place to which the motion is directed is put in the Dative; e.g.,
Appo saggya gacchati, few go to heaven.
The
The Abl
Ablativ
tive Case (Paca
Pacam.)
1. The Ablative Case is principally used to denote the place or object from which motion or separation
takes place; e.g.,
Nagar niggato rj, the king departed from the city.
Rukkhasm phalni patanti, fruits fall from the tree.
Assasm patmi, I fall from the horse.
2. The Ablative is used to express the person or thing from whom or from which something is originated,
produced, caused, learnt, received, released, etc.; e.g.,
Pabbatehi nadiyo pabhavanti, rivers originate from mountains.
Urasm jto putto, the son born from the breast.
Ubhato sujto, well-born from both sides.
Kmato jyati soko, grief arises from passion.
Corasm bhaya uppajjati, fear arises from thieves.
cariyamh ugguhma, we learn from the teacher.
Siss cariyehi pakra labhanti, pupils receive gifts from their teachers.
Dukkh pamucantu, may they be freed from pain!
Mutto mrabandhan, released from the bondage of the Evil One.
3. That which one desires to Protect and whose sight one desires to avoid, are also put in the Ablative
Case; e.g.,
148
Kke rakkhanti taul, lit. they guard crows from rice.
Ppa citta nivraye, one should protect the mind from evil.
Mt pithi antaradhyati putto, the son disappears from the parents.
4. The place or time from which another place or time is measured is expressed by the Ablative. The
distance in space is put in the Locative or in the Nominative, and that in time is put in the Locative;
e.g.,
Nagarasm catusu yojanesu araa, the forest is four leagues from the city.
Gmasm rmo yojana, the monastery is one league from the village.
Imamh msasm pacamse atikkhante, when five months have elapsed from this.
Ito kappasahasse, thousand Kappas hence.
5. Some prefixes and indeclinables also govern the Ablative; e.g.,

" ", as far as - pabbat khetta, as far as the rock is the field.
" Apa ", away from - apa slya yanti, they come from the hall.
" Pati", like, in exchange for - Buddhasm pati Sriputto, like the Buddha is Sriputta.
Ghatamasssa telasm patidadti, he gives him ghee in exchange for oil.
" Pari ", away from, without - Paripabbat devo vassati, it rains except on the mountain.
" adho ", below - adhar adho, below the hip.
" Nn ", different - te Bhikkh nn-kul, those monks from different families.
" Rite ", without - rite saddhamm kuto sukha, where is happiness without the
noble Doctrine?
" Vin ", without - vin dhamm, without the Doctrine.
" Uddha ", above - uddha pdatal, upward from the sole of the feet.
" Upari ", above - Upari gagya, above the river.
" Yva", as far as - yva brahmalok, as far as the Brahma realm.
6. The Ablative is also used to denote comparison; e.g.,

Dnato slameva vara, morality is indeed higher than liberality.
Slameva sut seyyo, morality is nobler than learning.
7. The Ablative is sometimes used in the sense of the (a) instrumental and (b) Locative; e.g.,
149
(a). " Slato na pasasanti, " they Praise him on account of morality.
Bhava-paccay jti, birth is conditioned by action.
Sakhranirodh avijj nirodho, the cessation of ignorance results from the cessation of
activities.
(b) Puratthimato, from the east.
8. Sometimes the (a) Accusative and the (b) Genitive are used in the sense of the Ablative; e.g.,
(a) Ki krana, by what reason?
(b) Ta kissa hetu, by what cause?
9. Sometimes the Ablative is used after abstract nouns formed from past participles in the sense of
because of; on account of; e.g.,
Kammassa kaatt, by reason of having done the action.
Ussannatt, on account of having arisen.
The
The Genit
eniti
itive Case (Cha
(Chah
hi)
1. The Genitive Case is generally used to denote the possessor; e.g.,
Buddhassa dhammo, Buddhas Doctrine.
Rukkhassa chy, the shadow of the tree.
2. The Genitive is also used to denote the relationship between two objects; e.g.,
Pupphna rsi, heap of flowers.
Bhikkhna samho, multitude of monks.
Meghassa saddo, sound of thunder.
Suvaassa vao, colour of gold.
Pdassa ukkhepana, raising of the foot.
Lokassa hito, the good of the world.
3. Persons or things over which kingship, lordship, teachership, superiority, etc. are expressed are also put
in the Genitive Case; e.g.,
150
Narna indo, king of men.
Manussna adhipati, chief of men.
Satth deva-manussna, teacher of gods and men.
4. When a person or thing is distinguished from a group the word implying the group is put in the Genitive
or Locative; e.g.,
Buddho seho manussna, the Buddha is the chief of men.
Imesa draknan, or (imesu drakesu) eso pahamo, he is the first of these boys.
Etesa phalna eka gaha, take one of those fruits.
5. Words implying skill, Proficiency, likeness, similarity, distance, nearness, under, above, etc. govern the
Genitive; e.g.,
DhammDhammassa kovido, skill in knowing the right and wrong.
Kusal naccagtassa, skilled in dancing and singing.
Gmassa (v gmato) avidure, not far from the village.
Nibbnassa santike, in the presence of Nibbna.
Nagarassa sampe, near the city.
Tassa Purato, in his presence.
Heh chyya, under the shade.
Heh, macassa, under the bed.
Tassopari, above it; jnumaalna upari, above the knees.
Pitussa tulyo, similar to the father.
Mtu-sadiso, like the mother.
6. The Genitive is also used with superlatives and words having the same sense; e.g.,
Dhammna caturo pad seh, of things the four Truths are the highest.
Sabbesa sattna Buddho uttamo, the Buddha is the highest of all men.
Danto seho manussna, a self-controlled person is the best of men.
7. Sometimes the Genitive is used in the sense of the (a) Accusative, (b) Auxiliary, (c) Instrumental, (d)
Ablative, (e) Locative; e.g.,
(a) Amatassa dt, giver of immortality.
Ppna akaraa sukha, it is happy not to do evil.
151
(b) Rao pjito, reverenced by the king.
(c) Patta odanassa pretv, filling the bowl with food.
(d) Sabbe bhyanti maccuno, all are afraid of death.
Bhto catunna sivisna, frightened of the four snakes.
(e) Divasassa tikkhattau, thrice a day.
Bhagavato pasann, pleased with the Blessed One.
The
The Loc
Locati
ative Case (Sat
Sattam)
1. The Locative Case denotes the place or time where anything is or happens; e.g.,
Manuss gharesu vasanti, men live in houses.
Thliya odana pacati, he cooks rice in a pot.
Khresu jala, there is water in milk.
2. The Locative denotes also the time when an action takes place; e.g.,
Tasmi samaye, at that time.
Syahasamaye gato, he came in the afternoon.
Phussamsamh tsu msesu veskhamso, three months from Phussa month is the month of
Veskha.
Ito satasahassamhi kappe, one hundred thousand aeons hence.
3. The reason is sometimes expressed by the Locative; e.g. ,

Dpi cammesu haate, the tigers are killed on account of their skin.
Musvde pcittiya, one commits a pcittiya offence, there is a pcittiya with
regard to a lie or through falsehood.
4. The group or class from which a person or thing is distinguished or separated is put in the Locative; e.g.,
Manussesu khattiyo sratamo, the warrior is the bravest of men.
Addhikesu dhvato sghatamo, the runner is the fastest of travellers.
yasm nando arahantesu aataro, Venerable nanda is one of the Arahants.
152
5. The Locative or the Genitive is used with words " adhipati ", lord; " dyda ", heir; " issara ", lord;
" kusala ",skill; " patibh ",bail; " pasuta ", born of; " sakkhi ", witness; & " smi ", master; e.g.,
Lokasmi or (lokassa) adhipati, lord of the world.
Kammasmi or (kammassa) dydo, heir of action.
Pahaviya or (pahaviy) issaro, lord of the earth.
Gtasmi or (gtassa) kusalo, skill in singing.
Dassanasmi or (dassanassa) paibh, surety for appearance.
Gosu or (gava) pasuto, born of cows.
Adhikaraasmi or (adhikaraassa) sakkhi, witness in a case.
Dhammasmi or (Dhammassa) smi, master of Truth.
6. The Locative is used with the words " sdhu ", good, kind; " nipua ", proficient, skilful; and words
having the sense of "being pleased with, angry with, contented with, being addicted to"; etc., and with
prefixes " adhi " and " upa ", in the sense of exceeding, or master of; e.g.,
Paya sdhu, good in wisdom.
Mtari sdhu, kind towards the mother.
Vinaye nipuo, proficient in discipline.
Bhagre niyutto, attached to the treasury.
Dhamme gravo, reverence towards the Dhamma.
Buddhe pasanno, being pleased with the Buddha.
Appakasmi tuho, being contented with little.
Ksirae na kuppmi, I am not angry with the Ksi king.
Adhi devesu Buddho, the Buddha is superior to the gods.
Upanikkhe kahpaa, a Kahpaa is greater than Nikkha.
7. Sometimes the Locative is used in the sense of the (a) Nominative, (b) Accusative, (c) Instrumental (d)
Dative, and (e) Ablative; e.g.,
(a) Idampissa hoti slasmi, this also is his virtue
(b) Bhsu gahetv, taking the hands.
Bhikkhsu abhivadanti, salute the monks.
(c) Sama pattesu piya caranti, the ascetics go for alms with their bowls.
(d) Sanghe, Gotami, dehi, O Gotami, give to the Sangha.
(e) Kadalsu gaje rakkhanti, lit. they protect the elephants from the plantain trees.
153
The
The Genit
eniti
itive and the Loca
ocative
ive Abs
Absolutes
The Nominative Absolute in English and the Ablative Absolute in Latin are expressed by the Genitive
and Locative Absolutes in Pi. .
(a) When the subject of a participle is different from the subject of the verb it is put in the Locative
Absolute and the participle is made to agree with it in gender, number and case.
(b) If the subject of the participle is the same as that of the finite verb this construction is not used.
(c) Mayi gate so gato, he came when I had gone.
Bhikkhusaghesu bhojiyamnesu gato, he went when the multitude of monks were being fed.
Sabbe magg vivajjenti gacchante lokanyake, when the leader of the world goes, all turn away from
the path.
This construction corresponds to the Nominative Absolute in English and Ablative Absolute in
Latin.
(d) Aha gacchanto tena saddhi na sallapi, as I was going I did not speak with him.
When disregard is to be shown the Genitive Absolute is often used. Sometimes the Locative
Absolute is also used.
Mtpitunna rudantna pabbaji or mtpitsu rudantesu pabbaji, he renounced disregarding
his weeping parents, i.e., he renounced in spite of or not withstanding the weeping of his parents.
(though his parents were weeping, he went forth into homelessness.)
The same construction may be used in the sense of as soon as; no sooner than, by compounding "
eva " with the participle; e.g.,
Tayi gate yeva so gato, he went as soon as you came, or he went just as you had come.
Table of Contents
154
Lesson
sson XXVI
Pas
Passive
ive Voi
Voice
There are different endings, for the Passive Voice. Sometimes the endings of the Active Voice are
also used in the sense of the Passive.
In forming the Passive Voice " ya " is added between the root and the endings. If the roots end in " a "
and " ", they are often changed into " ".
Examples :-
Rakkha - ya - te = rakkhyate
D - ya - te = dyate
N - ya - te = nyate
Su - ya - te = syate
Paca - ya - te = pacayate = paccate
Present
ent Tens
ense (Vattamn
mn)
SING. PLU.
3. te ante paccate paccante
2. se vhe paccase paccavhe
1. e mhe pacce paccamhe
Aor
Aorist (Ajj
Ajjatan
an)
SING. PLU.
3. apacc, pacc apacc, pacc
2. se vha apaccise, paccise apaccivha, paccivha
1. a mhe apacca, pacca apaccimhe, paccimhe
155
Per
Perfect Ten
Tense (Hy
Hyatta
ttan)
SING. PLU.
3. ttha tthu apaccattha apaccatthu
2. se vha apaccase apaccavha
1 I mhase apacci apaccamhase
Bened
enedi
edictiv
tive (Paca
Pacam)
SING. PLU.
3. ta anta paccata paccanta
2. ssu vho paccassu paccavho
1. e mase pacce paccmase
Subjun
Subjunc
junctiv
tive or Condi
Condit
onditiona
onal (Sat
Sattam)
SING. PLU.
3. etha era paccetha paccera
2. etho eyyavho paccetho pacceyyavho
1. eyya eyymhe pacceyya pacceyymhe
Futu
Futur
ture Tens
ense (Bhav
(Bhavis
aviss
issanti
nti)
SING. PLU.
3. ssate ssante paccissate paccissante
2. ssase ssavhe paccissase paccissasvhe
1. ssa ssmhe paccissa paccissmhe
(Parokkh and Kltipatti are not treated in this book.)
156
Conjug
Conjuga
jugation
tion of " h ", to be
Present
ent Tens
ense
SING. PLU.
3. hoti honti
2. hosi hotha
1. homi homa
Aor
Aorist (Ajj
Ajjatan
an)
SING. PLU.
3. ahosi, ah ahesu
2. ahosi ahosittha
1. ahosi,ahu ahosimh, ahumh
Futu
Futur
ture Tens
ense (Bhav
(Bhavis
aviss
issani)
ni)
SING. PLU.
3. hessati, hehi hessanti
2. hessasi hessatha
1. hessmi hessma
Impe
mperativ
tive (Paca
Pacam)
SING. PLU.
3. hotu hontu
2. hohi hotha
1. homi homa
157
Condit
Conditi
itiona
onal (Sat
Sattam)
SING. PLU.
3. heyya heyya
2. heyysi heyytha
1. heyymi heyyma, heyya
Futu
Futur
ture Tens
ense (Bhav
(Bhavis
aviss
issanti
nti)
SING. PLU.
3. hessati, hehiti hessanti, hehinti
2. hessasi, hehisi hessatha, hehitha
1. hessmi, hehmi hessma, hehma
Per
Perfect (Hy
Hyatta
ttani)
SING. PLU.
3. ahuv ahuv, ahuvu
2. ahuvo ahuvattha.
1. ahuva ahuvamha
Conjug
Conjuga
jugation
tion of " asa ", to be
Present
ent
SING. PLU.
3. atthi santi
2. asi attha
1. asmi, amhi asma, amha
158
Aor
Aorist
SING. PLU.
3. si sisu, su
2. si sittha
1. si simha
Impe
mperative
tive
SING. PLU.
3. atthu santu
2. hi attha
1. asmi asma
Condit
Conditi
itional
SING. PLU.
3. siy, assa siyu, assu
2. assa assatha
1. assa assma
Table of Contents
159
SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION
I
BUDDHENIY VATTHU
Story
tory of
of Buddhen
Buddheni
eni
Jambudpe kira pubbe paliputtanagare sattsti-koi-nihita-dhana eka sehi-kula ahosi. Tassa

pana sehino ek yeva dht ahosi -nmena Buddhen nma. Tassa satta-vassika-kle mt-pitaro
klamakasu. Tasmi kule sabba spateyya tass yeva ahosi.
S kira abhirp psdik paramya vaapokkharatya samanngat devacchar-paibhg piy ca
ahosi manp saddh pasann ratanattayammik paivasati. Tasmi pana nagare sehisenpati -
uparjdayo ta attano pdaparikatta kmayamn manusse pesesu pakrehi saddhi. S ta
sutv cintesi :- mayha mtpitaro sabba vibhava pahya mat. Maypi tath gantabba. Ki me
patikulena. Kevala citta-vinsya bhavati. May panima dhana Buddha-ssane yeva nidahitu
vaatti cintesi. Cintetv ca pana tesa mayha patikulenatthoti paikkhipi.
S tato pahya mahdna pavattent samaa-brhmae santappesi.
Athparabhge eko assa-vijako assa-vijjya pubbantparanta gacchanto gamma imasmi
gehe nivsa gahi. Atha so vijo ta disv dhtu-sineha patihpetv gandha-ml - vatth -
lakrdhi tass upakrako hutv gamanakle - "Amma etesu assesu tava ruccanaka assa gahh"
ti ha.
Spi asse oloketv eka sindhavapotaka disv "eta me deh " ti ha.
Vijo - "Amma eso sindhavapotako. Appamatt hutv paijaggh " ti vatv ta paipdetv
agamsi.
Spi ta paijaggamn ksa - gm - bhva atv sammpaijaggant eva cintesi -
puakaraassa me sahyo laddhoti agatapubb ca me Bhagavato sakala mrabala vidhmetv
Buddhabhtassa Jaya-mah Bodhi-bhmi. Yannnha tattha gantv Bhagavato Jayamah-bodhi
vandeyyanti cintetv bah rajata-suvaa-mldayo krpetv ekadivasa assam abhiruyha ksena
gantv bodhi-mlake hatv - gacchantu ayya suvaaml pjetunti ugghosesi - tenettha:
160
Yato pahyaha Buddha - ssane suddha-mnas
Pasunn tena saccena - mamanuggaha-buddhiy
gacchantu namassantu - bodhi pjentu sdhuka
Soamlhi Sambuddha - putt ariyasvak
Sutv ta vacana ayy - bah Slavsino
gamma nabhas tattha - vandisu ca mahisu ca.
Tato-ppabhuti s kumrik Buddha-ssane atva pasann niccameva assamabhiruyha gantv ariyehi
saddhi Mahbodhi suvaamlbhi pjetv gacchati.
Atha Paliputta-nagaropavane vanacar tassa abhiha gacchantiy ca gacchantiy ca
rpasampatti disv rao kathesu. "Mahrja, evarp kumrik assamabhiruyha gantv nibandha
vanditv gacchati. Devassnura aggamahesi bhavitun " ti.
Rj ta sutv "Tena hi bhane gahatha na kumri Mama aggamahesi karom" ti, purise
payojesi.
Tena payutt puris Bodhi-pja katv gacchanti gahmti tattha niln gahaa-sajj ahasu.
Tad s kumrik assamabhiruyha Mah-Bodhimaa gantv vtargehi saddhi pupphapja katv
vanditv nivatti. Atha tesu eko Dhammarakkhitatthero nma tass evamha: "Bhagini, tva antarmagge
cor gahitukm hit. Asukhahna patv appamatt sgha gacch" ti.
S pi gacchant ta hna patv corehi anubandhit assassa pahiy saa datv pakkami. Cor
pacchato pacchato anubandhisu. Asso vega janetv ksamullanghi. Kumrik vega sandhretu
asakkont assassa pihito parigilitv patant -may katpakra sara puttti ha. So patanti disv vegena
gantv pihiya nisdpetv ksato netv sakahne yeva patihpesi. Tasm
Tiracchnagat peva - sarant upakraka
Na jahantti mantvna - kata hontu pnino.
Tato s kumrik sattstikoi - dhana Buddhassane yeva vapitv yvajva sla rakkhitv tato
cut suttappabuddho viya devaloke nibbatti.
Atitaruavay bho mtugmpi eva
Vividhakusalakamma katv sagga vajanti
Kusalaphalamahanta maamn bhavant
Bhavatha kathamupekk dnamndikamme.
161
II
PNY
NYADINNASSA VATTHU
Story
tory of
of the
the Giver
Giver of Water
Jambudpe aatarasmi janapade kireko manusso rahato raha janapadato janapada vicaranto
anukkamena Candabhg-nadtra patv nva abhiruhitv paratra gacchati. Athpara gabbhinitth
tya evanvya gacchati. Atha nv gag-majjh-patta-kle tassa kammaja vt calisu. Tato s
vijyitumasakkont klant pnya me detha pipsitmh ti manusse yci. Te tass vacana asuant
viya pnya ndasu. Atha so jnapadiko tassa karuyanto pnya gahetv mukhe sici. Tasmi
khae s laddhsss sukhena draka vijyi. Atha te tra patv katipaya-divasena attano attano hna
ppuisu. Athparabhge so jnapadiko aatara-kicca paicca tass itthiy vasana-ghara patv
tattha tattha hianto nivsanana alabhitv nagaradvre sla gantv tattha nipajji.
Tasmi yeva divase cor nagara pavisitv rjagehe sandhi chinditv dhanasra gahetv
gacchant rjapurisehi anubaddh gantv t yeva slya chaetv palyisu. Atha rjapuris gantv
ta jnapadika disv -aya coroti gahetv pacchbha gha bandhitv puna-divase rao
dassesu.
Ra "Kasm bhae, corakammaks" ti pucchito
"Nha, deva, coro, gantukomhi" ti vutte, rj core pariyesitv alabhanto ayameva coro ima
mrethti npesi.
Rjapurisehi ta gha bandhitv ghtahna nette s itth ta tatha nyamna disv
sajnitv kampamna haday muhuttena rao santika gantv vanditv, "deva eso na coro gantuko,
muccatheta, devti" ha. Rj tss katha asaddhahanto yajjeta mocetumicchasi tassagghanaka
dhana datv mucpehti.
S "smi mama gehe dhana natthi. Api ca me satta-puttehi saddhi ma dsi karohi. Eta
muca dev" ti ha.
162
III
DUGGATASSA DNA
A Pauper
Pauper
ers Char
harity
Ahosi duggato pubbe - Brasi-puruttame

Dna denti nar tattha - nimantetvna bhikkhavo
Jvanto bhatiy soha - dna dente mahjane
Tuhahahe pamudite - eva cintesaha tad
Samuppaa-vatthlakr - dna dent ime jan
Paratthapi pahahva - sampattimanubhonti te
Buddhuppdo aya dni - dhammo loke pavattati
Susldni vattanti - dakkhieyy jinoras
Avahitova sasro - apy khalu prit
Kalya-vimukh satt - kma gacchanti duggati
Idni dukkhito hutv - jvmi kasirenaha
Daiddo kapao dno - appabhogo aniyo
Idni bja ropemi - sukhette sdhu-sammate
Appeva nma tenha - parattha sukhito siy
Iti cintiya bhikkhitv - bhati katvna nekadh
Maapa tattha kretv - nimantetvna bhikkhavo
ysena ads aha - pysa amat yaso
Tena kammavipkena - devaloke manorame
Jtomhi dibbakmehi - modamno anekadh
Dghyuko vaavanto - tejasca ahosaha.
163
IV
SUMANDEVIY VATTHU
Story
tory of
of Sum
Suman
an Devi
evi
Svatthiya hi devasika Anthapiikassa gehe dve Bhikkhu-sahassni bhujanti; tath Viskhya

mahupsikya. Svatthiya ca yo yo dna dtukmo hoti so so tesa ubhina oksa labhitvva
karonti. Ki kra? Tumhka dnagga Anthapiiko v Viskh v gatti pucchitv ngatti
vutte satasahassa vissajjetv katadnampi ki dna nmetanti garahanti.
Ubhopi te Bhikkhusaghassa ruci ca anucchavikakiccni ca ativiya jnanti. Tesu vicrentesu
bhikkh cittarpa bhujanti. Tasm sabbe dna dtukm te gahetvva gacchanti. Iti te attano ghare
bhikkh parivisitu na labhanti.
Tato Viskh "ko nu kho mama hne hatv bhikkhusagha parivisissat" ti upadhrent puttassa
dhtara disv ta attano hne hapesi. S tass nivesane bhikkhusagha parivisati. Anthapiikopi
Mahsubhadda nma jehadhtara hapesi. S bhikkhna veyyvacca karont dhamma suant
sotpann hutv patikula agamsi. Tato Cullasubhadda hapesi. Spi tattheva karont sotpann
hutv patikula gat. Atha Sumandevi nma kaihadhtara hapesi. S pana Sakadgmiphala
patv kumrikva hutv tathrpena aphsukhena tur hrupaccheda katv pitara dahukm hutv
pakkospesi. So ekasmi dnagge tassa ssana sutvva gantv - "Ki amma Sumane?"ti ha. Spi
na ha- "Ki tta kiihabhtik"ti.
"Vippalapasi, amma?"
"Na vippalapmi, kaihabhtik" ti.
"Bhyasi, amm"ti.
"Na bhymi, kaihabhtik" ti.
Ettaka vatv yeva pana s klamaksi.
So Sotpannopi samno sehidhtari uppannasoka adhivsetu asakkonto Dhtu sarrakicca
kretv rodanto Satthusantika gantv "Ki gahapati dukkh dummano assumukho rudamno
upagatos"ti? vutte "Dht me bhante Sumandevi klakat" ti ha.
164
"Atha kasm socasi? Nanu sabbesa ekasika maraanti."
"Jnmeta bhante. Evarp pana me hirottappasampann dht s maraakle sati
paccupahpetu asakkont vippalamn matti me anappaka domanassa uppajjati" ti.
"Ki pana tay kathita mahsehi?"
"Aha ta bhante Amma Sumane ti mantesi. Atha na ha Ki tta kaihabhtikti. Tato
vippalpasi amm ti? Na vippalapmti kaihabhtik ti. Bhyasi amm ti? Na bhymti
kaiabhtik ti. Ettaka vatv klamkas" ti.
Atha na Bhagav ha. "Na te mahsehi dht vippalap" ti.
"Atha kasm evamh?" ti
Kaihatt yeva. Dht hi te gahapati maggaphalehi tay mahallik. Tva hi Sotpanno. Dht pana
te Sakadgmini. S maggaphalehi mahallikatt evamh" ti.
"Eva bhante!"
"Evan gahapati!"
"Idni kuhi nibbatt, bhante?"
Tusitabhavane gahapatti vutte bhante mama dht idh takna antare nandamn, vicaritv ito
gantvpi nandanahne yeva nibbatt."
Atha na satth "ma gahapati appamatt nma gahah v pabbajit v idha loke ca paraloke ca
nandanti yev"ti vatv ima gthamha.
Idha nandati pecca nandati - katapuo ubhayattha nandati
Pua me katan ti nandati - bhyyo nandati suggati gato.
165
V
SELECTIONS FROM DHAMMAPADA
Na hi verena verni - sammantdha kudcana

Averena ca sammanti - esa dhammo sanantano.
Yath agra ducchanna - vuhi samativijjhati
Eeva abhvita citta - rgo samativijjhati.
Yathgra succhanna - vuhi na samativijjhati
Eva subhvita citta - rgo na samativijjhati.
Idha socati pecca socati - ppakr ubhayattha socati
So socati so vihaati - disv kamma-kilihamattano.
Idha modati pecca modati - katapuo ubhayattha modati
So modati so pamodati - disv kamma-visuddhimattano.
Idha tappati pecca tappati - ppakr ubhayattha tappati
Ppa me katanti tappati - bhyo tappati duggati gato.
Idha nandati pecca nandati - katapuo ubhayattha nandati
Pua me katanti nandati - bhyo nandati suggati gato.
Appamdo amatapada - pamdo maccuno pada
Appamatt na myanti - ye pamatt yath mat.
Appamdena maghav - devna sehata gato
Appamda pasasanti - pamdo garahito sad.
Acira vataya kyo - pahavi adhisessati
Chuddho apeta-vio - niratthava kaigara.
Yathpi bhamaro puppha - vaagandha ahehaya
Paeti rasamdya - eva gme mun care.
Na paresa vilomni - na paresa katkata
Attanova avekkheyya - katni akatni ca.
166
Yathpi puppharsimh - kayir mlgue bah
Eva jtena maccena - kattabba kusala bahu.
Madhva maat blo - yva ppa na paccati
Yad ca paccati ppa - atha blo dukkha nigacchati.
Selo yath ekaghano - vtena na samrati
Eva nind-pasassu - na samijanti pait.
Na attahetu na parassa hetu - na puttamicche na dhana na raha
Na iccheyya adhammena samiddhimattano - sa slav paav dhammiko siy.
Yo sahassa sahassena - sagme mnuse jine
Eka ca jeyya attna - save sagmajuttamo.
Sabbe tasanti daassa - sabbe bhyanti maccuno
Attna upama katv - na haeyya na ghtaye.
Sabbe tasanti daassa - sabbesa jvita piya
Attna upama katv na haeyya na ghtaye.
Dhamma care sucarita - na ta duccarita care
Dhammacr sukha seti - asmi loke paramhi ca.
Kiccho manussa pailbho - kiccha macchna jvita
Kiccha saddhammasavaa - kiccho buddhna uppdo.
Sabbappassa akaraa - kusalassa upasampad
Sacitta pariyodapana - eta Buddhna ssana.
Yo ca Buddha ca dhamma ca - sagha ca saraa gato
Cattri ariya-saccni - sammappaya passati.
Dukkha dukkhasamuppda - dukkhassa ca atikkama
Ariyacahagika magga - dukkhpasamagmina.
Eta kho saraa khema - eta saraamuttama
Eta saraamgamma - sabbadukkh pamuccati.
Na chu na ca bhavissati - na cetarahi vijjati
Ekanta nindito poso - ekanta v pasasito.
167
Na tena paito hoti - yvat bahu bhsati
Khem avero abhayo - paitoti pavuccati.
Na tvat dhammadharo - yvat bahu bhsati
Yo ca appampi sutvna - dhamma kyena passati
Save dhammadharo hoti - yo dhamma nappamajjati.
Akata dukkata seyyo - pacch tapati dukkata
Kata ca sukata seyyo - ya katv nnutappati.
Sukha yva jar sla - sukh saddh patihit
Sukho paya pailbho - ppna akaraa sukha.
Sabbadna dhammadna jinti - sabba rasa dhammarasa jinti
Sabba rati dhammarati jinti - tahakkhayo sabba dukkha jinti.
Cakkhun savaro sdhu - sdhu sotena savaro
Ghena savaro sdhu - sdhu jivhya savaro.
Kyena savaro sdhu - sdhu vcya savaro
Manas savaro sdhu - sdhu sabbattha savaro
Sabbattha savuto bhikkhu - sabbadukkh pamuccati.
Dhammrmo dhammarato - dhamma anuvicintaya
Dhamma anussara bhikkhu - saddhamm na parihyati.
Yassa kyena vcya - manas natthi dukkata
Savuta thi hnehi - tamaha brmi brhmaa.
VI
Mano pubbagam dhamm - mano seh manomay

Manas ce paduhena - bhsati v karoti v
Tato na dukkhamanveti - cakkava vahato pada.
Mano pubbagam dhamm - manoseh manomay
Manas ce pasannena - bhsati v karoti v
Tato na sukhamanveti - chyva anapyin.
168
In pro
pros
rose for
form :-
Dhamm mano pubbagam (honti), mano seh (honti), manomay (honti), (Yo) ce paduhena
manas bhsati v karoti v, tato dukkha na anveti cakka vahato pada iva.
Dhamm mano pubbagam (honti), mano seh (honti), manomay (honti), (Yo) ce psannena
manas bhsati v karoti v, tato sukha na anveti anapyin chy iva.
Dhamm-dhara, to hold or support. suffix mma. states or conditions.
Pubbagam - pubba + + gam = going before.
Manoseh - mana + seha. -When words of the mano group are compounded with another word, the final
vowel is changed into o.
Manomay - This is a Nominal Derivative (Taddihita) formed from mana and suffix maya which
means-made of.
Paduhena - pa + dusa, to defile, pollute. This is the Perfect Participle of padusa. Here the suffix ta is
changed into ha. Comp. diha from disa, to see; naha from nasa, to perish; daha from dasa, to
sting; iha from isu, to wish.
Bhsati - Present tense of bhsa, to speak.
Karoti - Present tense of kara, to do.
Anveti - anu + eti The present tense of i, to go. Here u is changed into. v.
Cakkava Cakka + iva, This is a Sandhi formed by dropping the following vowel.
Vahato - The Genitive case of vahanta, from vaha, to carry.
Pasannena - The Perfect Participle of pa, + sada, to be Pleased. Here the suffix ta is changed into
nna. Comp. bhinna, from bhidi, to break; chinna from chidi, to cut; channa from chada, to cover.
Anapyin - Na + apyin. Here na is changed into an. Apyin is formed from apa + aya, to go.
Table of Contents
169
NOTES
II III IV V
I
Kira - An Indeclinable used in reference to a report by hearing. It seems, is said.
Nihita - pp. of ni + dh, bear. Deposited, laid aside, set apart
Klamakasu - Kla + akasu - died. Sing. Klamaksi
Spateyya - property, wealth, provisions.
Vaa-pokkharatya - beauty of complexion.
Devacchar - celestial nymph.
Ratana + ttaya + mmik - devoted to the Triple Gem.
Pdaparikatta - state of wife.
Vibhava - wealth.
Pati + kulena - husbands clan.
Kevala - only.
Tato pahya - from that time, thence forth.
Nivsa gahi - took shelter.
Potaka - colt.
Paijagghi - nourish, tend, look after.
Pua + karaassa - Dat. to one who is doing merit.
Vidhametv - having vanquished, having defeated.
Yannnha - How, if I.
Mlake - in the enclosure, yard.
Ugghosesi - shouted.
Ma + anuggaha - have compassion on me.
Soa + mlhi - with garlands of gold.
Nabhas - through the sky.
170
Mahisu - revered.
Tato + ppabhuti - from that time.
Nagara + upavane - in the wood near the city.
Nibandha - frequently.
Devassa + anurpa - suitable to the Deva (King).
Bhane - a term of address used by superiors to subordinates.
Niln - hidden.
Gahana + sajj - ready to seize.
Nivatti - stopped.
Pahiy - with the heel.
Saa + datv - giving a sign.
Vega janetv - accelerating the speed.
ksa ullaghi - rose to the sky.
Sandhretu - to bear.
Parigalitv - having glided off, slipped.
Tiracchnagat - animals.
Mantvna - considering, thinking.
Sutta-ppabuddho - risen from sleep.
Mtugm - women.
II
Janapada - country
Nad + tra - river bank.
Gabbhin + itth - pregnant woman.
Kammaja-vt - pains of childbirth.
Vijyitu-asakkont - unable to give birth.
Pipsit + amhi - I am thirsty.
171
Karuyanto - pitying.
Laddh + asss - having obtained consolation.
Katipaya - few
Paicca - on account of.
hianto - wandering.
Sandhi chinditv - making a break - broke into the house.
Pacchbha - hands on the back.
Gha bandhitv - binding tightly.
gantuko - guest, foreigner, visitor.
npesi - ordered.
ghtahna - place of execution.
Sajnitv - recognising.
Hadaya - heart.
Muhuttena - in a moment.
Asaddhahanto - not believing.
Tassa-agghaaka - its value.
III
Duggato - poor man.
Bhatiy - by wages.
Tuha-hahe - pleased and delighted.
Pamudite - rejoiced
Dakkhieyy - worthy of gifts.
Jinoras - the Sons of the Buddha.
vahito - settled.
Sasro - Existence.
Khalu - indeclinable, indeed.
172
Kalya-vimukka - opposed to good.
Kasirena - with difficulty.
Kapao - poor.
Dno - miserable.
Anhiyo - destitute.
Sdhu + sammate - regarded as good.
Maapa - hall.
ysena - with trouble.
Pysa - milk porridge.
IV
Devasika - adv. daily.
Dnagga - alms-hall.
Vutte - loc. of vutta, from vada, to speak. When said, on being said.
Garahanti - from garaha to condemn, despise.
Ruci - taste, desire, likes.
Anucchavkha-kiccni - anu + chavi - ka = according to ones skin, i.e., befitting, proper, suitable. Kiccni,
deeds, actions, duties.
Ativiya - adj. thoroughly.
Jnanti - know, from , to know, Jna is substituted for .
Tesu vicrentesu - loc. absolute. When they inquire.
Cittarpa - lit. according to the mind, i.e., as they liked or according to ones hearts content.
Parivisitu. - from pari + visa - to feed.
Upadhrenti - nom. feminine singular present participle of upa + dhara, to hold, take up. Reflecting.
hapesi - Aorist causal of h, to stand. Placed.
Veyyvacca karonti - perform duties, render service.
Sotpann - sota, stream; panna, entered. Stream - Winner, the first stage of Sainthood.
173
Patikula - husbands family.
Sakadgmiphala - Fruit of Ones - Returner, the second stage of Sainthood.
Tathrpena aphsukhena - some such illness.
tura - ill.
hrpaccheda - lit. food - cutting, i.e., starving.
Pakkospesi - Aorist causal of pa + kusa = caused to be called; summoned.
Vippalapasi - from vi + pa + lapa, to speak. Speak confusedly, babble.
Klamaksi - lit. did the time i.e., died.
Uppannasoka - arisen grief. Uppanna is the p.p. of u + pada, to go.
Adhivsetu - inf. of adhi + vasa = to bear.
Asakkonto - pres. participle of sakha, to bear. Being unable.
Sarrakicca - lit. bodily duties, i.e. funeral ceremonies, obsequies.
Kretv - Causal past participle of karu, to do.
Rodanto - pres. part. of ruda, to lament, wail.
Assumukho - assu, tears; mukha, face = tearful face.
Klakat - lit. time done i.e., dead.
Ekasika - adv. certain.
Hirottappasampann - hiri = shame, modesty; ottappa = fear; sampann = endowed with.
Paccupahpetu - inf. of pati + upa + h, to gather up.
Mat - p.p. of mara, to die.
Kathita - p.p. of katha, to speak; said, uttered, spoken.
Mahallikatt - abstract noun. Being old.
Nibbatt - p.p. .of ni + vatu born.
Pecca - Ind. p.p. of pa + i, to go. Having gone.
Katapuo - the doer of good.
Gat - p.p. of gamu = gone.
174
V
Verena - by anger.
Sammanti - are pacified - samu.
Sanantano - ancient law - Sana + suffix tana.
Agra - house.
Du + channa - ill - thatched.
Vuhi - rain.
Samativijjhati - penetrates through - sa + ati + vijjha.
Pecca - hereafter.
Kamma - kiliha - defiled actions.
Modati - rejoices - muda.

Visuddhi - purity.
Tappati - is tormented - tapa.
Myanti - die - m.
Maghav - a name given to Sakka, the king of the devas.

Pasasanti - praise - pasasa.
Garahito - is denounced, blamed - garaha + ta.
Adhisessati - will lie - adhi + si.

Chuddho - thrown away.
Apeta - vio - bereft of consciousness.
Ni + attha - useless.
175
Kaingara - charred log.
Bhamaro - bee.
Ahehaya - without injuring.
Paleti - flies - pala.
Vilomni - defects.
Avekkheyya - should reflect - ava + ikkha
Kayir - would make - kara.
Mlgue - different garlands.
Maccena - by man.
Maati - thinks - mana.
Selo - rock.
Eka - ghano - one - solid.
Vtena - by wind.
Samrati - is shaken - sa + ira.
Samiddhi - prosperity.
Sa - so, he.
Sagme - in the battle field.
Jeyya - would conquer - j.
Tasanti - tremble - tasa.

Haeyya - should kill - haa.
Ghtaye - should cause to kill - haa.
Table of Contents
176
VOCABULARY: Pal
Pali-Engl
English
B C D E G H I J K L
M N O P R S T U V Y
A
Abhibhavati - (Abhi + bh) overcomes.
Abhibh - m. conqueror.
Abhidhamma - m. Higher Doctrine.
Abhigacchati - (abhi + gamu) goes near to.
Abhijnti - (abhi + ) perceives.
Abhikkamati - (abhi + kamu) goes forward.
Abhimagala - n. great festival.
Abhimukha - facing towards.
Abhi - f. higher knowledge.
cariya - m. teacher.
dara - m. affection, esteem, care.
dya - p.p. having taken.
Adhibhta - p.p. mastered.
Adhigacchati - (adhi + gamu) attains, acquires.
Adhipati - m. chief, master.
Adhisessati - (adhi + si) will lie upon.
Adhisla - a higher morality.
Adhista - adj. very cold.
Adhitihati - (adhi + h) stands upon.
Adhivasati - (adhi + vasa) dwells in.
177
Ag - (gamu) went.
gacchati - ( + gamu) comes.
gatasamao - m. monastery.
Aggi - m. fire.
Aha - n. day.
Aha - pro. I.
hra - m. food.
harati - ( + hara) brings.
Aja - m. goat.
Aj - f. she-goat.
Ajja - ind. to-day.
ksa - m. sky.
Alikavd - m. liar.
ma - ind. yes.
Amacca - m. minister.
Amba - n. mango.
Ambara - n. garment.
Amhka - pro. our.
Amu - Pro. this, that, such.
Aguli - f. finger.
Aa - adj. another
Annada - giver of food.
Aatara - adj. certain.
Antevsiko - m. pupil.
Antima - adj. last.
Anu - pre. like, after, along, under.
Anugacchati - (anu + gamu) follows.
Anulomato - in accordance with.
178
Anunyaka - m. sub-chief.
Anupubba - in due course.
Anurja - m. successor.
Apa - pre. from, away from.
pabbata - n. as far as the rock.
Apagacchati - (apa + gamu) goes away.
pana - n. shop, market.
Apara - adj. other, western, subsequent.
Aparaha - m. afternoon.
Apaslya - from the hall.
Apavda - m. abuse, blame.
Api - ind. over, near to.
Apidhna - n. cover, lid.
Appa - adj. little, few.
Appamda - m. earnestness.
Arahanta - m. Arahat.
rma - m. temple, garden.
roceti - ( + ruca) informs, tells, announces.
rogya - n. health.
Asdhu - m. bad man.
sana - n. seat.
Asi - m. sword.
Asikaaho - m. swordfight.
Asti - eighty.
Assa - m. horse.
Ass - f. mare.
Aavi - f. forest.
Ativiya - adj. very.
179
Atigacchati - (ati + gamu) overcomes.
Atikkamati - (ati + kamu) transgresses.
Atisundara - very beautiful.
Atithi - m. guest.
Atta - m. soul, self.
Attha - m. matter, meaning, good.
Aha - eight.
Ahdasa - eighteen.
Ahama - eighth.
Ahi - n. bone.
Avabhodha - m. understanding.
Avacarati - (ava + cara) traverses.
Avaharati - (ava + hara) takes away.
Avajnti - (ava + ) despises.
Avakkamati - (ava + kamu) descends.
Avamaati - (ava + mana) looks down upon.
vuso - ind. friend, brother.
Aya - n. iron.
Ayomaya - made of iron.
yu - n. age.
B
Bahudh - in many ways.
Bla - m. young.
Blat - f. childhood.
Blatta- n. ignorance.
Balavantu - m. powerful.
180
Bandhumantu - m. he who has relations.
Bhagavantu - m. The Blessed One.
Bhagin - f. sister.
Bhajati - (bhaja) associates.
Bhaati - (bhaa) speaks, recites.
Bhaa - n. goods, article.
Bhagrika - m. treasurer
Bhante - ind. Lord, Reverend Sir.
Bhariy - f. wife.
Bhs - f. language.
Bhsana. - n. speech.
Bhattu - m. husband.
Bhtu - m. brother.
Bhava - n. existence.
Bhavati - (bh) becomes.
Bhveti - (bh) cultivates, develops.
Bhaya - n. fear.
Bhikkhu - m, mendicant, monk.
Bhikkhun - f. nun.
Bhinna - p.p. broken.
Bh - to be.
Bhujaga - m. snake.
Bhujitukma - wishing to eat.
Bhmi - f. ground.
Bhujati - (bhuji) eats, partakes.
Bhta - n. being.
Bja - n. seed, germ.
Brahmacr - m. celibate.
181
Buddha - m. The Enlightened One.
Buddhadesita - preached by Buddha.
Bujjhati - (budha) understands.
C
Cakkhu - n. eye.
Canda - m. moon.
Carati - (cara) wanders.
Catuttha - fourth.
Cattsati - forty.
Catu - four.
Catuddasa - fourteen.
Ceta - n. mind.
Cha - six.
Chatta - n. umbrella.
Chaha - sixth.
Cira - indec. for a long time.
Corabhaya - n. fear from thief.
Corayati - (cura) steals.
Coreti - (cura) steals.
Cuddasa - fourteen.
D
Dakkhia - south.
Dna - n. alms, giving, gift.
Daa - n. stick.
Da - he who has a stick.
182
Draka - m. child.
Drik - f. girl.
Dru - n. wood, fire-wood.
Drumaya - wooden.
Dasa - ten.
Dsa - m. servant.
Dsi - f. servant-maid.
Dtu - m. giver.
Dyaka - m. supporter.
Deseti - (disa) preaches.
Deti - (d) gives.
Deva - m. god.
Devi - f. goddess.
Deyya - that which should be given.
Dhamma - m. Law, Truth, Doctrine.
Dhammacri - m. righteous one.
Dhammadhara - m. versed in the Dhamma.
Dhammasl - f, preaching hall.
Dhammat - f. nature.
Dhammavd - m. speaker of the Truth.
Dhammika - righteous.
Dhana - n. wealth.
Dhvati - (dhva) runs.
Dhenu - f. cow.
Dhtu - f. daughter.
Dhitimantu - m. courageous one.
Dhovati - (dhova) washes.
Dhunti - (dhu) destroys.
183
Dibbati - (diva) enjoys.
Dgha - adj. long.
Dinakara - m. Sun.
Dpa - n. light, lamp.
Dis - f. quarter, direction.
Dihadhammo - m. Saint.
Divasa - m., n. day.
Dosa - m. hatred.
Du - pre. bad, difficult.
Duddama - difficult to tame.
Duggati - f. evil state.
Duhitu - f. daughter.
Duranubodha - difficult of comprehension.
Dutiya - second.
Dvdasa - twelve.
Dvi - two.
Dvikkhattu - twice.
E
Eka - one, certain, some.
Ekdasa - eleven.
Eaka - m. goat.
Eva - ind. just, quite, even, only.
Eva - ind. thus.
184
G
Gacchati - (gamu) goes.
Gahapati - m. householder.
Gma - m. village.
Gmato - gone to the village.
Gamaka - m. goer.
Gamana - n. going.
Gmat - f. collection of villages.
Gag - f. river.
Gantukma - wishing to go.
Grayha - blamable.
Gati - f. state.
Ghara - n. home, house.
Ghaa -m. pot, jar.
Ghosana - noisy.
Gilna - m. sick person.
Gti - f. song.
Go - m. bull.
Gotrabh - n. Sanctified one.
Guavantu - m. virtuous one.
H
Harati - (hara) carries.
Hattha - m. hand.
Hatthi - m. elephant.
Hatthin - f. she-elephant.
185
Have - ind. indeed, certainly.
Hi - indec. indeed.
Hyo - ind. yesterday.
I
Icchati - (isu) wishes, desires.
Idni - ind. now.
Idha - ind. here.
Ima - this.
Itara - adj. different, the remaining.
Ito - ind. hence. ago, from here.
Iva - ind. like.
Isi - m. sage.
J
Janaka - m. father.
Janan - f. mother.
Janat - f. multitude.
Jaya - m. victory.
Jyati - (jana) arises, is born.
Jeha - eldest.
Jetu - m. conqueror.
Jeyya - elder.
Jinti - (ji) conquers.
Jvati - (jva) lives.
186
K
Ka - pro. who, which?
Kadariya - m. miser.
Kammaja - born of kamma.
Kampati - (kampa) shakes, wavers.
Kaha - black.
Kaniha - adj . youngest.
Kaniya - adj. younger.
Ka - f. maiden, virgin.
Kapi - m. monkey.
Kraka - m. doer.
Karaa - n. doing.
Karanya - that which should be done.
Kassaka - m. farmer.
Katama - pro. what, which?
Kata - m. grateful person.
Katara - pro. what, which?
Kattu - m. doer.
Kattukma - wishing to do.
Kavi - m. poet.
Kyika - bodily.
Khdati - (khda) eats, chews.
Khaggavisakappa - m. like a rhinoceros.
Khajja - eatable.
Khaati - (khaa) digs.
Khanti - f. patience.
Khetta - n. field.
Khippa - ind. quickly.
187
Khra - n. milk.
Khuddaka - adj . small.
Ki - ind. why? what? pray.
Kati - plays.
Kodha - m. anger.
Kodhana - irritable.
Koi - f. hundred lakhs.
Kuddla - m., n. spade.
Kujjhati - (kudha) gets angry.
Kumbhakra - m. potter.
Kujara - m. elephant.
Kpa - m. well.
L
Labhati - (labha) receives.
Lakkha - lakh.
Lekhana - n. letter.
Likhati = (likha) writes.
Lobha - m. greed.
Loka - m. world.
Lokahita - beneficial to the world.
Lokika - worldly.
Loika - mixed with salt.
188
M
Maccha - m. fish.
Maccu - m. death.
Madhu - m. honey.
Magga - m. road.
Maggika - m. traveller.
Mahanta - adj. big.
Mahes - f. queen.
Majja - n. intoxicant.
Majjhima - adj . middle.
Mlkra - m. garland-maker.
Mama - pro. my, mine.
Mana - mind.
Mna - n. pride.
Maca - m. bed.
Mai - m. jewel.
Manomaya - mental.
Manusatta - n. manhood.
Maraa - n. death.
Msa - m., n. month.
Mtula - m. uncle.
Mtuln - f. aunt.
Mayha - pro. .my, mine.
Medha - adj . wise.
Medhv - m. wise man.
Medhvin - f. wise woman.
Mitta - m., n. friend.
Mukha - n. face, mouth.
189
Muni - m. sage.
Mutti - f. deliverance.
N
Nagara - m. city.
Ngarika - urban.
Nma - n. name, mind.
Namo - ind. honour.
Narapati - m. king.
Nr - f. woman.
Nara - m. man.
Ntha - m. lord, refuge.
ti - m. relative.
Nattu - m. nephew.
tu - m. knower.
Nv - f. ship, boat.
Nvika - m. navigator.
Nava - nine.
Navama - ninth.
Navuti - ninety.
Netu - m. leader.
Nirhra - without food.
Nca - mean, low.
Nicaya - n. accumulation.
Nidahati - (ni + daha) lays aside.
Nidhya - ind. p.p. having left aside.
Nigacchati - (ni + gamu) goes away.
190
Nigama - m. town, market
Nharati - (n + hara) takes away, removes.
Nikkhamati - (ni + kamu) departs.
Nikkhaati - (ni +khaa) buries.
Nla - adj. blue.
Nrasa - sapless, tasteless.
Nroga - healthy.
Nisdati - (ni + sada) sits.
Nittaho - arahant (Desireless One).
Nivattati - (ni + vatu) ceases.
O
Odana - m. rice, cooked rice.
Oj - f. essence.
Osadha - m. medicine.
Osadhasl - f. dispensary.
Ovda - m. advice.
P
Pabala - very strong.
Pabbata - m., n. rock.
Pacati - (paca) cooks.
Pacchbhatta - after meal.
Pacchima - west.
Pda - m,. n. foot
191
Paharati - (pa + hara) strikes.
Pakkamati - (pa + kamu) sets out, goes away.
Pakkhipati - (pa + khipa) throws in, puts in.
Pibhs - f. pi-language.
Pana - ind, but, however, further.
Paca - five.
Pacadasa - fifteen.
Pacadh - fivefold.
Pacama - fifth.
Paita - m. wise man.
Paha - m. question
Pata - noble.
Pacama - fifth.
Paarasa - fifteen.
Pa - f. wisdom.
Pakra - m. present.
Pasa - fifty.
Ppa - n. evil.
Ppaka - adj . evil.
Ppakr - m. evil-doer.
Pputi - (pa + apa) arrives.
Para - adj. other, different.
Par - ind. away, aside, back, opposed to.
Parbhava - m. decline, ruin.
Parjaya - defeat.
Parakkamati - (para + kamu) strives.
Pari - pre. around, about, complete.
Pariccheda - m. limit, extent, chapter.
192
Paridahati - (pari + daha) puts on.
Paridhvati. - (pari + dhva) runs about.
Parikkhipati - (pari + khipa) throws around.
Parisuddha - complete purity.
Pasattha - good.
Ptarsa - m. morning meal.
Patati - (pata) falls.
Pahama - first.
Phasl - f. school.
Pati - m. husband, lord.
Pati - pre. again, against, back, towards.
Patideti - (pati + d) gives in return.
Paikkamati - (pai + kamu) retreats.
Pailekhana - n. letter in reply.
Pailoma - backwards.
Paipad - f. course, conduct, practice.
Patirja - hostile king.
Patirpa - counterfeit, suitable.
Paisota - against the stream.
Paivadati - (pai + vada) answers.
Pto - ind. early in the morning.
Pavisati - (pa + visa) enters.
Pya - n. water, milk.
Payti - (pa + y) goes forward.
Payojana - n. use, need.
Pema - m. attachment, love.
Pta - adj. yellow.
Pha - n. chair, bench.
193
Pti - f. joy.
Pitu - m. father.
Potthaka - n. book.
Pubba - adj. first, foremost, eastern.
Pubbaha - m. forenoon.
Pucchati - asks.
Pjeti - offers.
Pua - n. merit, good.
Puakr - m . good-doer.
Puppha - n. flower.
Purato - ind. in the presence of.
Puratthima - east.
Putta - m. son.
Puttika - he who has sons.
R
Rja - m. king.
Raja - n. dust.
Rajatamaya - made of silver.
Rjin - f. queen.
Rakkhati - protects.
Ratha - m. cart. chariot.
Rathakra - charioteer.
Rati - f. attachment.
Ratta - adj. red.
Raha - n. country, kingdom, realm.
Ratti - f. night.
194
Roga - m. disease.
Rukkha - m. tree.
Rundhati - (rudhi) obstructs.
S
S - she.
Sabba - all.
Sobbad - ind. everyday.
Sabba - m. All Knowing One.
Sabbaso - in every way.
Sabbath - in every way.
Sacca - a truth.
Sad - ind. always.
Saddh - f. faith, devotion, confidence.
Sdhu - m. good man.
Sdhu - adj. good.
Sdhuka - ind. well.
Sahya - m. friend.
Sl - f. hall.
Samgacchati - (sa + + gamu) assembles.
Samaa - m. holy man, ascetic.
Sambuddha - self-enlightened.
Sameti - meets together.
Sm - m. husband, lord.
Samm-Sammbuddha - m. Fully Enlightened One.
Sammukha - face to face with.
Sa - pre. with, together, self.
195
Sagha - m. collection, The Order.
Saharati - (sa + hara) collects.
Sakhipati - (sa + khipa) condenses.
Sakilissati - (sa + kilisa) is defiled.
Sara - n. lake.
Saraa - n. refuge.
Satta - seven.
Sahassa - thousand.
Sata - hundred.
Sattadasa - seventeen.
Sattama - seventh.
Sahi - sixty.
Sattati - seventy.
Satthu - m. teacher.
Syamsa - m. evening meal, dinner.
Sen - f. army.
Seta - adj . white.
Seha - adj. excellent, chief.
Sla - n. morality, precept, virtue.
Sladhana - wealth of virtue.
Sira - n. head.
Sta - adj . cold, cool.
Siy - would be.
So - pro. he.
Soka - m. grief.
Soasa - sixteen.
Sotu - m. hearer.
Sovaamaya - golden.
196
Su - pre. good, well, thoroughly, excess.
Subhvita - p.p. thoroughly practised.
Sda - m. cook.
Sudubbala - very weak.
Sudesita - well preached.
Sugati - f. good or happy state.
Sujana - m. good man.
Sukara - easy to do.
Sukhita - adj. happy, healthy.
Sunakha - m. dog.
Suti - (su) hears.
Suve - ind. tomorrow.
T
Tad - ind. then.
Taka - n. pond pool.
Tama - n. darkness.
Tah - f. craving.
Tapa - n. asceticism, control.
Tarati - (tara) crosses.
Tarua - adj . young.
Tsa - f. their.
Tassa - m., n., pro. his.
Tass - f. pro. her.
Tatiya - third.
Tava - m., f., n., pro. your.
Teja - n. majesty.
197
Terasa - thirteen.
Tesa - m., n., pro. their.
Ti - three.
Tia - n. grass.
Tisati - thirty.
Tumhka - m., f., n., pro. Plu. your.
Tuyha - m., f., n. pro. Sing. your.
U
Ucca - adj . high.
Ucchindati - (u + chidi) cuts off.
Udaka - n. water.
Udaya - m. rise, beginning.
Uggacchati - (u + gamu) rises.
Ukkhipati - (u + khipa) throws upwards.
Uha - adj. hot.
Upa - pre. near, towards, next.
Updna - attachment, clinging.
Upadhvati - (upa + dhva) runs up to.
Upagacchati - (upa + gamu) goes near.
Upagaga - near a river.
Upakahati - (upa + kaha) drags down.
Upakaa- into the ear.
Upanagara - near a city, suburb.
Uparja - m. viceroy.
Upsaka - m. devotee (male).
Upaskh - minor branch.
198
Upasakamati - (upa + sa + kamu) approaches.
Upsik - f. devotee. (female).
Ura - n. shoulder.
Uttara - adj. higher, superior, northern.
Uttarati - (u + tara) ascends.
V
V - ind. either, or.
Vc - f. word.
Vceti - (vaca) reads, recites.
Vadati - (vada) speaks.
Vadh - f. young wife.
Vanavsa - residence in the forest.
Vandati - (vanda) salutes.
Vaa - m. appearance, colour, praise.
Vapati - sows.
Vassa - m., n. year, rain.
Vattha - n. cloth, raiment.
Vattu - m. talker.
Vaya - n. age.
Vyamati - strives, tries.
Vejja - m. doctor, physician.
Vibhava - m. power, free from existence.
Vicarati - (vi + cara) wanders about.
Vicchindati - (vi + chidi) cuts off.
Vigata - separated.
Vihaati - perishes.
199
Vhi - m. paddy.
Vikkhipati - scatters.
Viloma - reverse.
Vimala - stainless.
Vimukha - averted.
Vimutti - f. perfect release.
Vipassati - (vi + passa) sees clearly.
Vsa - twenty.
Visama - uneven.
Vsati - twenty.
Visikh - f. street.
Visoka - sorrowless.
Visujjhati - (vi + sudha) is purified.
Viya - ind. like.
Vuddha - adj . old.
Vykaroti - (vi + + kara) expounds.
Y
Y - pro. who, which, that.
Ycaka - m. beggar.
Yad - ind. when.
Ygu - m. rice-gruel.
Yasa - n. glory.
Yathbala - according to strength.
Yathkamma - to order.
Yathsatti - according to ones ability.
Yathvuddha - according to seniority.
200
Yva - ind. till, so long.
Yvadattha - as one wishes.
Yvajva - till life lasts.
Yogga - suitable.
Table of Contents
201
VOCABULARY: Engl
English
ish-Pali
Pali
B C D E F G H I J K
L M N O P Q R S T U
V W Y
A
Abandons - jahati.
About - matta.
Above - upari.
Abuse - upavda. m.
Accumulation - nicaya.
Acquires - adhigacchati.
Action - kamma. n.
Advice - ovda. m.
Affection - dara. m.
After - pacch. ind.
Afternoon - aparaha. m.
Again - puna. ind.
Against - pati. ind.
Age - yu. n.
Ago - ito. ind.
All - sabba. adj.
All-Knowing One - sabba. m.
Alms. - dna.
Also - api, ca. ind.
Always - nicca. ind.
202
And - ca. ind.
Anger - kodha. m.
Angry (gets) - kujjhati.
Announces - roceti.
Another - aa. pro.
Answers - paivadati.
Appearance - vaa. m.
Approaches - upasakamati.
Aquatic - jalaja.
Arahant - arahanta.
Arises - uggacchati.
Arises (is born) - jyati, uppajjati.
Army - sen. f.
Around - pari. ind.
Arrives - pputi.
Article - bhaa. n.
Ascends - ruhati.
Ascetic - samaa, m.
Asceticism - tapa. m.
Asks - pucchati.
As long as - tva. ind.
Assembles - samgacchati.
Associates - bhajati.
Attachment - pema. m., rati. f.
Attains - adhigacchati.
Aunt - mtulni. f.
Avaricious person - kadariya. m.
Averted - vimukha.
203
Away - apa, ava, par, ni. pre.
B
Back - puna. ind
Backwards - pailoma.
Bad - du. pre.
Bad man - asdhu. m.
Becomes - bhavati.
Becoming - bhava. m.
Bed - maca, m.
Beggar - ycaka. m.
Beginning - udaya. m.
Behind - pacch. ind.
Bench - pha. n.
Beyond - pra. ind.
Big - mahanta. adj.
Bird - sakuna. m.
Black - kaha. adj.
Blamable - vajja.
Blame - apavda. m.
Blessed - bhagavanta.
Blessings-bestower - sivakara. m.
Blue - nla. adj.
Blueness - nlat. f. nlatta. n.
Boat - nv. f.
Bodily - kyika.
Bone - ahi. n.
204
Book - potthaka, m., n.
Born (is) - jyati.
Brings - harati.
Brother - vuso. (A form of address).
Brother - bhtu. m.
Buddha - Buddha. m.
Bull - go. m.
Buries - nikhaati.
But - pana. ind.
Buys - kiti.
C
Care - dara. m.
Carries - harati.
Cart - ratha. m.
Chair - pha. n.
Chapter - pariccheda. m.
Chariot - ratha. n.
Chews - khdati.
Chief - adhipati. m. seha. adj.
Child- draka. m.
Childhood - blat. f.
City - nagara. n.
Clear - vippasanna.
Climbs - ruhati.
Cloth - vattha. n.
Coach-builder - rathakraka.
205
Cold - sta. adj.
Collection - samha. m.
Collects - saharati.
Colour - vaa. m.
Comes - gacchati.
Compiles - sagahti.
Complete - sampua.
Condenses - sakhipati.
Condition - bhva. m.
Condition (of birth) - gati. f.
Conduct - paipad. f. cra. m.
Conqueror - abhibh. m.
Conquers - jinti.
Consent - anumati. f.
Control - dama. m.
Cook - sda. m.
Cooks - pacati.
Cook (wishing to) - pacitukma.
Cooked rice - odana. n.
Cool - sta. adj.
Counterfeit - patirpa
Country - raha. n.
Courageous - dhitimantu. m.
Course - paipad. f.
Cover - apidhna, pidhna. n.
Covetousness - abhijjh. f.
Cow - dhenu. f.
Craving - tah. f.
206
D
Darkness - andhakra. m.
Daughter - dhtu. f,
Day - divasa. m., n.
Death - maccu. m.
Declares - vadati.
Defeat - parjaya. m.
Defiles - sakilissati.
Deliverance - mutti. g.
Delusion - moha. m.
Departs - nikkhamati.
Descends - okkamati.
Despises - avajnti.
Destroys - dhunti.
Destruction - khaya. m.
Devotee (male) - upsaka. m.
Devotee (female) upsik. f.
Devotion - saddh f.
Different - nn.
Difficult - dukkara.
Digs - khaati.
Dinner - syamsa. m.
Direction - dis. f.
Disappears - antaradhyati.
Disciple - svaka. m.
Disease - roga. m.
Dispensary - osadhasl. f.
Do (wishing to) - kattukma.
207
Doctor - vejja. m.
Doctrine - Dhamma. m.
Doer - kraka. m.
Dog - sunakha. m.
Doing - karonta. .pres. p.
Down - heh. ind.
Drags down - upakahati.
Drinks - pibati, pivati.
Drinkable - peyya.
Dust - raja. n.
Dwells - viharati.
E
Ear - sota. n.
Early - pubba. adj.
Earnestness - appamda. m.
East - puratthim.
Easy (to do) - sukara.
Eat (wishing to) - bhjitukma.
Eater - bhojaka.
Eats - bhujati.
Edible - khdanya.
Eight - aha.
Eighteen - ahadasa, ahrasa.
Eighty - asta.
Either - v.
End - anta. m.
208
Enlightened one - Sambuddha. m.
Especial - visesa.
Essence - sra. n.
Esteem - dara. m.
Even - api. ind.
Evening - syaha. m.
Evening-meal - syamsa. m.
Everyday - sabbad.
Evil - ppa. n.
Evil doer - ppakr. m.
Evil State - duggati. f.
Excellent - seha. adj. suhu. ind.
Exhortation - ovda. m.
Existence - bhava. m.
Expounds - vykaroti.
Extent - pariccheda. m.
Eye - cakkhu. n.
F
Face - mukha. n.
Falls - patati.
Faith - saddh. f.
Farmer - kassaka. m.
Father - janaka. m. pitu. m.
Fear - bhaya. n.
Few - appa. adj .
Field - khetta. n.
209
Fifteen - pacadasa, paarasa.
Fifth - pacama.
Finger - aguli. f.
Fire - aggi. m.
Firewood - dru. n.
First - pahama.
Fish - maccha. m.
Five - paca.
Flower - puppha. n.
Folds - saharati.
Follows - anugacchati.
Food - hra. m.
Foot - pda. m. .
Foremost - pubba. adj.
Forenoon - pubbaha. m.
Forest - aavi. f. vana. n.
Forest (residence in) - vanavsa.
Forty-nine - ekna pasa.
Four - catu.
Fourteen - cuddasa, catuddasa.
Fourth - catuttha.
Freed - mutta. p.p.
Freedom - mutti. f.
Friend- vuso, mitta. n., m. sahya. m.
Fruit - phala. n.
Further - puna. ind.
210
G
Gait - gati. f.
Ganges - gag. f.
Garden - rma. m.
Garland-maker - mlkra. m.
Garment - ambara. m. vattha. n.
Germ - bja. n.
Gets - labhati.
Gets (angry) - kujjhati.
Gift - dna. n.
Girl - drak. f.
Giver - dyaka. m.
Giver (of food) - annada.
Gives - deti.
Giving - dna. n.
Glory - yasa. n.
Goal - attha. m.
Goat - aja. m.
Goat (she ) - aj. f.
God - deva. m.
Goddess - dev. f.
Goes - gacchati.
Goes about - vicarati.
Goes away - apagacchati.
Goes forward - abhigacchati.
Going - gamana. n.
Golden - sovaamaya.
Good - sundara. adj.
211
Good doer - puakr. m.
Good man - sujana. m.
Goods - bhaa. n.
Grass - tia. n.
Grateful-person - kata. m.
Great - mahanta. adj.
Greed - lobha. m.
Grief - soka. m.
Ground - bhmi. f.
Grows - vahati.
Gruel-rice - ygu. m.
Guest - atithi. m.
H
Hall - sl. f.
Hand - hattha. m.
Happy - sukhita. adj.
Happy state - sugati. f.
Hatred - kodha. m.
He - so.
Head - sira. n.
Health - rogya. n.
Healthy - nroga.
Heard - suta. p.p.
Hearer - sotu. m.
Hearing - sutv. ind. p.p.
Hears - suti.
212
Hence - ito. ind.
Here - idha. ind.
High - ucca. adj.
Higher - uttara.
Hinders - bdhati.
His - tassa. pro.
Holy man - samaa. m.
Home - ghara. n.
Horse - assa. in.
Hospital - gilnasl. f.
House -ghara. n.
Hundred - sata.
Hundred millions - dasakoi.
Hundred thousands - satasahassa.
Husband - smi. m.
I
I - aha. pro.
Ignorance - blatta. n.
Immediately - khippa. ind.
In - anto. ind.
Indeed - have, hi, eva. ind.
Informs - roceti.
Intoxicating - majja.
Iron - aya. n.
Iron-made - ayomaya.
213
J
Jar - ghaa. n.
Jewel - mai. m.
Joy - pti. f.
K
Kindness - karu. f.
King - rj. m.
Kingdom - raha. n.
Knower - tu. m.
Knowledge - a. n.
Knowledge, higher - abhi. f.
Knows - jnti.
L
Lake - taka. m.
Lakh - lakkha.
Lamp - dpa. m.
Language - bhs. f.
Last - antima. adj.
Law - dhamma. m.
Lays aside - nidahati.
Leader - nyaka. m.
Leading - nayanta. pres. p.
Learns - sikkhati.
214
Letter - lekhana. n.
Lid - pidahana.n.
Lie - mus. f.
Lier - alikavd. m.
Light. dpa. n.
Like - viya, iva. ind.
Limit - pariccheda. m.
Little - appa. adj.
Lives - jvati.
Long - cira, dgha. adj.
Lord - ntha. m., Issara. m.
Low - nca. adj.
Lust - rga. m.
M
Maiden - ka. f.
Majesty - teja. n.
Man - nara. m., manussa. m.
Mango - amba. m.
Manhood - manussatta. n.
Mankind - paj. f.
Mare - ass. f.
Market - pana. n.
Master - adhipati. m.
Mastered - adhibta.
Matter - attha. m.
Medicine - osada. n.
215
Meaning - attha. m.
Meets together - sameti.
Memory - sati. f.
Mental - mnasika.
Merchant - vija. m.
Merit - pua. n.
Middle - majjhima. adj.
Milk - khra. n.
Mind - mana. n. citta. n.
Minister - amacca. m.
Miser - kadariya. m.
Monastery - rma, vihra. m.
Monk - bhikkhu. m.
Monkey - kapi. m., vnara. m.
Month - msa. m., n.
Moon - canda. m.
Morality - sla. n.
Morality, higher - adhisla. n.
Morning - pto. ind.
Morning meal - ptarsa. m.
Mother -janan. f., mtu. f.
Mountain - pabbata. m., n.
Mouth - mukha. n.
Multitude - janat. f.
My - mama, mayha. pro.
216
N
Name - nma. n.
Name (by) - nma. ind.
Nature - dhammat. f.
Navigator - nvika. m.
Near - santike. ind.
Need - payojana. n.
Nephew - nattu. m.
Night - ratti. f.
Nine - nava.
Nineteen - ekna vsati.
Ninety - navuti.
Ninety-nine - ekna sata.
Noisy - ghosana.
No - na, nahi.
Not - na.
Now - idni.
Nun - bhikkhun. f.
O
Ocean - jalanidhi. f., samudda. m.
Offers - pjeti.
Old - vuddha. adj.
Once - ekakkhattu.
One - eka.
Only - eva. ind.
217
Or - v. ind.
Other - apara. adj.
Our - amhka. pro.
Over - upari. pre.
Overcomes - abhibhavati.
P
Paddy - vhi. m.
Palace - psda. m.
Plays - kati.
Pi language - pibhs. f.
Park - rma. m.
Partakes - bhujati.
Path - paipad f., magga. m.
Patience - khanti. f.
Perceives - abhijnti.
Perishes - vihaati.
Physician - vejja. m.
Poet - kavi. m.
Pond - taka. m.
Pool - taka. m.
Pot - ghaa. n., kumbha. m.
Potter - kumbhakra. m.
Powerful - balavantu. m.
Practice - paipad. f.
Praise - vaa. m.
Preaches - deseti.
Preaching hall - dhamma sl. f.
Precept - sla. n.
218
Presence - sampa. m.
Protects - rakkhati.
Pupil- sissa. m.
Purified (is) - parisujjhati.
Q
Quality - vaa. m.
Quarter - dis. f.
Queen - mahes. f.
Question - paha. m.
Quickly - khippa. ind.
R
Raiment - vattha. n.
Rain - vassa. m., n.
Realm - raha. n.
Receives - labhati. gahti.
Resites - bhaati.
Recollection - sati. f.
Red - ratta. adj.
Refuge - saraa. n. ntha. m.
Relative - ti. m., bandhu. m.
Relatives (having) - bandhumantu. m.
Release - mutti. f.
Remaining - sesa. m.
Removes - nharati, avaharati.
219
Retreats - paikkamati.
Reverend Sir - bhante.
Reverse - pailoma.
Reward - pakra. m.
River - gag. f., nad. f.
Rice - odana. m., n.
Road - magga. m.
Rock - pabbata. m., n.
Runs - dhvati.
S
Sage - muni. m.
Saint - Arahanta. m.
Salt - loa. n.
Salt, mixed with - loika.
Salutation - namo. ind.
Salutes - vandati.
Sapless - nrasa.
Scatters- vikkhipati.
School - phasl. f.
Sea - samudda. m.
Seat - sana. n.
Second - dutiya.
Seed - bja. n.
Sees - passati.
Seizes - gahti.
Self - atta. m.
220
Self Enlightened - Sambuddha.
Sells - vikkiti.
Sends - peseti.
Separated - vigata.
Servant - dsa. m.
Servant maid - ds. f.
Seven - satta.
Seventeen - sattadasa.
Seventh - sattama.
Seventy - sattati.
Shaky - kampana.
Ship - nv. f.
Shop - paa. n.
Shoulder - ura. n.
Sick - gilna.
Sick person - gilna.
Silver (made of) - rajatamaya.
Sister - bhagin. f.
Sits - nisdati.
Six - cha.
Sixteen - soasa, sorasa.
Sixth - chaha.
Sixty - sahi.
Sky - ksa. m.
Slave - dsa. m.
Sleeps - supati.
Snake - sappa. m., uraga. m.
Some - eka.
221
Son - putta. m.
Song - gta. n.
Soul - atta. m.
South - dakkhia.
Sows - vapati.
Spade - kuddla. m., n.
Speaks - vadati.
Sport - k. f,
Spreads - pattharati.
Stainless - vimala.
State - bhva. m.
Steals - coreti, corayati.
Stick - daa. n
Street - visikh. f.
Strength giver - balada.
Strikes - paharati.
Strives - parakkamati.
Subsequent - apara. adj.
Such - amu. pro.
Suitable - yogga.
Sun - suriya. m.
Superior - uttara. adj.
Supporter - dyaka. m.
Surrounds - parikkhipati.
Sword - asi. m.
Sword fight - asikaaha. m.
222
T
Taken - gahita. p.p.
Takes - gahti.
Talker - vcaka. m.
Tasteless - nirasa.
Teacher - cariya. satthu. m.
Tells - roceti.
Temple - rma. m.
Ten - dasa.
That - amu. pro.
Thief - cora. m.
Their - tesa. m., n. tsa. f. pro.
Then - tad. ind.
They - te. pro.
Third - tatiya.
Thirteen - terasa, teasa.
Thirty - tisati, tis.
This - ima, amu, pro.
Thoroughly - samm.
Thousand - sahassa.
Thousand millions - koi sata
Three - ti.
Throws - khipati.
Till - yva. ind.
To-day - ajja. ind.
Tomorrow - suve. ind.
Too - api. ind.
Trader - vija. m.
Transgresses - atikkamati.
223
Travels - vicarati.
Traveller - maggika. m.
Traverses - avacarati.
Treasurer - bhagrika.
Treats - sagahti.
Tree - rukkha. m.
Tries - vyamati.
Truth - dhamma. m., sacca. n.
Truthful - saccavd.
Twelve - dvdasa, brasa.
Twenty - vsati, vsa.
Twice - dvikkhattu.
Two hundred - dvi sata.
U
Uncle - mtula. m.
Under - heh. ind
Understanding - a. n.
Uneven - visama.
Until - tva. ind.
Urban - ngarika.
Use - payojana. n.
V
Very - eva . ind.
Viceroy - uparja. m.
224
Victory - jaya. m.
Village - gma. m.
Virtuous - guavantu. m.
W
Wander - carati.
Washes - dhovati.
Water - udaka. n.
Water born - jalaja.
Way - magga. m.
We - amhe. pro.
Wealth - dhana. n.
Welfare - attha. m.
Well - kpa. m.
West - pacchima.
Western - apara. adj.
What - katama. pro.
When - yad. ind.
Whence - kuto. ind.
Where - kuhi. ind.
Which - ya. pro.
While - yad. ind.
Who - ya. pro.
Why - ki. ind.
Wicked - dussla, duha.
Wife - bhariy. f.
Wife - (young) - vadh. f
225
Wisdom - pa. f.
Wise man - medhv. m.
Wise woman - medhvin. f.
Wish - icch. f.
With - saddhi. ind.
Without - vin. ind.
Woman - nr. f.
World - loka. m.
Writes - likhati.
Y
Year - vassa. m., n.
Yellow - pta. adj.
Yes - ma. ind.
Yesterday - hyo. ind.
Young - bla, tarua. adj.
Younger - blatara. adj.
Your - tava, tuyha, Sing. tumhka. Plu. pro.
Table of Contents
226
Guid
Guide
ide to Exe
Exercises
II. B. 13. Janako drakehi gma gacchati.
III. B. 8. Mya takasm ruhma.
9. assa ruhma.
14. pabbatsm pabbata.
IV. A. 12. in ponds and seas.
13. I see the sun in the sky, but not the moon.
16. Yes, he, too, goes now, I, too, am going.
20. The merchants are wandering in the villages in chariots with the travellers.
B. 7. Kassak, kad tumhe puna idha gacchatha?
8. vicaranti.
9. Idni maya kse suriya ca canda ca na passma.
10. Kasm sama sad pabbatesu na vasanti.?
14. always = nicca.
16. ma, tepi gacchanti.
V. B. 7. hra bujanti.
10. Aha dsena potthakni ghara pesemi.
14. pdena
VI. A. 8. haritu = to carry.
11. She is the teachers wife.
12. There is no dispensary in the street to treat the sick.
17. We converse with the teachers in the Pi language.
B. 1. Kayo, ajja tumhe rma gantu icchatha?
3. Idha visikhya osadhaslyo na honti.
4. Janaka, aha idni Pibhsya sallapitu jnmi.
5. Maya gagya nvyo na passma.
10. Gilnaslya giln na honti
15. Jntha tumhe
VII. A. 1. was born
2. preached.
3. The child went to the school in the early morning.
4. gave.
227
5. For a long time they did not come to our house.
6. The girls stood in front of their father.
11. tumhe yeva = you yourselves.
13. did not receive.
14. I myself.
16. We were your teachers pupils.
18. Like the ascetics we too heard the Doctrine with faith.
B. 1. supi.
2. ahsi.
3. Aha tassa mittassa lekana likhitu slya phe nisdi.
4. Maya ptova gagya nahyimh
5. Mayameva hyo gilne sagahimh.
7. Draka, kasm tva tuyha cariyassa purato ahsi?
11. Kasm tumhe tumhka janako viya Dhamma na suittha?
12. Kuhi tumhe hyo syamsa bhujittha?
17. na harisu.
18. Ahameva hyo pto gilnna osadha adsi.
VIII. A. 4. I was the chief of their temple.
5. We with the laymen brought water form the river, and threw into the fire.
6. The king took the sword in hand and mounted the horse.
15. Having heard the Doctrine, faith in the Buddha arose in the laymen.
B. 1. Munino janako narapati ahosi.
2. Gahapatayo, kasm tumhe tumhka drake phasla gantu na ovadittha?
3. Maya narapati disv agamimh.
4. Aha gantv kavino vadi.
6. Hyo eva aha lekhana likhitv mayha patino pesesi.
7. potthaka sagahitv.
8. Amhka tayo atithino ghare vasitv ptova nikkhamisu.
10. suimh.
11. Narapati rma katv muino pjesi.
12. Aha atithhi saddhi ptarsa bhujitv mayha tayo passitu agami.
13. kiitv adsi.
14. Kasm tva aggissa purato hatv kapin saddhi aki?
15. Munimh Dhamma sutv narapatissa saddh uppajji.
IX. A. 3. Tomorrow, the king will enter the forest and see the sage.
228
6. will build.
7. will become.
8. will reach.
9. will go.
B. 6. Munayo, kad tumhe mutti labhitv l okassa dhamma desessatha?
9. ovda gahetv
10. Aha kavi bhavissmi.
11. Aha narapatino purato hassmi.
12. Khantiy.
14. Mayameva
X. A. 15. The wise man guards earnestness like an excellent treasure.
B. 1. Dhammacrino ppa akatv duggatsu na uppajjissanti.
8. seha dhanava.
10. Brahmacrsu medhvino honti.
11. Hatthi disv ajyo bhayena palyisu (or dhvisu).
12. Narapati mahesiy saddhi hyo nagara ppui.
XI. A. 7. You stand here till I go.
B. 4. Mitta, yvha gacchmi tva m gacchasi.
8. Yva maya aaviy dru harma tva te idha tihantu.
15. vuso, yva maya gacchma tva m ygu bhikkna detha.
XII. A. 13. kareyymi, I would make.
15. Jine, one should conquer.
16. Strive quickly (and) be wise.
B. 2. always = nicca.
3. Bhante, ta paha pucchitu iccheyymi.
4. Sdhu, may saddhi eva m kujjheyysi.
5. Yva tava lekhana labheyymi tva aha tuyha mitta passitu na gaccheyymi.
6. to overcome = abhibhavitu
7. Sace tva mayha ovda sueyysi tay saddhi aha have gaccheyymi.
11. Yva maya saccni bujjheyyma tva maya duggatsu na uppajjeyyma.
12. Tva khippa gantv me lekhana hareyysi.
XIII. A. 1. Who (are) you?
2. Who (is) he?
3. Who (is) your teacher?
5. What do you question him?
229
6. What is this woman to you?
8. To which mendicant shall we send that book?
9. Of what use to me is their wealth?
10. Who knows what he will do?
11. Of which fruit is that?
14. He who sees the Doctrine sees the Buddha........
15. What you wish, tell it to him.
16. Whatever they do that alone they take and go to the other world.
17. In whatever direction he lives in that direction also they too wish to live.
23. He does not know to do anything.
B. 1. K es?
2. Ki tassa nma?
4. Nanu eso tava ti?
10. Etena tassa v tass v ki payojana.
12. Sehi, tava dhanena ki payojana? Tva ta sabba gahetv para loka na
gacchasi. Tasm suhu bhujhi. Tava dhanassa m rati karohi. Tena soko jyati. Tava
dhanena pua karohi. Gilnna gilnaslyo ca drakna phaslyo ca
bhikkhna bhikkhunna rme ca karohi. Yad tva para loka gacchasi tad tni
tni puni gahetv gacchasi.
14. Ya icchasi so ta vadatu.
16. Ya tava cakkhun passasi sabba aesa m vadeyysi.
17. Yesu nagaresu pait vasanti tesu maya vasitu icchma.
XIV. A. 2. He came when I went.
3. What did he do? (it. What was done by him?)
4. Extolling his virtues he approached me.
5. Whilst I was going on the way I saw a bird seated on that tree.
8. Today, I should go by that road.
12. When you go to the other world, good or evil done by you goes with you.
13. Standing or sitting or going or sleep ing I (lit. do) extend (my) loving-kindness towards all
beings.
15. Not knowing what should be done they stood in front of me.
19. We saw them bathing in the river.
20. Leaving aside the cudgel towards all beings, not hurting any of them he would not wish
for a son. Whence a friend? One should wonder alone like a rhinoceros.
B. 1. Ida tay kata.
230
2. Skh tena chinn.
3. Aha visikhya gacchanta purisa passi.
4. S muni vandant ahsi.
5. Tasmi phasla gate aha ghara gato.
6. Kapayo patitni phalni khdisu.
7. nisdanti
8. Tay na nahtabba.
9. Ya kattabba ta so karotu.
10. Eva tay ta dahabba.
11. May likhitni potthakni tesa na dtabbni.
12. Aggimhi khitta mai mama sahy passisu.
13. Bhikkhi desita dhamma suanto (aha) bhmiya nisdi.
14. Guavantehi bahu pua kattabba.
15. Vejjena dinna osadha pibante gilne manuss passisu.
XV. A. 1. What is this?
2. Whose are these?
3. Of what use is this to you?
B. 1. Ko eso drako?
5. Ida may kata.
XVI. A. 9. He gave his three sons twelve fruits, four for each.
13. At least the five precepts should be observed by laymen.
B. 3. Amhka dve chakkhni atthi, api ca eka mukha.
6. Imesa pakrna ki tva gaheyysi?
7. Drako tni ambni kiitv eka bhujitv, dve ghara hari.
10. dve satni.
11. Ito sattame divase.
15. So paca satni datv sahassa alabhi.
18. Eknatisatime vasse gharasm nikkhamitv cha vassni vyamitv c attri saccni
bujjhitv paca-tisatime vasse so Buddho abhavi. Buddho hutv so paca-cattsa
vassni dhamma desesi.
XVII. A. 2. This is not my soul.
3. We shall mention that matter to the Blessed One.
4. Walk in the right, O king.
5. Self indeed is ones refuge for who else could refuge be?
6. He who protects oneself protects others, he who protects others protects oneself.
231
10. gat, came.
13. me-atthi - lit. to me have - Sons have I, wealth have I thus the fool perishes. Self inde ed
is not for self. Whence sons, whence wealth?
14. By self alone is evil done, by self is one defiles. By self is not evil done. By self is one
purified.
B. 1. Aha attano pati.
2. So attna ovadi.
3. pesit.
6. It is not good = na sundara.
7. Guavant nicca sabehi pjit.
8. good = attha
13. Ekacce rjno aesa rahna lobhena vihaanti. (nassanti)
15. dibbati
XVIII.A. 1. Praise be to the teacher.
2. Make us also hear the Doctrine heard by you.
7. aggi dpetha = kindle a fire.
12. bodhento = causing to understand.
B. 3. taught and made = uggahpetv kresi.
4. made to give = dpesi.
7. Sad mayha mt ca pit ca sabbesu sattesu metta bhvetv amhepi tath ktu
ovadanti.
12. caused to erect = kresu.
14. Bhikkhu bhmi na khaeyyu v na khapeyyu.
XIX. A. 1. That the teacher said.
2. The Blessed One spoke thus.
5. Meaning indeed is the guide the Lord said.
B. 2. gahetabb.
8. caused to give = dpetv.
11. conquered = jin.
12. have no = natthi.
XX. A. 7. vejjakamma - medical work.
9. stodaka - cold water.
12. One should ever live with a heart of love towards bipeds and quadrupeds.
13. I have never before seen Saints or heard the doctrine of the teacher.
14. Men and women experiencing pain and pleasure wander in the three fold existence.
232
16. Saddhcetas - with a heart of faith. Samaadhamma = duties of a monk.
B. 7. village-school = gmaphasl.
9. well-water = kpodaka. sea-water = samuddodaka.
12. Etni macaphni ajja dsadshi dhovitni.
13. Desireless One = nittaho.
15. Aha setahatthiyo v nlasse v na dihapubbo.
16. gift of truth = Dhammadna.
XXI. A. 1. Stop not proceed.
3. yathbuddha = according to seniority.
6. yathkamma = according to deeds.
8. His pupils wandering in villages and hamlets arrived in the city at sunrise.
11. paitasotna = to the wise hearers.
13. Sattasattha = seven weeks.
B. 1. in due course = yathkkamena.
3. Suriyatthagateyeva yathkkamena to upanagara samppuisu.
5. come together = samgacchanti.
7. It is not right = na vaati.
14. Candodaye tamo antaradhyati.
XXII. A. 13. lokiyajan = worldlings.
14. By the power of their truth, virtue, pat ience and loving-kindness may they protect you in
health and happiness.
B. 14. Drumayamac ayomayamacehi sundaratar.
XXIII.A. 1. Giver of what is a giver of strength........
2. dpado = giver of lights.
4. He who drinks the Dhamma lives happily.
8. Tahakkhayo = he who has destroyed craving.
12. Amidst prosperity and adversity be unshaken in mind.
13. dhammasavaatthya = for the purpose of hearing the Dhamma.
B. 1. Rga-dosa-mohakkhayena mutti labhanti.
6. coming = gamana.
14. Dyak dhammasavaatthya gantukm tehi pjita-svake upasakamisu.
Table of Contents
233
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egal Not
Notice
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND.
THE AUTHOR WILL NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES RELATING TO
THIS SOFTWARE. YOUR USE OF THIS SOFTWARE SHOWS YOUR AGREEMENT
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Table of Contents
THE END
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An Elementary

Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.

TO MY VENERABLE TEACHER PELENE SIRI

This work is provided as Public domain under terms of GNU

Gutturals k, kh, g, gh, . ka group

*** The vowel preceding " na " is always long.

* Verbs implying motion take the Accusative.

* Use the Instrumental case.

1st person terminations

SING. Aha pacmi I cook, I am cooking.

* Plural - gahanti. So are sagahanti, uggahanti, kianti and suanti.

* Use the Instrumental.

disa to preach desenti desetu desetv

* These Indeclinable Past Participles will be treated in lesson VIII.

d, to give disa, to preach

* Pto + eva = ptova. Here the following vowel is dropped.

3. He stood and spoke

Vocabulary: English-Pali Table of Contents

B. FUTURE TENSE (Bhav

* Use the Locative.

Sabba, m. All-knowing One

Gotrabh, n. The Sanctified One

Vadh, f. young wife

Vocabulary: English-Pali Table of Contents

The rest like " ya "

* When a niggahita () is followed by a vowel, it is sometimes changed into " m ".

* Use " tasm ".

* disa, (i) to preach; (ii) to see. Desenta, preaching; Passanta, seeing

* This is the Locative absolute.

2nd rudhi -to hinder ......a

3rd divu to shine ya div + ya + ti = divyati

4th su to hear u, , u su + + ti = suti

5th ji to conquer n* ji + n + ti =jinti

7th cura to steal e, aya cura + e + ti = coreti

bhtu, brother is declined like " pitu ".

SINGULAR Inst., Abl. mtar, mtuy

d + pe = dpeti causes to give

* Namo + atthu = namatthu

* Eta + avoca = Etad avoca.

3. " Adhi " in, upon, above, over, great, excessive;

5. " Apa " away, from, away from;

7. " Ati " very, over, beyond, excessive;

9. " Du " bad, difficult;

11. " N " away, without, outwards, out of;

12. " Pa " forward, forth, in, chief;

14. " Pari " around, about, complete;

16. " Sa " with, together, self;

18. " U " up, above, away;

* English-ish and ic, as in hellish or heroic.

5. "Maya " is used in the sense of made of.

* Saskrt, tvam; English "dom", Kingdom.

9. " Ka " is, affixed to numerals to denote a group.

These derivatives take either the masculine or the neuter.

These last two classes of derivatives are treated as declinables.

* Use the Ablative case.

* Here " m " is changed into " n ".

* Use the causal of pata, to fall (ptesi).

In Pi there are three classes of Sandhi, viz :-

2. Sometimes the following vowel is dropped, if it is preceded by a dissimilar vowel. e.g.,

11. Sometimes " t, d, n, m, y, r, , v " are inserted before a vowel. e.g.,

2. Sometimes the vowel preceding a consonant is shortened. e.g.,

4. The consonant following a vowel is sometimes duplicated. e.g.,

6. Sometimes the Niggahita preceding a consonant is also dropped. e.g.,